.

GOVERNMENT OP: MAHARAS!fi'RA

Manual of Land Surveying

CQmpiled hy
R. G; GORDON, I.C.S.
S..pmotnulmt of lAnd Rtcords and R<gistratiorr, C. D.

Wim THE APPROVAL OF ntl

Settlement C!lmmissiilner and

. Director of Land Records
I 9 I2

(etric System and Corrected up to 29-7-72

,D., No. 'STX 1071/247635-V, dated 29-7-72)

~ THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS,

SHED BY THE DIRECTOR, GQ\"ERNMENT PRINTING .
Y, MAHARASHTRA STAT£, BQMBAY-400 004
[Price-:Rs. 3·301
 Manual of Land Surveying
CQmpiled lly
R.. G. GORDON, r.C.$,
S~tpmfttmd.,t of Larul Rteor4• ad Re,;itrllliorr1 C. .D.

WJTII THII.APPROVAL OP Till

Settlement Commissioner and

Director of Land Records
I 9 I2

Revised in Metric System and Corrected up to 29-7-72

(G.M., R. & F.D., No. S1N. 1071/247635-V, dated 29-7-72)

BOMBAY
GoVERNMENT CENnw. PRESs
1974
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. Pr~liminary and General Principles. I

II. The Use of the Cross-Staff and Chain 10
III. The Measurement of Fields .•. 17
\V. The Use of the Survey Tippan •• 34
V. The Measurer's Record ... .. so
VI. The Varga Mul ~ .·' ... 71
VII. Measurement on the Phalni System .. 77
VIII. Practical Measurement .. .. 90
IX. The Measurement System in the C.P. Districts 94
Glossary of Measurement Terms .. .. 102
 MANVAL" OF LAND SURVEYING
CHAPTER I
PREUMINARY AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Preliminary :
The surveys conducted .by · this Department an: tec;hnically
called Cadastral and City Surveys. The Cadastral Survey .is a
field by field survey of a Revenue Village or an estate undertakell
by Government, to nscettain the position of boundaries, area and
quality of each field. It provides the data for the Settl~ment of
Land ·Revenue and the preparation and maintenance of Recwd
of-Rights. ·
All our Cadastral Surveys excluding those in the Cemral Provmces
districts of Nagpur, Chanda, Wardha and Bhandara are conducted on
the Cross-Staff System. In the Western Maharashtra districts. Plane
Table is used for mamtenance and in other districts the Cross-Staff
System is still used even for the maintenance. It is being gradually
replaced by the Plane Table System. In the Central Provinces districts
the survey is done by the Theodolite and Plane Table, and the maiO:
te"aDCC, so far done by optical square is now replaced py Pla!le Table.
The work of the Revenue Survey i's divided into two section•-
. (i) The Traverse.
(ii ) The Cadastral.
The Traverse Section compnses tne measurement of the. angular
and linear distances with the help of Theodolite and Chllin and
it furnishes the skeleton for .derailed field work to follow.·
The Cadastral Section relates 'to the measurement of detailed
!opography on the skeleton provided by the traverse survey by
rhe Cross-Stalf or Plane Table.
Detailed instructions about the Theodolite and Plane Ta61e
Surveys are contained in the City Survey Manual. The pr~r
Manual is restricted to the instructions on Cross-Staff Survey only-.
All our Revenue Surveys are ronducted on foot-pound syifem:
The Unit of measurement was a Gunter Chain measuring 33 f~
di~ided into 16 par~ called. annas. -each. JDCaSUring. 2/a feet
 2
··Th~ llriii~ n! are~ used is an 'English Acre with its sub-multiple
,the 'Gunter. •In· .Central Provinces distrielS, a chain measuring
66 feet divided into 100 links was used and the area is calculated
in. Acres and Cents. After the enactment of the Standards of
Weights· and Measure$ Act, 1956 (ACI No. LXXXIX of 1956),
introducing the Metric System. the Unit of Measure prescribed
.for ·the measurement of agricultural lands is the Standard Metric
Chain measuring 20 Metres divided into 100 parts, called links.
The. primary Unit of area.is the Square Metre. The derived Units
for recording the areas of agricultural lands are the Hectares and
Ares.
General Principles:
I. Mcasurment by chain and cross-staff is based upon two
simple propositions-
. . (a) that the area ot a right-angled triangle is <!'qual to the
· base multiplied by half the perpendicular, ·
{b) that the area of a trapezium is equal to the base multi-
plied by half the sum of the perpendiculars.
Thus:

A
-
A
-l>
4 4

c:
l'he area of ABC=6x4/2=12 and 4+2
lbe area of ABCD= 6x =18
2
2. In order, th~~ore, to measu.re any piece of .ground it is
c.nly n~ssary to diVIde up ~c area mro nght angled triangles and
trapez1a rand measure thCU' bases and perpendicular$ ; an.d the
 .J
areas of these triangles and trapezia individually an then at onc:c
be found by multiplication and !he area of lhe whole by adding
diem aU togethu•
.3. Two ~struments are, therefore, required..:...
(a) one to divide the area into triangles and trape;Ua,
(b) a second to measure !he lengths of the bases and pcrpclldi•
culars. Tbe instruments are the Cross-Staff and the
Chain.
"4. The Cross-Stall.;_ The Cross-Stall is a very simple inst!11mcm
Jor laying of perpendiculars to a given chain line. This consistS·.
CJf a stalt about I.SO metres long and. about 1.5 centimetres in
diameter having a piece of woOd at the top, called the head about
10 centimetre square. On the upper surface of !he head two
grooves are cut about a centimetre deep and at right angles to
each other crossing in the cenrre. The stall is sharply pointed at
\he lower end so that it can be stuck into the ground. In an im·
proved form the head is made of iron w;th 4 fl:rps bent up at
right angles and containing slits which serve the purpose of the
grooves in the simpler form of instrument. To divide up any
area into right-angled triangles and trapezia with this instrument
it is only necessary to take a base line from one corner of the
area to another ; then by moving down Ibis base line with one
groove of the· Cross-Stall in the same straight line, r:ght angles
can be observed to all the comers of the area in tum by means
of the other groove and the whole area thus divided up into righ~o
angled triangles and trapezia.
Thus:-

I!
I
I
I
I
- .. ~ I
'r '~ II I'
I -~ I
I .... , I
I '-,._ I
I '.,. I
I ~.. I

.
I ..... (.,
I ..,

•
 4
To divide the atea ABCDE int~ right-angled triangles and,
·trapezia, it is only necessary to fix a base line A C : then by
moving along from A to C right angles can easily be for11;1ed to
the pomt& B; E' and D and the points F. G and H fixed .
. ·The area is now divided into the right-angled triangles AFB,
FBC, DHC and EGA, and the trapezium EGHD. We have now,
therefore, only to measure their base lines and perpendiculars and
the area of the whole can at once. be found. This measurement
.ia dllne .by means of ·
. ·s, ,:The Chain.- The' Chain prescribed under . the Bombay
.Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Rules is the Standard,
Metric Chain measuring 20 Metres divided into 100 link.s,
Measurements of lengths are to be expressed in terms of chains
and links. The mode _of writing prescribed is as shown below · ~
3 Chains and 6 links is wntten as 3-06.

.To return to the example $iven. Taking the chain we measure

from A-F and the length 1s found to. be 0.14 links. We next
measure' from F-B and the length is 3 chains 02 links. From
F~ the lent:th is I chain 12 links~ and from G-E 2 chains 08
lin_ks. Simi~arly, G:H, H-D a~d H-C are measured, the len,gths
being ~ chams II hnks, 2 chams 06 links and 1 chain 03 lmka,
respectively.
. •The area A B C D E _has now bee!' divided into 4 right-angled
ttlliilgles and one trapezmm and the1r bases and perpendieulara
• 'have been measured. It only remains, therefore, to find_
 .. s
6- 1:'1ie Area.-"'1lw square measuns adopted. ill the Bo.nlla1
~in the past :R :-- .
Pratienna
Anna
Gunter
Acre
The.otibJe o!a!JD)ro mnsuro ia :
l6 ~rati eruus = I Anna.
16 Annas = I Guntha (121 Sq yardsj
40 Gunthas = I Acre (4840 Sq. yards)..
Their relation to the measures of length is ;
Annas X annaa · - Prati annas.
Chains X annas = Annas.
Chains X Chains = Gunthas.
40 Square Chains = I Acre.
According to the metric system the primary Unit of ard is the
square metre.
This Table of squre meas\tre in Metrice units iar--
100 Square Millimetres = I Sq. Centimetre.
100 Square Centimetres = I Sq. Dec:irnetre.
100 Square Decimetres - I Sq. Metre.
100 Square Metres ;=;.- I Are or
I Sq. Decametre.
100 Ares = J·'Hectllre or ·
·- J_ Sq~ He'tom~tce.·
JOO H~ares = 1 .Sq. Kilometre.
Thus to find out the product of 3 Chai'na ·and 6 linb and.Z~ne
and Slinks:
3·06
x2·0.5
ma.-
6t2x~

6-2730.
 6
1Dc product 15 6.27 square dlams. Eac~ cha10 Ill equal · to
4 Ares. 1'be area ts. therefore. 25 Ares or 0.25 Hectares.
1Dc areas are bcmg wunded off to the dillerenr degrees of accu-
racy according to the class of land and its non·agriculrural usc
and value- ,
(I J In case of Drv crop dass. the areas arc ro be rounded oft
to the nearest Are.
(2} In case of nee and garden classes. the areas are to ~
IOUIIded off to the nearest one dtgu of dem1cal of an Are.
(3) In case of land used for non-agncultural purposes. the area
b to be worked out to two digitS of dem1cals of an Are.
(4) In case of city survey properties the areas arc to be wo1ked.
out in square merres up to one digit of decimal.
7 To n:rurn once more to ow example, we have to find the
.•IQJ of-

~
DHC
\Right·anglcd triangles
EGA
EGHD Trapezium
t.. explained in paragraph ~. the area of a rigbt·angled uiangle =
the base 11 half the ~ ·
 7

:1·02
The area of AFB therefore=0·14x·- or I·St
. l
Working. 0111 'his ~um
0•14.
• )( 1·51

0 l 4
0 7 O>e
0 I 41( l(
0 · 2, I I " Square chaJns.
~ly, ~he atea fBC equals.
3i02
6.Z6· X - o r I·SI
l
. 6·26
x I ·'j I
626
3 I 3 Ox
626x>e
9 · 4 5 2 6 Square choun.,
U1d the area or DHC -equals
. . 2·06
1·03 X - or I·OJ
2
1·0)
)( 1·03
309
10}><>(

I 0 6 0 9 Square chain&
 8

ad Of EGA
2·08
· {0'14)+ (1-12)-= 1·26 X - o r 1·04
2
l·26
xi·04
504
t 2 6xx
. I · 3 'I 0 4 Square chains.
There remains the trapezium EGHD. As explained in puagraph l
the area~f a trapezium =the base X l the sum of. the perpendi-
culars. Hence the area of EGHD = :·
'
(2·08 + 2·06) .
(4·11) x. or 2·07
2
4·11
x2·07
2877
82.2xx ·
8 · 5 0 7 7 Square chaine
a. Adding these totals together the restilt is die an:a of die wl'tole-.
AFB = 0·211.4
FBC = 9·4526
DHC = 1-0609
EGHD · = 8·5077
EGA '= ·- 1·3104
20·5430 Square clulina
· · X 4

82-1720
 9
But in making up the final area the rounding is to be done up
to the full Are. Hence in the present example the final area will
be 82 Ares.' i.e., 0.82 Hectares.

-----
..

