Potato varieties for table and processing

Vinod Kumar, Pr. Scientist

CPRI, Shimla
 Journey of Potato

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• Potato originated in high Andean region of South America

• Till 16th century it was unknown to rest of the world.
• Potato moved from South America to Spain (1570) and UK (1590).
• Potato’s global voyage began in the 17th century from Europe.
• In India & Sri Lanka, potatoes were introduced in early 17th century.
• Potatoes, became one of the most important world crops in a span of
300 years
 Potato adaptation
 In Andes of South America, potato was adapted to short days, tropical
highlands (2,000 and 4,000 m).
 Its equatorial origin makes potato essentially short-day dependent for
tuberization
 In Europe, tuber formation was inhibited under long photoperiod (long
days).
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 Long-day acclimation for tuberization to achieve higher tuber yields in

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Europe.
 Breeding over more than 150 years led to plants tolerating long day
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condition.
 The mutations in tuber formation regulator allow potatoes to escape
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the original short day regulation mechanism suited to the Andes, so

potatoes can be grown in Europe & other northern latitudes of world
 Mutations in the tuber formation regulator gene which occur in
different combinations in modern potato cultivars, giving rise to early,
medium and late varieties, depending on the combination of the gene
variants present in the tetraploid crop (Kloosterman et al. 2013).
Kloosterman et al. 2013. Naturally occurring allele diversity allows potato cultivation in northern
latitudes. 2013. Nature. 14;495( 7440):246-50 .
 Potato Breeding
• Cultivated potato is auto-tetraploid and highly heterozygous.
• Heterosis is observed on crossing diverse parents.
• Breeding of potato involves hybridization between identified parents and
selection of superior clones from the progeny.
• The genetic constitution of the genotype obtained following hybridization
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is fixed in seedling stage.

•
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Due to vegetative propagation the genetic constitution of potato

genotype with all its intra- and inter-locus interactions responsible for its
phenotypic expression are maintained in the clonal generations.
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• Hence, a clone if perceived desirable can be multiplied for commercial

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cultivation even though initially it may be present as a single plant.

• More than 50 traits should be combined in a modern potato variety
(Ross, 1986).
• An ideal potato variety affects not only yield and quality but also
production cost, environmental issues, post harvest and yield of future
crops (Struik and Wiersema, 1999, Collard and Mackill, 2008).
• It can take 10 to 15 years to release a variety.
I
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C Potato varieties developed in the world

Potato breeding has resulted in the release of over 4000

cultivars in more than 100 countries.
 Need of potato Breeding in India
Parameters India Europe/America
Growing season Winter Summer
Temperature during High Low
planting & Planting: 25-32oC Planting: (15-25oC)
harvesting Harvesting: 10-20oC Harvesting: Less than
20oC
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Day & night temp. Day : 25-32 oC Day : 20-25 oC

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during crop season Night : 3-15 oC Night : 5-20 oC

Crop duration (d) Short (60-100) Long (150-180)
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Photoperiod 10 hrs/day 14 hrs/day

Frosting Common Absent
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Post harvest Difficult (high temps.) Easy (low temps.)

handling
Result Low yields, less dry High yields, high dry
matter, and more matter & low reducing
reducing sugars sugars
• European varieties were long-day adapted
• Progressive accumulation of degenerative viral diseases
• Physiological limitations on storage & utilization in hot/humid summers
• Varieties: Craig’s Defiance, Great Scot, Up-to-Date and Magnum Bonum
 Potato breeding in India
 1935:Potato breeding programme at Potato Breeding Station,
Shimla.
 1949: CPRI at Patna (Bihar)-Regular breeding programme .
 1956: CPRI at Shimla (HP) to facilitate hybridization & seed
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health .
 1963: Seed Plot Technique.
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 Potato breeding system developed.

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 This approach yielded for potato improvement and potato seed

production.
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 CPRI varieties prefixed with ‘KUFRI’ as a memento to place of

crossing.

