sheng-yalipayil sutu sung Sung Hut Yao Kao sung Sih ‘Ta Ming Huiten Tantan Tank ‘Two T Chih Lich Taymey ‘Tebchow tune ‘Tang st Yang Ko wane Wang Tera Wang Teyian Yang Shen Yong Tehou Wen Kao vita Yan Yung Lo Prehispanie Soutce Materiis AG MGtR aa R RSS RL KER SH a HOR 8 en “@ BORA & BRK BAR Ee HARB aH we x& Chapter 4: THE MARAGTAS? Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro’s Maragts, or History of Panay {rom the first inhabitants and the Bornean immigrants from which ‘he Bisayane are descended to the arrival of the Spanterds,2 was, published by the Kadepig sang Bana (Advocate of the Town) at the El Tiempo Press, Holl, in 1907, 1¢3e waitten in mixed Flay on and Kinviraya, the author having been a native of the border region between theca two Visayan dialect, A second edition was published by the Malcinaugalingon Press in 1929, and a third eiition in 1957 by Sol Gwelih under a copyright held by the authors 4on duanito L, Montzcaro, which differs from the origi nal only in certain orthographic zeform# and more collogulal version ofthe titles Pedro Monteciaro was born in Migg., Hoilo, on 15 October 1850, graduated from the Seminario Colegio de Jaro in 1869, was, tice married, and had five children. He served as Tenlente Mayor ‘in 1881, and Gobernadorello in 18922804, and became @ local hero duting the Revolution and the American Invasion both for 1s leadership and diplomacy. He served ss Liaison Oticer during {e Americon occupation of the area, and was the fit President of Miao (1901-1903), during which period fhe began the re ‘earches which resulted in his publication of the Meragas. He Wa6, ‘ko Imown a8 a poet in both the vemacular and Spanish, and a few of his Visayan songs have survived, He died on 18 Apr 1909, id is memorialized in the name of the local Philippine Constab, ary base, Camp Monteclaro, ab whose ge his statue stands « ‘The word maragts is used by the author as the equivalent of the Spanith Astoria, nd glossed In the 1967 edltion with Viszyan (2uron (“ascount"), though commentators have regula sought {lme Sanskrit origin for the word, (Guillermo Santiago Cuno, for ‘temple, considered it a corruption of s Sanskrit term meaning ‘Beat people" or “eat couniy.") Presently speakers of Visi Um Rowever, know the word only as the title of this hook oF "tome prebispanie manuscript believed to be its origi. Tt 16 inBinney ) Prohispante Source Materls cousideration of this latter orinion that the provenance and con: fends of the book must be examined} desi Provenanee.~Considerston of the proverance of the Maras muat Begin with the author’ own statement as set forta in his ‘NPoreword tothe Readers," which i here quoted in ful: 1 wrote ‘hie Maragten, a history of the fint inhabitants of the island of Panay, with great reluosanes for fear I right be considered too presumptuous. I would therefore hive re frainod from waiting it but for my baring dete to reveal to ‘the public the many dita whion [gathered from records about ‘te fiat inhabitants of the island’ of Panay, the arrival of the Detue from Bomeo, their posession and settlement of our land, thelr spread to different parts of the Isané, and their custome and habits ntl the Spenisads came and riled the Philippines In order that the readers of thi Moragtos should not accuse sme of having meraly composed this book from imagination, 1 ‘wish to mention two manuscripts I found.® One of these was given to me by an 82yearcld man, who bad boon the fast, {aacher of the town and who sad it had been given him by his {ather who, in turn, got i fom his father, the olé man's grand father. ‘The long. years through which the manuserpt must hhave passed wore out the paper so much that it was almost Impossible to handle. Worse yet, t war only written in ablack dye and smeared with sap which had burned the paper and ‘made it slmost useless, The other manuscript found i a bar boo tbe where my grandfather used to keep his old paper. ‘This manuscript, however, was hardly legible stall, and was 50 brittle I could hardly hale 1t without tearing it to pieces Having located one manuscript, I concluded there wosld most likely be another copy somewhere, so I decided to inquire of different old men and women ofthe town. My soarch