"By the means described above· the area of any piece of ground
ilf a. reasonable size can be found. There are of course intricacies
which ·will be 'dealt with later on btX the basis of all measure-
ments by chain· and Cross-Staff is the same. Other details arc
JPer~ly refinements.
 10
CHAPTER II
THE USE OF THE CROSS-STAFF AND CHAIN
I. The Cross-Staff.- The use of the Cross-Staff is to tak~ ri~ht
angles from thl!' base l_ine 1~ the corners. of the flo~ whtch
. is to be measured. Ftve. mmutes prawce tn the liel with the
instrument is of course worth pages of talk on the method of
doing it, but there are certain points to which auention may here
be particularly directed. •
2. In using the Cross-Staff the first essentials arc-
(12) accuracy.
(b) quickness.
Upon the point of 'accuracy~ there ts no need to dwelf. Inaccuracy
in taking an angle can only be due to ~ere car~l($$1\ess to guard
tgainst which no rules can be {ra~l"tl ·
3.. Qu,cknm, however, is a· different matU:r ana: iO~·~this point.
help ain ··be. gi.1£CO....,. ·

If AB be the b~e line and C the point to which an offset is to be

taken then the object is to find the pomt E as quickly as possible. D ia
a third flag placed on the base line close to the end Lowards which the
measurer is proceeding to save him the trouble of constantly verifying
~e relative positions of A and B. The point E is that place where the
one grcove of the cross-staff points directly dcwn the base AB and the
other grcove at right angles directly to the point C. For the purpo~
it is necessary for the Surveyor to move on the base line. To guide the
l:rOIIS·IItalf surveyor to remain ou the line AB. a third flag is always placed
 11
on the base line close to the end towards which the measurer is
proceeding. For walking on the base line, it is always necessary for
the surveyor to be guided by two ftags in front of him.

The next step is to take ~he angle. The simplest way to ge~ the
approximate position is for the measurer to stand in the base line and
take the approximate angle across his chest to the offset flag. Having
done this he can then drive in the cross-staff and the -posi~ion will no&
be far wrong.
· If it is wrong then he should at once decide how far forwards or
backwards he should go to find the correct position. It is a simple
thing to decide whether the angle has been taken correctly or not. If
it is found that the object is to the left. or right from the approximate
position he has selected he must at once move towards left or right as
the case may be. For this purpose it is necessary to use the judgment
as to how far is the object from the point he has sighted and to imme-
diately move forward or. backward approximately that much distance
to arrive at the desired point.

In tho above figure supposing that the surveyor is standing on

the poim E-1 and seeing the object CI ins.read of C, then the
~rYeyor should at once judge· as to what would be the pr_obable
distance between C and CI and move back that much d•star.ce
an the base line. to :arrive at the ~:orrect position C because t!-Je
dista!lce between C and CI is equal to the dis~ance between E-1
md E. Ie is no use dodging backwards and forwards time after
tbne driving the cross-staff into the same discarded positions with·
out usi'!g properly ones eyes and ju~&IDent in deciding. as to how
fiJr he 1s, a.way from the corrC\Ct posltlotl on· the base line.
To sum up.
(a5 -keep the chain straight down the ba~ ,. fipe,
(b) before attempting to take the:. angJe. Ult upon a position
approximately correct.
(c) if it is wrong, decide quickly how far you ate ouc.
The longer the offset greater the difliculty: ~ Qlll'c;ctly judging
Jkow ·~ one 1s away from the correct pOSition.
 l.iinb to be .nbse.rved in the usc of Crosa.staf(-
( i) Plant the cross-staff upright in the ground eo chat it does
not mcline in any direction. -
(ii) Wlien the forward or back station 'l!as been sightfld
through one groove, the staff must not be held or ropchcd while
observing the right angle. '
(iii) If the ground is "Lery bard o'bservations may be made
by two men who must look through the grooves sjmuhaneously
and the cross-staff may be held finnly by one· of them.
(iv) Always. check the correctness of the ·chain-lin~ by .sight-
ing both forward and back stations. :
(v} Taking of long ~ffsets should be avoided. Offsets of three.
chains and upwards in length should be observed and measure4
with special care by reason of the possibility that e~r jn thfl
instrument or in observation may seriously affect tho accuracy
of the results at such distance.
4. The Chain.-The proper manipulation of the chairi Is. of
far more importance ~han that of the cross-staff. Carelessness
in the use of the latter can seldom make a difference of more than
link or two but carelessness in using the chain ~y often make
a difference of a chain or more. · . ·
5.. As already stated the standard metric chain measures 20
metres and is divided into 100 ·parts called links. It is madt Gt:
galvanised steel wire with brass swivel jointed handles at. bO"'
ends which are included in the total length measurement. Th<i
linkllllf"e jointed .by oval rings to give 2 metre reading and tallied_
at every -two metres with knotched tags. At every tenth link
there are brass indices to facilitate the counting of the :nuf"!lba
of links. The chain is liable tO many errors chiefly OD accOuAt
of ro11gh. usage to which· It is often subjecte~ resulting -in ~
link!l', broken rings, etc. Before comJ]lencing to measure. ~here­
fore,· every measure~ should test his cham with tbe s;eel ·r.pe-
The- chain shoula be laid out on the ground and ~. witb
~e steel tape. .If it is found :incorrect the meamret 1J1-UBt lie'
.carelul to make the necessary allowances in the ·ensuing)n~
tDent- and also to have the chain repaired ~lv at the earliest
GppOttl,Ulity. • . . -
 13

·6. The chain is .dri~ by two· chairunen called, respectively,

the Backman and the F.oreman. The latter is provided with 10
iron spikes (called arrows) with which to rna rk off chains as .they
are-measured.
·In driving the chain,
·. . (a) The Backman places the handle at his end against the
flagstone pit, etc., which n:iarks the point of departure the
. measurer standing llehind him.
(a·i) The poini from which the measurement begins is called
tbc starting .point and the other end of the straight line to be
measured. is. called the closing point.
· (b) The Foreman then stretches out the chain tight and 1lat
upon the ground-the measurer directing him to move right or
Jeft until the chain lies quite straight in the desired direction.
.. (c) The Foreman then sticks an arrow into the ground at his
· end of the chain. (or if th.e ground be very hard makes a crosa
ihus X) and lays the arrows beside it.
(d) The chain is then. moved forward at the order of the
measurer pulled by the Foreman, being swung a little on one
-&ide that the arrow ,piay not. be -moved from its position. The
process described above is then ·repeated.
(e) AB the chain is moved forward the Backman picks up the
arrows one after the other ·until· the measurement is complete.
The total number of chains measured can then be found from the
number of -arrows in the hands of the Backman (those in the
hands of the Foreman being also counted as a measure of check)
· and a number of links reckoned from the chain as it lies on the
' ground a half link or under being disregarded, and over half
· a link· being takeri as one full lil'\k (of course if the me:13urtiment
completes a full chain then one more chain must be added to
those reckoned by the arrows).
(/) In order to mark the point on the base line to which the
measurement is taken, a pit is then dug by the Pickman at the
end of the complete link. Thus if the measurement on the chain
reads 34t links this will be take11 as 34 links and the pit is dug
at the end of the 34th link. The measurement is reckoned in
terma ·of full links. The dist~ce up to' half tbe link is discarded
and JJWn/than.half the link counted 88 full link." ·
 (I) 'The arro~s in ·the.bands- of- the,·Forernan,~~e.,then-retumed
tc the Backman after the ·base line -has "beer. ·measured. The
of£se: line is measured in the ·same way the ..cross-sta1f being
placed in the pit to mark the point to be measured to.
7, All this sounds very compliaatec;f but after -a little practice
the work becomes mechanical. It is essential,. liowever, that it
thouid become mechanical in the right way, and in this -conneCtion
the following points are worthy of particular notice : -
(aj The. measurer must invariably walk behind the ·chainmen
and direct-them wha:' to do: The practice of certain-measurers
-who go on ahead taking offsets and leave their cbainme_n-to·fiiUow
at their leisure is strongly to be.deprecated. Incorrect' measure--
ment is bound to be the result •.
(b) After a measurement is taken the- measurer should-invariably
ask both chainmen how many arrows they have.. got and see.that
their answers arc correct. Thi~ is the only way to check .mistakes
arising from dropped arrows, -mistakes· in ~ounting- on the part
of the Backman, etc.
(c)"The meastirer must always.-.see ·that -the:. Backman return•
his arrowato'the Foreman .before a new meaSurement is commen-
ced. Many--roist~es arise from_the Backman omitting to give
back his arrows·with the result that-.they are wrongly counted
in the next.measurement also•.
(il) The measurer ·should use as ·few words as possible in
issuing -orders to the chainman.- The only words necessary
to be used are the following : -
Sr.retch out the chair.,-
·Right or· left (to the Forema;n),
Stick in the arrow,
Move on,
anc! on the completion of a measurement
How many arrows have you i' (to·the Backman) .
How many arrows have you? (to the Foreman)
'Return the arrows (to the Backman)
Dig a pit (to the Pickman)
 IS
Jf the measurer learns · to use th- worda mrclll!ucally iD
theiriD~le aequeoce the chance of mistakes occurring will be
ven- considerably lessened.
8. It may be Doted that chain measurements are meant to be
taken over flat superficial areas only. Hence, if a measurement
has to be made, •.g., over a mound or other obstacles the chainman
•must be ordered to bold the chain horizontally in the air. and the
measurement fixed by dropping the arrow perpendicularly from the
endofthechain.
9. .Again chaining up or down the side or a slope which ia ,at
all steep should be carried out as ahown in the lketch attached.

ch.;,
-------..I

I e. ch~n
-----J c

In a series of steps the chain being. held out bo~ntally by ~e

Backman or foreman according as measurement 18 pro~eeding
up or down hill and the points A, B and C fixed by droppmg ~he
arrow aa described above. This process is called stepping nr levelling
or breaking the chain.
I 0. If the distance to be measured is very long intermediate
flags should be placed so that the chain may not deviate from. the
line required.
Ca 413()--2
 16
11. lt sometimes happens that in the course of mta5urem~nt
tlie closing .Ration becomes invisible after a c!enain length. Tlie
follower cannot, therefore, direct the 'leader. The latter sh(luld
then fix his position in the line wit.h.reference to the staning station.
Where the staning station 3lso becomes invisible, tne surveyor-
should plant flags at either end of the chain wherefrom it was last
visible and th~ chainman should find his position ·with reference
to thoSC' flags.
 17
CHAPTER III
THE MEASUREMENT OF FIELDS
I. Having learnt the proper methods of using the cross-atalf
and chain, the measurer can now proceed to the measurement of a
field." All the Revenue villages in this State except a few in the
forest s~icken areas in West Khandcsh are since surveyed and mapped.
It may, therefore, be. noted that,all the practical work. which will
have to be carried out by the surveyors will usually be in connectioq
with areas already surveyed and mapped, i.e., survey numbers.
Before, however, he can proceed to the study of the special pro-
blems involved thereby the surveyo~ must learn the ordinary tech·
nique of :field measurement and how to avoid ordinary difficulties
involved. in the use of the cross-stalf' and chain. ·
2. The measurement of an ordinary field being the foundation
of the art, this will be described in detail,
MeasUl'ement of a field :
(a) The surveyor will be provided with a cross-statt, cbaiQ
and I 0 arrows and a field book in which to note the measurements,
He will also have flag . holders . bearing poles to mark the base
lin!l and offsets, chainman and a pickman,
(b) He will first go round the boundarie~ of the field and draw
a rough &·ketch of the field he has to measure and station a flag:
at every corner to be plotted. The sketch should show all bends,·
the positions of tri-junctions of the adjoining fields and the ·most
conspicuous objects such as wells, houses, temples, roads and
streams and important fruit trees. To get a tolerably good eyo
sketch, the following instructions should be borne in mind while
preparing the rough sketch :-
(I) Th• North point should always be indicated first •.
(2) The surveyor· should start from ·0 ne corner of the field
and proceed round the field keeping always to the same direc--
tion either right or left.. As he goes he should send a man in
advance to the next stone. He should then· walk towards tho
man preferably- counting paces as he goes. This will give him
an approximate idea of the distance between the tW? ston~.
He should next determine roughly the length of the line to ·hA
Ca 413()-24
 18
drawn by him 'On paper for the distance paced by him and he
should accordingly draw the line between the first and the second
mark. This process should be repeated at each mark until the
starting station. is reached. The above procedure applies to the
survey of isolated fields in surveyed tract. In initial survey the
demarcation sketches should be drawn as the demarcation progresses.
As a general rule eyery bend more than 6 links out of the straight
line is treated as a bend and plotted. There are however, variations
in different surveys.

6o60 f'
II •

~.. I~ ... , I I
...t' ,I
0
~-~.. .......... X~ ,.
b J·, I 'Ill
I

(i_··~ '•... £ 1:.

,,
I f
~ ~,
..b ,I ~- ...
/.sea / 3."6 ~ ... ,
~,
I ...
n 6·18 8
'

~ It is entirely wrong for the measurer to stand m the m1ddle of the

~ field and tell the flagman vaguely to go to a certam corner He
~ust pcrsonaUy station the man at the exact spot. In the sketch
g1ven, Hags Will be placed at the points A D C B and E. In order
to D_~ark t~ese points pits will be dug by the ·pickman and the Hags
statiOned Ill them.

