Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector

Hikmatyarsyah1, Sasono Rahardjo2 and Juliati Junde2

1Research and Development Dept, QuadraTel Persada, Mampang Prapatan 12790, Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Electronics Technology Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT),
Puspiptek Serpong 15314, Tangerang, Indonesia

Keywords: Visible Light Communication, Light Fidelity, Radio Frequency, Indoor Building Solutions.

Abstract: The increasing data traffic network is directly proportional to devices connected to the network. Visible Light
Communication (VLC) systems such as Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) are not only promising solutions to overcome
the limitations of Radio Frequency (RF), but will become a trend of wireless communication technology in
the near future, especially indoor building solutions. VLC is inevitable from security challenges which is one
of the main problems in communication systems even though the nature of the light itself cannot penetrate
walls or enclosed spaces. This paper discusses the security protocol in the VLC system and describes its
development especially for the indoor mechanism system. The paper also predicts the business market which
will have the highest sector potential to implement the VLC system in the next few years. In conclusion,
indoor buildings such as offices, malls and smart homes are the sectors that are most ready to adapt to the
VLC system in the near future.

1 INTRODUCTION emission (Wang et al., 2014). Moreover, it has been

reported by cellular operators that the energy
Wireless technology has become a necessity for consumption of base stations contributes to over 60-
human life, which is widely used as a medium for 80 percent of their electricity bill (Ibrahim et al.,
reliable communication. The development of this 2018). Another RF-based technology concern is to
technology is one of the crucial factors in the enhance area spectral efficiency (ASE) with the
development of the global economy. Wireless mobile techniques such as advanced transmission schemes
communication generations from 2G, 3G, and utilize the spatial dimension, channel aggregation,
currently 4G took the role as the biggest portion of improved resource allocation, and cell densification.
this network technology with high subscriber demand For an RF Link, the path loss is proportional to the
every year. According to cisco visual networking square of the carrier frequency, and propagation
index forecast 2016 - 2021 report (Cisco, 2017), becomes line-of-sight (LoS). This means moving
overall mobile data traffic is expected to grow to 49 current wireless systems from 3 GHz region to the 60
exabytes (1 exabytes equals to 1 billion gigabytes) per GHz (millimeter-wave) region will cause an
month by 2021. Each year several new devices in additional path loss (Haas et al., 2017). Consequently,
different form are introduced in the market, in which high path loss along with the limited signal
mobile devices and connections will grow to 11.6 transmission power constraints require cells to be
billion by 2021. Another factor contributing to smaller to direct energy from transmitter to the
growing adoption of Internet of Things is the receiver. Therefore, the small-cell concept such as
emergence of wearable devices. By 2021, there will RF-based femtocell network is one of the solutions to
be 929 million wearable devices globally need to be tackle this limitation, although Interference generated
connected. If this trend continues, the limited from femtocell will still exist due to radio-
available radio frequency (RF) spectrum would no interference.
longer fulfil the future wireless data traffic demand. One of the solutions to all above challenges is to
Another challenges is that the deployment of explore the visible light communication (VLC), with
advanced wireless technologies comes at the cost of the potential in providing very high-rate data
high energy consumption which increases CO2 transmission through the use of solid-state lighting

154
Hikmatyarsyah, ., Rahardjo, S. and Junde, J.
Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector.
DOI: 10.5220/0007369901540162
In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology (PHOTOPTICS 2019), pages 154-162
ISBN: 978-989-758-364-3
Copyright c 2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
 Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector

