LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Learning Module in GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal

I. Title: RIZAL’S LIFE: EXILE, TRIAL, AND DEATH

II. Topics:

1. The Seditious Document: The Poor Friars

2. Rizal as a Practical Leader Conceives La Liga Filipino
3. Rizal Deported to Dapitan
4. Dapitan during the Arrival of Rizal
5. Rizal builds his home at Talisay
6. Rizal Sails to Spain for Cuba
7. The Investigation
8. After the Alcoser’s Speech
9. Rizal’s Trial and His Alleged Guilt
10. Rizal’s Last Remaining Hours on Earth

III. Time Frame: 4 hours

IV. Introduction:

The decision to exile Jose Rizal to Dapitan was taken so he could contemplate his sins
against Spain and, “publicly retract his errors concerning religion, and make statements that
were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution”. He arrived in 1892 and left shortly before his
execution in 1896. During his four-year exile Rizal was famously productive: he practiced
medicine and pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened his
knowledge of languages and established a school for boys (Rough Guides, 2020).

Thus, in this chapter, the learners are able to engage to the life of Rizal during his exile
in Dapitan. Learners are also able to determine the great contributions of Rizal in Dapitan,
examine the evidence placed before him during his trial and witness his death as the cause of
Spanish colonial government downfall.

V. Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Analyze the causes that led to Rizal’s exile and execution;

2. Make a critical analysis on how the death of Rizal cause the downfall of Spanish
colonial dominance in the country; and
3. Enumerate the different projects and other humanitarian deeds of the hero during his
exile in Dapitan.

VI. Pre-Test: Answer the following questions below

1. Enumerate the fifteen documents that were considered bases for charges against Jose
Rizal. Tell how they proved Rizal’s innocence or guilt.

The Documents How the Documents proved Rizal’s innocence or guilt

1.
2.
3.
4.

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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

VII. Learning Activities:

1. The Seditious Document: The Poor

Friars

This document included copies of a tract

called “The Poor Friars” a caustic attack on
the Dominican friars, divulging the bankruptcy
of the Dominican from the different Asian
banks. In Rizal’s statement, “But now the
devil has carried off the money of the widows
and orphan, and it is so feared that he will
carry everything, because when the devil
begins, the devil has to finish,”where family
head were been persecuted during Calamba
trouble. This paper was called seditious
hence it consists for the slightest word against
the government, in which an insult to the
religious order is called sedition. Besides, the religious orders in that period were the powers
behind the throne, seating and unseating officials at will.

All the newspapers in Manila published the long curious decrees of theGovernor General,
bearing the three charges that sent Rizal into exile. During his “voluntary exile” he had published
three books and proclamations of very doubtful loyalty to Spain, which are not only frankly anti-
Catholic, but impudently anti-friars and
introduced these into the archipelago.

After his arrival in the Philippines,

there was found in one of the packages
belonging to the said subject a bundle of
handbills entitled “the Poor Friars” in which
the patient and humble generosity of the
Filipinos was satirized and in which
accusations were published against the
customs of the religious orders.

Though the League of La Liga Filipina

constitution contained no one seditious

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sentence, the fact that it began among members of the Masonic Order in Manila and that it was
a secret organization somewhat resembling Masonry was enough to bring it under the suspicion
of the government. It contained provisions which a despotic government would find intolerable
such as: guard in absolute secrecy the decisions of the League Councils, Not submit to
humiliation nr treat anybody with disdain and Obey unquestionably and punctually every
command that emanates from a League Councilor or Chief.

Purpose of the La Liga Filipina:

Unity of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous body

Mutual protection in every grievances and need

Defense against violence and injustices

Encouragement of instructions , industrial, enterprises ,

The study of reforms, putting them into practice

2.Rizal as a Practical Leader Conceives La Liga Filipino- The other project he conceived
while in Hong Kong was the founding of La Liga Filipina. This was to be established in the
Philippines, hence the need to return to his country. The constitution of La Liga Filipina was
drafted: with the cooperation of his friend, Jose Ma. Basa. The association aimed to unite the
people of the entire archipelago into a compact body. It would provide mutual protection in every
difficulty and necessity; defense against all violence and injustices instruction, agriculture and
commerce; and carry out the study and application of reforms. Its motto “One is worth for
all”.

The member of the La Liga Filipina was entitled to (1) moral, material, and financial aid
from his council and from La Liga Filipina; (2) a demand that all fellow members favor him in
business or profession so long as he offered the same guarantees to others (3) full assistance
from La Liga Filipina in case of trouble, affront or injustices; and (4) financial assistance in any
business of funds were available in the treasury.

3. Rizal Deported to Dapitan-Three days after the founding of the Liga, Rizal went to
Malacañangagain. The governor asked him whether he has an intention to go back to Hong
Kong. Rizal replied positively to the query. After a while the governor proceeded to ask him the
owner of the pillows and the mats in his luggage, as there were questionable handbills in them.
Rizal’s answer was that they belong to his sister Lucia. Despujol therefore ordered his aide-de-
camp to arrest Rizal and incarcerate him at fort Santiago.

Rizal was detained in Fort Santiago for 9 days. On July 15, 1892, he left Manila for
Dapitan, where he would be spending the next four years of life. With his deportation to Dapitan,
the Liga died its natural death.

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4. Dapitan during the Arrival of Rizal-Rizal arrived at Dapitan on July 17, 1892 via the steamer
Cebu. The place was swampy with unclean streets. Rizal set foot in Dapitan, but he found out
that the land is fertile. There was no potable water, as well as lighting system, which made the
town appear desolate. People were dying with different diseases, as they were not provided
proper medical services by the authorities.

5. Rizal builds his home at

Talisay.With cash on hand, he
immediately bought land in
Talisay, which was more than 70
hectares. Then he constructed
his house made of nipa hut. As a
physician he was cognizant at
the dangers of dysentery and
cholera germs from an open pit,
so he took all the necessary
precautions to prevent their
occurrence in his home.Rizal
opened a school for young boys
of his neighborhood, following
the Athenian system of
education. As a doctor, Rizal
practices his profession in his
new home. The foregoing
experiences that Rizal had in
Dapitan greatly enhanced his concept of practical leadership and nationalism (Romero,1978).

Rizal and Josephine Bracken- Rizal’s fame as an

ophthalmologist spread beyond Dapitan and the
Philippines. Josephine Bracken and her uncle Mr.
Taufferwho was suffering from eye ailment all the way
from Hong Kong with a card of introduction from Julio
Llorente came to seek help from Rizal. Rizal saw
Josephine the qualities which made him attracted, so he
sought the permission of Mr. Tauffer and expectedly the
latter raged in fury. Rizal had been treating him,
permitting him to regain a little eyesight. Nonetheless,
Tauffer lose hope of regaining his eyesight as his case
was hopeless for it was terminal ailment.Tauffer then left
Dapitan and instead Josephine accompanies him, she
did not go against the demand of the old man. Upon
arriving Manila, however, Josephine took refuge in the
house of Rizal’s mother, to whom she brought Rizals’ of
introduction, which runs as follows (Quirino, 1940):

My very dear Mother,

The bearer of this letter is Miss Josephine Tuafer with whom I was on the
point of marrying, relying of course on your consent. Our relations were broken at

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her suggestions because of the many difficulties that came on the way. She is
almost an orphan in everything; she has no relatives except distant ones.
As I am interested in her and it is very easy for her later to decide to join me, and
since she may be left all alone and abandoned, I beg of you to give her the
hospitability, treating her as if she were a daughter, until she has better opportunity
or occasion to come back.
Treat Miss Bracken as a person whom esteem and greatly appreciate and whom
I would not like to see exposed or abandoned.