(c) The measurer will next proceed to select the Base line. Thi•
should generally be the longest line between any two c.orners of the
numbCl'll : as AB.
 19
(d) Having decided on the ba><e line the base line ftug win next
-be fixed. Proceeding to A and looking along the line AB the mea~~urer
will have a flng fixed directly upon the base line cks• to its further
end as at F. A pit will be dug to mark the place.

(e) The measurer will next draw a long broken line Jn hts field
book to represent the base line in such a way that the north wtll
~orne at the top of the page.

(j) He can now start to measure taking care first to eount tho
arrows in the hands of the Foreman to see that these are exactly
10. Beginning from the pomt B he will measure up to and cake
the offset at the point G, chaining and offsettmg bemg e&rrted ou'
as described in Chapter II.

(g) After the point G, he will enter m Ius field book ~he measure-
ment, in nhllins and links.
{h). He will then go to E arid measure (rom E G. draw the
'OfUet ill his field book in a broken ·line and write down the-mea-
aurementl. EB will then be joined by an unbroken line.
l•) All the ·base lines and oft'sets-at H and J will then be mea-
sured in a similar way and entered -in broken lines in ..the-field
book, the boundaries of the field be~ shown-in unbroken line10.
(i) Mter the- offsets and base lines the boundaries of the field
will be-measured. and-the measurements_ entered in the field b09k.• •

Care and regularity in carrying out the-measurement of a.simple

field are the basiP -~f the- art of good measurement. Once this is
thoroughly learnt so that -every operation becomes automatic then
the rest is ·easy. Every ..measurer in' training should, therefore, be
thoroughly-_grounded in simple measurement before he is allowed
to proceed: further. In the ·following pages ·it will be presumed
that this·.has been done and only the details necessary to explain the
particular case wil be given.

J. Measurement .of a field on .two or more base lines.-Jt wil! some·

times' be found inconvenient for various reasons to measure a number
on one- base -line. e.g.• the offsets from one base hne may be very long
•nd.longcoffsets.are to be avoided as maldng for maccuracies.

•1. If tbe mearunr hu two c:haioa !he llaJidh Mopo may be meuured aimulta·
-UI17-'Irith the booe liDellllll offoeu.
2. 111 the KoDb11 tbe Bllldb Mlpe - DOt m-ured.
 20
.
In auch cases the measurer will select two or more ba&e linea
as may be necessary and iake the offsets to the comers from them. .
In the example given it will be seen that there are three base 'lines1:
i.e., AB, BC j!Jld DE. Had one base line only been selected 80JIIe
of the offsets would hav~ been very long.

-----~
I
.J____
I ,,
////.
__ ..J
I \"-
\ " ,
,
I \ ', /,
: \ '/

\\
\ '"" ,,, , ...
\
\ ,...,,
....

I \ / / '',,
I \ A
IL ____ . \ /. ",

11' - ---------·..,~;-------
_,,-/c. ~--

.I
I
_._....-""""""" ---
---"
'\
&
 21
4. To measure two numbers on one baM Hue.-The
only precaution to be observed is that the .incasuter must mark
the point where the dividing boundary ofthe· numb~ra cute-the ·b•e
line. The quickest way to find this point is for the measurer .~.
taking the offset at C to D to go to the point D and move a Bag-
holder up the base line till the flag-post is in a straight line on the
base line at E between 0 and F which will be the point required.

: 5. Measurement on an extended base IJne.-Some. fields

are so irregularly ·shaped that an offset cannot be taken conv.eniently
to some of the corners. from a base line lying wholly within the field.
In such. cases. the base line must be extended and the necessary
ofFsets taken from the extended line.. Thus .in the example .given
the ~ase line A B will be extended t<! C and ~ets taken at D, E all4
C to the cornel'$ at F, G· and H.
 ~z
measurer must in aueh- instances tall.e great eare, .in.
d Tll;e . th boundary linea of the field in hia field book; otherwue
h::::Dgb: ve~ liable to draw the boundary from F to C and C ~o
H instead of &om F to B and B to H.

II I
I
.
I I
I

fl --~----
I___ ,__ ----·-'------J
I 'l) E C:.
I e I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

..
6. Avoiding an obstacle in the base line.-It occa.siona.lly happens
that the most convenient base line is obstructed by im obstacle such as
a well or small tank, etc., which cannot directly be chained across.
The measurer. therefore. has to go round it as shown in the sketch
attached. After taking the offset at C he chains to any convenient
point E short of. t-he obstacle. From E he sets off right angle with
the cross-staff from the base line to any point F and from E F be sets
off a right augle to any point G and from G F a right angle to the base
line cutth1g it. at H. Then G F (2 chains 04 links) = H E which is the
distance required to he measured.
 23

7. A ucond method il u follows :-

Fix on two convenient points C and D. Measure CE and DE and
prolong these lines till EF = EC and EG = ED. Then the dtatance
between FG = DC.
 24

A ---- ------. e

8. Measurln!l· different classes of land In the 81lme fleld.-

Sometimes different classes of land are included in the same field
and it becomes necnsary to find the area of each separately. Thus
the example given shows a piece of Rice land enclosed within. a
Jirait Number.
In order to measure these areas separately, th" measurer has oniy-·
(a) to fix the corners of the boundary between the dif{erent
classes of land and take the usual offsets to them: from the base
line:
(6) to mark and fix by measurement on the base line the point
at which the dividing boundary of the different .areD crosses
it, if it does cross. Thus in the example given in addition to
fixing the C:orners from the base fine AB in rhe ordinary .way the
points C and D where the boundary of th~ rice land cross:S the
~ase will be fixed front EF and GH as d~ibed in example 4
ibove.
 25

Jloto.it

I I
f
A I I
1 Ric.e I
-,----'---r------1
f . f I·-- -
J :
I

9. To measure a tank.-As it is impossible to measure

through a tank the measurer has to go round it. He should select
& base.lme-..a. AB in the enn\pla ·g~en-1m1 take• offsuts to the
proximate comers of the-tanlt as at E and F; · He wilL "then raise
another base line at .right· angles from AB-u AC-and tale an
offset to the comer at D. Similarly, the base CG will be raised ·at
right angles to AC, and the base GB at right. angles to CG and offsets
t:lken to"the corners of the-~: then AC GB is a t'eetangle and its
area i:an. be found at once; ···Then to find the area of the tllnk:it
is QDI_y necessary to calculate the area of the small figur-es NA.I.E,
· ELJ, FJM, etc._, and deduct tltem from the total. area of ACG"B,
\-
The remainder
- ..
Will be the ~ of lbe UAt.
 26

I
I
•
II
I
• E I :
! ~~
A.. _________.L_____ J- -~-L
.... ___ _j6

10. To meaaare a tank lQ a aarve, IIDmJ!er.-ln a cue

auch u that shown .on the opposite page, it ia only necessary to take
. m ofLet auch u CD-u the base and rneaalire round the taDk •
deac:ribed in the laat example.
It may be noted that in order to find the area of the nwnber an
of&et; ia required to F from the bue AB.
The length of thia of&et can be found eaally by taking an otLct
at E to F from DG u pue line and adding the length EF to the
Jqth DC which will give the length of the. ofLet required.
 27

11. To measure houses In a survey number.-The

principle is the same as in the last example with the difference tbat
you cannot see through a house and henc:e more intricate base lines are
required. Thus in the enmple given had the houses been tanka
nne base line could have been taken from A-C, whereas two buo
lines are actually required. The measurements, however, are nuda
in the same way as in the case of a tank, ;..,, by raising subsidiary
base lines from the original base, ,taking.oflsets to all the COJ'DCIW
Uld finding the area of the bouse by ded uctioa. '
I
I
I
I
' r·---- i-
t I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I I
I II
i---·-----

/~
1
I
I
I ' I
I
I

12. To measure a road Jil a number.-AU that the measurer

has to do is to take offsets to tbe corners of the road as iD exarilple 1.
 29

It may be noted that thil method of meuurement ia only adopted·

in the case of pukka built ~ the area of which ia raot included
iD the numben through which they rwa. Ia the-c.o of cart tracb
for which Xbarab il given nwely the lea;tb aad breadth of the track
il meuurecl roughly after the whole aumber hu been meuured and
th~ area 1hown u kharab includ~ ill the number (oi44 eumple 2)
 30

"- \
~xl. .•
,_,o , ___
..... ............ _.
..... _____ o.o,

13. To divide a fieJ4into two or more parts.-Let ADEFB

CG be the field to be divided~ Firdt measure the whole field. Its
area will be 3 Hectares and 23 Ares. Suppose it h~ to be divided
as nearly as possible into two equal parts. Now inspection of the
measurements made will show that the area of Vaslas 3, 4 and S
together equal I Hectare and· 4S Ares. If an area of 17 Ares, there-
fore, be added to this portion of the number the total will come to
the area required. This will be done easily ·by. measuring off along
the base line from H-J a length of 2 chaina.and·83 links. Then the
ar~ of the triangle CHI ia 17 Area which added to Vaslas·3, 4 and S
will make up half the field, The two halves of the field will then
be ADELJCG ~d CJLEFB•.
 31

c.
I
I I
l~·oo 2- :!.eo
1 I
__ _._,____ .J ____ ~__J'.:..?-.:!!~l
I .
3
?.·oo 1 ~·• \"lo 1 ~ 000 -~,i:1-- "1 :jq7" - 8
i I
71 I , ./L

I ·l ~ 1 ~
ls·•+ ' ,,.~, ls""s
lI I
_j_•------ F
e

In dividing a 6erd into m~ than two parts the same procedure

ehonld be followed.

14. To cui of a given porlion from a plol of land.- Lot ABCDEFG

be the plot. of land containing II Hectares·; it is required to take off
a piece that shall contain 5 Hectares. ,
·.
Join any points surh as CF (which we may suppose to be nearly
the partition line) and find the area of DEFC which suppoee may want
25 Ares. of the quant.it.y to be cui. off.

Divide ~5 Ares by 4 to reduce it to square chains. The quotient.

ja 6·25.

Measure the line FC which •uppo~e to be 25 chains. Divide 6 ·25

by 1~·5 (half of FCJ and the quotient 0·5 chains will be a perpendicular
·for a troa"ile whose base is 25 chains and area 25 Ares. Draw the hn~
FH. HC and DEFHC will be the area required.

If the are• DEFC is found to be more than IS requn~d to be t.a.'keo

of, then the 1.riangle should be measured on the oppos1te side to that
ahewn iD the sketch. ·
Ca 413()-3
 32

I
,' :~lt U(

!~.§·•• ~
I •
I I
ti ~-:"5Q
\
,,
\ I
I

15. To bteas\Jre over llli' obstacle whlch eaQilot b~t

c:rossed.-lt is desired to measure the breadth of the river of AB.
At the point A, a perpendicular of a convenient length AC-flay 2
chains-flhould be set out to AB. Then at half of AC, i.e., I chain a
flag should be set up at D. Then from C a perpendicular CE should
be set out to AC and a point E fixed thereon ill such a way that
BDE are ill one straight liae. Then CE (5 chains)= AB which is
the distance required.
Had the breadth at LF to be found then the line Lf would be
extended toG= 2 chains, the perpendicularGHdrawnand the point
of M found as described. Suppose HM, to be 8 chains. Then
• HM = FG. Deduct from HMthelength of LG (2 chains) and the
remainder 6 chains is the length of FL. . . ,
 33

~,
'
lI \ ' \

I
1
I
\ ~~h~!.:.'=::-----
\ .'Z. ":.l'""\C.
-,en
~b...
..... - -... , I
I
ft ' \ 15 c:.\\a.\'ft,$,
" I
\ I
\ I

'" E

Ca 41:30-lo
 34
CHAPTER IV
THE USE OF THE SURVEY TIPPAN

1. The Practical measurement work of the Surveyor has to do

chiefly with areas already measured and included in Survey Numbers
and Pot Numbers which have either to be sub-divided (e.g., when
land is acquired for a public purpose or on partiti_on) or remeasured
c~.g., in the case of boundary disputes) ·or .t-o which land has to be
added (e.g., in the case of formation of alluvial lands on the banks
of rivers or streams). Now in the case of the sub-division of or
addition. to Survey Numbers, it is obviously necessary that the
boundanes of the Numbers should be known before measurement
is made otherwise the measurements of the Surveyor will not corres-
pond with those recorded in the Survey records and discrepancies
will arise which will have to be reconciled. _ In the majority of C!ISes,
it is easy to recognise boundaries of Survey Numbers by the boundary
marks thotigh ~en these are often wrong but sometimes. either some
or all the boundary marks of a field are missing. In such eases it is
necessary that the Surveyor should know hoVJ to fix the missing
boundariey otherwise he will be un;dlle to say where one Survey
l'{l!mber ends and ariother begins.