Kufri Bahar
 Germplasm collection and evaluation
 Collection
 Field/Glass house maintenance
 Evaluation
Selection for
 Vigorous plant type
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 Short duration
 Desirable tuber attributes
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 Early bulking
 High tuber yield, tuber number,
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average tuber weight

 High dry matter
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 Good keeping quality

 Processing attributes
 Late blight resistance
 Water stress
 Heat stress
 Nutrient use efficiency
 Nutrition quality
 National Potato Germplasm Repository

Total: ~ 4375 (40 countries)

Indian varieties and 305
parental lines
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2218
Tuberosum
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(30C, 241CC)
Exotic
Andigena 770 (5C, 77 CC)
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Wild spp. 1082 (5C,118 spp.)

Nearly 14,000 accessions in CIP gene bank

Nearly 6000 accessions in US potato gene bank
Nearly 1500 accessions in Commonwealth potato collection
 Sources of resistance to various diseases in potato
Diseases Sources
Viruses - PVX S. acaule, S. berthaultii, S. tuberosum subsp. andigena
PVY S. phureja, S. demissum, S. stoloniferum
PLRV S. acaule, S. demissum, S. tuberosum subsp. andigena
Late blight Vertical S. demissum, S. verrucosum, S. stoloniferum
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Horizontal S. berthaultii, S. chacoense, S. microdontum, S. vernei

Wart S. acaule, S. berthaultii.
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Common scab S. chacoense, S. tuberosum ssp. andigena

Bacterial wilt S. Chacoense, S. microdontum,
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Cyst nematodes S. tuberosum subsp. andigena, S. berthaultii. S. vernei

Root knot nematode S. spegazzinii
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Aphids S. berthaultii.
Frost S. acaule, S. ajanhuiri
Heat tolerance S. chacoense, S. commersonii
High protein content S. phureja

Most commonly used are: S. berthaultii, S. bulbocastanum, S.

chacoense, S.microdontum, S. multidissectum, S. phureja, S.
sparsipilum, S. stenotomum, S. tarigense, S. vernei, S. demissum
 Breeding Programmes in India
Breeding for table potatoes (Indo-gangetic plains)
• North-western plains
• West-central plains
• North-eastern plains
Breeding for late blight (hills)
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• North-western hills
• North-eastern hills
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• Southern hills
• Darjeeling & Sikkim hills
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Special breeding programmes

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• Breeding for processing attributes

• Breeding for heat tolerance
• Breeding of drought tolerance
• Breeding for nutritional quality
• Breeding for Kharif potatoes
• Breeding for nutrient efficient varieties
• Breeding of PCN resistance
 Potato breeding methodology
Parental preference Selection of parents Selection parameters
i) S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum Phenotypic performance,
(commercial varieties, breeding adaptation,
lines, stocks in on-going genetic divergence,
programmes, old land races)
ii) S. tuberosum ssp. andigena combining ability, heterosis,
Hybridization progeny tests
iii) Primitive cultivated species
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1) Establishing parents 2.) Pollen fertility estimation

iv) Wild tuber bearing species (2% Aceto-carmine)
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v) Wild non-tuber bearing species 3) Emasculation 4) Pollen collection 5) Berry, TPS

& pollination extraction, storage

Assessment of segregating population

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Seedling stage: Good vigour, desirable

tuber colour, shape, eye depth, no-
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Weightage
cracking, irregularity Evaluation of clones (F1C1-F1C7) Score

Initial evaluations (F1C1-F1C3) : Un-replicated trials Advanced evaluations (F1C4-F1C7) : Replicated trials
DUS, DNA
fingerprinting Multi-location & on-farm trials under AICRP (P) AICRP (P):25
(18+7)
Multi-location trials : 2 years On-farm trials : 1-2 years