Your affectionate son who loves you,

Jose Rizal

6. Rizal Sails to Spain for Cuba

On September 3, 1896, Rizal boarded the steamer Isla de Panay, which shall ferry him
to Barcelona, Spain. So he was happy. He felt that he succeeded in his race against the
revolution, spearheaded by the Katipuneros. Without his knowledge, the sinister plan of Blanco
was already in place at the very moment he left Manila for Spain. By October 3, 1896, Rizal
reached Barcelona. He was heavy guarded and detained as a prisoner at the steamer Isla de
Panay. On October 6, at 3:00 in the morning he was informed that he would be taken to Fort
Monjuich, the prisoner citadel of the city. Despujol the governor, who decreed his deportation
to Dapitan, told Rizal that he would be shipped back to the Philippines, so he left Barcelona for
Spain, and that same date he sailed back to the Philippines.

The steamer arrived in Manila on November 3, 1896, and he was brought to Fort
Santiago. The Spanish authorities commenced their expedition of fishing all evidences that can
be used against Rizal. Those who sympathized with Rizal were harassed and tortured.

7. The Investigation

Colonel Francisco Olive, the Judge Advocate of the Spanish military tribunal, summoned Rizal
to appear before him on November 20, 1896. Desiring to clear his name from the accusations
imputed on him.

The Trial of Rizal-Rizal’s case was turned over to

Dominguez and Alcoser on December 19, 1896 for
prosecution. The trial commenced on December 26,
at the Halls of Banner of Cuartel de España.Two days
prior to the trial, the court martial was constituted, with
Colonel Jose Colonel Jose Togores as president and
the following as members: Ricardo Muñoz Airas:
Manuel Reguera; Santiago Isquierdo and Manuel
Escribano. Fermin Rodriguez de Alcoser was
designated as prosecutor.

Preliminary Investigation of Rizal

The trial started with the reading of the charges against the accused by judge Advocate
Dominguez. This was followed by a detailed presentation of Rizal’s case by Alcoser, which
culminated in his call on the members of the military tribunal to render a decision by imposing
death penalty on the accused. Alcoser’s argument rested on Rizal’s admission of the founding
of La Liga, which to his mind had something to do with Bonifacio’s revolution. Thus, Alcoser
averred that:

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In a crime founded on rousing the passions of the people against government

powers, the main burden of guilt is on the man who awakens dormant feelings and raises
false hopes for the future (Guerrero, 1998).

The charges against Rizal were illegal association and rebellion, the first being illegal to
have been the means to commit the second, both therefore, constituting a complex crime
punishable with the penalty imposed for the graver offense in it is maximum degree (death).
Article 188 of the Spanish Penal Code declared illegal, among others, any association whose
purpose was to commit any of the crimes punished by the same code; Article 220 declared
guilty of rebellion those rose publicly and in open hostility the government for the purpose
among others of proclaiming the independence of any part of the territory included within the
term of the Philippine Islands, and Art.230 imposed the penalty of cadena perpetua to death
upon those who promoted or maintained such a rebellion by induction and upon the principal
leaders of the rebellion.

8. After the Alcoser’s Speech-Passionate speech, Taviel de Andrade took the floor to present
his defense of Rizal. Taviel de Andrade’s defense was based on the rule of evidence and the
law applying the Penal Code of Spain in the Philippines. Believing that the prosecution was
biased on Rizal, he defended Rizal by saying that penalties can only be imposed on an accused
through any of the following means: ocular inspection; confession of the accused; credible
witnesses; expert opinion; official’s documentation or conclusive evidences (Guerrero, 1998).
As none of these conditions existed, Rizal was not guilty of the crime charged him. Moreover,
as oral testimonies used against Rizal were given by those who were interested in ascribing
leadership of the revolution to Rizal, these were biased and should not be used against the
accused.

After Taviel de Andrade’s brilliant defense, Rizal was asked by the judge advocate
whether he had something to add to what his counsel had presented. Rizal stood up and
presented his own brief (Zuueta, 2004; Guerrero, 1998).

1. I am not guilty of rebellion as I even advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not
to rise in revolution;
2. The revolutionists used by name without my knowledge. If I were guilty, I
could have escape from Singapore;
3. If I had hand in the Katipunan revolution, I could have escaped Dapitan and
should have not built a house there;
4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why did they not consult me on their plans?
5. I was not the founder of La Solidaridad and the Association Hispano-Filipino;
6. I had nothing to do with the introduction of masonry in the Philippines. Serrano
had a higher degree than I had. If I were the head, since when does an officer permit
himself to be promoted to a captain general?
7. The La Liga Filipina did not live long. It died a natural death after my
banishment to Dapitan;
8. If the La Liga was re-organized nine months later, I was totally unaware of it;
9. It was true that I wrote the statutes of the La Liga. The La Liga however, is a
civic association whose purpose are unity and development of commerce and industry;
10. While it was true that there were some bitter statements in my letters, it was
because they were written when my family was being persecuted, being disposed of
their houses and lands, and my brother and brother-in-law were rusticated without due
process of law;
11. It was not true that the revolution was inspired in one of my speeches at the
house of Doroteo Onjungco, as alleged by the witnesses who I would like to confront.
My friends knew very well about my vehement opposition to an armed rebellion;

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12. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to in Dapitan, who was a total
stranger to me? Because those who knew me were cognizant that I would never
sanction any violent
movement?
13. My life in
Dapitan had been
exemplary, as
evidenced by my
productive activities for
the welfare of the
people. Even the
politico-military
commanders and
missionary priests could
attest to this.

9. Rizal’s Trial and His Alleged Guilt-Rizal’s trial was a clear case of mistrial – a very clear
confirmation of the injustice of the Spanish Regime (Zaide&Zaide, 1999). It was a deliberate
effort to condemn Rizal to death for the following reasons:

1. Rizal was a civilian but was tried by a military tribunal;

2. Rizal was already condemned guilty even before the trial.
3. All allegations against Rizal were accepted by the court nut not the arguments
and evidence in his favor;
4. Rizal was not allowed to confront witnesses against him nor his counsel to
cross-examine them; and
5. Evidences to convict Rizal did not have any bearing on his alleged commission
of the complex crime of rebellion.

Activity No. 1

Justify Rizals’ alleged trial and guilt: if you are in the shoes of the hero what will you
do? Submit online

The Manifesto, as translated by Palma (1949) is presented below:

My Countrymen:

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“On my return from Spain, I learned that my name had been used as a war cry among
some who were in arms. The news painfully surprised me, but believing it was all over,
I kept silent over what I considered irremediable. Now I hear rumors that the
disturbances continue, and lest any persons should still go on using my name in bad or
good faith, to remedy this abuse and to undeceive the unwary. I hasten to address you
these lines so that the truth may be known.

From the beginning, when I had news of what was being planned, I opposed it, fought
it, and demonstrated its absolute impossibility. This is the truth and witnesses to my
words are still living. I was convinced that the idea was highly absurd and, what was
worse, would bring great suffering. I did more. When later, in spite of my counsels, the
movement broke out. I spontaneously offered not only my services, but my life, even my
name so that they might use them in the manner they was fir to suppress the rebellion,
for convinced of the evils that would befall them. I considered myself fortunate of, at any
sacrifice. I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This is equally of record.