2, Again in the case of boundary disputes by the very nature of

the case the Surveyor -must know how to fix the boundaries of the
t>urvey Number as that is the matter in dispute.

3. But further in the case of mixed Numbers, e.g., those con-

taining two or more different classes of land, e.g., both Jirait and
Rice land or Jirait and Bagait, it is necessary, when such Numbers
are sub-divided, to know the proportions of eai:h c~ of land in eacla
of the sub-aivisions for the purposes of assessment. It is also useful
for the fix«tion of assessment at the time of next Revision Settlement.
Where the Survey Tippans are in existence, these areas can be worked
out in the Survey Office but for the latter purpose measurement
must be made of each class of land particularly Rice to ascertain the
new area converted to Rice after the Revision S_!~rvey. The mapping
of rice area as it exists at the time of mapping of sub-divisions has
been prescribed by the Settlement Coi,1Uilissioner and Director of
Land Records.
 3S
4. Hence before ·proceeding further the. l::>urveyor must learn
how to fix the boWldaries of Survey Nttrnbers according to the survey
measurement records. These ~~Ce~
(a) the Survey tippan,
(b) the Village map,
(c) the Sud (in the Konkan).
THE SURVEY TIPPAN:
5. This shows the old base lines and offsets with their measure·
ments and vasla Numbers and also the" bandh maps " and boundary
marks. The adjoining Numbers, etc., are also shown and the
class of the land. By means of the tippan the Surveyor can compare
the measurements shown therein with the condition of things
existing in the field. The actual form of book on 'which the tip pan
·is drawn differs in the different surveys but the: details given arc
the same in aU. ·
Nottt-ln the following e:urnplcs only the de~ails neceasar) for the cue in point
arc given.

6. To fix the boundaries of a field in accordance with

tippan.-To do this the Surveyor has first to set up the old base line
(or lines) at the corner or other points shown in the tip pan. Then
measuring along these. lines he takes offsets at the distances shown
therein and measures out the length in accordance with the tippan
measurements. The points thus fixed will be the corners. of _the
numb~r according to the survey measurements. If the comers of
the, fie~d. as now in existence do not agree with those fixed in
accprdl!flce with. the survey measurements, then either there is
encroachment or else the original measurements were wrong.
Thus ·in the example given below the measurer has to fix the
boundaries of a Survey Number-ACDBEF according to the
measurements shown. To accomplish this, he will first find in
the·field the two ends of the ·old base line AB and set up flags in the
ordinary way. Then starting from A he will measure 2 chains
04 links to the point G and· from G will lay out an offset measuring
3 chains 00 links, thus fixing the point C according to the tippan.
Similarly, by me~uring 0 chai~ 15 links from G to H and laying
out therefrom an· offset of 3 cliains 05 links, the point F will be
fixed. In the same vtay the remaining points can also be fixed.
 36

7. In cases where the boundaries of the number as found 10 t'he

field agree wi~h the measurements recorded in the tippan no difficulty
is experienced. This is, however. net always the case and the followmg
complications may arise due either to changes in the boundaries of
Survey Numbers. since the original measurements were made or to the
incorrectness of the original measurements themselves .-
(a.) The present position of the corners may not agree with the
measurements ;
(b) Owmg to a similar change either one or both ends of the origmal
base line may not be disco\·erable.
These difficulties may. therefore. now be considered.
8. To fix the boundary when a corner is found ou' or place.-In the
mstance g•ven, the bound any a<'cording to the tippan IS as shown m figure
I but in the field is as shown 111 figure 2. t.e., the corners A. D. B. F,
are correct but the corners C and. E have disappeared.
 37

Fi-td E'~"'''"
fi,\I.YC. 1
f

f\

f
 38

I
I
I
I
1"1.-\'l:
I J)
I
I
c

To relay the old boundary the measurer has only to set up the
old base line AB. Then by starting from A and measuring 3 chains
00 links along AB and laying out an offset of 2 chains 14 links the ·
missing point C is fixed and by fixing the point M on the base line
and laying an offset of 2 c;hains and 04 links, the point E is fixed.
2tul-Example.
It may, however, be not necessary to fix the old base line in order
to find• a missing corner, e.g., suppose the comers A and D are in
existence, .that B and C cannot be found but that there are in the
field boundary strips or hedges running in the direction of AB and
DC then the measurer has only to measure 5 chains 04 links, from
A along the s~ip .!lLhedge...and ~-~hains.-03--links from D and the-
point B and C may be taken as fixed, BC being measured as a check.
 39

1\ r-_ _ _ _ ___;,l>

'.'

....~------;;--:-:::----~
1·06 c.
0
..

I \
I . \
~-~----·--------'-----~
c
8·05

3rd Example• .
This example shows how comers may be fixed by intersection.
. Suppose the comer E- be lost. Then measuring 2 chains
06 links from D and 3 chains 02 Iinke from A, die corner E wiU
b~ found at their point of intei'JCCtioa.
 40

l>

9. To fix the boundary wbea one end of base line is not in

existeace.-Bometimes, however, the old base line cannot be set up
diTeCtly as one end may have been lost owing to a change of bo11ndary.
In this case the measurer has to.set it up by means of the offsets.

Thus in the example given, the points A and G are lost : but. the
pointR C D E B F are still as they were. In this case, the measurer
will first fix the point H by intersection by measuring ·1 chain and
26 links from .. B ·and I chain 5o!. links from E and finding the point
·where they meet (first stage). He will then produce the line B H (2nd
stage) and if the offset therefrom -at J to the point D comes at 63 links
and is 1 chain 63 links in length, •he will" know that he bas fo11nd the
old base line correctly and .can proceed to fix the other comers of the
Number by prod11cing .the base:line and taking the neceSR&ry offsets
according to the tippan. The- potnt A will finally be fixed by a IJleasure-
ment of 1 chain and 38 links from .the point. L at the oltset to .C.
 41
4
S:1'31a.1'e X • AcconCiY13 +o ihc. TitPta.TI.