device such as LEDs or Laser Diodes. Light Fidelity 2 LOW-POWER WIRELESS

(Li-Fi) is a Visible Light Communication based
technology that uses the visible and infrared light TECHNOLOGIES
spectrum to provide transmit and receive capability.
As in Wi-Fi, Li-Fi can offer mobility for both intra- The Internet of Things (IoT) defined as the network
cell and inter-cell with two principal version of system that connect internet-enable devices such as
handover mechanism (horizontal and vertical) wearable gadgets, electronics, digital machines,
(Serafimovski et al., 2018). It has been recognized sensors in which have ability to share data securely
that wireless data traffic mostly originates in indoor without requiring human action. IoT enable to be
environments with 80% in late 2015 (Commscope, monitored remotely from any network making this
2015). Therefore, by exploiting the already-installed smart system dependable for the future. The
light-emitting-diode (LED) lighting infrastructures McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) predicts that the
for broadband data transmission, VLC could use the Internet of Things has a total potential economic
same amount of power for illuminate the room while impact of $3.9 trillion to $11.1 trillion per year in
transmitting can be considered as good example of 2025, equivalent to about 11% of the world economy
green communication for high-speed local area (Manyika, 2015). Wireless communication is steadily
networks. Li-Fi data is transmitted by the LED bulbs grows in recent years and it can be handily
and received by photodetector. In early implemented in places, that are located in remote
developmental models, Li-Fi capable transmit of 150 areas with difficult environmental conditions and
Mbps, with stronger LEDs type, researchers have without complete communication infrastructure.
demonstrated data rates of 10 Gbps (Tsonev et al., With considerable standards available in the market,
2015). The optical spectrum offers a bandwidth applying diverse communication protocols in various
which is many orders of magnitude greater than the frequency bands deployment, the choice of the most
RF spectrum can offer. The visible and near infrared suitable wireless connectivity technology for an IoT
(IR) regions together are 2600 times larger than 0-300 application can be challenging. Higher-frequency
GHz RF spectrum (Haas et al., 2017). This spectrum bands offer a broader bandwidth, more channels
is unlicensed (free) and subject only to eye-safety available and higher data throughput. Otherwise,
regulations. This makes optical wireless lower-frequency achieve a longer range. Personal
communication systems, a potentially attractive Area Network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN)
medium for wireless communication. A femtocell and Wide Area Network (WAN) categorized as IoT
network is one such indoor small-cell system that can common network range. PAN has coverage of 10 m
significantly increase the ASE of a cellular system propagate low power radio while WAN cover up to
(Chandhar and Das, 2014). VLC enables a step- 20 km typically use high power radio transmission
change improvement of the small-cell concept with (Pau et al., 2018). This paper focus only on low power
completely avoiding interference to RF-based technology. The comparison of low power wireless
technology, while interference from the femtocell technologies between RF-based and VLC-based is
comes from the adjacent access point signal. The presented in Tabel 1.
benefits and challenges of VLC systems compared to
RF systems are described (Stevanovic, 2017) 2.1 Low-power Radio Frequency
(Chowdhury et al., 2018).
Furthermore, the objectives of this paper include: Wireless technology transmitting low-powered radio
i) describe the characteristics and functions by frequency such as low-power Wi-Fi, Zigbee, NFC,
compare the most reputable low-powered RF-based LoRaWAN and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) will be
and VLC-based wireless technologies and ii) from suitable channels in the application of IoT. The
security point of view, we outline the basic wireless difference in frequency usage directly proportional to
mechanism for Li-Fi in OSI layer, especially physical the signal coverage will distinguish these five radio-
and media access layer. After Li-Fi security detailed, based technology applications. NFC enables simple
we discuss every aspect for Li-Fi application which and safe two-way interactions between electronic
has the most potential to be applied in the near future. devices and extends the capability of contactless card
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section technology. BLE has advantage in personal device
II compares low power wireless technologies. Section with its well-known integration in smartphones.
III describe Li-Fi security protocols. Section IV Zigbee offers short to medium with low data rate
discuss Li-Fi market based on its application. Lastly, which has prominent feature for on body/off body
Section V concludes the paper. communications (Ghamari et al., 2015). Wi-Fi have

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Table 1: The comparison between low power RF-based and VLC-based wireless technologies (Ghamari et al., 2015) (Ali and
Hussein, 2016) (Magrin, 2016).