Wat no! in vain for I then came actos the afore-mentioned old man i the ste, who even give me the manueeripts dealing with ‘what happened in the town of Miagao from the tine of itt oundation, I copied thess records in a baok on 22 June 190%, as a memoir for the town of Micg-o, but di not publish thom for the reasons stated. Besides, T was veiting for someoné Detter qualied to write a history of the Island of Panay fr ‘the time of te fz inhabitant, The Meragtas 9 1 should like my readers to Inow dhat wy purpose in writing this Morag oto gam honor for mye fet wana to ihe atl ead in fae core ood ‘The euthor herefore clims the Margtes as an original work ‘used on vaio data Wat he coleeteg hich contig many ethnographic, Ingubtic and histone detais, it nace Spanish terms, and such modem theoriet usw geologcl comsec, Hon between Palawan and Bomeo, is exactly what i ecunce uke, ‘The publishers introduction is equally clears i ‘The following account of history called Maragts written by Mr, Pedro A. Monteclaro describes the different wayo of life of the fist inhabitants of Panay send - [and] i of great lmportance asa collection of many ditierat passages heretofore have been scattered.7 7 ai mens The dramas dpm of the io ney loge docunent trong thee dats intndny as te ont ens sao stom iat the went nt shar feton: he ecuiy wea Sat dte when het copil thom dows vt ne sete ile that tae rv wsrbed nine pret wos weer, ihe content of one of tam" happens I the toe a Mito from the tne ot founda oes nc See oe cam th see mater si le to at pear of te ‘Bons. ia the te eplogn Ne emphases ne ete oe tan of iwtty engi ay joument el ote me Shas and erp Sa oe ‘of the past” (ibid.). sibel eatcetaa ‘conrenrs The Marat soni ofs publiersineoduction by Se dor gua te sine “ort oe Hea aecap be stan elope ed, “Authors contudop ements ‘Sut be thy hol of the oa i nd of enoplogea tralte on th ome cut Sets, here geen ie of ie At ue, Nato of Faeyr to’ ihe ok to son of Ct Plan ie ‘ond chp bg he ea of te com ar ee daeTOA Fine nes, on Pretapante Source Moteriate fiom Boren, Seeing the tyranny of Data Makatunaw, and their purchase of the island of Panay’ from Marikud. The price agreed {pon ie 2 sold gold hat and basin, until che Negrto ehieftan’s ‘wife, Meniwantivan, alsa demands an ankledength necklsce from ‘the wife of one of Ure Bornean datus, in consideration of whieh the natives add a bushel of live crabs, along-tuked boar and 2 fullandered white deer. ‘The names of the datus are glen at follows: uti, leader of the expedition and a mlative of Makatunsw’s, and his wife Pinangpang, who retum to Bomeo, leaving Sumakwel in charge of the Panay tetilement; Sumelewel and his wife Kapi nengan, Iner known as Aloyon, whos sitter is Bangkaya’s wife; Banghaya and his wife Katurong, Kapinangan’s ster, who sitle in Allan and hose son Balingsanga can’t pronounce the sound 7 transmitting thie speech defect to present-day Filigsynon freak: frs in that province; Palbureng and his wife Pabulanan, whose sonsinlaw later attack, loot and kill the Bomean tyrant in revenge; Puiohinog and iis wife Ribongsapaw; Dumangsol and his ‘Wife Kabiling Dumlogog and Lubey, both bachelors; and Balen- ‘ela and Durnangil who sotto in Taal? Chapter 3 falls the romance of Sumakwel, Kapinangan and her lover Gurung gunmg, 2 charming lite tala in i= own tight. Give 1 int of what's going on by his saves, the cuckolded hus. band hides in the atte above the room in which the iit affair e taking place and spears his rival lagrante delieto, moving his wite to sigh, “Ah, how many times have I told Sumakwel not to leave ‘hat spear up there whore t might fall down and burt somebody!" ‘Kapinangan then euts up Gurung-gurung's body to bury it piece ‘meal secredy, and for her pains is taken to sea on Sumakwels conders to be drowned in a weighted jar. The slaves charged with the execution, however, take pity on her and put her aahore onan unknown ‘sland where, in due time, Sumakwel happens tD go ashore. There he sees beautiful gil in a house window and leeras tat she is Aloyon, a goddessqucen served by the local Negitos and, his andor fanned by the flate-paying of one of his taihful slaves, he falls in love and marries her, never realizing that she it 1B former