'
~~~~~~~--
[~---
0'25 :r
·-- _.,___ 6
A 0 '91. 1"70 0"38 : 0'63 : 1"26
I
1. 51 I,
I 1 •6
c E

"
 42
Figure m Method of measurement.

••
-i...;.- --·· B •·-- --- ·---. --- B
:"'1.26
I
·· I .
1'26

I I·Sl 1' 51
I

~t n1ay, however, be for some reason impossible to find the point

A m the method just described. In which case the safest way of
solving the difficulty is to obtain the tippan of the adjoining Number
and fix the point from the measurements giveQ. therein. Other
methods will also suggest themselves, e.g.; a scale map of the Number
c:an be drawn and tllking C F as a base line, th!l distance of an offset
required to fix.:thq pi;int A c:an be taken out' by scale {flide figure 4)
or again the length ofF A can be found by Varga Mul (flide Chapter
VI) and the point A fixed by.the'intersection of C A and FA.

Figure IV-Altemative method of measurement.

Scale :-1 : 2.000

 43
In such ~~. the measurer must use his ingenuity to get out of
llis· difficulties.
I 0. To fix the base line when both ends of the base line
are lost.~ In such cases also the Surveyor has to rely more or less
on his own ingenuity. Thus in the example given both A and 8
· are lost : the corners C, D, .E, F and G l[llone remain fixed. In
this case probably the simplest way of discovering the points A and 8
would be to make intersection of measurements {2 chains_ 06 links
and 2 chains 08 links) from G and C to find A .and of 3 chains ~
Jinks, and 4 chains 01 link from D and E to find Bas in Figure III.

II
 44

.., . ..,.......... \
'' _.o"'r··

",-~".
.... , '\
\
\. I
.,.,os \ ,,.--~~
'
\
c;---~':2·'. :;,· :. ·___....:__ _l ,...."~··I)(
I
 4S
Agt:in the measurer might draw a sketch of the number to seale.
The points A and B can then be fixed by scale from a base line taken
from CE. This base line can then be set up in the field and these
points fixed accordingly. This wiU give the old base line.
Or the tippana for the adjoining Numbers may be obtained and the
pointa ·fixed from these Nuntbers.
11. A certain amount of common sense is required for replacing
missing stones correctly. It is usually possible to tell from the
ground the spot where the stone should be. Unless the measure-
menta lead to somewhere near this spot, it is to be suspected that
some mistake has been made either in noting or reading the measure•
ment in the tippan which should be rectified before proceeding fur·
ther. In a boundary dispute case, the surveyor should first go round
the field ana find out what boundary marks are available on the spot
and how many of these marks can be treated to be intact and can be
relied upon for refixing the lost corners or boundary under dispute.
After the boundary marks are inspected and the boundary
marks that can be relied upon are ascertained, the next step would be
to find out the best method by which the location of the lost comers
can be found out quickly and correctly. While fixing the lost corner
or the boundary under dispute, it is always necessary to see that the
location of the lost corner is fixed with reference to the tippans of the
Survey Number under dispute as well as the adjoining Survey
Number. If this is not done, there is likelihood of the same point
being fixed at two different places on the spot even though not far too
part, with reference to the tippans of individual Survey Numbers,
separately.
For Examp/8-
In the below mentioned case the boundary mark of Survey Number
108 at •X' is lost ana is to be refixed. Then looking to the map, it will
be seen that corner falls on the common boundary between Survey
Numbers 107 and 106. On reference to the tippan, it is seen that
both the Survey Numbers are measured in the past on a common
base lineAE. On going round the fields, it is seen that the boundary
marks ABDEG are only available and that at CF and X lost. As
one of the corners of the base line of Survey Number 108 is lost,
the point C will have to be first determined. It can be determined
by intersection of AY and YD and extending AY to C but u any
 46
slight difference in the correct determination of point C is also to.
:iffect the determination of point X, to have a further check, it is
necessary to cre~t the base line AE and find out the location of point
X with reference to the offset HX. If there is a slight difference, it
will have to be adjusted by giving preference to the offset HX.
There is not likely to be any appreciable difference unless there is a
mistake in the old measurement hut the location must be fixcj with
reference to offset HX, and ZX. So that even if the adjoining holder
applies for the fixation of the same point the !<:>cation once fixed·,
"'Ould be final and there will be no scope for complaint.

\ , ... "" F
v
\
\
\
S.rto· lo& \
\
.........
....... ........... \
e E
In some districts where the Plane Table method is introduced
eventhough the· old surveys are conducted on cross•staff method, the
measurement is done by Plane Table and the tippan is superimposed
and the location of the lost boundary mark is first fixed on the plane
table sheet and then the location is determined on the ground. For
example, if the boundary mark at X of Survey Number 108 is to be
relaid, the Survey Numbers 108, 107 and 106 are measured ,in a
group. For the sake of measurement, a mark 'X' is put on the
ground where the Surveyor thinks that the location of the last comer
is likely to be. After the Survey Numbers 108, 107 and 106 arc
measured in a group, he marka on the plan the permanent boundary
marks that are existing on the spot. Suppose A B D E G are the
points \\-here the boundary marks are existing and at C and F they
are not in a reliable condition and at X it is altogether lost. The
best way in the above case is to rely on the points A and E as they
are the points of base line. This base line should be first drawo and
the point X determined with reference to offset HX. The base line
AC may afterwards be drawn by obtaioing the point Y by intersec-
tion of AY and YD, and by extending AY to point C. After this
is done the offset ZX may be drawn and it should be seen w'hethcr
ZX and HX meet. If there is any slight difi'erence, it shollld be
adjllsted by relying upon the offset HX rather than ZX and the locn·
tion of point X determined.
12. The village map and Sud.-The village map is a Survey
Record inasmuch as it purports to show all the Survey Numbers-ofa
village drawn to scale. All our old surveys are conducted on foot
pound system and the village maps .a.re either drawn to a scale of 20
chains or 10 chains to an inch. As the scale on which these village
maps are drawn is very small, they are not useful for relaying the
lost boundary mark. However, they are very useful for giving the
correct idea of the location of the field. In Konkan all villages are
provided With village-Suds containing sketches of Survey Numbers
arid Pot Numbers on a scale of 5 or I 0 chains to an inch. After the
introduction of Metri~ System, the measurements are now conducted
in terms of Standard Metric Chains and the village m.aps are being
prepared on the scale -of I : 5 000 and I : I 0,000. In case of old maps
conversion tables are given to enable the reader to conven tho
measurements in terms of old chains into Standard Metric Chains.
13. To use the village map as survey record.- The village
map being drawn to scale, it follows that we have only to apply the
IC&Ie to the figures of the Numbers contained therein in order to
extract the meas\lrements. Thus in the figure given which is drawn
on a &calc of 20 chains to an inch or in Metric Terms I : 7,920 by

Ca 413()--.4
 48
applying the scale to the side AB, we find that its length is ·1 0 mllli-
metres, i.e., 79,200 or 79· 2 metres which is equal to 3 chams and 96
links. · Similarly, the lengths of sides BC, DC, DE .and EG can be
found by scaling off the distance.
Again a survey tippan can be formed by drawing a base line and
offsets and writing the measurements after scaling them off. Thus
in S. No. 4, the base line DG is drawn and offsets therefrom to the
corners HF and' E. The measurement of the base lines, offsets
and Bandh maps can then at once be scaled off and a survey tippaR is
ready•

. 14•.. To enlarge a number to scale from. the village mav~­

(1) It is occasionally founc.l necessary to obtaiq a 'scale map GR a
larger scale than that of the ordinary village map and by the methnd
illustrated below the necessary enlargement can be made to any acale
required.
 49

r:..·----- ----------------
1 ' ---- -....7
,,-A ________ ___.. ,. . . . I . -
I '------ . .,. ... I
I /'·,~ -------~----;_;;;r I
I I. I
I -1 I ', ']) ......... · I 1
I ., I - I I

1
~
I'
1
'
I
1
I
~ ............6
1 z I

1
/

L
I
r"~>&•., ••
~T... it\ic-.'tc.
·,.q.
/ £__...<f----.... ·C\ I
/
I
/ /·--- 'l' U.CJ.el..-W11i cede
I
,.,*'
... - ' --
....................
-...
.... ........ ...._~
\
I II
... .._...... ...., ' I
.... .._ ....... ._. \ I I
............ _
................... ,...
.......... .....

.................
\
... .... !J

. - ........... -,~
\I
.I

\ I
I
I

The nwnber is first pricked off from the village map i.t., thl: map
is laid on a clean sheet of paper and pin holes pricked on to the
latter through the comers of the number in the map_. ·These pin
holes _are then joined up and a duplicate of the map ihus produced.
Any central point is then selected and rays drawn out through the
comers of the number. Lengths are then marked off thereon equal
to the distance from the central point to the comers as many times
as the enlargement requires. By joining up th~se points the enlarge-
ment required is produced.
(2) Another .method is to draw' base line and offset inside the
pricked off sketch and then by doubling or trebling the lengths so
obt~ed, the original can be reproduced on double or treble scale.

Ca 413()--4a
 6B
CHAPTER V
THE MEASURER'S RECORD
1. Simultaneously with the training in the actual field work of
measurement, the Surveyor must learn how to prepare the mea.aUNo
ment record. This consists o£-
(a) The Kacha tippan.
(b) The Pakka tippan or Kshetra,
(c) The calculation of the· are~.
2. The Ka.cha. tippan.-This is the rough sketch not drawn to
scale showing the measurements as recorded in the field. The form
i11. which it is usually prepared and the de ails given therein are shown
below. These details comprise-
(a) The outline of the Number in unbroken line~ and the b&e9
line and offsets in broken linea.
(b) The measurements. _
(c) The Vasla Numbers, i.e., the Numbers of the different trapeJia.
or triangles in red .ink. ·
(d) The Numbers of the adjoining Survey Numbers.
(e) The boundary marks.
 Sl
·· 3.. The Pakka t_lppan or Kahetra.-This contains the same
details as the Kacha t1ppans except that- ·
(a) the sketch of the Survey Number is drawn to s~ale,
M(h) no measur~ments are shown except those of the Bandh
aps. {Except m the Konkan where the Bandh mapa are not
measured.) ·

Scale I : 2,000

4. Plottln~.-Jn order that a Survey Number may be drawn tl)

scale, a knowledge of plotting is necessary. By plottiJ:tg is meant the
drawing of a number to any specified scale from given measurements.
The plotting can be made on any desired ecale but for the purposea
of cadastral survey, the following scales are recommended by the
Surveyor General- ·
I : 1,000
I : 2,000
I :5,000
I : I0,000 and
1 : 25.000.
 -52
In addition to these ecalee, the tcalea
or-.
I : 500
I : 3,000 aod
I : 4,000
arc also permitted where absolutely
necessary. .

The general scales for the viUagc maps

would be I : 5,000 and I : I 0,000, and for
plotting of Gat-Books and ~hcua­
Booka I : 2,000.

The scale will usually show division

up to millimctrea aod in caaes of pl11111
drawn on the below-mentioned scales each
division, i.•., millimetre wiD be equal to
the ecale shown against each-

Divisions will be equal to

1 500 I= l Metre.
1 : 1,000 I= I Metre.
I : 2,000 I= 2Metres.
•
I : 5,000 I = S Metres.
1 : _10,000 I = IOMetres.
s..An illusuation of the ecale in
conunon usc ia given below : -

The large divisions of the ecale marked

by Numbers denote centimetres each
divided into ten parts equal to one milli-
metre each. Hence "by means of these
amall and large divisions d.iataD.ce of any
length to any ecale can be taken off with
.ease.
 2..,. ,,ooo

,(....... S.• ,.,••o

 k&lle1Yo...
x4.1e.- , -: l,oo<>

-------

r------·-----
I
I
I
r---.-- --·
II
 ss
6. To plot a number on one base Une.-(a) First any broken
line is drawn to represent the base line.

(6) Next starting from one end of the base line the distance to each
of the offsets is taken off the scale with compasses and laid down on the
base line. In order to check the correctness of the work the total
length of the base line should be taken off the scale and compared
with the sum of the lengths of the bases of the Vaslas.

(c) Next the offsets should be plotted in. Great care should be
taken in laying off the right angles for the offsets. By means of the
lines on either side of rhe scale this can easily be done.

(d) In order to check the correctness of the offsets plotted, the

measurements of the "Bandh Maps" should be scaled off.

(e) Lastly the boundaries of the number should be drawn in.

(f) After looking the pencil work over carefully the whole should
be inked in, the base line and offsets being shown in broken, and
the boundaries in unbroken lines.

(g) The Vasla Numbers should be then written in red ink, the
_- measurements of the Bandh maps only shown thereon and the other
-details added all given in para. 3.
NoTe-In the present and rullowing example• only the actual .rlotting is shown
details beins omitted for the aake of clearneaa.

1. To plot a number on two base llnes.-When a number has

been measured on two base lines both cannot be laid down direct
on the plotting paper as they are independent. In the following
example, the base line AE would first be laid down and the offsets
plotted from it (first stage). Thus the points A and C will be filled.
 56
These points being fixed the point B can also be fixed by intersection
of the lines CB and AB taken oft' by scale (Second stage).· AB· is
then joined and forms the second base from which the rc:maining