RF Technologies LC Technologies
Feature
Low Power
Zigbee NFC LoRaWAN BLE LiFi IR
WiFi
IEEE ISO/IEC Bluetooth IEEE
Standard IEEE 802.15.4 LoRaWAN IrDA-1.1
802.11 18000-3 4.0 802.15.7
Frequency 868 MHz / 915 MHz 13.56 MHz 470/868/920/2400 400-700
2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz
Band / 2.4 GHz (ISM) MHz THz

868 MHz: 20 kbps

868 MHz: 50 kbps
Data Rate 54 Mbps 915 MHz: 40 kbps 400 kbps 1 Mbps 1 Gbps 4 Mbps
920 MHz: 21 kbps
2.4 GHz: 250 kbps

Modulation 64 QAM BPSK & QPSK ASK SS Chirp GFSK OFDMA PPM
10 m
Range 30 m 100 m 10 cm 5 km (Urban) 10 m 1m
(Indoor)
Power Months/Ye Months/Ye Months/Ye Months/
Hours Months/Year Days
Profile ar ar ar Year
Network Point-To- Point-To- Point-To- Point-To- Point-To-
Peer-To-Peer Star-of-Star
Topology Multipoint Point Point Point Point

Complexity Complex Simple Simple Simple Complex Simple Simple

Security Medium Medium High Medium Medium High High

been widely used for short distance in offices and objects) make this system considered to provide a
restaurants, whereas LoRaWAN is applicable for secure way to transmit data within a closed indoor
long range communication smart system. environment, making it difficult to be intercepted
from outside. However, the application of the VLC
2.2 Low-power Light Communication system has limitations and need be addressed. Major
challenges are in the form of ambient light
Various products use light as a medium to transfer interference, co-channel interference and
data between various IoT objects. Li-Fi and Infrared interconnection to existing network technologies. A
(IR) are two of the most popular IoT communication standardization of VLC is necessary in order to cope
technologies in this category. IR Electromagnetic the above challenges, from IEEE 802.15.7 (2011) to
invisible light is used for data communication over a IEEE 802.15.7m OWC (2014) and IEEE 802.15.13
short distance. IR wireless technology is used in task group (2017) have been introduced.
entertainment control units, robot control systems and
medium-range line-of-sight laser communications. 3.1 Li-Fi Architecture
Similar to Wi-Fi, Li-Fi uses wireless communication
technology. It utilizes from visible until infrared A basic user equipment to core network Li-Fi
spectrum to transfer data with shorter coverage (for architecture in VLC system for Indoor application as
indoor system) with higher data rates. optical channel is shown in Figure 1. LED lamps are
used as transmitter and photodiodes are used as Li-Fi
receiver while image sensors used as optical camera
3 LI-FI SECURITY SYSTEM communication (OCC) that mainly communicate
through visual data. VLC access networks are
Light-based network data transmission can connected to the internet or core network through
accommodate better solution to radio wireless wired (optical fibres) or wireless (FSO) for backhaul
connectivity.
network, since i) they are interface-orthogonal to
The VLC system sending signals by controlling
radio-based communication (low electromagnetic
the ON/OFF repetition of LED or using the color dif-
interference) and ii) inherent security due to spatial
ference of transmitting light without flickering that
confinement (light does not penetrate through solid

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 Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector

Lamp
Free Space
Server Lamp Driver
Optical Gateway
Network Driver LED
LED lamp lamp
Optical
Fiber Optical
Cloud Optical
Connection wireless
wireless
channel
channel
IS PD
Macrocellular BS

Internet Satellite
UE UE
Network

OCC Li-Fi
Core Network Backhaul Networks

Figure 1: VLC system architecture from user equipment to core network (Chowdhury et al., 2018).

Application Layer Application Layer

MAC Layer MAC Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Physical Medium

Figure 2: VLC architecture layer.