10. Rizal’s Last Remaining Hours on Earth-The verdict sentence of death sentence was read
to Rizal on December 29, 1896 (Romero, 1978). At the outset, Rizal refused to sign it owing to
his innocence and objection to his being labeled as a Chinese mestizo. Later, realizing that the
law required it, he affixed his signature on the notification of the court’s decision.

While busy attending to his visitors, he took time to write his last letter to his best friend
and confidante, Blumentritt. The letter runs this way (National Commission, 1962).

When you receive this letter, I shall be dead. I shall be shot tomorrow at seven o’clock,
but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. I am going to die with a clear conscience.
Farewell my best, my dearest friend, and never think ill of me.

Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios was the longest, untitled poem written on December 29, 1896.
According to Coates (1968), this poem is remarkable for it achieves four separate purposes:

*It is a farewell
*It is an appeal to the Filipinos,
not for him
*It is Rizal’s last will and
testament
* It is Rizal’s autobiography

RIZAL’S DEATH MARCH

VIII. Self-Evaluation:Provide the answer in the following table below

1. What made Rizal’s exile in Dapitan a “pleasant life”?

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2. Describe the emotional condition of Jose Rizal twenty-four hours prior to his death?

IX. Review of Concept

La Liga Filipina- an organization established by Jose Rizal in lieu to the failure of the
Propaganda Movement in Europe, a crusade for reforms.

X. Post-Test: With your knowledge in this chapter, answer the following questions below.

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1. Do you think Rizal “planned” his martyrdom? Why?

2. How did Rizal’s death cause the downfall of Spanish colonial government?

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XI. References:

Zaide, Gregorio et. al (2002). Philippine History & Gov’t5th ed. Quezon City: All Nations
Publishing Co., Inc.

Abeleda, A.S Jr (2003).Philippine History. Manila: Saint Bernadette Pub. Inc.

Capino, Diosdado G. et.al (2005).Rizal, Life, Works and Writings-their impact on our National
Identity. Quezon City: Bookman Inc.

Guerrero, Leon Ma.(2010). The First Filipino. Quezon City: National Historical Institute;

Montemayor, T. H.Rizal pictorial calendar. Manila: National Historical Institute

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Ocampo, A. R. Rizal without the Overcoat. Metro Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Romero, Ma. C. et al. Rizal and the Development of National Consciousness. Quezon City:
JMC Press, Inc.

Rough Guides (2020). Jose Rizal in Dapitan. Retrieved from

https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/philippines/mindanao/north-
coast/dapitan/jose-rizal-in-dapitan/

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Learning Module in GE Rizal 1- Life and Works of Rizal

I. Title: ANNOTATION OF DR. MORGA’S BOOK “SUCESOSDELAS ISLAS FILIPINAS”

II. Topics:

1. Valuing Dr. Antonio Morga’s Book

2. Dr. Reinhold Rost

III. Time Frame: 6 hours

IV. Introduction

Upon reaching London on May 24, 1888, Rizal at once secured a card permitting him to
work in the British Museum Library. He plunged into study and writing, which occupied his time
for the next ten months. He found here one of the few remaining volumes of Antonio Morga’s
book Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which had been published in 1609.

He discovered that history and anthropology were the best friends of the Philippines, for
these sciences were exposing the lies which the Spaniards had hold for generations. He had
nothing to fear and everything to gain by exploring every corner of the past, as he enlisted his
friends in scouring all the libraries of Europe for ancient documents and abstruse knowledge
concerning his country.

Thus, in this chapter, learners are able to determine how great the Philippines before
Spanish colonization period as described by Dr. Antonio de Morga. Learners are able to
determine also Rizal’s new edition of annotation from Dr. Morga’s book that was intended for
the Filipino people.

V. Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the different discoveries of the hero in annotating Dr. Morga’s book prior to the
colonization period; and
2. Analyze the impact of the Dr. Morga’s book which was annotated by Rizal to the
Filipino people as well as globally.

VI. Pre-Test: Answer the following questions below

1. What do you think is the greatest contribution of Rizal’s annotation to Morga’s book to
Philippine history?

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VII. Learning Activities:

Researching extensively on his land

and people copied and annotated one book
which fascinated him most, the original 1609
edition of Dr. Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos
de las Islas Filipinas (Historical events of
the Philippine Islands). He saw the value of
the book as an effective medium with which
he could draw attention to the pre-colonial
civilization of the Filipino and the ruinous
effect of Spanish.

By patiently copying the whole text and

adding his own notations he aimed to show
that our forefathers possessed a developed
culture. This was to be seen from their
religious beliefs, language, system of
writing, literature, songs, dances and other
forms of artistic expressions, agriculture, domestic and foreign trade, industry, manufacture
including the production of implements for warfare, government and laws, and above all, a keen
sense of morality. Rizal strongly believed that this priceless historical document would not only
disprove erroneous claims but would awaken a sense of pride and national consciousness
among his people. The annotated edition, a critique of Spain’s rule, was published in Paris,
France in 1890.

The publication of the new edition of Morga’s book was well received not only in the
Philippines, but also in some European countries. German scholars, especially Ferdinand
Blumentritt, Dr. Jagor, Dr. Adolf B. Meyer and Hofrath Meyer praised the book for its scholarly,
presentation of useful annotations numbering no less than 639 items. Blumentritt asked Rizal
to send copies of the book to Leipzig and Amsterdam.
Ferdinand Blumentritt

Rizal’s Edition of Morga is a Perennial Monument to

His Intellectual Leadership. Blumentritt warmly
praised patriotic scholarly work and fervently wished
that Spain would ponder well her sacred duties as a
Mother Country.

Blumentritt wrote to Rizal:

The new edition of the Sucesos is dedicated to

scholars and patriots. Both will be grateful to you. I
have no doubt that your notes, so scholarly and well-
thought will stir the European world.

It is the desire of my soul that your book will find in

Spain a circle of readers who will not burst into
imprecations but will knowhow to deduce from its
perusal that the Filipinos in reality are not like those in the disfigured picture painted by your
enemies, I they, they do not attend to the Filipinos, the Philippines will lost, but through their
fault.

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Finally, I reiterate my expressions of gratitude for the precious gift with which you have favored
your Mother Country and the whole civilized world. I hope that you will continue your studies
that honor Spain and the Philippines and glorify your name and with it the name of Tagalog.
My purpose is to thank you in the name of the international republic of scholars, in
the name of the Philippines, in the name of Spain, for the publication of this most important
chronicle of the dear country in which you were born and whose adopted son I consider myself
to be. With this reprinting you have erected a monument to the name of Rizal.

Rizal’s Annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las

Islas Filipinas- Morga’s Sucesos of Historical
Events of the Philippine Islands was published in
Mexico in 1605 to provide European readers
information about the Philippines.
There were basically
three purposes for Rizal’s annotation of the
Sucesos (Guerrero, 1998):

1. To awaken the
consciousness of the Filipinos of their glorious or
dignified ways of the past;
2. To correct what has
been distorted and falsified about the Philippines
prior to Spanish conquest; and
3. To prove that the
Filipinos were civilized, even before the coming of the Spaniards.

Rizal spent four months for research and writing and one year to have his manuscript
printed. Ferdinand Blumentritt wrote the preface of the annotation. The salient points
emphasized by Blumentritt were the following:

1. That the Spaniards have to correct their erroneous conception of the Filipinos
as children of limited intelligence;
2. That Rizal’s comments on Spanish government were unique as they were given
from the point of view of the victims of colonialism.