Release & notification of variety

10-15 years of concerted

 Potato breeding strategy
Area Season Traits Potato growing regions
North Summer (April- Long-day adapted,
Indian Sep.), Spring resistant to late blight,
hills (Jan/Feb-May/June)
& Autumn (Aug-
Nov/ Dec.
North Spring (Jan./-April- Short-day adapted,
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Indian May) and Autumn early bulking,

plains (Oct.-Jan./ Feb. or moderately resistant to
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Nov.-March) late blight & frost, good

keeping quality
Plateau Kharif (July- Early bulking, ability to
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region September), Rabi tuberize under high

(Nov.-Feb.) temperatures, resistant
to bacterial wilt, tuber
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moth and mites, slow

rate of degeneration
South Summer (April- Early bulking, resistant
Indian Aug.), Autumn (Sep.- to late blight and cyst
hills Dec.), Spring (Jan.- nematodes
May)
North Autumn (Sep.-Dec.) Medium maturing,
Bengal resistant to late blight,
hills & immune to wart, red
Sikkim skinned tubers
 Potato varieties released by CPRI (52)
Year Varieties
1958 Kufri Kisan, Kufri Kuber, Kufri Kumar, Kufri Kundan, Kufri Red, Kufri Safed
1963 Kufri Neela
1967 Kufri Sindhuri
1968 Kufri Alankar, Kufri Chamatkar, Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Jeevan, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Khasigaro, Kufri
Naveen, Kufri Neelamani, Kufri Sheetman
1971 Kufri Muthu
1972 Kufri Lauvkar
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1973 Kufri Dewa

1979 Kufri Badshah
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1980 Kufri Bahar

1982 Kufri Lalima 2(CS)-21(IxI)-21(IxE)-8 (ExE)=85
1983 Kufri Sherpa Adina, Craigs Defiance, Ekishiraju, Katahdin, Up-to-Date
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1985 Kufri Swarna

1989 Kufri Megha
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1996 Kufri Jawahar, Kufri Sutlej, Kufri Ashoka

1998 Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Chipsona-1, Kufri Chipsona-2, Kufri Giriraj
1999 Kufri Anand, Kufri Kanchan
2005 Kufri Arun, Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Shailja
2006 Kufri Surya, Kufri Chipsona-3, Kufri Himalini
2008 Kufri Himsona, Kufri Sadabahar, Kufri Girdhari, Kufri Khyati
2009 Kufri Frysona
2010 Kufri Chipsona-4, Kufri Neelma
2012 Kufri Gaurav, Kufri Garima
2013 Kufri Lalit, 2015 (Kufri Mohan)
 Developed 52 improved varieties
Number of varieties

Northern hills
Early 7 4
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9
(70-80 days)
Plains 6 17 3
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Medium 33 Plateau 3 3 1
(90-100 days)
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Darjeeling hills 3
Late 10
(100-110 days) Southern hills 3 2

2(CS)-21(IxI)-21(IxE)-8 (ExE)=85 Processing-6, Heat tolerant-1

 Breeding for Indo-Gangetic Plains
(Jalandhar, Modipuram & Patna)

Requirements:
65-85 days early maturing varieties
To fit into Rice – Potato – Wheat
Late blight resistance - not required essentially
Procedure:
Hybridization at Kufri
Parents – Tuberosum, Improved Andigena
• Seedlings/Early generations (F1C1 – F1C3) :- Tuber characters
• Advance Generations (F1C4 – F1C6) :- a. Yield trials
b. Keeping quality
c. Cooking quality
• Multilocation Trials:- (2 years – Replicated
(under AICRP) 2 years – on farm)

• Release and Notification

 Breeding for Northern hills
(CPRI, Shimla; CPRS, Shillong)

Requirements:
• 100-110 days medium maturing varieties
• High level of Late blight resistance required

