CAMBRIDGE

CAMBRIDGE
STANDARD
O’LEVEL
ISLAMIYAT
ISLAMIYAT
2058
2058
PAPER ONE NOTES
PAPER ONE NOTES

Professor Riaz Muhammad Arif

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
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Title Cambridge Standard O’Level Islamiyat 2058 Paper Two Notes

Author Professor Riaz Muhammad Arif

Cell: 0333-4492108
E-mail: pdrmarif62@yahoo.com

Published by Shahaan Publications

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PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
PREFACE

Nothing to say except thanks to Allah Almighty who has showered his endless blessings
upon a humble creature like me to accomplish a task of preparing notes of Islamiyat Paper
1 code 2058 in accordance with the need of Cambridge International Examination (CIE)
and the Edexcel Board for the students of O’Level. This book covers all aspects of syllabus
2015-2017 for paper 2 and comprising upon Mark Scheme of Cambridge University
Examination Branch.

I whole heartedly acknowledge the co-operation of Mrs Uzma what she extended to me in
this work for editing and valuable recommendations.

I am also thankful to Shahaan Ahmed Khan and Hassaan Ahmed Khan who have assisted
me and done all composing and computer work up to the mark without fail.

I pray to Allah the Merciful and All-Gracious in the words of Prophet Muhammad SAW, “O
Allah! By Your ISM-E-AZAM and by Your ISM-E-AKBAR.” kindly accept this of mine humble
effort in your bountiful court and shower your grace upon those who get benefit from it for
their examination with high success for ever. (Ameen).

PROFESSOR RIAZ MUHAMMAD ARIF

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER: 1. MAJOR THEMES OF HOLY QUR’AN____________________________ 04
Previous Questions:
CHAPTER: 2. HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF QUR’AN_____________________ 25
Description /Structure of Qur’an, Revelation of Qur’an, Why Qur’an Was Revealed In Stages,
Revelation of Qur’an Between 610-632 AD, The Importance of Prophet SAW Experience of
First Revelation, How Qur’an Is Useful In Legal Thinking / Matters, Contents And Themes of
Qur’an, Ijma (Consensus of Opinion), Ijma During Life Time of Muhammad SAW, Kinds of
Ijma, Foundations of Ijma, Abrogation of Ijma, Examples of Ijma Carried Out After The
Death of Prophet SAW, Qiyas (Anology), Pillars of Qiyas, Conditions For Qiyas.
Previous Question:
CHAPTER: 3. LIFE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE HOLY PROPHET SAW____ 49
Life In Makkah, Condition of Makkah At The Time of Birth of Prophet SAW, Birth of Holy
Prophet SAW, Harb-Ul-Fijjar, Half-Ul-Fuzul, Marriage With Hazrat Khadija RA, Fixing of
Black Stone (Hajr-E-Aswad), The Call To Prophet-Hood (The First Revelation), Importance
of Angel Gabriel, WARAQA Bin Naufal, Preaching of Islam By Holy Prophet SAW, Call To
Safa (The Hill), Persecution of Quraish On Prophet SAW, Persecution of Quraish On The
Followers of Prophet SAW, Migration To Abyssinia, Why Did Makkans Pursue Musllims In
Abyssinia?, Boycott of Quraish, Causes of Opposition of Quraish To Muslims And Prophet
SAW, Reaction of Muslims On Persecution, Year of Grief, Visit of Ta’if, Ascension of
Muhammad SAWs Isra / Ma’iraj Night Vist From Makkah To Aqsa, Ascension-Ma’iraj / Isra,
Significane of Ma’iraj, The Pledges of Aqabah, Why Did The Prophet SAW Migrate To
Yathrib (Madinah)? Events of Migration, Importance of Migration.
Previous Questions:
• PROPHET’S LIFE IN MADINAH __________________________________________69
First Year of Hijra, Muwakhat (Brother-hood), Charter of Madinah, Construction of Masjad-
E-Nabvi, Azan (Call For Prayers), Second Year of Hijrah (2 AH), Battle of Badr: 2 AH.
Causes of War, Events of War of Badr, Effects of Badr, Battle of Uhad: 3 AH. Causes, Events
of Uhad, Results of Uhad, Important Events of 4th Hijra, Battle of Trench (Ahzab or
Khandaq): 5 AH. Causes, Events of Battle of Trench, Results of War of Trench, Bait-E-
Rizwan, Treaty of Hudabiya: 6 AH, Importance of Treaty of Hudabiya, Relations of Prophet
SAW With Jews (622-632), Charter of Christians: (6 AH, 628 AD), Messages To Invite The
Kings And Emperors Towards Islam (7 AH), Khyber Expedition, Battle of Mutah (7 AH-629
AD), Conquest of Makkah (8 AH, 630 AD), Importance of The Conquest of Makkah, Batttle of
Hunain (8 AH, 630 AD), The Siege of Ta’if, Tabuk Expedition (9 AH, 631 AD), The Farewell
Pilgrimage / Last Sermon of Prophet SAW(10 AH, 632 AD), Significance / Importance of
Farewell Sermon, The Last Days of Holy Prophet SAW, Khatam-Un-Nabeen, The Seal of
Prophets (PBUH)
• MUHAMMAD AS A MODEL OF EXCELLENCE___________________________83
Honesty And Truthfulness / Al-Sadiq And Al-Amin, Courage And Bravery, Kindness, Justice
And Equality, Mercy And Forgiveness, Patience And Steadfastness, Simplicity, The Holy