wie On. their way home, Sumakwel’s brothersntaw, Banghay, saves & woman from a eeesaran section operation By massage ahd {s Tewarded with diferent kinds of ceeds which he end Sumakowe! ‘then plant all around the island, ‘Chapter 4 concludes the talo of the tan dais, teling about The Meragtos 9% SSCL i dane stil te funerals, mourning habits, cektighting, timeheceeny Coat, and calendars, and personal charactoristics, ‘The final mae t Se cieracaoee, cin Bed tc ‘nilogue contains a few eightoenth-century dates from Miagrao, Sourecs Several of the heroet of the Marat ana follow. Dr, Juan C, rendain, who played sachet feeb ietacontiaaty fn Vi Gy eae eaecaoset emer mliga keane et edly Miocene nt Sat ae eee preg cme yon’s name is preserved in the name of a river : maha ares Beg ae en ane age ans ee seg ne ce cee ra SSA Seo prc eae rte a acta ae a otc seo Sas ater ra ind Docs, ances te sels eS gee Sore ee Shea wien Scie tere ay heme imo et patentee perc Sele taken Saitama a spat erace et et sonora ace ceey Se = Socata a aes eerste Bes Batra. Si Sark eem Ererat cee bte ramet sentative SELIRSRS SO ge eh te Paper sent to the National Library by the President of Cabatuan, Ee init biPrehispanic Source Materials... 96 oto, in response to Executive Order No. 2 in 3812, names Dulun sete orkinal proprietor of Panay and Abras as his ton who sold Eig aumuad aad Jumadsp, “ascendantes de la raza visaya” and the same document specifically states that she banks ofthe rivers fwere not included in the sale.10 The same legend was sil current mong Aklan Negsitos in 1068: Ds. Orendain jokingly challenged Some of them planting crops ina riverbed nets barrio Piyap! be- {ween Engafa and San dose about their “encroachment” on lang their ancestor had told to the Visayans, to which they good. faburedly retorted that their ancestors had not nctuded the river tanks in the sale, Folatore from other Negi informants-includ- ng the late Tan Martin, who died ip 1948 after ranking as. an Ata ‘chleftain for 60 yeareinlts tat the actual barter took place, not on the seacoast, but in ented Hello in what is now the manicipal- Sty of Dues. 1L ‘Monteclato himself must have run into wuch discrepancies be- ‘cause bis publisher saye, "According to the author, this Maragtos houid not be eonidered ae containing fecta all of which are ‘tceurete and trac, because many of his dats do not tally with whet, wwe ear from ld men” (p. 28). ‘tistory of the fit Datus"-Chaptert 2 and 2 of the Me. rate differ from the reet of the book in being almost straight Inaative, and their content appears in an exier source—a mic hincteenth-centary document or copy of it, which was annotated tnd translated into Spanish by Father Tomés Santarén, OBA, in ‘Jeniuay in 2858, and subsequently published at “Historia de los primers datoe que, procodentes de Eomeo, poblaron esas ist (ifstory of the first datos who, coming from Bomeo, populated these islands)” es Appendix Ii of the 1902 Jeorrotes: estudio} _acogrificny etnogréfico sobre elgurosditritos del norte de Luzén f Fether Angsl Pérez, OBA, Those two chaptar recount the same} frents and contain no rel histori data not contained in the Hl foria and. contradict i only where itis confused of ite sll Contradictory: they omit fe long list of names (including the ai fof the barter, which agrees with the Negito claim mentioned ‘bore—Duetn), but thelr genealogea! information is limited to fs is presumably selected in Montecaro's own remank, “The Spring of the other dafur are not mentioned in the manuscr from. which this Maragiss is frst taken” (p. 87). Moreover, t ‘Moragtas and the Historis have in common the precise details Kepinangan's affair with Guning-guring (including the form o Je Marasten ” Samael nano, wih in Agu oer wed ob Sale vel, mich romatie is nowhere ese reported before the pubes fon of the Moran, baring been iktews ena te Gece hit childhood inthe very place where sappowaly scene Monielaros publisher alto says unambiguous, "The sasered tee tem nich hl wack swt ane om na ho 2 record of what thoy had one and eee sina”. eee document tansated by Rather Santen tls the sme sir tthe tn ane) dt, ht pachne the and fs the Negiton and one oftheir lado manta problema nace tote of thelr ites, slaves, and