Procedure:
• Hybridization at Kufri & Shillong
Parents – Tuberosum, Improved Andigena, wild species
• Seedlings: :- Late blight in lab
• Early generations (F1C1 – F1C3) :- Tuber characters & LB
• Advance Generations (F1C4 – F1C6) :- a. Yield trials (Plains & hills)
b. Keeping quality (Plains)
c. Cooking quality
• Multilocation Trials:- (2 years – Replicated
(under AICRP) 2 years – on farm)

• Release and Notification

 Breeding for Southern hills
(CPRS, Ootacamund)
Requirements:
• 100-110 days medium maturing varieties
• High level of Late blight resistance required
• Resistance to cyst nematodes essential

Procedure:
• Hybridization at Ootacamund & Kufri
Parents – Tuberosum, Improved Andigena, Vernei clones
• Seedlings: :- Late blight
• Early generations (F1C1 – F1C3) :- Tuber characters, LB,CN
• Advance Generations (F1C4 – F1C6) :- a. Yield trials
b. Keeping quality
(Dormancy)
c. Cooking quality
• Regional Multilocation Trials:- (2 years – Replicated
2 years – on farm)
Regional Release and Notification
 Breeding for Heat Tolerance
Requirements:
75-90 days early/medium maturing varieties
• Suitable for early planting in west-central plains
• Suitable for non-traditional potato growing areas
• Some level of late blight resistance – desirable

Procedure:
• Hybridization at Kufri
Parents – Tuberosum, Improved heat tolerant lines
• Seedlings: :-Under normal conditions at Modipuram
• Early generations :- Early planted crop Modipuram
• Advance Generations a. Yield trials- Modipuram and plateau
b. Keeping quality
c. Cooking quality
• Multilocation Trials:- (2 years – Replicated
(under AICRP) 2 years – on farm)

• Regional Release and Notification

Breeding for Processing
Requirements:
• 90-100 days medium maturing varieties
• High dry matter, Low reducing sugars
• Tuber characters - Suitable for chips & French Fry
• Late blight resistance – required

Procedure:
• Hybridization at Kufri
Parents – Tuberosum, Improved Andigena
• Seedlings: :-Tuber characters
• Early generations :- Quality and tuber characters
• Advance Generations a. Yield and quality trials
b. Quality tests at factory
c. Keeping quality

Multilocation Trials:- (2 years – Replicated

(Under AICRP) 2 years – On farm)
Release and Notification
 Breeding for TPS populations

Requirements
• 90-100 days early/medium maturing populations
• Uniformity in tuber characters and early bulking
• Late blight resistance required
• Good seedling survival as transplant

Procedure
• Hybridization at Kufri/Modipuram/Patna
• Seedling evaluation for transplant crop - Shillong
• Seedling evaluation for seedling tuber production -
Modipuram/Patna/Shillong
Multilocation testing in North-eastern region

• Multilocation trials under AICRP

• Recommendation/Release
Some Popular Indian Potato Varieties

Kufri Jyoti:
wide adaptability, early bulker,
slow rate of degeneration, immune to wart,
moderately resistant to late blight and early blight

Kufri Bahar:
For North Indian plains,
early bulker, immune to wart,
Resistant to Gemini virus (PALCD)

Kufri Pukhraj:
For North Indian plains and plateau,
Suitable for low input, early bulker, immune to wart,
moderately resistant to late blight and early blight
Kufri Ashoka:
For Indo-gangetic plains,
early maturity

Kufri Chandramukhi:
For North Indian plains and plateau
early maturity

Kufri Badshah:
For North Indian plains and plateau,
medium maturity,
moderately resistant to late blight and
early blight, resistant to PVX

Kufri Sindhuri:
For North Indian plains,
late maturity,
moderately resistant to early blight, tolerant to PLRV
Kufri Kanchan:
For North-Bengal hills and Sikkim,
medium maturity, immune to wart
moderately resistant to late blight,
slow rate of degeneration

Kufri Swarna:
For southern hills, medium maturity,
resistant to cyst nematodes, immune to wart
resistant to late blight and early blight

