TEST 17
READING 1
Most human diets contain between 10 and 15 percent of their total calories as protein. The rest
of the dietary (1) ENERGY conies from carbohydrates, fats, and in some people, alcohol.The
proportion of calories from fats varies from 10 percent in poor communities to 40 percent or more in
rich communities.
In addition to providing energy, fats have several other (2) FUNCTIONS in the body. The fat-
soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, are dissolved in fats, as their name implies. Good sources of these
vitamins have high oil or fat content, and the vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues. In the
diet, fats cause food to remain (3) LONGER in the stomach, thus increasing the feeling of fullness for
some time after a meal is (4) EATEN. Fats add variety, taste, and texture to foods, (5) WHICH
accounts for the popularity of fried foods. Fatty deposits in the body have an insulating and protective
(6) VALUE. The curves of the human female body are due mostly to strategically located fat
deposits.
(7) WHETHER a certain amount of fat in the diet is essential to human health is not definitely
known. When rats are fed a fat-free diet, their growth (8)___________ ceases, their skin becomes
inflamed and scaly, and their reproductive systems are damaged.Two fatty acids,linoleic and
arachidonic acids, prevent these abnormalities and hence are (9) CALLED eseential fatty acids.They
also are required by a number of other animals, but their roles in human beings are (10)
ARGUEABLE. Most nutritionists consider linoleic fatty acid an essential nutrient for humans.
READING 2
While most people (1) WANT to have a toned healthy body, not everyone enjoys (2)
WORKING out at the gym. In fact, many of us (3) WOULD sooner avoid any kind of vigorous
exercise altogether, and may not even feel it is necessary. Over the years, various health experts have
assured us that keeping (4) FIT simply requires a total of 30 minutes of moderate activity most days
of the week. Many people believe that a walk to the shops or some light housework constitutes
moderate activity, but it turns (5) OUT this may not be the case.
According to the British Association of Sport and Exercise, it is high (6) TIME more specific
advice was given about what actually constitutes moderate activity. Housework, it seems, does not
fall into this category. Anyone who devotes a great deal of time every day to dusting and vacuuming
no doubt wishes that it (7) DID, but research has shown that women who spend over eight hours a
day (8) DOING housework actually tend to be slightly more overweight than (9) THOSE who do
none whatsoever. The association, therefore, would prefer it if the public were instructed as to
exactly what (10) KIND of physical activity to aim for.
READING 3
A desert is a hostile, potentially deadly environment for unprepared humans. In hot deserts, high
temperatures (1) CAUSE rapid loss of water due to sweating, and the absence of water sources with
which to (2) _________ it can result in dehydration and death within a few days. In addition, (3)
UNPROTECTED humans are also at risk from heatstroke.Humans may also have to adapt to
sandstorms in some deserts, not just in their adverse (4) EFFECTS on respiratory systems and eyes,
but also in their potentially harmful effects on equipment such as filters, vehicles and communication
equipment. Sandstorms can last for hours, sometimes even days.Despite this, some cultures have
made hot deserts 'their home for thousands of years, (5) INCLUDING the Bedouin, Tuareg tribe, and
Pueblo people. Modern technology, including advanced irrigation systems, desalinization and air
conditioning, has made deserts much more hospitable, In the United States and Israel for example,
desert farming has found (6)___________ use.In cold deserts, hypothermia and frostbite are the chief
hazards, as well as dehydration in the absence of a source of heat to melt ice for (7) DRINKING.
Falling through pack-ice or surface ice layers into freezing water is a particular danger (8)
REQUIRING emergency action to prevent rapid hypothermia. (9) STARVATION is also a hazard; in
low temperatures the body requires much more food energy to maintain body heat and to move. As
with hot deserts, some people such as the Inuit have adapted to the harsh (10) CONDITIONS of cold
deserts
READING 4
As the twenty-first century (1) APPROACHES, it seems that more and more people are leading
increasingly hectic and stressful lives. This leaves little, if any, time for (2) LEISURE activities. All
too often, it appears that any interest that we may have in sporting activities will disappear when our
lifestyle become more stressful, but many people (3) FAIL to realize that a few hours put aside to
enjoy a sport each week can actually reduce stress levels. Another (4) BENEFIT that is associated
with (5) DOING a sport is general improvement in health. This, in turn can lead to weight loss, due
to the fact that fat is (6) BURNT when our heartbeat rises above a certain level. (7) HOWEVER, as
with everything, there are certain drawbacks to taking part in a sport, the main one being that it can
lead to serious injury. The main reasons for this are that we have not taken time to warm up properly
or that we are not properly supervised in our chosen sport. In addition, it is very easy to (8)_______
the heart if exercise is suddenly taken up after not having participated in any form of (9) PHYSICAL
activity for a long time. Taking all this into account sporting activities can be extremely beneficial to
our health provided they are carried out with care and under correct supervision and are not (10)
TAKEN to an extreme.
READING 5
The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses
the Internet protocol suite to communicate (1) BETWEEN networks and devices. It is a network of
networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of (2)
LOCAL to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information (3) RESOURCES and services, such as
the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic
mail, telephony, and file sharing.
The (4) ORIGINS of the Internet date back to the development of packet switching and research
commissioned by the United States Department of Defense in the 1960s to enable time-sharing of
computers. The primary precursor network, the ARPANET, (5) ___________ served as a backbone
for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1970s. The funding of
the National Science Foundation Network as a new (6) BACKBONE in the 1980s, as well as private
funding for other commercial extensions, led to worldwide participation in the development of new
networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The (7) __________ of commercial
networks and enterprises by the early 1990s (8) MARKED the beginning of the transition to the
modern Internet, and generated a sustained exponential (9) GROWTH as generations of
institutional, personal, and mobile computers were connected to the network. Although the Internet
was (10) WIDELY used by academia in the 1980s, commercialization incorporated its services and
technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life.