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Prophet SAW Relations With Other States, The Holy Prophet SAW Attitude Towards Non
Muslims.
Previous Questions:
• ROLE OF WOMEN __________________________________________________________88
Condition of Women in Pre Islam, Condition Of Women in Islam, The Prophet’s Attitude
Towards Women, What Role Islam Has Prescribed For Woman.
CHAPTER: 4. THE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITY______________________________101
• WIVES OF HOLY PROPHET ______________________________________________101
Previous Questions:
• DESCENDENTS OF HOLY PROPHET_____________________________________113
Previous Questions:
• IMAMAT_____________________________________________________________________115
Previous Questions:
CHAPTER: 6. IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES ________________________________ 127
Previous Questions:
CHAPTER: 7. TEN BLESSED COMPANIONS__________________________________ 141
Previous Questions:
CHAPTER: 8. SCRIBES OF DIVINE REVELATION____________________________ 161

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CHAPTER: 1. MAJOR THEMES OF THE PASSAGES FROM HOLY QUR’AN

ALLAH / GOD IN HIMSELF
The first major belief in the doctrine of Islam is to believe in the existence of One Allah.
Allah is Arabic word which means “nothing except Him.” The name of God has been on
frequent changes since Adam (PBUH) to Muhammad SAW. For instance; He has been called
as “Eil” before Abraham. The names of chief angels mentioned in Qur’an are proof of that
like Jibraeil, Michaeil, Israfeil, Izraeil, (means Servant of Eil ‘Allah’). During Abraham period
He was called “Heim” in Babylonian language, like Ibraheim (means Servant of Heim
‘Allah’). It was further changed to “Eiloheim and Eiloh during Bani Israel due to difference
in languages. Qur’an says,
“For Him are beautiful names.”
Qur’an has many arguments to prove the existence of Allah. There are thousands of Signs
around us in the Universe created by Allah. On discovery of each one we find out the
Magnificence and Supremacy of Allah Almighty. He is alone worthy to be worshipped and
glorified.
There are various qualities of Allah mentioned in Qur’an to elaborate what is Allah in
Himself.
THE CREATOR
He is the Creator of all that exist in this cosmos. He is All-Powerful to create / do what He
likes. When He intends to do something He says, “Be” and it becomes.”
RABB-UL-AALAMIN
He is not only the Creator but also a Cherisher, Nourisher and Provider of sustenance to all
that He has created in this universe. “He is Rabb of all that exist in the worlds.”
AL-MIGHTY
He is Al-Mighty to do whatever he likes. “Indeed Allah is All-Powerful to do whatever He
likes.”
OMNIPRESENT
His presence is everywhere in His created worlds. “So wherever you turn there is the
Face (Presence) of Allah.”

ALL-KNOWING
Nothing is out of His knowledge. He is All-Knowing of everything. “Indeed Allah is All-
Embracing, All-Knowing.”
ALL-LIVING
He is All-Living, All Sustaining and there is no end to Him. “He is (alone), the All-Living,
the All-Sustaining and All-Sustainer.”
THE LAW GIVER
He is Great Administrator Who has given a perfect system and operating law to what He
has created. “This is Allah Who has given perfect order to what He has created.”

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THE UNIQUE
He is so Unique that no one is like Him. “And no one is equal to Him.”
In short everything what He has created glorifies Him all the time. He has unlimited unique
qualities that Qur’an says, “And if all trees in the Earth were pens and the seas (were
ink to write with), supported with seven more seas; yet the Words of Allah will not
exhaust. Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise indeed.”

GOD’S RELATIONSHIP WITH MANKIND

Allah has created the whole world for mankind and the mankind is created for His worship.
Allah says in Qur’an,

“And We have created mankind and Jinni for worship alone.”

The passages from Quran very clearly define the relationship of God with Mankind. The
purpose of the creation of human being is well defined in passage No 06.Allah says.

“O’ Mankind worship your Rabb (Lord) Who has created you and those before you so
that you may become pious.”

The true purpose of creation of human being is to follow the way of Allah in this world
which is the right and true path. In Surah Al Fatiha Allah says,

“Guide us along the right path.”

To meet this purpose Allah has defined it very clearly in the passages No. 1-5, Surah-e-
Zilzal and in passages from 11-15 from the Qur’an in our syllabus,

Believe “in the Oneness of Allah.” “Believe in the Day of Judgment where every
believer will be rewarded and every non-believer will be punished” “Believe in the
Prophets of Allah.”

Passage 11, relating to creation of Adam PBUH, which shows the superiority of human
being on His other creations. Before sending human beings on earth, Allah had created
everything that was necessary for the Mamankind. Passage 7 says,
“Allah created the heavens as canopy, the earth as couch and created the water cycle
in order to survive.”
After the creation, human race was a staunch believer in one God but gradually, they
involved in shirk or making partners with Allah. Therefore, Allah sent Prophets one after
the other to every nation who gave the message of oneness of Allah to their peoples. Allah
says,
“Andt here is guide for every nation.”

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As Allah has showered upon human being His blessings in abundance, therefore the
mankind should worship Allah alone, obey to Him and His Messenger Muhammad SAW,
avoid from unlawful and take hold of lawful all the time and act upon the commandments
of Qur’an and Sunnah, so that the pleasure of Allah may become part of his life here and
hereafter. Allah wants His best creation obedient, submissive to Him and He is all time
ready to give him good reward in Paradise. He says,

“There is a reward of Paradise for those who believe and do good deeds.”