can cause vision problems. The transmitting part 3.3 Physical Layer
(LED) must have Physical Layer (PHY) and Media
Access Control (MAC) functions for illumination and The physical layer defines the physical specification
transmission performance. The receiving part of the device and the relationship between the device
photodiode or image sensor uses additional and the medium. One device transmits information to
prevention to avoid interference of other light the channel, and another device receives data from
sources. PHY has a modulation and line coding for a channel based on the physical layer. Figure 3 shows
wireless communication and MAC has to support the block diagram of the general physical layer
different application (Bhalerao et al., 2013). The implementation of the VLC system. The transmitter
reference model of the VLC communication system typically consists of the channel encoder and the
is shown in Figure 2. modulator followed by the optical front end. The
electrical signal modulates the intensity of the optical
3.2 Media Access Control Layer carrier to send the information over the optical
channel. At the receiver, a photodiode receives the
The role undertaking by medium access control optical signal and converts into an electrical signal
(MAC) layer include mobility support, dimming followed by the recovery of data.
support, Visibility support, security support, Three different types of physical implementations of
flickering mitigation, colour function, Network VLC are given in IEEE 802.15.7-2011 in which the
beacons, VPAN and entities link provider (IEEE, operating range are PHY I, PHY II, and PHY III. Due
2011). The topology that support by MAC layer at to the growing interest this technology, the new
least one of three transfer modes: bidirectional (peer standardization IEEE 802.15.7m Optical Wireless
to peer) mode, unidirectional (star) mode, or Communication in 2014 formed and adds three more
broadcast mode. PHY operating range to support LED Identification

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PHOTOPTICS 2019 - 7th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology

Input Channel Line

Modulator
information. In (Marin-Garcia et al., 2017), for
Bits LED
Encoder Encoder indoor-to-outdoor VLC system mechanism, leakages
Optical light source that refracted through window not only
Channel
in front of the window but there are still leakages on
Output Channel Line the sides and higher power density received at middle
Bits Demodulator PD/IS
Decoder Decoder
range than the closest to the window eventhough the
bandwidth of the signal decreased. In another paper
Figure 3: PHY layer for VLC system based 802.15.7 (Khan,
2016). (Wang et al., 2018), a secrecy capacity with the
dependence of the optical intensity constraints for
(LED-ID), Optical Camera Communication (OCC) indoor system has been proposed.
and Li-Fi (High Rate PD Communications)
technology as summarized in Table 2.
4 VLC POTENTIAL MARKET
3.4 MAC and Physical Layer Security
The VLC global market is expected to grow from
VLC system often assumed to be eavesdropping- USD 1.3 billion in 2017 to USD 75 billion by 2023,
proof due to its properties that light cannot penetrate at a CAGR of 96.57 % between 2018 and 2023
through wall, this is not entirely true. Although the according to markets and markets
system mostly propagated via the line-of-sight path, (Marketsandmarkets, 2018). The growth of the VLC
VLC channel has a broadcast nature that distribute to market is driven by factors such as faster and safer
all users illuminated by the LEDs such as in public data transfer than other competing technologies, RF
spaces. This lead to the opportunity for unauthorized spectrum bandwidth crunch, no bandwidth limitation,
users to eavesdrop the information of legitimate less energy consumption; and greener, cleaner and
users. Power received and bandwidth of the signal by safer technology. The major components of the VLC
the eavesdropper should become critical parameters system are LED, photodiode, microcontroller, and
that need to observe for either indoor-to-indoor or software. VLC potential markets are divided
indoor-to-outdoor mechanism. according to light-distance application which are
The possibility threats such as jamming (range- indoor, outdoor and underwater.
related), snooping (power-related) and data
modification (range and power) for mobile-to- 4.1 LED Lighting Market
mobile, infrastructure-to-mobile, mobile-to-
infrastructure, and infrastructure-to-infrastructure The forecast for the global lighting product market
communication schemes based on distance between 2016 and 2020, as illustrate in Figure 4. It is
measurement from 10 cm and 3 m have been estimated that office lighting and residential lighting
reviewed (Blinowski, 2015). As the result, the will dominate a market volume of around 15 billion
greatest risk of violating VLC security arises when euros and 32 billion euros respectively in 2020
communication with infrastructure is concerned. (statista.com, 2012). The VLC technology is entirely
According to (Rohner et al., 2015), there exist three based on light, and LED is used as a main source of
security mechanisms that can be used to protect VLC transmission for Indoor application, a statistic
in MAC layer: proximity-based protection (LOS represents the estimated LED market penetration
communication only), steganographic protection between 2010 and 2020 in Figure 5. In 2020, light-
(encryption without authentication or integrity), emitting diodes are expected to reach a penetration
chaffing and winnowing (authentication without into the lighting market of approximately 61 percent
encryption) and cryptographic protection (statista.com, 2012).
(encryption, integrity, and authentication) with As per analyst at Zion Market Research, the global
uncomplicated implementation and should not LED lighting market added up for USD 26.09 Billion
consume too many computational resources as in 2016 and is likely to cross USD 54.28 Billion by
defines in IEEE in 802.15.7. The study for SISO and end of 2022, developing at a CAGR of almost 13%
MISO schemes have been done (Mostafa, 2017), for from 2017 to 2022 (Zion Market Research, 2016).
the simple single-input-single-output (SISO) case, the
numerical results revealed that zero-forcing
beamforming transmission scheme is an appropriate
strategy for secure transmission in VLC scenarios,
provided that the transmitter has accurate channel