That there existed three kinds of Spanish delusions about the

Philippines:

1. That the Filipinos were an inferior race;

2. That the Filipinos were not ready for parliamentary representation and
other reforms; and
3. That denial of equal rights can be compensated by strict dispensation of
justice.
4. That Spain had to learn Philippines realities from Rizal’s new edition of
Morga’s Sucesos; and
5. That if Spanish authorities will not listen to the Filipinos, the Philippines
will be lost through her own fault.

Rizals’ annotation consisted of 8 chapters (Guerrero, 1998). The first seven chapters
delved on the events during the time of the forest 11 governors-generals in the Philippines,
particularly from Legaspi to Acuña. The last chapter was focused on custom and usages of the
Filipinos. His notes were of three categories, namely: anti-clerical, sociological; and historical.
Through his annotation, Rizal hoped that he could equal Blumentritt.

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There were three main propositions in Rizal’s new edition of Morga’s

Sucesos, namely (Guerrero, 1998):

1. That the people of the Philippines had a culture of their own before the
coming of the Spaniards;

2. That the Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited and ruined by

Spanish colonization;

3. The present state of the Philippines was not necessary superior to its
past.

With this new edition of Morga’s Sucesos, Rizal was able to produce the first history book of the
Philippines, written for the Filipinos.

Activity 1
(Provide your answer on the given box)
1. If you were present at the time of Rizal and tend to read the book of Dr. Morga, how would
it impact your understanding about your identity as Filipino at the same time valuing your
dignity as person?

Antonio de Morga
The value of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas has
long been recognized. A first-hand account of the early
Spanish colonial venture into Asia, it was published in
Mexico in 1609 and has since been re-edited on a number of
occasions. It attracted the attention of the Hakluyt Society
in 1851, although the edition prepared for the Society by H.
E. J. Stanley was not published until 1868. Morga's work is
based on personal experiences, or on documentation from
eye-witnesses of the events described. Moreover, as he tells
us himself, survivors from Legaspi’s expedition were still
alive while he was preparing his book in Manila, and these
too he could consult. As a lawyer, it is obvious that he would hardly fail to seek such
evidence. The Sucesos is the work of an honest observer, himself a major actor in the

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drama of his time, a versatile bureaucrat, who knew the workings of the administration
from the inside. It is also the first history of the Spanish Philippines to be written by a
layman, as opposed to the religious chroniclers. Morga's book was praised, quoted, and
plagiarized, by contemporaries or successors. Filipinos have found it a useful account
of the state of their native culture upon the coming of the conquistadors; Spaniards have
regarded it as a work to admire or condemn, according to their views and the context of
their times; some other Europeans, such as Stanley, found it full of lessons and
examples.

Dr. Reinhold Rost.

Rizal’s amazing linguistic
accomplishments drew
him to other linguists. He
became a lifelong friend of
the eminent Sanskrit
scholar of Dr. Reinhold
Rost, who was librarian of
the India Office and
consider the greatest
linguist of that century.

VIII. Self-Evaluation: Provide your answer on the following table below

1. How was he able to have access to the historical materials and documents at the British
museum?

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2. What insights about Spain and Philippines were drawn by Ferdinand Blumentritt from Rizal’s
new edition of Sucesos?

IX. Review of Concept

La Liga Filipina- an organization established by Jose Rizal in lieu to the failure of the
Propaganda Movement in Europe, a crusade for reforms.

X. Post-Test: With your knowledge in this chapter, answer question below.

1. How did Dr. Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas influence Rizal’s mission in uplifting
Filipinos and breaking from the oppression of Spanish government?

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11. References:

Zaide, Gregorio et. al (2002). Philippine History & Gov’t 5th ed. Quezon City: All Nations
Publishing Co., Inc.

Abeleda, A.S Jr (2003).Philippine History. Manila: Saint Bernadette Pub. Inc.

Capino, Diosdado G. et.al (2005).Rizal, Life, Works and Writings-their impact on our National
Identity. Quezon City: Bookman Inc.

Guerrero, Leon Ma. (2010). The First Filipino. Quezon City: National Historical Institute;

Montemayor, T. H. Rizal pictorial calendar. Manila: National Historical Institute

Ocampo, A. R. Rizal without the Overcoat. Metro Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Romero, Ma. C. et al. Rizal and the Development of National Consciousness. Quezon City:
JMC Press, Inc.

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Learning Module in GE Rizal 1- Life and Works of Rizal

I. Title: NOLI ME TANGERE CHARTER OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

II. Topics:

1. Noli Me Tangere
2. First Reactions to the Noli
3. Synopsis of Noli me Tangere

III. Time Frame: 5hours

IV. Introduction:

Noli Me Tangere is Latin for "touch me not", a reference to the Gospel of St. John where
Jesus says to Mary Magdalene: "Touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my Father". In this
modern classic of Filipino literature, Jose P. Rizal exposes "matters...so delicate that they
cannot be touched by anybody", unfolding an epic history of the Philippines that has made it the
most influential political novel in the country in the nineteenth and twentieth century’s. The
popularity of this novel grounded in its reflection of the turbulent times in which it was written
(Locsin, 1997).

In this chapter, the learners are able to engage into the works of Rizal especially his
novel: Noli Me Tangere. Learners are also able to assess how words can destroy an empire
rather than resorting to bloody war.

V. Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Appreciate the great novel of the hero as an instrument for Filipino nationalistic
feelings; and
2. Synthesize on how the power of words can fall an empire.

6. Pre-Test: Give your view on the statement below.

1. Words are sharper than the swords.

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VII. Learning Activities:

1. Noli Me Tangere

John: 20-17 “Jesus say unto her; touch me

not; for I am not yet ascended to my
Father; but go to my brethren, and say unto
them, I ascend unto my Father, and your
Father; and my God and your God”

The novel can be considered a charter of

Filipino nationalism Schumacher, 1977), it
calls on the Filipino to: regain his self-
confidence; appreciate his self-worth; return to
the heritage of his ancestors; asserts himself
as a co-equal of the Spaniards. It likewise,
insists on the need for education, dedication
to the country assimilating the aspects of Western cultures that could enhance native traditions.

The novel does not only expose the social maladies in the Philippines during Rizal’s time. It
outlines the reform needed in Filipino society then. These reforms include the following: radical
reforms in the armed forces, clergy, and administration of justice, more respect for human
dignity, greater security for the individual; less strength in the constabulary, and less privileges
for organizations prone to abuses and corruption.

The Spanish were furious with Rizal’s novel. They refused it to be imported into Manila. As a
result only a small number of copies of Noli Me Tangere entered in Manila. The friars, whom
Rizal criticized, spoke disparagingly of the book and threatened excommunication to anyone
who read it.

Provided below is an excerpt from the said report of the Permanent Commission on Censorship
of the Philippines;

1. Attacks on the integrity of Spain (State and Religion)

2. Attacks on the administration, the Spanish employees of the government, and the
courts of justice
3. Attacks of the civil guards

Despite the strong objection and condemnation, the Noli became a very significant because of
the impact it had upon developing a nationalistic feeling. It has an important reflection the
Ilustrado political mentality.

2. First Reactions to the Noli

Prior to the publication of the Noli Me Tangere, a number by Filipino writers from 1882 to 1896
were produced. Mention can be said of the following: Paterno’s novel Ninay; published in Madrid
in 1885; Del Pilar’s La Soberania Monacal and Graciano Lopez Jaena’s Discursos y Articulos
Varios published in Barcelona in 1889 and 1891, and Antonio Luna’s Impresiones, which came
out in Madrid in 1893. None of these publications however, evoked such favorable and
unfavorable comments from friends and enemies as did Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere.