Allah’s Relationship with His Messengers

Allah’s relation with His messengers is one of the most significant topics of Holy Quran and
Islamic faith. Holy Quran says, “It is He, Who has sent His Messenger with Guidance and
the Religion of Truth, that He may proclaim it over all religions.”

“And there is Guide (Messenger) for every nation.”

“Man is Allah’s vicegerent on earth”

Allah clearly commanded right at the outset that if man acts in accordance with His
injunctions, he will achieve peace and tranquility in this world; eternal bliss and joy in the
next world. However, if man indulges in defiance and arrogance, his fate will be eternal
sorrow and affliction in the hereafter.
Allah sent His messengers to keep reminding man of the virtuous path and to resist the
Satan’s attempts of de-tracking the man from Allah and Islam.

Allah sent messengers from time to time to deliver His eternal message to them. All these
Messengers of Allah numbering about 1,24,000 were absolutely truthful, free of any sins,
possessed the highest order of intelligence, mental ability and alertness. They delivered
Allah’s message as it was, without any omission, concealment or alteration. In Qur’an a
number of Surahs have been named after different Messengers, like, Nuh, Ibrahim, Hud,
Yusuf, Yunus and Muhammad SAW. Allah mentions in Surah Nuh regarding Hazrat Nuh,
“We sent Nuh to his people (with command to) warn your people.”

As Muslims, we have been commanded by Allah to believe in all of His Messengers, to

respect them and not to make any distinction amongst them. The Holy Quran says, “We
make no distinction between one another of His Messengers.”

There is a chain of description in Qur’an regarding prophetic signs granted to many

Prophets like Musa, Jesus the Christ, Ibrahim, Salih (pbut). As Alla says in Qur’an to Musa,
“Move your hand into your bosom, and it will come forth white without stain.”

As about Jesus the Christ Allah says in Qur’an, “O Jesus son of Mary! Recount my favors
to you and your mother. Behold! I strengthened you with the Holy Spirit, so that you
spoke to the people in childhood and in maturity. I taught you the Book and Wisdom,

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the law and the Gospel. And behold! You make out of clay, as it were a figure of bird,
by My leave, and you breathe into it and it becomes a bird, by My leave, and you heal
born blind and lepers, by My leave.”

Allah has always helped His apostles and punished and destroyed the wicked nonbelievers.
The Holy Quran says:

“So the earthquake seized them (Samud), and they lay (dead), prostrate in their home.”

Allah’s message to human since the inception of this world has been the same i.e. they must
accept that Allah is the Sole Creator, Sustainer and Cherisher of this universe, He is One and
Unique and that He alone is the Sovereign Lord of the Universe, without any partners to
share in His power and authority.

The first Prophet was Hazrat Adam and the last one is Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH). In
between comes Hazrat Ibrahim from whom emanated a long line of Prophets through his
two sons, Hazrat Ismail and Hazrat Ishaq. From Hazrat Ishaq came Hazrat Yaqoob, Hazrat
Yusuf, Hazrat Musa, Hazrat Daud, Hazrat Sulaiman, Hazrat Isa, while Hazrat Ismail was the
great great grandfather of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH). Previously the message of the
Prophets was confined to particular people, area or time span while the
message of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) is universal, eternal, and perfect in all aspects and for
all of mankind till the Day of Judgment. It is also stipulated in this last message that after
the Holy Prophet (PBUH), no other prophet would now be sent at any time under any
circumstances, for whatever Allah wanted to convey to mankind in final shape, has already
been communicated through him in Qur’an by these words, “But he is the Messenger of
Allah and the Seal of the Prophets.”

All previous Messages were corrupted one way or the other while the last Message from
Allah i.e. the Holy Quran stands intact till today, exactly the way it was revealed to the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) more than fourteen centuries back in Arabia, and will remain intact till the
Last Day; as Allah Himself took charge of its protection. Allah says, “We have sent down
this Dhikr and We are its protectors.”
MARKING SCHEME QUESTION# 1
01 AYAT-UL-KURSI, SURAH AL-BAQRA: VERSE NO. 255

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(a) THEME
This verse is written on the Authority of Allah. There are all un-shareable
unique qualities of Allah in it. He is the only Creator of all that exist. He has
unbound knowledge of Seen and Unseen. He has an immeasurahble power
and authority over all. He is the Sovereign of the whole cosmos. We cannot
imagine comparing Him with anything even in vision too. He is above all.
Qur’an says,
“No one is equal to Him.”

(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME

No one can become Muslim without belief in Oneness and Authority of Allah. We
recognize the Uniqueness and All-Sufficiency of Allah; while on the other hand
we realize that we are all dependent on Allah to the last extent, as we are his
feeble creatures and He is our Master. We need His help at every step of our life.
The Holy Qur’an says,

a. “Indeed Allah has created everything.”

b. Every word of praise belongs to Allah, the Rabb (Lord) of all that exist in the
Worlds.
Therefore we should praise Him, obey Him, and worship Him as He wants;
because we are His creations and He is our Master having full authority.

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2 SURAH AN’AM: VERSE NO. 101-103.