offsets can be plotted (Third stage). ·

If
 1st stagO
The Kahetta.

Scale 1-2,000
I

1
I
i
I
----l,,-
I
,1
--- ---
2nd stage
I I
I I
f I
I I
cc------·~. ,:.;.....-~-=-=-:=:"'!-~
1
(\-

I
I
••
I
I"
'
t

,.,.,":'
I

''I
J I
I
.-...... :1 I
e. -- I

t I
t

3rd stage

" r---
f
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
 58
~

In case where the part of the Survey Number is mea~ured on one

base line and part on the other base line, it is always desirable to take
:m offset to a common point from both the base lines to facilitate.
plotting and area calculation, vide offset iXC.

A
' ......... I II
.,.., ,' I
I
1) ---:::.,.~,,.,- - I ........... (.. .

' ', /.' ',

,' '..../.
' .... .....,....
/" ' ', ...
,/ II
I '...._
' -..,
I E

8. To plot together two or more Numbers measured on

individual base llrte.-Occasionally it is found necessary to make a
consolidated map oftwo or more Numbers, e.g., as in the village maps.
When they have all been measured on the same base line plottin~
can be done in the ordinary way but when the base lines are inde-
pendent a different method has to he employed, e.g., say the three
NJJmbers shown below have to be plotted together. Then :
(a) first plot S.!Jrvey number 2,
(b) then from the points A and B fix the point E by the inter-
section of the two lines AE, BE,
(c) the base line BED of Survey Number I can then be drawn
and the number plotted upon it,
(d) in order to plot in Number 3 the point H must be fixed by
intersection of the lines DH, AH. The base line DHF can then
be drawn through the point H and the Number plotted upon
it.
 60

"""f-tc.. \<.s~c.h a.
Sc o.l~ ·- I L ooo
• /

9. Calculation of Areas.-(a) The general method of calculating

the areas has already been explained in Chapter I. To recapi-
tulate shortly in order to find the area of a simple field, it is only
 61
necessary to find the area of the trapezium and triangles composing
it by multiplyilig the base 6y half the perpendicular in the case of
triangles and by half the sum of the perpendiculars in the case of
trapezium and to add up the totals.

(b) In working out \he areas of the Vaslas, the ordinary rule of
rounding is to be observed, i.e., when the area relates to the Dry
·Crop class, the areas of and up to ·S, are to be discarded and the
areas above ·S are to be rounded off to the next higher Are.
Similarly, in case of Riee Class of land as the area is to be rounded
off to the nearest one digit of decimal of an Are, 6·301 ia to be
rounded off to 6·3:

(c) The method of working out the area in the prescribed form
is given below : -
 Bue Of[oeta Area
H_...,
of KiDcl of Vul• Lmat"· Sum of tbe ()ffaeta Sumofthe Half the H.ct- Ala
vw lqtba otfscta eumofthe
ol&eta
(I) (Z) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

I 6 2·06}.
I·OS
3·11 2·04 2·04 1·02 .. 3·1,722

2 6 5-08} 9·10 2·04 2·04 1·02 •• 9-2,820

4·02
6 2·06 2·06 3-1,312 ~
'.. I·OS}
3·04

eo•}
3·04 1-52 ••
D 5-08
6-13
3-01
6·0S 3·02 •• 18-5,126

' 6 4-02 ·4·02 3-01 3·01 I-SO .. 6-0300

Toral .. 40·1280
Sq. ChOU.
x4(4Ara-
I Sq.Chaillt
160·5120, i.•.•
161 Areoor
1"61 H<etara
 63
10. Vua Vaslaa.-Complicationa are, however, introduced
•hen an offset goes outside the nwnber.
Exllttlple J,-ln this case from the base line A Ban offset to the
point C passes outside the number. Hence if the trapezium CD FE
were taken as a Vasla, it would include the area C G H which does
not form part ofthe.number.
The way to get round the difficulty is after taking the trapezium
JL M H to take C D F E also. The area G D M H has thua
been taken twice over. Then by deducting the trapezium C D M H
the redundant areas C G H and G D M H are excluded.

:r

... 6

Ca 413o-S
 B- Oflleta Area
Number
of Kind ofVula Len,th• Sum of the Offsets Sum of the Half the Hec;tares Are.
Vula lenJIIha ofl'.ets aumofthe
otr.eta
(I) (2) (3) (4) (S) (6i (7) (8) (9)
1·04
A 3-02
4·06 0·12 0·12 0·06 0·2436

.,~
0·08
2 D 1-09 1•14 0·57 0·6213
1·01 1·02
3 D
1·01
z.oo
3-01
{ 2·12
4-02
6·14 3-07 .. 9·2407

4 A
0·14
4·16 4·02 4·02 Z.OI .. 8·3616
5 A
4·02
+02 4·02 1·14 1-14 0·57 .. 2·2914

6 D
0·1}
2·00
1·01
O·Oi
3-02
6-25 {'·14}
3·08
4-22 2·11 .. 13·1875

7 6. 1·04 . 1·04 3-08 3-08 1·54 ..

Total ••
1·6016
35·5477
Dtt/IJQ

8 Cl 1-01 1·01 '{ 2·12}

1·02
3·14 ..,7 ... -1·5857
3H620
I
Sq. Chaina
x4(4Area-
:. ~ .4 I Sq. Chain)
I 135·8480, i .•.•
(" 136Aresor
I· 36 Hectares.
 6S
Eur¥k 2.-In this case the ol'set A E falls outside the base
line. In order, therefore, to find the area of E C D F the area of
· the trapezium E A D F ahould fint be found and then the area of
the triangle E A C deducted from it.

Ca 4130-S•
 lase Oil's eta Area
Number ..... ,-
of Kind ofVula Lenrth• Sum of tho Offse10 · Sum of the Half the Hectar• Area
Vula lenrths offleta swnofthe
offleta
(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

8·12} r·021
D 1·16 3-06 1·53 1·7748
1·8-4 2·04J

2 D 3-04}
5-02
.... r04}
4-04
6·08 3-04 .. 24·5024

3 6. 2·04 2-04 4-04 4-04 2-02 4·1208

'
8:-
2-04}
5-02
3-04 11-14 Hl2 3-02 1·51 16·8214
1-04
Total 47-2194
Ddll4
5 0·12 0·12 1·92· . Jo02 0·51 - 0·0612
47·1582
Sq. Chaina
x4(4Arcs- ·
I Sq. Chain.)
188·6328, i .•.•
189 Area or
1·89 Hectar ..
Cahlati011 of tUta fJJhm of/tett faU fJJithin or outnae the field hornulizry
011 the same diago1Ull. . . .
&ampk 3.-In some cases, however, it happens that some of the
offsets taken on a diagonal line to the bends fall within, and others
outside the figure formed by the diagonal. In such cases the field
boundary line crosses the diagonal. The point of intersection of
these two lines should be noted as far as possible to facilitate the
calculation of the area of the field mathematically. But if it is
not done, in the field, the area can be calculated in the following
manner:-

E
 68
In thia c:aae the boundary of the Survey Number c:roaaes the
base· line. To facilitate calculation of area, separate measure-
ments of the base line from X to P and from P to Z should have
been taken but if instead of two separate measurements the
measurement from X to Z only is taken the area can be calculated
as shown below : -
Multiply the distance between the two oftsets by the difference
of the lengths of the two offsets and divide the product by two.
The product is to be substracted from the area of the Survey
Number, if the length of the offset falling outside the triangle
is longer and to be added to the a_rea of the Survey Number, if
it Is shorter. While calculating the area by vaslewar system,
this is to be done by adding the area of a triangle DZ.X and
substracting the· area of the triangle ZXY. When we add the
area of a triangle DZX we add the area of a portion DPX which
is not included in our triangle but when we substract the area of
XYZ we substract the area XYP, which is outside the triangle
and the area ZPY. The area of the portion ZPY and the portion
XPD is equal to each other deductmg common t::. DPZ from t::.s DXZ
and DYZ standmg (on the same base and between the same altitudes).
So, when we substract the portion of the area DPX which is outside
the triangle and which was added while adding the area of the triangle
DZX is now substracted The examples gJVen above are illustrative
and not exhaustive but they cover mstances of general occurrence.

In the above illustration the area would be worked out as shown

below:-
 Bue ()lfleta
,._ .....
Number Kind ofVulo LeDsth• Su111ofthe 06eta Swnofthe Halfthe Hect~r• Area
of leqthl oflleta aum of the
Vulo ofl'aeta
OJ (2) l3) (4) (5) (6) 0) (8) (9)

6. HO}
~·00
3•10 0·118 0·08 0·04 .. 0·1240

2 D 2·03 2-03
{:~} Z.09 1·04 .. 2•1112
'
3 6. 0.04}
3-0S
3-09 2-01 2-01 1·00 .. 3-0900

4 6. 3·05 3·05 4·09 4-09 2-04 •• 6•2220 o-

oO

s D 2•00}
2·03
0·04
4-07 r·02}
4·09
9·11 4-55 .. II-S18S

6 D HO HO
1-02
r·02}
3-IS
9·24 4-62 .. 5·0820

7 6. o-os 0.05
0.05
1-06 1·06 0·53 .. 0·0265
Toto I 3~·1742

• 6.. 3-15 3·15

Add
1·06 1·06 O·S3 .. +1-6695
DZX Total .. 36·8437
 Base Offseto Area
Number
of Kind of Vasla Lengths Sum of the Offseto Sumofthe Half the Hectarea Are•
Vealo lengths offaeta sum of the
offsets
(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) m (8) (9)
B. F. w 36·8437
D1due1

9 D,.AXY 1·02 1'02 0·06 0·06 0·03 0·0306

10 f::l.ZXY 3·15 3·15 0·06 0·06 0·03 0·0945

-Q·I251
Balance 36-7186
Sq. Chains.
X4 (4 Ares- e;:
I Sq. Chain.)
146·8744. i.e.,
147 Ares or
1·47Heetares..
 71
CHAPTER VI
TIIEVARGAMUL
I. The meaning of Varga Mul in Vernacular is "Square root'"
but the expression is used by native Surveyors with .reference to the
Jantri or table of Square roots by means of which the correctness
of the measurements of the base line and offsets are checked by the
measurement of the Bandh Maps and f!ice W1Sa ; and in this
Chapter it will be used in this sense.
2. The use of this table is based upon thefollowing propositions : -
(1) That the hypotenuse (Bandh Map) of a right-angled
triangle= the square root of the square of the base (Lambi) added
to the square of the perpendicular (Rundi).
(2) That the base of a right-angled triangle =the square root
of the difference between the squares of the hypotenuse and of
the perpendicular.
(3) That the perpendicular of a right-angled triangle = the
square root of the difference between the squares of the
hypotenuse and of the base. ,_
(4) That the Bandh Map of the trapezium = the square root
of tpe sum of the square of the base and the square of the
difference between the two perpendiculars.
(5) That the base of a trapezium = the square root of the
difference between the square of the Bandh Map and the square
of the difference between the two perpendiculars.
(6) That the difference between the perpendiculars of the
trapezium = the squll!"e root of the difference between the square
of the Bandh Map and the square of the base.
3. The measurer, therefore, who has a table of squares and square
roots, can by a simple calculation check all his measurements as
he goes along by comparing the measurements of the Bandh Maps
with those of the Lambis and Rundis with the certainty that if they
all agree his measurement work is correct. The table is so useful
and also in common use that no good measurer thinks of working
withoutoae.
 72
4. A portion of such a table is shown overleaf. In colwnn one
are shown vertically measurements by chains ; in column one
horizontally are shown measurements by links. In column two
are shown the squares of the full chains shown in vertical colwnn one
and in· the remaining columns are shown the squares of the chains
in the vertical colwnn combined with the links in horizontal column
one. Thus the square of 2 chains and 08 links is 4• 33 or four square chains
and 33 square links which will be found opposite the entry for 2 chains
and below the entry for 8 links. In order to find the square root
of an area the same method must be worked out backwards.
Thus to find the square root of 25•50, the figure will be found opposite
the entry of 5 chains and below the entry for 5 links. Hence the
.square root of 25·50 square chains is 5 chains and 5 links.
ClaoiDa Squaroo Liob LiDb Square Linb Linb Linb Linb Linb
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

·0000 ·0004 ·0009 ·0016 ·0025 ·0036 ·0049 ·0064

1·02 1·04 1·06 1·08 HO HZ 1-14 1-17

,
2 4
9
4·04
9·06
4.()8
9·12
4-12
9·18
4·16
9-24
4-20
9·30
H4
9-36
4·28
9-42
'4-33
9·49
4 16 16-08 16-16 16-24 16·32 16·40 16·48 16·56 16·65
s 2S 25·10 2So20 25-30 2HO 25-SO 25-60 25-70 25'81

N • .e.-Tho ficureo ill the table from one chain OllWada ITO rounded off to tbe neareot•squaR link.
~
 74
5. The method of using such a table as expressed in the practical
language of the Varga Mul is as follows:-
(I) To find the 'Bandh Map of a right-angled triangle.-
Square the base and offset, add the results together and find the
square root.
(2) To find the base of a right-angled triangle.-Deduct tlae
square of the offset-from the square of the Bandh Map and find
the square root of the remainder.
(3) To find the offset of a right-angled triangle.-Deduct the
square of the base from the square of the Bandh Map and Aad
the square root of the remainder.
(4) To find the Bandh Map of a trape.aium.-Deduct the
shorter from the longer of the two offsets, square the remainder
and add it to the square of the base ; then find the square root
of the total.
(5} To find the base of a trape.aium.-Deduct the shorter
from the longer of the two offsets, square the remainder and
deduct it from the square of the Bandh M;ap, . then find the
square root of the remainder.
(6) To find the offset of a trape.aium.-Deduct ·the square
of the base from .the square of the Bandh Map, the square root
of the remainder will be the difference between the two offSetS.
Hence if one of the offsets is known the·other can be found either
by adding the difference to, or by substracting the difference
from, the length of the known offset according as the known
offset is shorter or longer.
6. To give a practical illustration of its use.

R J)
 /5
In this case, the measurer after measuring the offset at G to B
compares the measurement of the base line (2· 24) and offset (3"36)
with that of the Bandh Map. According to Rule one laid down
above thus-
Square of the base line 2·2-4 - 5·02
Square of the offset 3-36 = 11·29
Add together 16· 31

Square root of 16·32 = 4·04, which should be the Bandh Map.

Thia calculation proves that the measurements are correct as they
agree when worked out theoretically.
Similarly, after measuring the offset from FE, the measurer
may compare the measurement of the Bandh Map and offset with
that of the base according to Rule 3 thus-
(a) Square of Bandh Map B7 = 28·84
(b) Square of the base ..
•• 2•2-4}
+1-06 = 10·89
3•30

Deiuct (6) from {a) = 17·95

Square root of 17•95 = 4 Chains, 24 Links= offset EF•. Hence

the measurements again are proved correct.
On measuring up to the point D, however, and taking the Bandh
Map 5·08 from D to E, the measurer on comparing the measure-
ments of the base {3·00 +
I· 36 = 4· 36) and the offset 4· 24 with the
Bandh Map 5·08 by Rule one finda-
Square of the base •• -4-36 = 19·01
Square of the offset .. 4·24 - 17-98
Al4 together 36-99
 76