Kufri Lauvkar:
For plateau, early maturity,
heat tolerant

Kufri Surya:
For plateau, early maturity,
heat tolerant
 Kufri Chipsona-1:
For North Indian plains, medium maturity
high dry matter, low reducing sugars, low phenols
resistant to late blight

Kufri Chipsona-3:
For North Indian plains, medium maturity
high dry matter, low reducing sugars, low phenols
resistant to late blight, immune to wart

Some latest releases

1. Kufri Pushkar
2. Kufri Khyati
3. Kufri Sadabahar
4. Kufri Himalini
5. Kufri Himsona
6. Kufri Girdhari
7. Kufri Gaurav
8. Kufri Garima
9. Kufri Mohan
 Recent releases from CPRI
Selection Year of
S. N. Variety Parentage
number release
36 Kufri Arun MS/92-2105 2005 Kufri Lalima x MS/82-797
37 Kufri Pushkar JW 160 2005 QB/A 9-120 x Spatz
38 Kufri Shailja SM/87-185 2005 Kufri Jyoti x EX/A 680-16
39 Kufri Surya HT/92-621 2006 Kufri Lauvkar x LT-1
40 Kufri Chipsona-3 MP/97-583 2006 MP/91-86 x Kufri Chipsona-2
41 Kufri Himalini SM/91-1515 2006 I-1062 x Bulk pollen (CP2132-Tollocan)
42 Kufri Himsona MP/97-644 2008 MP/92-35 x Kufri Chipsona-2
43 Kufri Sadabahar MS/93-1344 2008 MS/81-145 x PH/F-1545
44 Kufri Girdhari SM/93-237 2008 Kufri Megha x Bulk Pollen (10 genotypes)
45 Kufri Khyati J/93-86 2008 MS/82-639 x Kufri Pukhraj
46 Kufri Frysona MP/98-71 2009 MP/92-30 x MP/90-94

47 Kufri Neelima OS/93-D-204 2010 E/79-15 x E/79-42

48 Kufri Chipsona-4 MP/01-916 2010 Atlantic x MP/92-35

49 Kufri Gaurav JX576 2010 JE 812 x K. Jyoti

50 Kufri Garima MS/99-1871 2011 PH/F 1045 x MS/82-638

51 Kufri Mohan MS/5-1543 2015 MS/92-1090 x CP 1704 (Claudia)

TPS Population 83-P-47 (I) x D-
51 2007
 Potato: Many uses

Starch Par-fried Snacks & extruded Cooked Dried (Granules,

products flakes etc.)
 Need for breeding processing varieties

• All the 29 varieties bred by CPRI till 1998 were mainly for
table consumption
• Processing was at a low ebb till 1998
• With the entry of MNC’s in potato processing sector in
1998, a need was felt for suitable processing varieties
having high dry matter and low reducing sugars
• In the absence of Indian processing varieties, an American
variety Atlantic was introduced in India, which gave lower
yields under short day conditions and was susceptible to
late blight
Cont…..
 Need for breeding processing varieties
• A challenge was thrown to the CPRI for developing
indigenous processing variety

• After 8 years of dedicated efforts, India’s first processing

varieties namely, Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-2,
were released

• Another improved processing variety, Kufri Chipsona-3,

producing higher proportion of processing grade tubers
with no tuber defects was developed in 2005

• An exclusive chipping variety, Kufri Himsona, was

released for hilly regions of India in 2007
Quality requirements of potatoes for different
forms of processed products
Characteristics Products
Dehydrated French fries Chips Canned
Tuber shape Round to Oblong Round to Round to oval
oval oval
Tuber size, mm 30 >75 45-80 20-35
Eyes Shallow Shallow Shallow Shallow
Specific gravity 1.080 1.080 > 1.080 < 1.070
Dry matter, % >20 >20 >20 <18
Reducing sugar (% fresh wt) 0.15 0.15 < 0.1 0.5