(a) THEME:
These verses describe Tauheed logically. He is the Originator of heavens and earth, so
He deserves worship. He is so Powerful that He can comprehend visions too. Allah says,
c. “He is all powerful to do anything.”
He has created the heaven and earth when there was no such example before. He has no
partner in his worship. He is alone.
(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME
Allah is the real Creator of this universe. There is no one equal to him even in qualities too.
We should worship Him alone. As Allah says,

a. “(O Muhammad SAW)! Read in the name of your Rabb (Lord), Who has created
(all that exist). He (Allah) has created Mankind from a clot of a blood.”
b. “He is All-Knowing of everything.”

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We should acknowledge that Allah is All-Mighty. Who has all power to do whatever He
likes. We should have full faith in Him. We should believe in the One Who gives us all
sustenance all the time without discrimination.
3 SURAH HA-MIM SAJDAH: VERSE NO. 37.

(a) THEME
There are many signs of His creation leading to the Oneness of Allah. In these verses there
is clarity of Allah’s Majesty. The night, the day, the sun and the moon are proof of His
unimaginable power and existence. We usually observe that He sends down rain by which
the barren land converts into lush green and bears vegetation and fruits for us all to eat.
Allah says,
“In the creation of heaven and earth and the alternation of night and day there are
signs for those who have sense.”
In the same manner He will resurrect the dead on the Day of Judgment.
(b) IMORTANCE OF THEME
We should have a perfect belief in Allah. Our belief should be strong enough to the extent
that He is All-Alive and gives life to dead. We cannot go beyond His cosmos even though we
wish so. Therefore we should recognize His existence as He is more near than our jugular
vein. Allah says,
a. “It is of my signs that I give life to dead land and grow in it vegetation of every
kind.”
b. “He has made the earth your couch, and the heavens your roof, and sent down
from the heaven; and brought forth fruits for your provision.”

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We should follow His rules and regulations what He sent down to us through His
Messengers to deserve His blessings. We should worship Him and be not arrogant and stiff
necked to avoid his wrath. Otherwise the destruction is our fate in this world and Hereafter
too.
4 SURAH AL-SHURA: VERSE NO. 04-05.

(a) THEME

These verses of Qur’an are about the Ownership and Supremacy of Allah. The Highness,
Mercifulness of the One Allah is described. Qur’an says,

“To Him belong all that whatever is in the Heavens and all that whatever in the
Earth.”

Angels are only for glorification and service of Allah, but He has also given them order to
seek forgiveness for mankind. As He is the Most Forgiving.

(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME

Committing sins and mistakes are part and parcel of mankind. Forgiving sins is the highest
quality of Allah. Therefore we should turn towards Allah for mercy after committing sins.
He is worthy to worship and forgiveness. Qur’an says,

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a. Say (O Prophet SAW)! “If you want to love Allah, follow me; Allah will love you and
will forgive your all sins. Indeed Allah is the Most-Forgiving All-Merciful.”
b. “Indeed Allah is the Most-Relenting, All-Merciful.”
Angels glorify and have praises of Allah along with imploring for mercy of those who are
pious. The mercifulness of Allah can be judged from the Hadith of Prophet SAW,
“Allah is seventy times more Merciful than mother.”
We should seek His favors in this world as well as in the Hereafter.
5 SURAH AL-IKHLAS: 112:01-04.

(a) THEME
These verses of Surah Ikhlas clearly describe Allah in Himself. He is only One, Self-
Sufficient. He has no one in His association. No one is equal to Him. Qur’an says,
“Allah! There is no Ilah (god, having right to be worshipped) but He is (alone), the
All-Living, the All-Sustaining and All-Sustainer.”
This is one of the basic beliefs of Muslims to believe in the unity of Oneness of Allah. He is
Supreme, Eternal and incomparable to any existing thing or even imaginary in this
world.
(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME

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Muslims should firmly believe in, that Allah is matchless in all respect. He is Originator of
cosmos, All-Powerful, All-Wise, having no associate in His kingdom. It has been cleared
very logically by Allah in Qur’an,
a. “If there was any other Ilah than Allah, the system of this world would have been
disrupted.”
b. He is so powerful that when He intends anything, He says to it “Be” and it becomes
forthwith.
Therefore we should avoid to associate partners with Him. Whatever in the heaven and
earth belongs to Him. He is immortal having neither father nor son. No one can become
equal to Him in any rank. We should have deep belief in Him and should worship the
Worthy to worship.
6 SURAH A-FATIHA.

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(a) THEME
Every word of praise for that Allah who is Rabb, Cherisher and Sustainer, the Most-
Gracious, All-Merciful, and the Master of the Day of Judgment. Qur’an says,
“Whatever is in the heaven and earth glorifies to Him.”
This Surah is the gist of Qur’an. It is the crux of the Prayers of all Messengers of God. The
first three verses of Fatiha belong to Allah and the fourth is common between Allah and His
servant. And remaining three belongs to servant alone. It is a great “Dua” in which servant
of Allah glorifies the Grandeur of Allah and making his attachment with Him by worship,
and then imploring for Guidance and blessings. The main idea here in this Surah is that we
should stick to the right path, away from the wrong one and achieve the goal of success in
Paradise.

(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME

We glorify and praise Allah as He is alone worthy to praise. He is Sustainer and Provider of
everything to entire universe. He has made our lives balanced, made everything around us
for our benefit and made helpful in our straight way. We should seek His Guidance at every
step to avoid the trap of devils. Qur’an says,
a. “None can lead astray the one, whom Allah guides, and none can guide the
one whom Allah lets go astray.”
b. “Allah did not create anything useless in this world.”
Therefore we should become grateful to Allah and seek His Guidance and support for better
ending.
7 SURAH AL-BAQARA: VERSE No. 21-22.