descendants fo she Sth geneva ion, and sts me than 158 placenames connectod Wits ter seilement of Panay. To thi, Fehr Senaten has ied the telion ose toe ifoeation wich he ao rm © sesond document, nd laces to ti, much longor but wal feveulogcal in content, which he foe not tents, No informa, lion's given about the anguage of te orginal othe conden ot ‘the manuscript except that it was old (that is, viejo, not antiguo) tel that the ast page got loa, speared repetitions, abropt chinges of sbjet, Incomplete pot develo Ines and lack af planning which ae the camaro of or history ‘hg fs ron he ip arming cen ‘of thee stylists tortcomings are iting from Monto dlao's more pated Itwrry werk. The Margo, for example Inirouces new characte wit the necoary Blogaphied Sent Action, wile the Hori, im the manner of folk history, often snentions thelr names ony after they have area played some rt in the parative, ocasonally identiying one incorrectly and Spring the reader neat the end by ference fo one aeady tuned dl The itor reuppon the ade ior ow a of te plans mentioned but the Moraga hes munity fa province, sedan appre ensniccon inte nae tthe ‘ga ett ved ins ton ft Moraga aed “he ranster of Daa Samael snd Date Bangg to Malang ‘ht win, Kapa nd Katong, nape, opel ED Mer sesh grater length of thse two Clap Monteiro’ rts fom he dectpions ofthe tate, mae ee, weapons, food, dances and rs intsomente of he feleyng parti, and such exlantory cfeence ws “e Neptte let wat uneood by on af thar me Deca he haben place before” (p68). ‘Typical ofthe expansive MaraaePrekiepanie Source Meteo 3 aye isthe following imaginative pesage which par he Hi {PIES inpe statement thatthe dataset Borneo in a bot called {eri and lnded ot the moth o ie Srwagan River: ed quety, they sued in thir Dndey oat to Sa a abl wes aan ster things Wc ey eS cy Thay sade long te indo Parag lan) “Sich wa conected with oreo ul an eoringake sn he TR ref eeanes toasted to oo. Whe they nee care eth co af Pare, hey oped the iney Soils of he txt lock fora pace wher told Te 1 Mppne ht they site te end of Panay, o her serrate rote sac ar Saran Rie. i Sey ed tas em an ho ad Been to place (-67) view of he facts hat some of the baron evento the eet‘ ncn ied coniing form in eye REPLI Panay flllore tut that the full story and nae Soc ayn ine two dctment is fie to dabt tn ture: net coving te nema vide, dee sem ine Matra door ronroaotoe cul et hare (22 tenor ted po sie it ba of e SSeticents ont or why te ee Mergtrvta to wep seen nt ve ben wetter bstween 1901 and 1907 wi wien to no ear ten sorts tan & 3st of grees Scie and Father Sete’ natn hee bo exapions Rovere ery portant fo ene the appa fo bs the consion of # patie confederation ‘Bole Seen eosoun! of ome unique ent “Ta, The “Confederation of Madians."-Following the romanct ‘which ends Monteclarols chapter 3, Father Santarén’s tran {dds some disconnected geographic and geneslogcal dats, mot ‘which appears in Montecazo's chapter 4, bat in between the Zgios hes an account of saven revolutions formally adopted by even Panay dats 38 2 kind of «political constitution, They to rename the island Madiaas and divide it among the a twee, with Sumakwel exerting executive authority over the t ‘and felaining ionmecinte jriediction over the lesser four, wit Jegisltive power upon atiesation by any two of these; that three ranking rulers will receive their oaths of office before 2 The serates © cites and pret: and that 0 taxes wal be levi save 2 religous Contbution every seven year. Sie this sppear tobe the oldest political constitution Ia Aaa, apd since Ic prefiganes cen foe {tres of Spanish poly, Ie aihentity must be eaeflly con Sere The author of the Meragty, unfortunatly, gies no informe tion about any of his sores cra or wtten,eecept to say that two of them were roten and almost unzeaable nd that ene of them was sald to beat lest five generations ald He mee 0 mment or speculation on the date or provenance, no deel, ‘uotations or hints of incorporating em nto the teri and spe {ifcaly dsavows any clams to clarity or comprenensvenet™(p. 50). I shard to imagine that tee seven arte ould have her trmamitied scrum four or five centuris without a wnltten copy, and even harder to believe a man of Montocar' eltral