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The attacks on Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere were not only confined in the Philippines but were also
staged in Madrid by some notable persons who unjustly lambasted and criticized in the two
chambers of Spanish Cortes in 1888 and 1889. Another attack on the novel came from Vicente
Barrantes, a Spanish academician, who had spent many years in high posts of Philippine
Legislature. He described Rizal as a man of contradiction, whose criticisms of the friars and the
Spanish Regime were actually an insult to the Filipinos themselves. The first attack on the Noli
in the Philippines came from an anonymous letter signed by the friar. In this letter, Rizal was
labeled an ungrateful man. At the same time, Rizal was challenged to come out into open if he
had a grievance against the religious establishment.

A direct attack on the Noli was launched by Father Jose Rodriguez, by issuing a series of
pamphlets under the tile Cuestiones de Sumo Interes(Agoncillo, 1999). As pointed out by
Schumacher, 1997), Fr. Rodriguez judged the novel on a doctrinal level, when he said that it
should not read by devout Christian as the book is:

“Full of heresies, blasphemies, and the grossest errors, containing as it

does, propositions which are false, rash, offensive to pious ears, injurious to the
sacred hierarchy and to the faithful, impious, foolish erroneous, likely to lead into
errors condemned in Luther and other .heretics, savoring of heresy and heretical,
and likely lead to atheism.”While Rizal’s Noliwas attacked severely by the
establishments, particularly the friars, there were those who tried to prove the
novel and countered the arguments of its attackers.

The greatest defender of the Noli came from a Filipino priest Fr. Vicente Garcia with his pen
name Desiderio Magalang, he refuted Fr. Rodriguez condemnation of the Noli for its blasphemy
and heresy. According to him, the book was a work of literature, and it should be judged that
the way and not on a doctrinal level. And using his knowledge on logic, he said “If the reading
of the Noli is a mortal sin, then, Fr.Rodriguez has also committed a mortal sin.” On the issue of
Rizal’s ignorance, Fr.Garcia Asserted that the former was not an ignorant man, considering that
he was an alumnus of Spanish of Spanish universities and a recipient of numerous academic
honors and awards.

For Blumentritt, Rizal’s novel was a patriotic one. It was a truthful and heartfelt effort to make
Spain realize the need to remedy the social ills plaguing Filipino society, then. Moreover,
Blumentritt stressed the point that the Spanish nationals have to accept these criticisms.

Apparently, the attacks on Rizal and his novel clearly showed the power and influence of friars
who considered their interest of prime importance than that of the interest of the state. Thus, for
Rizal, as the novel Noli Me Tangerehas notyet been judged and cannot be judged rightly as its
effects are still being felt (Guerrero, 1998).

3. Synopsis of the Noli

The Filipinos adored Jose Rizal for the

book Noli Me Tangere, which had
reached the Islands before him and
found eager buyers. People said that all
the characters in the noel were all real
people, as in point of fact they were. It
was a history written with fictitious
names. These who knew Rizal home
well realized that he had seen or heard
of the incidents which he had related,
and that the only the names were new.

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Crisostomo Ibarra, a youth who goes to Europe to study and find out how to bless his country,
is Rizal himself. His father has trouble with friars, is thrown into prison, and dies. This is a
composite of Rizal’s father and mother. Though they were still living when the book was written,
hundreds of other martyred men the part of the story true in the corner of the archipelago. Maria
Clara is Ibarra’s sweetheart and fiancée, but because he was trouble with the Spanish friars,the
girl’sfather,Kapitan Tiago, breaks off the engagement and marries her daughter to another man,
which breaks her heart and results her death. Maria Clara is Leonor Rivera, Tasyo the
philosopher, is Jose’s brother Paciano. The people of Calamba with sure finger pointed out all
the rest of the characters. Fr.Damaso, the cruel Dominican friar, who claimed of the land about
Calamba: poverty-stricken Sisa, the victim of the unjust system, who does not have enough to
eat and goes hungry while her boys have a little food; Civil guards arrestingSisa or alleged theft-
they had seen them all and time again. The book was a thousand times true. The picture of the
Governor General, who requests the archipelago to cancel the communications, perfectly
represents well meaning, Terrero, who was the Governor General when Rizal reached in
Manila. Indeed, as Rizal had said, every incident as in the book had “actually happened.”

Activity 1. Symbolism of characters

(Write at least 5 characters in Noli and present the symbolism of characters)

The Dominican Friars say the principal conclusions of the NOLI ME TANGERE are:

1. The enlightened liberal Filipinos cannot in the Philippines because he and the friars are
congenial. He is persecuted in every way, false conspiracies are invented to implicate,
him and then he is imprisoned, exiled or shot.
2. The country is not for us but for the Spaniards, specially the friars.
3. The Civil Guard is so abusive that it makes more bandits than it captures.
4. The Spaniards in the Philippines have no high ideals, but many of them have
degenerated into ruffians.
5. The Catholic religion has been employed as instruments of domination.
6. The pure Filipinos are condemned to perpetual ignorance
7. The woman cannot marry a Spaniard but gives herself to the friar if her parents oblige
to do so to protect them.
8. With the present had the government, the Filipinos cannot remain united with Spain, and
with all the courtesy we ask for the rights are deserves.
9. The chief cause of insurrection is desperation. When a man loses all he has, he fights.

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Vigilant spies carried Noli Me Tangere to the government and the government appointed a
committee from the University of Sto.Tomas to examine it. The Committee made a thorough
job, and the rector of the University of Sto. Tomas reported to the Archbishop.

The government decree followed at once, excluding the book from the Philippines, requiring a
search for any copies of it that it might be in the Islands, and providing that any Filipino found
with Noli Me Tangerein his possession should be deported and his property confiscated and
given to the persons who should betray him.

VIII. Self-Evaluation: True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement
is false.

___1. Fr. Garcia was against the novel of Jose Rizal.

___2. Noli Me Tangere is an exposition only of government officials’ corruption.

___3. Blumentritt does not appreciate Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere.

___4. Fr. Rodriguez was in favor of Rizal’s novel since it showed patriotic sense.

___5.Negligence was one of the critics of the Spanish officials to Rizal’s Noli Me
Tangere.

IX. Review of Concepts

Noli Me Tangere outlined the reform needed in Filipino

society then. These reforms include the following: radical
reforms in the armed forces, clergy, and administration of
justice, more respect for human dignity, greater security for
the individual; less strength in the constabulary, and less
privileges for organizations prone to abuses and corruption.

The attacks on Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere were not only

confined in the Philippines but were also staged in Madrid by some notable persons who
unjustly lambasted and criticized in the two chambers of Spanish Cortes in 1888 and 1889.

Fr. Rodriguez judged the novel on a doctrinal level: heretic and

The greatest defender of the Noli came from a Filipino priest Fr. Vicente Garcia with his pen
name Desiderio Magalang.

X. Post-Test: With your knowledge in this chapter, answer the following questions
below.

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1. How does the novel of Rizal help his compatriots from the bondage of the colonizers and
tremor the Spanish political and religious setting?

2. Opposite of the fictitious characters of Rizal’s Noli, write the corresponding real-life characters
on the lines. Conduct a supplemental research as necessary.

Example:
Crisostomo Ibarra Jose Rizal
1. Maria Clara __________________________________
2. Elias __________________________________
3. Kapitan Tiago __________________________________
4. Sisa __________________________________
5. Basilio __________________________________
6. Crispin __________________________________
7. Padre Salvi __________________________________
8. Padre Damaso __________________________________
9. PilosopongTasyo __________________________________
Alferes __________________________________

XI. References:

Zaide, Gregorio et. al (2002). Philippine History & Gov’t5th ed. Quezon City: All Nations
Publishing Co., Inc.