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(a) THEME
These verses clearly describe the Supreme Authority of Allah. He is sole Creator of all
cosmos and Owner of all that exist. The verses deal with the relationship of Allah with
mankind. He showers His all blessing from heaven and enriches the earth with all kinds of
provision for mankind. He says in Qur’an,
“He is the One who sends down water from heaven to give life to the earth after
death. Then there grows every kind of vegetation a benefit for you and your cattle.”
All has been created by Allah for benefit of mankind and he is created by Him for His
worship alone.
(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME
The panorama of the blessings of Allah is all around us; we should utilize it and remain
thankful to Him. We should not make partners to Him. As Allah says in Qur’an,
a. “Allah does not forgive the one who associate anything with Him in worship
and He forgives other than him to whom He wills.”
b. “So worship Him and do not make anything partner with Him.”
We should not be proud of our achievements. We should have strong belief in Oneness of
Allah and His attributions for our sustenance. We should definitely make a presence in
remembrance of Allah by giving thanks and remembering Him. This of our belief will
develop a piety in us and we will become a part of peace and harmony in this world. So we
should praise Allah all the time.
8 SURAH AL-ALAQ: 96 VERSE NO. 01-05.

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(a) THEME

It is about the dispensing of knowledge to mankind in general. The Creator of mankind

and universe has taught the method of getting knowledge, by reading and then by use of
pen. Thus Allah makes easy the skill of achieving abundance of knowledge for mankind
who is basically illiterate. Allah says in Qur’an,
“He taught mankind what he did not know.”
Allah is All-Powerful to do whatever He wills. His approach is limitless and boundless.

(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME

Knowledge is a high blessing of Allah upon mankind. He has given us distinction as the
“best of creation” and bestowed upon us wisdom and knowledge. As Allah says in Qur’an,
a. “It has been great grace of Allah Almighty upon you that He has taught you what
you did not know.”
b. “He has created man. He has taught him the way of expression.”
All learning of the world is the knowledge of Allah. We should start our learning or any
work with the name of Allah, the One who has created us and given us abundance of
knowledge and sustenance here and Hereafter too. We should accept His High Position,
obey His orders and worship Him.

9 SURAH ZILZAL: 99.

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(a) THEME
This Surah is about the Doomsday, the Day of Resurrection and the Day of Judgment,
when all cosmos will perish once, and emerges anew. Then everyone will have to appear
before Allah for accountability of deeds. Qur’an says,
“When the mountains will move like flacks of wool. And the pregnant she camels will
abort their young.”
The mankind and jinni will be rewarded / punished for what they did in their worldly life.
No injustice will be done even to the weight of milligram to anyone else.
(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME
This Surah gives us idea about the Day of Judgment. As it is the fundamental belief of
Muslims to have life after death, and will be accountable for our deeds before Allah.
Therefore we should have to take care in this life regarding our deeds and should not cross
the limits drawn by Allah. Qur’an says,
a. “On the Day of Judgment no relatives, no friends will be of benefit to one
another. That will be a hard day.”
b. “The one whose Book of Deeds will be given in right hand will be glad and
whose Book of Deeds will be given in left hand he will be worried.”
We should not ignore the true purpose of His creation that is obeying Him and His
Messenger and worshipping Him. The one who is believer of the Day of Judgment will not
do such thing in his life which will become a cause of disorder in this world and become a
matter of repentance and shame for him on the Day of Judgment. Therefore we should
follow the way which has been carved out by our Messenger to avoid punishment of Hell.
10 SURAH AN-NAS: 114.

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(a) THEME
This Surah is all about the powers of Allah as Rabb, King and Ilah of mankind. He is fully
capable of giving shelter to mankind against all evil thought. Such kinds of thoughts are
whispered in the mind and heart of mankind by devil or by wicked ones under devil’s
command. Allah guides us to seek refuge with Him in such kind of situations. He is All-
Powerful to provide us shelter from all devils and disciples. Qur’an says.
“Say, I seek refuge with you O my Lord from devil’s instigations.”
(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME
There is only one Omnipotent power of the world that can protect us from all kind of evil
powers and that is Allah alone. We should take refuge with our Rabb, King and worthy to
worship Allah. Qur’an says,
“I take refuge with Allah from the devil discarded.”
Allah pleases a lot when His servant prays to Him and He provides him whatever he asks.
We ask Allah to protect us from all kind of whispers of evil devils and his disciples.
Therefore we should obey Allah and worship Him, as no one is worthy to worship except
Him.

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11 SURAH AL-BAQRA: 02:30-37.

(a) THEME
This is regarding creation of vicegerent in the earth.
As the angels had a precedent of Jinni’s rule before them, therefore they said to Allah, “Will
You give command to the one who will make mischief there and shed blood? While we
proclaim Your glory with all praise? He taught Adam and asked the angels about. They
became helpless by saying, “Indeed You are All-Knowing, All-Wise.” Allah said,

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“Did I not tell you that I know the Unseen Secrets of the Heaven and the Earth and
that I know what you reveal and what you conceal?”
He gave honor to Adam by prostration of angels, but Iblis denied and became discarded.
Adam and Eve disobeyed Allah by instigation of Satan and He made them out from Paradise
by saying,
We said (to them), “Get down you all. You are enemy to each other and in the Earth
there will be a dwelling place for you, along with an enjoyment for a specific time.”
Then some important words revealed to him by Allah, due to that Allah turned towards
him with His Mercy and forgiveness.
“Indeed Allah is the Most-Relenting, All-Merciful.”