aan tens could have poses prehipane polit carta without ‘Sayings. Moreover, Ue ecservative Flipio groups whos tse the prebispanie sept have season of recoring history ot legal deesions nor aid lente Fipnoe a the time of Spanish advent; there is no Spans record of Indigenous Iteracy in Panay: and no echo ofthis pale eontiguration s mown to such unis panized Panay cultures asthe Sulod. Again, ths partial pumage 5b the Moragtr is marked by te sane etcgalomamentaton which isa stylistic characte ofthe whole workegs "Tey etmented ther brotherhood by eating and dining togeher, Using coconut sels cape” (p83) ‘The Moragtn, therefore, ves no resonable grounds for tapping the exter. fy iohirnie "Contam of ‘The “Maragtas Code."“The other exceptions! passage of his. forie significance which does not oveur in the Historia de los pri- mmeros datos comprises the 4th, Sth, Gh, and Teh paragraphs of chapter 5 of the Meragtas This chaptor is 4 description of a variety ‘of general culiural information such af social customs, Visayan ‘equivalents of the dayt of the week, and dilect diiferences, Among the customs axe four rather stringent sanetione—thoee 100 lany to work were bonded over to the wealthy until they 2e- formed, fang which they were cast out of society to live with Nepitos and treed halfeaste offspring: polygamy war practiced ‘til population-cantiol became necessity, whereupon, it wet ‘estricted to the wolltordo and the children of those too poorpete ieee toed os ren ale pete a ee eee ear we td cs mh a ee a pa Ee ee cn aly Slee ae a sei foo ce ie, nue nelle) the “Code of Sumakwel” by Orendain, who per- i et eta ee nee nor of the Maragtas did not provide any data Dia be seen of i coe! coe eas ea i rallel eared in Guillermo Santiago- Set ert fe ran Casa ie profeed to hare been teanlated net from Bi Dette wn Prog” Une. Menlo, Santi Cuno ot ing pe provenance of he suc, ati we Se “suspect since Uhere is no evidence that the word maragtas isle sues ns Cte the dle of that 1907 book whowe has ove es etl held by the suthor’s son, and it was not published Fe gor any ober nd of Ppine wing et ln onshore, pmo by Teodor AED The wnieh ‘makes an assessment possible—an account of a con- ilo, uh meen Jane de Veyra and Santago-Ouino inthe ld ronan ere ten ne cone took pce & few fst from my desk. I noticed that ‘he sens 00k Fed an uber enc. rom the conto Jae Wat Don ane told the later, te uniot {aon ee had wales) an article in EI Debote wherein be ‘Sova fund Houent on Marga nd at Be renin she mata of Mads accom cove ns inn Cail Reger I hee Don Sse aan dr resnaher ut he scked Bishop Reyes aboot i and tne atop denied aowing the researcher personally, ott gone to Nady, No, Bihop Reyes never elmbed the canlin of Medyau. “Biop Reyes,” 1 heard Don dale Tay, ia Ht, de Veyre’ nephew. Why did you lie about these ‘3 ents wd where ae the documenta?" port Spartan they ore The Me 101 ‘The available evidence therefore suggests that the “Maragias CCode” should be dated in the fourth decade of the twentieth son. tury at the ealest, Use ofthe “Maragtas” by Historians~Not much use was made ‘of the Maragtas by Philippine historians before te Japanese ovcs. pation, such references as Josué Soncuya’s tn his 1917 Historia ‘prehispana de Fiipines having been restricted to a Spanish-speak ing elle, Beyer had an English tansation mace by four of his anthropology students in 1916 (exelding the revealing intredvo. tion and eplogue, however), and what i evidently a Spanish translation of most of it appesred ar the "Municipal history of Miag'so" sent to the National Library in 1911.14 aide had a English translation made for his own purpoues by Girilo Delar in 1042, and Manuel L, Carreon, with the help of Vieayen-rpeaking assistants (he could not speak that lmguage himsel), prepared one ‘during the Japanese occupation which was diy circulated in type: ‘eript by the Philippine Executive Commission of the Department ‘of Education, Health and Publie Welfare in September 1948, with ‘ rather chavinistie paraphrase appearing in the 1944 Philippine ‘Review (sample: “Although said to be ina primitive stage of eve zation, the Neartos tad well-ngnined Yor of vocieaconomie ite") ‘This prewar indifference to Philippine history