Abeleda, A.S Jr (2003). Philippine History. Manila: Saint Bernadette Pub. Inc.

Borinaga, Rolando O. et al. (2013). The Journal of History. Manila: Philippine National
Historical Society. Vol. LIX,

Santos, delos Santos et.al.(2013). A Review on the Life & Works of the First Filipino.Malabon
City: Jimczcyville Publications;.

Schreurs, P. (2012). Angry Days in Mindanao 4th ed. Manila:National Historical Commission of
the Philippines,

Lubang, J. A. et.al. (). Iba’tIbang Rizal: Halagat at SaysayngDakilang Pilipino. Quezon City:
CJS PUBLISHING 2

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Learning Module in GE Rizal 1- Life and Works of Rizal

I. Title: EL FILIBUSTERISMO

II. Topics:

1. The Message of El Filibusterismo

2. The Seditious Document: The Poor Friars
3. Rizal nailed his own coffin

III. Time Frame: 5hours

IV. Introduction

In his next novel, El Filibusterismo, published in 1891, Rizal

continued to argue for reform. Rizal argued that the young are aware of the need to take political
action and pursue social justice. Young people, maintained, create a strong sense of reform.

El Filibusterismo is a book about revolution, positioning it clearly as an alternative to

reform efforts that lead nowhere. He also pointed the dangers of taking an alternative based
on hate and vengeance

In this chapter, learners are able to engage into the works of Rizal especially his novel
El Filibusterismo which was the sequel of Noli Me Tangere. Learners are also able to
comprehend the real purpose of writing his second novel.

V. Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Differentiate the characters, plot, and theme of El Filibusterismo; and

2. Cite and explain the purpose in the writing of the second novel of Dr. Jose Rizal.

VI. Pre-Test: Give your answer based on the statement below.

1. Cite/Explain the impact of the greatest/famous novel of the hero: El Filibusterismo.

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VII. Learning Activities:

The Message of the EL FILIBUSTERISMO- Rizal’s message in El Fili is very clear: that the
present system of government in the Philippines through corrupt officials, dominated by the
friars can lead to the downfall of Spain. This point was stressed by Simoun in the novel, when
he said, “What is a man to do when he is denied justice? Take the law into his own hands or
wait for Spain to give him rights…” From the foregoing, Rizal was very certain that because of
the nature and operation of the government, those who are intelligent, generous, hardworking,
courageous and loyal citizens were driven into opposition, crime and subversion.

Rizal after the Fili- After the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal no longer shared the view of
the reforms that reforms in the country will be granted by the Spanish government. He gave up
the idea of gradual and peaceful emancipation of the country, which he clearly communicated
to Blumentritt in 1887. As stressed by Rizal in the aforementioned correspondence Peaceful
struggle will jut remain a dream, considering that Spain had not learned the lesson of her former
colonies in South America” (Guerrero, 1998). Believing that reforms would no longer be granted
by Spain, Rizal became a separatist. As a separatist, he was quite unique considering that he
left to God the attainment of independence.

The age of Filibustering took place after the terror of 1872, and for twenty years there was a
demand for reforms. Then the revolutionary society, the Katipunan, was founded to further the
Philippine Independence.The influence of the Age of Filibustering is obvious in Rizal’s two
novels. The sons of the Filipino upper class became political leaders, thereby reflecting Rizal’s
belief that national revolution was on the horizon. These arguments were aided by that Jose
Rizal could write with the skill of a novelist. He single-handedly created revolutionary form of
Asian fiction that was so close to the truth that it drove the Spanish to persecute and other
young political visionaries.

From his vintage point, Rizal argued that the

Spanish needed to rethink their political, religious
and economic direction. In his noel Rizal was able
to extend this criticism into new directions. Rizal
specter of subversion has been use so often to
frighten the Filipinos, from being a mere nursery
tale, it has acquired a real and positive existence,
whose mere mention makes to commit the
greatest mistakes. Rizal argued his people not to
accept Spanish myths and look into themselves for
an inner freedom and national direction.

El Filibusterismowas dedicated to the three

clergies, Frs. Mariana Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora who were executed on the scaffold
at Bagumbayan on February 28, 1872. This
massacre was an extension of the Cavity rebellion
and it was a major t turning point in Rizal’s life.
Once he thought about the trials and execution of
the friars, Rizal became a major figure in the drives
for Philippine freedom.

Dedicated to Padre Burgos, Gomez and Zamora

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The Seditious Document: The Poor Friars

This document included copies of a tract

called “The Poor Friars” a caustic attack on
the Dominican friars, divulging the bankruptcy
of the Dominican from the different Asian
banks. In Rizal’s statement, “But now the devil
has carried off the money of the widows and
orphans, and it is so feared that he will carry
everything, because when the devil begins,
the devil has to finish,”where family head were
been persecuted during Calamba trouble.
This paper was called seditious hence it
consists for the slightest word against the
government, in which an insult to the religious
order is called sedition. Besides, the religious
orders in that period were the powers behind
the throne, seating and unseating officials at will.

Rizal nailed his own coffin

All the newspapers in Manila published the long curious decrees of the Governor General,
bearing the three charges that sent Rizal into exile:
1. During his “voluntary exile” he had published three books and proclamations of very doubtful
loyalty to Spain, which are not only frankly anti-Catholic, but impudently anti-friars and
introduced these into the archipelago.
2. After hours after his arrival in the Philippines, there was found in one of the packages
belonging to the said subject a bundle of handbills entitled “the Poor Friars” in which the
patient and humble generosity of the Filipinos was satirized and in which accusations were
published against the customs of the religious orders.

VIII. Self-Evaluation: True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement
is false.

___1. Rizal published El Filibusterismo on 1887.

___2. Noli Me Tangere is the sequel of El Filibusterismo.

___3. Blumentritt does not appreciate Jose Rizal’s famous novel.

___4. El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the women of Malolos.

___5.El Filibusterismo does not affect Spanish government in the Philippines

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IX. Review of Concepts

Noli Me Tangere outlined the reform needed in Filipino

society then. These reforms include the following: radical
reforms in the armed forces, clergy, and administration of
justice, more respect for human dignity, greater security for
the individual; less strength in the constabulary, and less
privileges for organizations prone to abuses and corruption.

The attacks on Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere were not only

confined in the Philippines but were also staged in Madrid
by some notable persons who unjustly lambasted and criticized in the two chambers of Spanish
Cortes in 1888 and 1889.

Fr. Rodriguez judged the novel on a doctrinal level: heretic and

The greatest defender of the Noli came from a Filipino priest Fr. Vicente Garcia with his pen
name Desiderio Magalang.

X. Post-Test: With your knowledge in this chapter, answer the question below.

1. Write an essay of 300-500 words, about the Noli and Fili based on the following literary
qualities:

1. Setting
2. Point of View
3. Figurative Device Style
4. Historical-Cultural Context

Rank the novel Based on literary Noli Fili Third

qualities: Novel
Setting
5 – for excellent Point of View
4- for very satisfactory Figurative devices
3- for satisfactory Style
2- for fair Historical Cultural
1.-for poor Context

Total

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XI. References:

Zaide, Gregorio et. al (2002). Philippine History & Gov’t5th ed. Quezon City: All Nations
Publishing Co., Inc.

Abeleda, A.S Jr (2003).Philippine History. Manila: Saint Bernadette Pub. Inc.