(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME

Allah has chosen man as His vicegerent in the earth and gave him intention and authority to
opt between right and wrong. For the purpose to refresh in the mind of mankind Allah has
been sending His Messengers (PBUT) in frequent intervals for Guidance. We all have to
carry out the commandments of Allah with care and obedience. Otherwise those who
disobeyed and argued with Him are cursed. Allah says in Qur’an,
“So they prostrated themselves except Iblis (Satan), he refused and thought of
himself superior and became one of disbelievers.”
On the other hand when Adam (PBUH) did wrong to disobey, he turned towards Him for
Mercy and He forgave him. There is a great lesson in it for mankind, that if he commits
some evil, he should not make lame excuses before Allah for the legitimacy of his
wrongdoing. He should seek forgiveness unconditionally as our father Adam (PBUH) did to
avoid the wrath of Allah.
12. SURAH AL-AN’AM: 06:75-79.

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(a) THEME
In these verses the theme of Tauheed is logically elaborated. Allah guided Abraham
(PBUH) when he viewed and considered stars, the moon and the sun as his Lord, but
thought them wrong when they set down. By their rising and setting he realized that there
is some perfect power behind them which regularize them. So he stopped to associate
dependent things with Allah. Qur’an says,
“Ibrahim said, “Who has created me, He will guide me soon.”
Therefore Allah has guided him to the right path and he left behind all false gods and
goddesses, and turned his face upright toward that One Who has created the heavens
and earth.
(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME
Allah is our Guide for all the times. He has been frequently sending His Prophets towards us
along with His Books. We should utilize from His Book Qur’an and Sunnah of His Messenger
SAW. As in Surah Fatiha,
a. “You (Allah) alone we worship and from You alone we seek help. Guide us
along the Straight Way.”
So that we may not go astray as many among the disbelievers have gone astray.
b. “The Way of those, for whom You have approved Your Favor. Not the way of
those who earned Your wrath nor of those who went astray.”
All of Allah’s Messengers (PBUT) with not even a single exception have told us to worship
Him, He is Alone, worthy to worship. Qur’an says,
c. “The Messengers said to their people worship Allah alone.”
All the natural objects are signs of Allah which invite our thoughts to ponder about the
Creator and obey Him. We should worship Him because He is the Greatest, the Unique.

13. SURAH AL-MA’EDA: 05:110.

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(a) THEME
This verse of Qur’an is about the birth of Isa (PBUH) Jesus son of Maryam SA and his
miracles while he was in cradle and even at maturity. He was supported with the Holy
Spirit to speak in cradle. He was taught Torah and Gospel and wisdom. He used to cure
born blind, leper and giving life to dead along with self made clay bird by breathing in it by
the will of Allah. He was favored by keeping away the children of Isra’el when he came
with clear signs. Allah says,
“Remember O Isa (PBUH) son of Maryam SA! When I showered upon you My
blessings.”
He will return before the Day of Judgment and all people will believe in his Prophet-hood.
As he was lifted by Allah alive when he was being crucified by his enemies. There is a great
lesson in it for all of us.
“(In fact) they neither killed him nor crucified him but it was made dubious to them.”
(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME
Allah gives lesson to the mankind at large through the miracles and blessings what He
bestowed upon Isa (PBUH) Jesus; as he spoke with full arguments in cradle to defend her
mother, when no one can speak. He is Ruh ul Quds, he was given Prophet-hood and a Book
Injil by birth. He was granted abundance of miracles including curing of born blind and
leper, giving life to dead and to self made clay bird by will of Allah. All miracles are powers
of Allah.
a. “Therefore which of the Blessings of your Rabb (Lord), you both will deny”?
Therefore we should believe in Sovereign Authority of Allah Almighty and always worship
Him by inviting His favors for our good life. Qur’an says,
b. If you would count the favors of Allah, never you would be able to count them;
for Allah is the Most-Forgiving, All-Merciful.”
We should believe in Allah, His Books, His all Messengers (PBUT), who were sent for our
Guidance; and always prostrate to Allah in obedience and worship Him.

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14 SURAH AL-DUHA: 93

(a) THEME
This Surah of Qur’an was sent down to Muhammad SAW after a considerable suspension of
revelation and the infidels of Makkah started to voice against Muhammad that he has been
left alone by the one who was teaching him. Therefore Allah consoled the Prophet SAW by
confirming him that he is not alone. As Allah says,
“(O Muhammad SAW)! Your Rabb (Lord) has neither forsaken you nor has become
displeased.”
Allah assures the Prophet for His blessings at his pleasure. It also depicts that Allah has
countless favors for whole mankind. In all the crucial situations when there is no one to
help us He is the last reliance. He provides us sustenance, cure and help us at every
moment of need.

(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME

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This Surah is about the countless blessings, good relations to His Servant and the mankind
at large. He never lets His beloved Servant to suffer in difficult situation. Who is the one to
whom we can implore at the time of crisis except Allah? Allah says,
c. “And when my servants ask Me; I am near to them. Accept their requests when
they make; therefore respond to Me and believe in me alone, so that you may become
successful.”
To perform all obligatory duty to Allah is essential for us. That is not mere worshipping to
Allah. We should take care to prevail harmony in the society in which we live. We should
take care of needy, orphans, widows and all poor around us. In such way we can make our
life good. We should take mercy upon His creatures to show gratitude for Allah’s bounties.
As Prophet SAW says,
d. “The one who does not show mercy, will not be shown mercy.”
We should pray and remain thankful to Allah.

