NEPHROLOGY (FLASHCARDS)
1. Recommended kidney imaging modality in patients with chronic kidney
disease
Ans: Ultrasonography
2. Cancer risk associated with Balkan endemic nepropathy
Ans: Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis, ureters, and
bladder
3. Urinalysis finding that distinguishes hemoglobinuria from hematuria
Ans: Absence of erythrocytes
4. Essential drug class in the treatment of resistant hypertension
Ans: Diuretics
5. Characteristic urinalysis finding in renal amyloidosis
Ans: Proteinuria, often in the nephrotic range
6. Diagnosis associated with hyperkalemia, a normal anion gap, metabolic
acidosis and a urine pH .5.5
Ans: Type 4 (hyperkalemic distal) renal tubular acidosis
7. Two characteristic urine microscopic findings associated with glomerular
hematuria
Ans: Dysmorphic erythrocytes and Erythrocyte casts
8. Condition characterized by persistent hematuria, normal kidney function,
and positive family history of hematuria without kidney failure
Ans: Thin glomerular basement membrane disease
9. Initial step in the management of infection-related glomerulonephritis
Ans: Treat the underlying injection
10.Recommended monitoring of patients with isolated hematuria and a family
history of hematuria
Ans: Periodic measurement of kidney function and urine protein
11.Ambulatory blood pressure threshold for initiating pharmacologic therapy
Ans: Blood pressure average ≥ 125/75 mmHg
12. Three interventions for chronic management of uric acid nephrolithiasis
Ans: increase urine output, alkalinization of urine, xanthine oxidase
inhbitors (eg. Allopurinol)
13. Diuretic choice for resistant hypertension in patients with stage ≥ 4
chronic kidney disease
Ans: Loop diuretic
14. Recommended treatment approach for elderly patients with end-stage
kidney disease and a high burden of comorbid conditions and poor
functional status.
Ans: Nondialytic therapy (palliative care)
15. Blood pressure indication for initial combination antihypertensive
therapy.
Ans: Blood pressure ≥20/10 mm Hg above target
16. Diagnostic intervention for white coat hypertension
Ans: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
17. Clinical presentation, urine findings, and fractional excretion of sodium
associated with aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity
Ans: Nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis, granular casts in the urine
sediment, fractional excretion of sodium ≥1%
18. Two metabolic complications commonly associated with
immunosuppressive medications used in kidney transplantation
Ans: Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia
19. Three indications for mechanical kidney stone removal
Ans: Large stone (≥10 mm), failed medical management, complicated
nephrolithiasis (urosepsis, acute kidney injury, anuria, refractory
pain)
20. Type of kidney disease associated with elevated levels of IgG4
Ans: IgG4-related interstitial nephritis
21. Condition associated with hypovolemia, metabolic alkalosis, and
increased concentrations of urine sodium and urine chloride
Ans: Diuretic use
22. Common cause of decreased serum creatinine in the elderly in the
absence of any change in kidney function
Ans: Decrease in muscle mass
23. Pneumococcal immunization strategy in patients with chronic kidney
disease.
Ans: Vaccination with both the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate
and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines
24. Acid-base disorder associated with laxative abuse.
Ans: Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
25. Two highest cancer risks in kidney transplant patients
Ans: Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, Posttransplant
lymphoproliferative disease
26. Strongest nonmodifiable predictor of the development of acute kidney
injury after cardiac surgery
Ans: Preexisting chronic kidney disease
27. Condition associated with bone pain, hypophosphatemia,
hyperphosphaturia, and low 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D and normal 25-
hydroxy vitamin D concentrations.
Ans: Oncogenic osteomalacia
28. Renal replacement modality preferred for critically ill, unstable patients
with acute kidney injury
Ans: Continuous renal replacement therapy
29. Mechanism of tissue injury associated with anti-glomerular basement
membrane antibody disease
Ans: Antibodies directed against the noncollagenous domain of type
IV collagen
30. Mechanism of serum creatinine elevation in patients taking
trimethoprim
Ans: Decreased creatinine secretion (no change in glomerular
filtration rate)