The square root of 36·99= 6·08 which should agree with the Bandh
Map 5 · 08 but does not. Hence there must be an error in measurement
somewhere which. the measurer can proceed to investigate at once,
instead of waiting to discover it when he comes to plot the number in
office, the result of which would be either a second visit to the field or
else tampering with the measurements to make them agree.

7. In the same way the whole of the measurements can be compared

by the measurer as he goes along and at the end he can be certain of the
absolute accuracy of his work. ·
 77
CHAPTER VII
MEASUREMENT ON THE PHALNI SYSTEM
1. The chain and Cross-staff system is the foundation of aU
mea.aurement work and eve-ry measurer must receive a thorough
training therein. All our Original and Revision surveys are conducted
on Cross-Staff System. In the pre-reorganised Bombay State
districts the Plane Table System is introduced between 1910 to
1920 but in the five Marathwada districta and four Berar districts,
the method of measurement was Cross-Staff but now it is replaced by the
Plane Table System. Even after introduction of the Plane Table System
a thorough knowledge of th.e Cross-Staff Syatem is indispensable because
all our survey records will continue to be in Cross-Staff System.
Moreo\'er, even where the Plane Table System is introduced, in case, any
holder applies for the retixation of the boundary of his holding which is
originally measured by Cross-Staff with the Cross-Staff method only,
such applications are to be entertained and the measurement is to be
a
carried out on Cross-Staff System. The necessity of thorough know-
ledge of Cross-Staff Survey to a surveyor is thus quite evident.

In areas already surveyed, for measuring subsequent sub-diviSione,

a system commonly known as "Phalni System is generally adop'"d
This method is much qu1cker than meiLSurement by chain and eros.
sta.ff and for all practical purposes IS iJUite as ~curate Renee ·~must
be employed in practical work so far as possoble

2. This not a new system. It is one of the methods of the cross

staff System. The principles of the system may best be explamed by
au illustration.

'
Let A B C D be the tippan of a Survey Number Cwk Figure ll aad
let at be supposed that a.ccording to the decree of a civil eourt it bas to
be divided into two parts in accordance with possess1on. On eom 1ftg
to the field the Surveyor finds that the dividing line of possession ruRI
from E F. He bas, therefore, to divide up the field into 2 pariAI
A B 1 E and E F C D and to lind the a.rea of each. ·
 78

F :I.G=V R E =- 1..

' /~
:-...
o·, I "
I I '·t>.
c
I..,_JJ'
,I
c

3. Now accgrding ·to ·the method of chain and Cross-Stall, he

would first have to set up the old base line AC and then take offsets
to.the points F and E. In office he would have to work out the
11rea by Gunakar. ·

According to the Phalni System, ht wever, he w~uld proceed

aa followa :- ·
. (I} In the field he would take measurements from DE (whidt-
.uy-ia I chain and 63 links} and from C F ~which-say-is 2
eluina and 55 Jinks) only. . ·' ' ·
(2) In the office he woul.d .draw a map of the number· oo a ICale
of I : 1,000 and plot in the meaaurcments taken 'in the field (tJitk
Figure II).
 79

A
\~~:-~~E~·------~
....................
.......
J)

....... )'...
I I
I "-......._ I
......._ I
I ...............
..............
I ................
I \ .............. ...
B F c

(3) Lastly in order to find the area he will uae the area square ~
(vid~Figure III). This is a sheet of paper divided into small
squares, the aides of which are each S millimetrea as the example
shows.. To find the area, it is only necessary to superimpose
the area square over the ac:ale drawn sketch and count the number
· of aquara w!Wch the sketch covers. Now when the ac:ale of the
sketch is-
Small Red
Squares Squares
Area Area
I : 10,000 or I Centimetre = 100 Metres each = 25·00 625"00
I :" 5,000 or I Centimetre = 50 Metres ,. - 6·25 156"25
I : 2,000 or I Centimetre = 20 Metres , = •I ·oo 25"00
I: ·f,OOOor I Centimetre= IOMetrea 11 = 0·25 .6·Z5

Ca 413()--6
 80

F.Z,..UR.E-liL

· Hence the number of squares covered by the sketch multiplied

ilccording to the sc:ale of the sketch by the area per square given~
above wiU give the area of the plot.
Applying the method to the number in question the area square
is first superimposed upon the Part ABFE as shown in Figure IV.
Then if the number of whole and practically whole squares be
added up they come to 43. There remain, however, parts of squares
(shaded by cross linea in the aketch) which have to be added together
to make whole squarea. They come to approximately 6, hence the
total number of squares is 49. The acale of the sketch is I : 1,000
hence the value of each unaii square is 0· 25 or 1/4 Are. Henc:c
the area of ABFE is 12·25 Area.
 81

f 1 q.U R E. '"

[A
~ m r.
_.
~
,
l"ee

M
~
,. Po.
11 !:a
c

The area square will now be IIICiftd 011 to EFCD aad the aru
diacoverecl iD the aame way. The number of squaree wm thea be
found to be S3 ldlll tbe area conrqliCiltly 13-2S Ara.
If theee two areaa be added together they will be found to be
.ZS.SO Ala and to equal the area of the field u found by calc:ulacioa.
The foregoiDg eumple illiiiUIItes 11-dicieady the principia of
the system. It it now, howenr, necmary to go into more detail
regarding the methode to be employed. r
Mt~fllllffllle1lt

(I) Where the boundary marks of the survey nlllliMr are In

eliateoce, it ia not neca·ery to fix the bouodary of the number
according to the old tippan before meaaurement.
(2) Where aomc of the boundary marb arc either missing
or out of place, it is only neccsaary to fix the marb which are
ar ntial for purposa of mearurcment.
 82
FipN V.-lf tbfllftlmber hu to be divided into two parte at
FG thea if the mut at B ia out of place or aailliag it it not
DeC 1 ·a'J to fix it, nor·again if D and E are in place IDd the direc-
tion of the boundary from EA and DC can be traced in the field
ia it aeceeu'J to fiz tho marb at A and C u die oa1J .....,.,.
ments requiRd are from E-F and D-G. ·

(3) Measurements on straight internal boundaries will be made as

shown in Figure VI.

r;~.an· Y1
J)
lo·•o Gr
ll
1'•1
\·\'1.-
f
tt

L-~----~----------~c.
lb ?···
 83
In this example 11 G E is a straight internal boundary it u only
De<:easary to measure BE, HA, AG and GF.
4. Internal bends must be fixed from a base line which must
~ on fixed points but otherwise must be that which will enable
the work to be done in the quickest way. In the following examples
shown in Figure VII different kinds of base lines are shown each of
which is the most convenient for, the particular case-

f\
I •J~-
£ ".,_,.. r lc. - ~ 1)

111.u c.
~ -vo!>fQ- l't-
 84

E::arttph /.-ln this case the bue line is the boundary of the
number. ~ ·
E:lamplt! 2.-In this cue the Number has to be divided into
two parts along A C B. Here the base line is takea
along A B to fix the point C by an offset at D. It will
be seen that it is not necesslll)' to measure DB as well
as A D.
&ampltl 3.-ln this case the point is fixed by an offset from the
boundary of the Number and the points D and E from
offsets taken from the original offset as a base line.

5. If the boundaries of the number are BO covered with prickly

pear or other obstructions that it is not possible to measure along
them, then if it be possible measurement may be made on un-
obstructed ground parallel with the boundary line, Fig. VIII.
 85

A c::
·---~-----

If in order to fix C, it ·is not po88ible to meaaure exactly alo111

, A B dle88urement may be made along the line D E parallel to A B.

<>mea WoRK
). In plotting it should be a rule to tllke the largett acale possible
aa the larger the acale the smaller the chanc:e of error in calculating
the area. The acale of I : I 0,000 m1111t never be used. Plotting
·must be done very carefully aa everything depends upon ita accuracy.'
2. In caltulating the area, it must be remembered that if the
plotting bas been done com:ctly then the area of the whole number
aa worked out by area square must tally with that recorded in the
Survey Records unless of course the latter are for eome reason or
ether incoJTect.
If, therefore, the difference bclween theae uea worb out at more
than Spercent or the value of 4 small squares at the scale-which-
ever may be least-mistakes must be looked for either in the plot-
ting or in the old measurement as recorded in the tippan or in the
calculation of area by the Survey. If the plotting is correct then the
, old measurements should be mutually tested by means of the varga-
mul. If they are accurate then the area should be recalculate4 from
the old tippan. A mistake is IIIIJ'e to be diacovered aomewhere.
 86
Practical Appl~eatlttns of tht Method.
(I) To divide a number into two or more pans according to'
possesSion,•.g.,
under orden of the Civil Court.
This had already been described above.
(2) To divide a number into two or more parts according to
certain areas, •·Q·• accordins to the orders of a Civil Court or for
purposes or cultiVation.
Let A B C D E, Figure IX, be the Survey number whose area ia Z
Hectares and 40 Ares. It is desired to divide it into 3 parts measuring
I Hectare and 32 Area, 58 Ares, and 50 Ares.

FIG-UREU

c:
 87
To do this:
(a) Plot the number on a scale of I : 2,000 as in Figure X.

F ,·~l.l ve..X:
E

A I
..... ..... I
I
'-
j' .......
I .......
I .......
'-(,
I I
I '-
....... ....... I
I ......
...... I
I ....... ......I
I ............
2.'4-? F l.. ~0
~

Ca 4136--7 (1,527-9-74)
 88
(b) Then with the area square lay down the required areas
on the plotted sketch.
t~i:.r., for 50 Ares 200 Squares as ABFG.
58 Ares 232 Squares as GFHJ.
I Hectare and 32 Ares 528 Squares as JHCDE.
(e) Next take off the distaru:es along the boundary by acale
from
Chains Links
A-G .. .. 2 62
G-J .. .. 2 62
B-F .. •• 2 45
F-H •• 2 50
(d) Lastly, measure these ,d.istances in the field and mark the
corners so arrived at. ·
(1) To measure land to be taken up, e.g., for a Railway road,
etc.
Examplt.-Let A B C 0, Figure XI, be a Number from whiclt
an area as shown in red ink is to be taken up for a Railway.

A
..~-~, .. I>

I
I ...
I
~

F"

c·
 89 '
{11) Measure from A E (2 chaine lliDk) and from E F (SO links).
Set up base line from E G and fix points K and J therefrom as
shown: lastly, meeaure D G (I chain 121inb) and G H (60 links).
(b) Plot these measurements on a scale of I . 2,000 as in Figure
XII, an4 take out tile uea of the land for the ~ay and of the
remaining portions by area square. These will be found to be-
H<ctarn Area
No. I 0 42
Railwo7t...d •• 0 14
No.2 •• I 03
ToW .. 1 59

·-
I
I
I
I
I
I

J
0
~

Ca 413()-7a
 98
CHAPTER VIII

PRACTICAL MEASUREMENT
1. The practical meaaurement work of the Surveyor chiefly
consists of the following kinds : -
(I) Partition either on application due to new pot-hossas or in
execution of a Court's decree.
(2) Fixing the position of missing marks in a Survey No. either
on application of the occupants or in the course of ordinary work
such as repair of boundary marks.
(3) Boundary disputes.
(4) Acquisition of land for public purposes such as roalls,
achoola, dharmashalaa, etc.
(5) Measurement of lands for Mn-agricultural purposes.
(6) Measurement of lands to be given for cultivation out of un-
aasesaed waste numbers.
(7) Measurement of alluvial lands formed on the bank of nalas
and either· added to adjoining numbers or formed into new
numbers.

• In sending up the correspondence after dispcsal the Surveyor must

of course attarh Kacha and Pakka tippans showing all the necessary
details. On these tippans all new boundary lines must be shown in
red ink.
In each class of case the following procedure must be adopted.

z. Partition on application due to. new pot-hissa or Court's decr.ee.-

(a) In partition cases the areas partitioned wtll usually l,e divided into
pot-hissa and not into fresh survey numbers. Hence, boundary marks
need not be erectad unless the parttes desire that Lhts shoukl be done.
(b) Measurement will in such cases be made according to the rhalni
system described in the preceding chapter ·
. (c) In the Kacba and Pakka ttppans the. new boundomes woll be
shown in red ink and the pot-hissas numbered from left to roght and
from north to south. One ttppan will be drawn for the whole number
and D.Ot separate tippans for each pot-lussa.
 91
(J) If boundary marks are to be erected they must he put up on tlte
spot and not left for the occupants to put up afterwards.

(e) In his forwarding endorsement the Surveyor will state tlte

nurn ber of days spent by him in the work and if hired labour has bee a
employed will forward a muster roll or receipt of payment, if the
amount is paid from the permanent advance amount. The muster
roll or the receipt must be signed by the patil and the tulathi and by
the payees. He will also refer to and explain all discropancie• betweell
the new and original measurements.

(j) In carrying out the partition, he ie to see that the provisioaa

· of the Born bay Prevention of Fragmentation and Consolidation flf
Holdings Act are not breached and fragments 11re not created in tlaa
process of partition.

(g) In the districts where the Plane Table System is introduced all
holdings physically partitioned are measured and papers in conDcc\ifla
with the formation of new pot-bissa are prepared.

3. Fixing lhe position or missing marks and boundary disputes.-( a) I a

tltis case tlte Cadastral Surveyor has only to fix the missing marks by
mea~s of the old measurements as explained in Chapter IV.

(6) Where the WOJ'k is done on appHcation it must be carried out.

in the presence of the parties and their Kabulayats taken. The
parties on both sides {)f the common boundary under dispute must be
intimated 15 days in ,advance about the date fixed by the Surveyer
for carrying out the measurement to enable the parties to remain
presant at the time of measurement.
{c) If there is no difficulty, no Kacha or Pakka tippans need of course
be sent but if there be some dispute on the ground then Kacha and
Pakka tippans must be sent showing the old boundary in black ink
and the new or disputed boundary in red ink. In the districts where