was replaced after national independence hy a sanguine enthusiasm perhaps typified by Beyer's tartting~and unsypported~atatement in 1949) hat the Maragtas was a pohispanie doeument.18 Ts myth wat kgven wider circulation by another anthropologist, the late Tom Hariston, editor of the Serawak Museum Journal, by publishing {he Cartéon translation in 1987 with an introduction which per Sits in refering to Monteclaro not at the sthor of the Marggtae ‘bu asthe mere redactor or transerlber of some ancient Philippine legend, an ilusion strengthened by Curreon's subtitle, “The ear list Inown Visayan text": the expansion of Santiago Cuino's ‘completely unsubstantiated 1938 clams into “a painstaking soy of the original Maregtar manuscript"; and the invocation of 2Zeide's name as an authenticating associte, vi, “After a careful Study of the gencalogy and contemporary rie of Data Makatunavwe ‘a Borneo, Dr, Gregorio F. Zaide... agree with Soncuys thet this ‘ode was promalgited in 1212” (pp. 51-58, and 98-99). (In setual fact, Soncaya doesa’t mention the “code” at all in his Historie Prehispana, and Dr. Zside stated in 2 personal interview on 23,Prehigpanie Source Materials we 2 sci nn fie Seopa etaeamecpates Fes bs ae Sr ett ten an pe peer Gaewaimacweesaena in fo0, be Aurora Ten esa He tr’ i riba aeons oe em ie Si ei vis ar eps Coemaastenat ae | peas pee oe ab ee es geo Te nuiaior tt they aw not relaves of Montero, nd do not romember having supplied any such document to Miss Then ia negotiate the rth eae ae i So pirersan aortas a Soa cemane aioe seater once tet foe na Seino. eee Hepes pense che oe Hee ara eee eae oe ceotcnnn eee mere (ime ticaah acepeeneaant ne melanie manana ton ata amie hehe al hictens eras Soon eats woes cuieamas tt bie shat be ae een te 108 Orendain also published Ten datus of Modisas in 1968 in the st ‘of an histrical novel because his retearebes in 1980 1061 at the ‘request of the Montecaro heirs for & definitive English edition had Aiselored {oo many local variations for exsy resolution Sperulations on the date of the legendary Bornean migration. have taken three different points of departure, none of which bas proved very productive. ‘The similarity between the Philippine and Borneo terms Biszye/Vitaya, as well asthe name ef the medieval “Svi-Vishaya” empire, has been extensively discussed with no more than inconclusive or negative resus, Again, since the island of Panay was not under Muslim domination ‘when the Spaniards arrived, it hat been argued that the migration must have taken place before the introduction of Iam into Borneo-although, a: ‘matter of fact, there are sill pgan peoples in Borneo, and modern Scholars in Bomeo have specifically suggested that both Data Putt and Datu Bangkaya were Muslims. Or recourse hs been made {0 Jomué Soncaya who recommends Ue thteent; century on the founds that this is the “period alluded to by the unpablished thronicles (Philippine Library, historical documents) from the ‘aunilpalities of Mambusao, Cepis and Bugasong, Antique, which, tue dated in the year 1212.°1° Judging from evidence which bas survived the Battle of Manila, however, these documents appear to havo been assigned to this year-not dated~by the puble school teachers who submitted local histories to the National Library tm 1911. Moreover, Soncuya was notably looge in his tse of dates, ‘aleulating 1212 as being 16 generations after 1160, for instance. ‘Summary:~The Maragtas san orginal work by Pedro A. Mon- feslaro published in mixed Hilgaynor and Kin-taya in lloilo in 1907 which claims to be nothing more than that. It was based on ‘written and oral sources then avalabe, and contains three sorts of ‘subject matier—folk customs stil belng prteticed or emembered by old folks, the description of an idealized political confeceretion Those existence there are reasonable grounds to doubt and for Which there f= no evidence, and a legend recorded in 1858 of a ‘migration of Bomean setters, some of whot are ail remembered ‘folk heroes, pagan deities or progenitors of part of the prorent. Population of Panay. There is no cearon to doubt that this legend Breterves the memory of some sctusl event, but it not possible paste a decide which cence Es ents ‘aisssion %