Borinaga, Rolando O. et al. (2013). The Journal of History. Manila: Philippine National
Historical Society. Vol. LIX,

Santos, delos Santos et.al.(2013). A Review on the Life & Works of the First Filipino.Malabon
City: Jimczcyville Publications;.

Schreurs, P. (2012). Angry Days in Mindanao 4th ed. Manila:National Historical Commission of
the Philippines,

Lubang, J. A. et.al. (). Iba’tIbang Rizal: Halagat at SaysayngDakilang Pilipino. Quezon City:
CJS PUBLISHING 2

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Learning Module in GE Rizal 1- Life and Works of Rizal

I. Title: THE PHILIPPINES: A CENTURY HENCE

II. Topics:

1. Rizal: Legacy to Filipino Women

2. Rizal’s Message to Filipino Women

3. Right to Education

4. Education was the primordial concern of Jose Rizal

5. The Declaration Guarantees that Education shall be free

6. Filipino Women versus American women

7. Filipino love of wisdom

III. Time Frame: 2 hours

IV. Introduction

Rizal was the first who sought to unite the whole archipelago and envisioned a compact
homogenous society of all the old tribal communities, based on the common interests and
mutual protection. Rizal is the first of the Filipino hearts. Nations are known by the heroes they
have. If the people have the government they deserve, they also have heroes made in their
images and likeness.

Filipinos love peace, for we have chosen to magnify a man of peace above the men of
war. Filipinos love freedom and justice. Filipinos prize virtue more than victory and sacrifice
above success.

With this, learners are able to witness the great emphasis of Rizal on education labeled
it as top priority. Aside of it, Rizal also conveyed a letter to the women of Malolos especially on
their role as part of nation building.

V. Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Analyze critically how/why the hero appreciates the women of Malolos.

VI. Pre-Test: Provide your answer on the given box.

1. What made the Filipino women comparable to the women of America and Europe as stated
in the letter of Jose Rizal?

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VII. Learning Activities:

Rizal’s Legacy to Young Filipino Women- On

December 12, 1888, a group of twenty women
of Malolos petitioned Governor-General Weyler
for permission to open a night school so that they
may study Spanish under Teodoro Sandiki.
Father Felipe Garcia objected resulting into the
turning down of the petition by the governor-
general. In defiance of the ire of the friars, these
young women courageously sustained their
agitation for the establishment of the school.

The letter Rizal transmitted to the young women

of Malolos focused on the following salient; the
rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars, the
defense of private judgment; qualities Filipino mothers need to possess; duties and
responsibilities of Filipino women to their children, duties and responsibilities of a wife to her
husband, and counsel to young women on their choices of a lifetime partner.

Rizal’s Message to Filipino Women

Now that you have responded to our vehement clamor for public welfare;
now that you have shown a good example to fellow young women, who like you,
desire to have their eyes opened and to be lifted from their prostration, our hope
is reposed, now we are confident of victory. The Filipino women no longer bows
her head and bends her knees; her hope in the future is revived; gone is the mother
who helps to keep her daughter in the dark, who educates her in self-contempt
and moral annihilation. It is no longer the highest wisdom to bow the head to every
unjust order, the highest goodness to smile at an insult, to seek solace in humble
tears, etc…etc.

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God gave each one his own mind and his own conscience so that he can
distinguish between right and wrong. All men are born without chains, free and not
one can subject the will and spirit of another. Why would you submit to another
your noble and free thought? It is cowardice and an error to believe that blind
obedience is piety and it is arrogance to think and to reflect. Ignorance is ignorance
and not goodness and honor. God, Fountain of Wisdom, does not expect msn,
created in his image, to allow himself to be fooled and blinded.The gift of reason
with which we are endowed must be brightened and utilized.
We shall not falter you help us. God will help us to dispel the mist for He
is the God of truth and the former brilliance of the Filipino women who will be
restored undiminished. She lacks nothing but a free mind for she has an excess of
goodness.

The Right to Education- seeing the conditions of

the people made Rizal concludes that education
should be top priority. Unless education was wrested
away from the hands of the friars, the school, instead
of becoming an instrument, will continue to be used
as an instrument of enslavement.

Education was the primordial concern of Jose

Rizal. It had been a lifelong concern in preparation
for the attainment of independence and it is the key to understanding.It is now enshrined in the
historic Universal Declaration of Human Rights to which the Philippines is one of the 48
signatories.

Education for the Masses- Rizal wished the education for the masses. He shared his
educational views with Blumentritt. On one occasion he told his German scholar about his
dream of establishing a school in Calamba, Laguna to carry out his aspirations of educating his
people. At another tie he wrote the same good doctor about the efforts of Filipino leaders in
educating the masses. Rizal expressed his desire to find a school to carry out his aspirations
for the Filipinos. “When we shall have obtained this (Philippine Representation in the Spanish
Cortes) concession, then we shall rest and devote our strength to the education of our people
which is my supreme aspiration”

Activity No. 1 (Make further analysis about educated individual and his contribution to the
society as valuable citizen.)

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The declaration guarantees that education shall be free. At least in the elementary and
fundamental stages: elementary education shall be compulsory; technical and professional
education shall be made generally available; and higher education shall be equally accessible
to all on the basis of merit.

It also declares that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality
and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall
promote understanding, tolerance, friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and
shall further the activities of the United States for the maintenance of peace.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims the value of the human person and the
right to education that would enable him to develop his creative powers to the full benefit f all
and in the cause of progress.

Filipino Women versus Women of America and Europe- Rizal, having seen in his own family
the strength of women, nevertheless was convinced the Filipino women are rather “admixture”
until he came to know these women as he confessed. “When the news of Malolos showed that
they could be equal in grace, beauty and intellect to any women of the world, either in America
or in Europe. Filipino women were never submissive, ignorant, and complaisant but rather active
actors in the society of men.”

Filipino Women Love for Wisdom- The Filipino women, through these young women of
Malolos, were united in spirit with Rizal on the belief that no one should get good education to
free oneself from the bondage of slavery and to achieve progress and self-reliance.

VIII. Self-Evaluation: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your answer on the
line.

_____1.Education for the masses a. Enlightened

people
_____2.The Austrian Friend of Rizal b.Hong Kong
_____3.The country where Rizal planned toestablish a school c. El Amor Patrio
_____ 4. Educated man d. Ibarra
_____5.Through this poem Rizal urge Filipinos to seek well education e. Blumentritt
_____6. The character of the Noli who envisioned a school similar to f. Dapitan
Rizal concept
_____7. He stressed the importance of education in Philippine g. School
liberation
_____8. An institution that makes a better person h. Education for all
_____9. The place where Rizal administered his“admission test” i. Rizal
_____10. The key to industrial progressaccording to European j. Science
education

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IX. Review of Concept

Education is the action or process of teaching someone

especially in school, college, or university. It is a field of
study that deals with the methods and process of teaching.

X. Post-Test: With your knowledge in this chapter,

answer the following questions below.

1. Should women be dependent or independent from men? Justify your answer

2. What character of the Malolos women represents today’s woman?

XI. References:

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Zaide, Gregorio et. al (2002). Philippine History & Gov’t5th ed. Quezon City: All Nations
Publishing Co., Inc.

Abeleda, A.S Jr (2003). Philippine History. Manila: Saint Bernadette Pub. Inc.

Borinaga, Rolando O. et al. (2013). The Journal of History. Manila: Philippine National
Historical Society. Vol. LIX,

Santos, delos Santos et.al.(2013). A Review on the Life & Works of the First Filipino.Malabon
City: Jimczcyville Publications;.