the Plane Table System is introduced the Survey Number on both
the sides of the common boundary must be measured and the common
·boundary refixed. The Wahiwat boundary or the actual possession
on the spot as noticed at the time of measurement must be shown
clearly by dotted lines. All permanent boundary marks noticed and
those missing clearly shown by the usual conventional signs.
 92
. (d) If the work is done on application the usual details regarding
the time spent on the work, the cost of labour, etc., should be given .
.f. Boundary disputes in case of reconstituted blocks
formed after consoUdation of holdings."-These will be setfled
in a similar manner. As the block will consist at times of various
hissas or parts of hissas from different Survey Numbers, the Surveyor
must carefully see of what original Survey Numbers andHissas,
it is formed and determine the boundary with reference to the tippans
of these Survey Numbers till a fresh tippan of a block is available.

). Acquisition of land for public purposes.-(a) In such

cases the measurement work will be carried out accordmg to the
Phalni System.
(b) In all cases where land is acquired for public purposes new
•numbers should be formed and boundary marks erected except in the
case of survey numbers, divided into two or more parts by railway,
canal or road passing through it. The road, canal or railway
should be treated as Kharab and excluded from the total area of
the survey number.
6. Measurement of land for non-agricultural purpose,
such as bungalows, lime kilns, quarries, etc.-(a) In this case
the areas measured have to be made into separate survey numbers
and boundary marks erected.
(b) In making the measurement, the Surveyor after fixing the
boundary of the Survey number will measure that part only so far as
is necessary to correctly locate the position of the area converted to
non-agricultural purpose in that survey number according to the
Phalani System. When the area stands included in the City Survey
limits, the measurement is to be done on the same scale on which
City Survey is done, otherwise_ the most common scale is I : 500.
(c) If the boundacy marks are to be erected this should be done
the_re and then and not left to the occupant to put up afterwards.
In his forwarding endorsement the Surveyor must certify that this
has been done.
(d) The Kacha and Pakka tippans must show the boundary of the
old Survey Number in black ink and of the new Survey Number
in red ink. · If the Wahiwat boundary differs from the recorded
 93
boundary, the wabiwat boundary should be shown in dotted line and
the recorded boundary by thick continuous line. Houses, etc.,
should be coloured with red or blue pencil so as to distinguish t11.e
areas UDder them.
7. Measurement of waste land for cultivation.-The cases
of grant of land for cultivation are generally received after the land
grant is sanctioned by the Prant Officer or Collector on the basis
of the rough sketch prepared by the Mamlat.dn or Circle Inspector.
In that case the Surveyor has to measure the land according to the
Phalni System and erect boundary marks if not already erected.
In his forwarding report he shall certify that this has been done.
If the case is received only for the opinion whether the land pro•
posed to be granted is fit for cultivation, the Surveyor should obtain
the specific instructions from the District Inspector of Land Records
and supply that information by inspecting the spot.
a. Measurement of alluvial lands.-(a) Such lands are
usually am~lgamated with the adjoining Survey Number ; hence tho
adjoining boundary of the number. must be first fixed before the
alluvial land is measured.
(b) Measurements should be carried out by chain and cross-staff
and boundary marks erected on the spot.· In the tippans the bonn·
dary of the ad}oining number should be shown in black ink and
of the land newly added in red ink. The area should also be hatched
in coloured pencil.
(c) The Surveyor must note that according to Section 33, Maharashtra
Land Revenue Code, if the area of the alluvial land is less than one acre
then the occupant has the right to the free use of il.

In his forwarding report the Surveyor must call the attention of the
Mamlatdar to these rules, if they apply to the particular case in point.
(d) It may here b,e noted that a similar rule applies in the case of
dilwvian, e.g., where an occupant applies for reduction of assessment
because part of his Number has been washed away by a river or stream.
In such a case he is not entitled to remiss ion unless the area washed
away exceeds l acre and in J?aking h.is report the Surveyor should
draw attention to such facts ~~ the)l ex1st.
 '14

CHAPTER IX

THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IN mE C. P. DISTRICTS

(PREVIOUSLY FOLLOWED)
In the four Central Provinces districts of Nagpur, Chanda, Wardha
and Bhandara fcir the purpose of measurement a slightly different
method is followed. The method of recording the measurements
is also different. In these districts the theodolite framework is doDe
on traverse sy.atem and detailed measurement is done either by
Plane Table or optical square. The detailed measurements of iR-
dividual Survey Numbers are not preserved. The. only measurement
records available are (i) Traverse framework and (ii) Village maps
drawn to the scale of I"= S Chains or I : 3960, the chain being of
66 feet. The village maps are not printed. They are traced by the
tracers and only one copy is preserved with the Settlement papers
and the other supplied to the Village Officers. The copy supplied
to the Village Officers is commonly called as . working copy of the
map. The corrections subsequent to the Settlement which take
place due to sub-divisions, land acquisition, and the like, are pro-
visionally measured by the Patwaries and working copies of the maps
are corrected for day to day uS"e. The Survey Records are not main-.
tained up to date by a separate professional agency, as is done in the
rest of the Districts but elaborate resurveys are· undertaken at each
periodical settlements and all changes which have taken place since
the last settlement are measured and mapped and maps are brought
up to date at the time of introduction of fresh settlement. For the
purpose of provisional day to day maintenance of the working copies
of the map, the Patwaries are trained in Survey and they conduct the
Survey mostly by the optical square on the basis of the traverse
framework. The traverse .framework is also checked by the Pat-
warie&,. Revenue Inspectors and Assistant Superintendent of Land
Records, and Superintendent of Land Records. If any station is
 95
m!ssing, it is reported to the Superintendent of Land Recorda, NagpUI
C~r~e, Nagpur, who 'has special staff of Traversers to replace such
mwsmg stones, etc.

The optical square serves the same purpose as that of the crosa-
s!aff, ~.e., dividing the field into right-angled triangles or trape-
z•umr.

The Principle of the Optical Square:

The optical square is a triangular metallic case within which two
mirrors are set at an angle of 4.5° to each other. Half the mirror ia
on-silvered or kept open so that an observer looking through the eye-
hole at the side of the case can directly see through the open or un·
silvered portion of the mirror the flag planted on the chain line or
base line. When a point is reached on the chain line where an offset
should fall from the flag posted on any given mark on the field corner,
it is reflected through the opening on tbe side of the case from one
mirror to the other mirror and this reflection is seen through
the eye-hole to be coincident with the fiag on the chain line.

The Indian Optical Square:

It is a hollow brass box of 5 centimetres sides and 3 centimetrrs
depth with a handle. It contains two rectangular mirrors, X andY,
fixed at an angle of 45• to the inclined sides. Above these mirrors
there are two rectangular openings. For taking an offset with this
instrument the Surveyor should stand on the chain line and hold
the instrument quite erect with the face of the instrument towards
the. direction of the object to be offsetted. Then the Surveyor should
put hi! right eye to the opening over the mirror and look through
the opening over the other mirror to the fiag to be offsctted. Then
move slowly along the base line until the base line fiag and the offset
mark fiags coincide. 'Xhe point at which you will see both the flags
coinciding is the point on the base line which is at right angles to the
fteg to be offsetted.
 96

The Use of the Optical Square:

Suppo11e XY to be a chain line pro-

eeeding in the direction of Y at which a
flag is planted and Z an object to the left
where a pole is set up and to which an
offset is to be taken. Stand at X look.ing
towards the ftag Y and hold the optical
square in hand having its open face
towards the flag at Z. Start moving on
the line XY towards Y. Put your light
eye to th-e opening over the mirror and
look through the opening over the omer
mirror to the flag. The image of the
pole after reftection from the mirrors will

[__ --- be seen by you eitht>r to the right or to

the left of the ftag at Y. If it is to the
right you must advance slowly towards Y
'Z. until the flag at Z coincides with the fiag
at Y. If it is to the left you must go
back towards X in the same way until the
coincidence occurs. The point on the
base line XY where the flags at Y and Z ,.
coincide is a point of offset line on XY
·to the point z. In using the instrument
X hold it quite straight.
e
The Method of Survey:
The procedure of Survey and the form ofthc field look in common
t~ae and the method of calculating area are given below :-
In the Ex-Central Provinces districts, vi.w., Nagpur, Bhandara,
Wardha and Chanda, the chain recognised is of 66 feet unlike
the 33 feet chain in vogue in the remaining (4) districts of V1darbha
region, vi:r., Amravati, Akola, Buldhana and Yeotmal. The chain
of 66 feet is divided into 100 parts (called links), one link being
equal to 7·92 inches.
The square ruled sheet (known as Sectional-shed) with Traverse
Stations plotted thereon is used by the Surveyor on the spot for
preparing the village-map to the scale ·of 16 inches "to a mile (i.l••
1 Inch =;= I0 Chains of 33 feet). He records the measurements In
 97
linka by observing olt'Kts to corners of fielda and other topographical
details, from the traverse line, with the optical square. The mea-
aurements on the base line (traverse line) are progreaaive. The
field-book does not show the sketch of the field under Survey but
only the position of the corner ·to which offset ia taken. Offsets
from the traverse lines are taken to corners aituated within 500 links,
the other corners being sighted from aubaidiary bate linea, without
dividing the field into triangles and trapezia. ln order to form sub-
sidiary base lines, a suitable point ia fixed by inter eectlon from two
fixed poults on the traverae line and thia Rew point Ia called "Goda"
point used for subaidiary base line thua : -

.... ... .
....... .... t
....
..........
I

1 ---- -·- ·-'- --- -· N

Circles marked 1 and 2 denote the traverse stations. Points N

and Q are " Goda " points fixed by intersection from the traverse
stations and other points M and P (at known distances on the
 98

traverse line). These subsidiary base lines are shown on the sectional
sheet in pencil only. The field-book will show the measurements of
base line and offsets on the 3 base lines thus:-

I
I
I
I
I I
i
I
.. -,
..,
•I
-,--••11§0
I t
'I
I
•
I
I
I
I
I

'--·r
I
I I I I 1 I
:a+o
I 1 I I
1 I 12.5 I I
I I
I I I I
'~-~)
~7~ k (----·. I ,,.."" + I I
I I I I
I I I
I I
I
I I
, I I I I
I I I '~o
I
I I I I I
~ "o I
I
I I
t
Si «.rttr(.f1o"' & I
1'~~-S\O.i iol) No ·1
1u ll"ca. ~h:\io1\ H o 1..

Area is calculated by area-comb from the sketches plotted on the

village-map on the sectional-sheets to the scale of 16 inches to a mile,
which is fairly accurate, though not exact as in Vaslewar method.
 99

The Metho~ of Survey:

The form of the field-book, with a sketch of the area uuder survey
and the method of area calculation feilowed in Chanda Survey are
given-

4- •00
- -- - - !,••• •·. 0
 teo

To"taJ
5l·o ch.Un.s
'2.§.o sWiora No.2

I· o

3·o

5·o
 101
Area calculation

'
Product
Chain-line Offset
+ -
2·0 .. 3·0 •• 3·0
2
5·0 .. .. .. 6·0
2
I.S·O ••

10·0 .. •• .. 7·0 35·0 ••

2
11·0 .. 6·0 33·0 ••
2
8-() .. 4·0 16·0 ••
2

Total •• 99·0
Deduct •• 3·0

Balance •• 96-0 Sq. Chains

X4 (I Sq. ChaiD
... 4Area)

384 Ares, ;,,,,

3·84 Hectares
 102
C lOSSARY OF MEASUREMENT TERMS
Marathi Explanation
Bandh Map The length of the boundary of a field between
any two comers.
Gunakar The calculation of the area of a field.
Kshetra The measurement sketch of a Number drawn
to scale.
Kshetra Book • • The measurement boolll containing such
Kshetra.
I..ambi .. The base line.
Rundi .. •• An offset.
Tippan •• The measurement skc!tdl of a number not
drawn to scale but showing the measurementa.
Tippan Book The measurement book containing such
tippans.
Varaa Mul • • The ready-reckoner of squares and squue
roots (f!ide Chapter VI).
Vula The triangle and trapezia into which numbers
are divided by the cross-staff.
YuaVasla A V asia due to an· offset passing Ol.\tside the
number and which has to be deducted in
making out the area.
Maharashtra
' .. . ' . '
·. Government
' . . ~
· Publications··
'

can ·. be .obtained
. . from~
.
. .\'.

THE DIRECTOR . '

G'overnment Prii1ting and Stationery,·
Publi<;~tions B~anch~ .Ch.ariii Road Gardens,
Netaji :Subhash' Road . BOMBAY~4

THE SUPERYISQR .· .
Goveri1ment Book. Depot
<for' Ccr~tral Governr;1e11t Publications> ·
Yu~irf B~ilding; .Hornby Roaq, . : .
' .
lJ :loot, Rooni No . .2(
Flora Fountaifl . . . .•• ' BOM,BAY ~1

TH£. SUPERVISOR·
Gover~m\:nt· Book Dep.ot;
Deccan Gymkh_ana, Badwe Building;
B~andar:~ar 'Road, Lane-III .. POONA-4
. '
THE MANAGER :
qovernment Press and Boo!; .Depot,,
I . , .

Civil Lines •.• 'NAGPUR-1

·,.
THE SUP,ERVISOR,
·Government Book Depot,
Saha C'Janj, Near' Gaiidhi Chowk ,.
' .• , AURAN.GABAD
THE RECOGNISED BOOK SELLERS