15. SURAH AL-KAUSAR 108.

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(a) THEME
This Surah shows us about the close love of Allah with Prophet SAW. After the death of his
two sons Qasim and Abdullah when Aas bin wa’il and Pagans of Makkah started to mock at
him of not having the male issue; Allah himself condemned their attitude by calling them
abtar (completely cut off). He confirmed the position of Prophet SAW by granting him
Kausar (abundance of every good thing in this world and the Hereafter too). Allah asks the
Prophet SAW to say Prayer and sacrifice. Allah says,
“And remember Allah in abundance, so that you may become successful.”
(b) IMPORTANCE OF THEME
Muslims should have belief in Allah at every moment; even though we are in pleasures or in
grief. It is the nature of mankind when he is in pleasure he ignores Allah, but when he is
afflicted by evil he performs prolong Prayers. We should seek his favors at every moment,
and then Allah bestows His blessings to the extent of satisfaction. As Allah says,
e. “And (O Muhammad SAW)! Soon your Rabb (Lord) will give you to the extent
that you will be pleased.”
We should follow the commands of Allah in the light of sunnah of Muhammad SAW. As
Allah says in Qur’an,
f. “Obey Allah and Obey Messenger.”
Allah has fulfilled His commitments to Prophet SAW. Being a Muslim we should turn
towards Allah in adoration, and sacrifice. We should worship Him alone without making an
association with Him. We should always turn towards Him for Mercy to seek forgiveness
for ever.
CHAPTER 2. HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF QUR’AN
DESCRIPTION /STRUCTURE OF QUR’AN
Qur’an is the Book of Guidance revealed to Prophet Muhammad SAW in a period of 23
years. Allah the Most Gracious created man and bestowed with learning and understanding
to discriminate between right and wrong. He sent Adam (PBUH) on earth and told him that
when Guidance comes to him from Allah he should follow it. From Adam (PBUH) to
Muhammad SAW all Messengers and Prophets (PBUT) received Guidance. As Qur’an is the
final Guidance of Allah therefore it is applicable to all till the Doomsday. It deals with every
aspect of human being. Allah says,
“And certainly We have brought to them a Book that We have elaborated on the basis
of knowledge. (which is) a Guidance and Mercy for the people who believe.”
The Qur’an has 30 parts (Paras), seven Stages (Manazil). Every part (para) is further
divided into 4 parts which are called quarter, half, two third and full para. It has 114
Surahs, the longest one is Surah Al-Baqra having 286 Verses (Ayats) and the shortest one is
Surah Al-Kausar, having 3 Verses (Ayats) only. The longer Surahs are further divided into
sections (Ruku) and there are 558 Ruku’at and 6349 Ayats including Bismillah at the start
of every Surah, that is 6236 plus 113 Bismillah equal to 6249. It has 14 Sajdah as well. It
has two kinds of Surahs Makki and Madani relating to area of revelation. 86 Surahs
revealed at Makkah and 28 in Madinah.
Makki Surahs are revealed in Makkah; these are short versed and a strong rhyme Surahs
having affluent literary touch that touches the heart, mostly take their start by Huruf-e-

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Mukati’at. They are either names of Surahs or the meanings of which are known to Allah
alone or to His selected Messengers to whom He likes. Other than Huruf-e-Mukati’at, the
Surahs are also known by names like, Fatiha, Baqara and Aal-e-Imran etc. these names
were given by the Prophet SAW and companions of Prophet SAW for their memory and
ease. They address the people “O mankind! These Surahs contain such verses that relate to
Majesty of Allah followed by the injunctions to perform prostration, dealing mostly with
Oneness of Allah, Uniqueness of His attributes, the Day of Judgment, Paradise and Hell and
character building, invitation to accept reality and morality, so that peace and harmony
may prevail in the world. They contain description of the bad character of infidels of
Makkah and stories of previous Prophets PBUT.

Madani Surahs are revealed in Madinah. They are long versed Surahs containing detailed
teachings of every aspect of life, like social, economic, religious and spiritual laws,
permitted and forbidden things; and rules of war, peace, rights and obligations and
preaching of Islam. They also teach the moral behavior of defeat and victory, as well as
treating the prisoner of war. They address the people “O you who believe! O hypocrites!
O disbelievers! etc.

The first verse of revelation came in the cave of Hira is:

(O Muhammad SAW!) Read in the name of your Rabb (Lord), Who has created (all
that exist).
And the last one revealed in a plain of Araf’at during the farewell pilgrimage of Prophet
SAW, which is:
“Today I have perfected your Deen for you, and fulfilled My blessings upon you, and
become pleased for you on Deen Islam.”

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT QUR’AN

Allah says in Qur’an, “Indeed We have sent down the Qur’an and indeed We are the
Protector of it.” (15:09)

The most read book throughout the world, The Holy Qur’an, is the last book of Allah,
carrying the message of Mercy, Forgiveness and peace for all mankind. The Holy Qur’an
was revealed some 1438 years ago to the last Messenger of Allah, Prophet Muhammad
(SAW), as the final word to call the Mankind towards the Creator and share the truth about
the universe with Humankind. The message in Qur’an shows us the way to spend our lives
in accordance to the guidelines provided by Allah and to follow the teachings of the
Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Reciting Qur’an reveals many treasures of wisdom hidden in
the Holy Book which draw us closer to believe in oneness of God and the message of Islam.