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 Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector

Table 2: PHY I to VIII Operating Modes Specifications.

PHY Description Modulation Schemes Data rate
100 kbps (OOK), 266 kbps
I IEEE 802.15.7-2011 for outdoor usage OOK & VPPM
(VPPM) (Khan, 2016)
96 Mbps (OOK), 5 Mbps (VPPM)
II IEEE 802.15.7-2011 for indoor usage OOK & VPPM
(Khan, 2016)
IEEE 802.15.7-2011 multiple light
III CSK 96 Mbps (16-CSK) (Khan, 2016)
sources & detectors
IEEE 802.15.7m OWC TG7m for UFSOOK, Twinkle VPPM,
22 kbps (HS-PSK) (Mariappan,
IV Image Sensor Communication modes S2-PSK, HS-PSK, Offset
and Cha, 2018)
(discrete light sources) VPPM
IEEE 802.15.7m OWC TG7m for
MPM, CM-FSK, C-OOK, 12.5 kbps (MPM) (Mariappan, and
V Image Sensor Communication modes
RS-FSK Cha, 2018)
(diffused surface light sources)
IEEE 802.15.7m OWC TG7m for
A-QL, VTASC, HA-QL, 512 kbps (VTASC) (Mariappan,
VI Image Sensor Communication modes
SS2DC and Cha, 2018) (Cha et al., 2018)
(video displays)
IEEE 802.15.7 OWC TG13 for PD Under Research 1Mbps – 10Mbps
VII OFDM-based
Low-rate Communication modes (Li et al., 2018)
IEEE 802.15.7 OWC TG13 for PD Under Research 10Mbps – 10Gbps
VIII OFDM-based
High-rate Communication modes (Li et al., 2018)

Industrial 5 4.2 VLC Indoor Applications

5
Hospitality 5
6
4
VLC has many indoor networking applications and
Architect… 6 where the intercommunication of personal electronic
Shop 8
8 devices is priority, Li-Fi has potential to apply in the
Outdoor 10
11 near future due to its low ambient interference, higher
12
Office 15 data rate for short distance communication and
28
Residential 32 already-existed infrastructure. Smart lighting market
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 is estimated to grow from USD 7.93 Billion in 2018
Market Volume in Billion Euros to USD 20.98 Billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 21.50%
2016 2020
between 2018 and 2023 (Marketsandmarkets, 2018).
Figure 4: General lighting market volume from 2016 to The major factors driving the growth of the smart
2020 (statista.com, 2012). lighting market include modernization and
development of infrastructure to transform cities into
smart cities. VLC indoor smart lighting applications
70% 61% are such as offices, universities, shopping markets,
60% 53%
airports and restaurants (facilitates illumination,
50% 44% communication and control simultaneously that save
35% cost and energy consumption), hospitals (where
40%

30%
26% surroundings electromagnetic wave sensitive areas
18% and VLC will not interfere with radio waves),
20% 11%
6% aviation (LEDs can also be used instead of wires to
10%
0% 1% 2% provide media services to passengers that reduces the
0% cost of aircraft construction and its weight),
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
residential houses (VLC system will integrate with
Figure 5: LED penetration estimated market from 2010 to
smartmeter to send and store data daily). Smart retails
2020 (statista.com, 2012). such as shopping market is the early adopters of
visible light communication technology. The retail
indoor positioning segment such as sending coupons,