Schreurs, P. (2012). Angry Days in Mindanao 4th ed. Manila:National Historical Commission of
the Philippines,

Lubang, J. A. et.al. (). Iba’tIbang Rizal: Halagat at SaysayngDakilang Pilipino. Quezon City:
CJS PUBLISHING 2

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Learning Module in GE Rizal 1- Life and Works of Rizal

I. Title: JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM: BAYANI AND KABAYANIHAN

II. Topic:
1. Reasons for Modern Nationalism

III. Time Frame: 1 hour

IV. Introduction

Nationalism as a concept was still vague from its humble beginning in 1872, particularly
for the poor people in the Philippines. Jose Rizal and other reformers at the time had but a scant
of idea of what it is all about. Rizal showed his national sentiment throughout his career even
as a youth through his poem “La Juventud Filipina”, which was dedicated to the youth. He
admonished the Filipino youth to strive hard because they are considered as the hope of the
motherland.

Thus, in this chapter, the learners are able to engage into the concept and views of
Bayani and Kabayanihan especially at the time of Rizal. In the same manner, learners are able
to interpret the views, opinions and assess Bayani and Kabayanihan in today’s Philippine
Society.

V. Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Interpret views and opinions on Bayani and Kabayanihan in the context of Philippine
history and society; and
2. Assess the concepts of Bayani and Kabayanihan in the Philippine Society context.

VI. Pre-Test:Give your view on the statement below. Write your answer on the box
provided.

1. Explain why Dr. Jose Rizal was chosen as the National Hero of the Filipinos.

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VII. Learning Activities:

1. Reasons for Modern Philippine

Nationalism

There are four separate

reasons for the emergence of
Philippine Nationalism. They were
forces in the Philippine history that
had simmered for a long time. With
Rizal’s execution, they came together
to create Philippine nationalism,
these are as follows:

1. The city of Manila and its

relationship to the Spanish government and the church hoped to fuel revolution. As the
administrative and clerical center of the Spanish Philippines, Manila produced tensions
which created Filipino nationalism. It was also the center of secularization.The process of
Christianizing the Indio’s through secularization was a failure. By examining Manila’s impact
upon Philippine nationalism, the city gave rise to new attitude of independence. In many
respect Manila was the focal point for a new Philippine nationalism.

2. The relationship between the friars and the Spanish government was tetanus and often
fragile one. The end result was that they took turns manipulating each other, and the
controversies they created with the Indios produced a revolutionary class.

3. The Chinese mestizo, who came in as a merchant and emerged as a nationalist, was one
of the many forces that hastened the drive towards Filipino nationalism. After achieving
some degree of economic success, the Chinese traders produced an offspring known as
mestizo who became an unseen political force in the Philippines

4. ”Backwater”nationalism implies a highly developed form of government that took place in

the Philippines. It describes Rizal’s Calamba nationalism or Bonifacio’sKatipunan vision for
the Philippines. “Backwater” nationalism suggests the extensive development of local
government.The earliest Filipino patriotic uttering began in 1860’s and continued to flourish
until the Revolution of 1896.

As Rizal was executed, these four forces combined to help create a permanent sense of a new
Philippines. Rizal was not only the “First Filipino” but the prime mover in Asian nationalism.

Rizal’s concept for local nationalism was influenced by 300 years of Spain as an imperialistic
conqueror. The Spanish system of government was characterized by greed, racism, and
condescending attitudes towards the local population. It was a “geographical jewel “of the
Spanish empire in the Philippines faced the pressures and stereotypes that created the
movement towards nationalism and independence. The Spanish government created many
problems which allowed Philippine independence and nationalism to surface.

There were five determining factors in the early development of Rizal’s nationalism:

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•He emphasized the importance of the Tagalog language and its impact upon the
Philippines. He realized that a national culture was needed to develop a sense of
1 nationalism. As a result of Rizal’s often wrote in Tagalog and talked about his writings as
a means of educating the Filipino. He created a sense of Philippine History and defined
the role of Tagalog in the direction of the local history.
•He was openly critical of the friars. The injustice in the Cavity Mutiny incident, the
haughty attitude of many of Spanish friars, and the increasing liberalism of the Filipino
2 friars prompted Rizal to hammer away on the inequalities of the church. Also he was
openly critical of the hacienda land lease system, and he called for its abolition.
•He defended Filipino civil rights. When his mother was jailed for her role in a family
dispute, Rizal systematically exposed the double standard of justice that Filipinos had
3 faced Magellan. Not even on-the well-to-do Indios were safe from the capricious whims
of the friars or Spanish government officials. These concerns were important to Rizal,
but it was the execution of the three friars in Cavite that outraged him.
•He discovered the power of the pen. Not only did Rizal consider pamphleteering
important, he was also an active literary critic. His writings provided the foundation for
4 Filipino nationalism. Eventually his two novels, speeches and other miscellaneous
writings helped to form the nationalist historical tradition that Filipinos embraced.

•He conceived a form of gradual nationalism. What Rizal demanded was an education, a
5 commitment to Filipino culture, and a vision for a bright future. He was a person who
believed in a nonviolent resistance to Spanish religious, military, and government ideas.

The State of the Philippines: Background on

Jose Rizal’s Nationalism

Jose Rizal is recognized as the most

prestigious and dedicated 19th Century
Filipino nationalist, Austin Coates in his
biography of Rizal, suggests that Rizal was
responsible for awakening Asia to concept of
nationalism. Rizal wrote poems and many
articles-all showing his love of country, his
patriotism and his love of parents, his
happiness and sorrows. “Our youth should
not devote themselves to love or to the static speculative sciences as to do the youth of fortunate
nations. All of us have to sacrifice something on the altar of politics though we might not wish
to do so”. Rizal further stated, “I have always love my poor country, and I am sure that I shall
love until her death, I shall die blessing her and desiring the dawn of her redemption.

VIII. Self-Evaluation: Write your answer on the given box below

1. Define nationalism in your own understanding

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IX. Review of Concepts

Bayani “hero”–a person who is admired for great or rave acts

or fine qualities
Kabayanihan “heroism”- great courage
-conduct especially as exhibited fulfilling a high purpose or
attaining a noble end
Backwater– nationalism suggests the extensive development
of local government.

X. Post-Test:With your knowledge in this chapter, answer

the following questions below.

1. Create a comparative analysis between Bayani and Kabayanihan based on Surigaonon

context in relation toJose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism: Bayani and Kabayanihan.

2. In what way you can apply the concept of Kabayanihan in your place. Cite at least 3
examples.

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XI. References:

Zaide, Gregorio et. al (2002). Philippine History & Gov’t5th ed. Quezon City: All Nations
Publishing Co., Inc.

Abeleda, A.S Jr (2003).Philippine History. Manila: Saint Bernadette Pub. Inc.

Borinaga, R. O. et al. (2013).The Journal of History. Manila: Philippine National Historical

Society. Vol. LIX.

Santos, D.et.al.(2013). A Review on the Life & Works of the First Filipino.MalabonCity:
Jimczcyville Publications.

Schreurs, P.(2012). Angry Days in Mindanao4th ed. Manila:National Historical Commission of

the Philippines.

Lubang, J. A. et.al. (2010). Iba’tIbang Rizal: Halaga at SaysayngDakilang Pilipino. Quezon

City: CJS PUBLISHING.

Magno, P. MAEd, MA History(2019, December 1).Pictorials: Personal collection.

Philippines:Calamba Laguna.

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