After cooking discoloration Slight Slight - Nil

Texture Fairly firm Fairly firm Fairly firm Waxy

to mealy to mealy
Desirable biochemical attributes for
breeding processing varieties
Parents selected for breeding varieties should have following traits

 The dry matter should be >20% and reducing

sugar content should be <0.1% on Fresh wt
basis

 No enzymatic browning

 The glycoalkaloid content should be <20 mg/100

g Fresh wt
Salient features of Indian processing varieties

Kufri Chipsona-1

•Selection from the progeny of the cross CP

2416 x MS/78-79 made in 1990

•The plant has medium compact canopy with

white flowers and the tubers are white
cream, ovoid with shallow eyes and white
flesh

• The variety is well adapted to north-Indian

plains and has a maturity period of 90-110
days

• It has resistance to late blight and gives an

average yield of 300-350 q/ha and possess
very good storability
Salient features of Indian processing varieties

Kufri Chipsona-2

•Selection from the progeny of the cross CP

2346 (F-6 from Peru) x QB/B 92-4 made in
1991

•The plant has medium compact canopy with

white flowers and the tubers are white cream,
round with shallow eyes and creamy flesh

• The variety is well adapted to north-Indian

plains and has a maturity period of 100-110
days. It is resistant to late blight and gives an
average yield of 300-325 q/ha
Salient features of Indian processing varieties

Kufri Chipsona-3

•Selection from the progeny of the cross Kufri

Chipsona-2 x MP/91-86 made in 1996

• The plant has medium compact canopy with

white flowers and the tubers are yellow, ovoid
with medium-deep eyes and creamy flesh

• The variety is well adapted to north-Indian

plains and has a maturity period of 90-110
days. It is resistant to late blight and gives an
average yield of 350-400 q/ha
Salient features of Indian processing varieties

Kufri Himsona
•Selection from the progeny of the cross
MP/92-35 x Kufri Chipsona-2

• The plant has medium canopy with purple

flowers and the tubers are white to creamy,
round-oval with shallow eyes and cream pale
yellow flesh

• The variety is adapted to hilly regions of

the country and has a maturity period of 120-
140 days

•It has field resistance to late blight and

gives an average yield of 250 q/ha.
Features of French fry variety Kufri Frysona
(MP/98-71)

Total yield: 38.3 t/ha

French fry grade yield: 19.8 t/ha

Dry matter: 23.0%

Excellent fry colour

Very good storability at 10-12 oC

with CIPC
Features of promising early maturing hybrid
MP/01-916 (Kufri Chipsona-4)

• Higher total and processing grade

yield

•Excellent chip colour

•High specific gravity (1.083) and dry matter

(24.3%)

•Low level of reducing sugars (0.03%)

•Moderately resistant to late blight in

comparison to popular variety Kufri Jyoti and
exotic Atlantic
Biochemical traits and suitability of Indian processing
varieties
Varieties Dry Reducing Suitability for
matter sugars Products
(%) (mg/100 g
FW)
Kufri Chipsona-1 21-24 45-100 Chips, French fries, flakes,
flour, dehydrated products

Kufri Chipsona-2 21-25 45-95 Chips, flakes, flour,

dehydrated products

Kufri Chipsona-3 21-24 50-70 Chips, flakes, flour,

dehydrated products

Kufri Himsona 22-26 45-65 Chips, flakes, flour,

dehydrated products

Kufri Frysona 21-23 80-100 French Fries

 Impact of Indian processing varieties

• The long pending demand of the industries was met as

Indian processing varieties contained >21% dry matter
and low reducing sugars (<0.1% on fresh wt)

• All these varieties are suitable for chips and

dehydrated products

• Kufri Chipsona-1 due to its oval to oblong tuber shape

is utilized both by the chipping and French fry
industries

• These varieties have brought revolution in the Indian

processing scenario within a span of 10 years
 Future thrust

Development of French fry varieties

Development of cold chipping variety

Development of early maturing chipping

variety
Thanks