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PHOTOPTICS 2019 - 7th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology

notifying customers of discounts and helping According to (Wu et al., 2017), a 7.2 Gbps UOWC
customers reach the exact position of the product by system has been proposed in for 450 nm blue laser
communicate through smartphones has become with the transmission distance of 6 m. The market
exceptionally easy through VLC modules. Indoor promotion of UOWC has not been achieved so far,
positioning segment is expected to represent an mostly this system owned by military. Only a few
opportunity worth USD 33.54 billion by 2022 as it limited UOWC products were commercialized in the
expands at a CAGR 93.82% between 2015 and 2022. early 2010s (The Sonardyne Site, 2016) (The
Ambalux Site, 2016). The proposal of underwater
4.3 VLC Outdoor Applications wireless sensor networks (UWSN) has facilitated the
development of UOWC due to increasing demands
VLC can be used for vehicular communication (V2X) for ocean exploration with efficient high bandwidth
due to the presence of the LED vehicle lights and the data transmission, make it the UOWC market
existing traffic lights infrastructure that are adopting showing future promise.
LED technology. Factors such as rising demand for
real-time traffic and incident alerts for increasing
public safety are driving the growth of the V2X 5 CONCLUSIONS
market. The V2X market is valued at USD 22.60
Billion in 2016 and is projected to grow at a CAGR Further research is needed to reduce interference,
of 17.61% during the forecast period, to reach USD environmental effects, and transmitter power levels in
99.55 Billion by 2025 (Marketsandmarkets, 2018). VLC system for outdoor. Visible light system using
For long-distance communication purposes, Free- LED for indoor application is more suitable to be
Space Optics (FSO) technology uses laser-diode applied in the near future due to low ambient light
lights for high transmission of data and is ideal for source, higher sector for data consumption, low cost
outdoor networking. FSO can be installed along with infrastructure, and high level of needs other than RF-
any line of sight up to more than 10,000 km based system. Furthermore, LEDs advantages to have
(Chowdhury et al., 2018). The invention of lasers in high switching capability along with other important
1960s boosted the FSO market that market is features such as energy efficiency and longer lifetime
expected to grow from USD 0.15 billion in 2017 to make them the most favourable light source that can
USD 1.45 billion by 2023, at CAGR of 39.58 % be incorporated into VLC. LED can be used in
between 2018 and 2023 (Marketsandmarkets, 2018). different types of lighting applications. The potential
Because of the scalability and flexibility of this market growth of LED lighting technology is
technology, optical wireless products based on FSO foreseen to be very strong in the coming years, which
can be deployed in many applications such as mobile create a strong case for this lighting technology to be
backhaul enterprise connectivity, disaster recovery, integrated into VLC system. Although at security
defence, satellite and metropolitan area network. level in IEEE 802.15.7 standard does not provide
adequate MAC-level protection against physical level
4.4 Underwater Communications risk and still under research to develop, physical layer
security must be the priority to be enhanced due to the
There are three underwater communications first layer of security for unintended user interface.
preference for implementing underwater wireless The unification of 5G radio technology especially
sensor networks: acoustics, RF and optics. Compared femtocell for indoor application will make both
with the acoustic waves that have scattering, high systems work better to cope each other challenges.
attenuation, low bandwidth and RF waves still have
high attenuation even use ultra-low frequencies
which lead to higher cost for hardware, underwater
optical wireless communication (UOWC) has the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
highest transmission data rate, the lowest link delay
and the lowest implementation costs. UOWC also has The first author wish to thank for Indonesian Agency
higher communication security over the acoustic and for the Assessment and Application of Technology
RF methods. Most UOWC systems are implemented (BPPT) to facilitate and cooperate to finish this paper,
in line-of-sight (LOS) configuration, rather than the the author also thank author’s future wife for her
diffused broadcasting scenario such as acoustic and support and encouragement thus author can complete
RF wave which it becomes more difficult to be this paper on time.
eavesdropped (Zeng et al., 2017) (Saeed et al., 2018).

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