Qur’an is a miracle of Allah. During the recital of Qur’an, you will get a very strong feeling
that the verses are directed towards you and you are being taught the code of life by the

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divine power Himself. The Qur’an shares an intimate feeling and Allah talks to His
creatures directly. Another miracle of Qur’an is its preservation through centuries. Today,
the Qur’an Aayahs we recite are the same that were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad
(SAW). This is only possible due to the divine intervention of Allah, as He has taken the
responsibility of its protection Himself.

Allah has safeguarded the verses of Qur’an from pollution by making it easy to be read and
memorized. Today, it is the only book which is memorized, word by word by millions of
Muslims. Allah explains this quality of Qur’an in following verses,

“And We have certainly made the Qur’an easy for remembrance, so is there anyone who
will remember?”

There are countless facts about the Qur’an and its revelation some of which are shared over
here:

• The literal meaning of Qur’an is “being read continuously.”

• Qur’an has some other names too, which are: Al-Huda (The Guidance), Al-Dhikr
(The Reminder), Al-Furqan (The Criterion-for judging right from wrong), Al-Shifa
(The Healing), Al-Mau`iza (The Admonition), Al-Rahmah (The Mercy), Al-Nur (The
Light), Al-Haqq (The Truth), and Al-Burhaan (The Clear Argument).
• Qur’an was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (SAW) through the Angel Jibrael AS.
• Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was 40 years old when the first verse of Qur’an was
revealed to Him. The first revelation of Qur’an was the first five verses of Surah Al-
Alaq.
• The revelation started in the Holy month of Ramadan in one of the odd night of the
last tenth of the month, most probably 23rd of Ramadan.
• The revelation of Qur’an took place over the period of 23 years.
• Qur’an was revealed in parts, verse by verse, to the Holy Prophet.
• The period of revelation of Qur’an can be divided in to 2 main parts which are
Prophet Muhammad (SAW’s) life in Makkah which is 13 years and after his (SAW)
migration to Madinah which is 10 years.
• There are 114 Surahs in the Holy Qur’an. Each Surah follows a theme and gives a
specific message about the fundamentals of faith and practicing of belief.
• The number of Surahs revealed in Makkah is 86, while 28 Surahs were revealed in
Madinah.
• To facilitate the recital of Qur’an, it has been divided in to 30 equal parts called the
Juz or Siparah. The Surahs of Qur’an were arranged in the present order by the
Prophet Muhammad (SAW) himself though there was no compiled copy of Qur’an
during Prophet’s life and Sahaba memorized the verses of Qur’an by heart or scribed
the verses on stones, animal skin or tree scrolls etc. (Note: there is mentioned in
various old history books like, bin e Hisham, Al-Masudi and Allama Jalaluddin Sayuti

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that there were 16 personal copies of Qur’an preserved with various Sahaba at the
time of death of Prophet (SAW).
• Angel Jibrael used to bring the message of Allah to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
that was further shared by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) with His companions.
• The word Qur’an is used 70 times in the Holy Qur’an.
• The longest Surah in the Qur’an is Surah Al-Baqrah having 286 Ayats, which is the
second Surah in order of compilation.
• The shortest Surah is Surah Al-Kauthar having three Ayats only.
• The longest verse of the Qur’an appears in Surah Al-Baqarah verse number 282,
which is also called a verse of contract of loan and Shahada.
• The first Surah in Qur’an, Surah Al-Fatiha is known as the Mother of Qur’an, Ummul
Qur’an and Opening.
• Surah Yaseen is called the heart of Qur’an.
• Qur’an has been translated in 103 languages in the world.
• There are 10 rewards against reading a single letter from the Holy Qur’an.
• The words Man and Woman appear equal number of times in Qur’an, which are 24.
• The best drink mentioned in the Qur’an in Milk.
• The best food to eat, mentioned in the Qur’an is Honey, Olive and Fiq.
• The best month among all months is mentioned as Ramadan in the Qur’an.
• The best night mentioned in the Qur’an is Laylatul Qadr.
• The name Muhammad is mentioned 4 times in the Holy Qur’an.
• 6 Surahs or chapters in Qur’an are named after Prophets who came before Prophet
Muhammad (SAW).
• 25 Prophets (PBUT) are mentioned in the Qur’an.
• Friday is the only day of week that is mentioned in the Qur’an.
• There are specific mannerisms to follow during the recital of Qur’an one of them
being that Holy Qur’an should be recited in slow rhythmic tones which Allah
mentions in the Qur’an.
• “Bismillah ir-Rahmaani ir-Raheem” appears 114 times in the Holy Qur’an.
• “Bismillah” is written before each Surah in the Holy Qur’an except in Surah Tauba,
but is also written twice in Surah Namal.
• Three mosques are mentioned in the Qur’an: Masjid-ul-Haram (Makkah), Masjid-ul-
Aqsa (Jerusalem), Masjid Qubaa (near Madinah).
• Prophet Muhammad (SAW) used to revise the verses of Qur’an with Angel Jibrael
every year. In the year before his death, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) revised Qur’an
with Jibrael twice.
• After the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the caliph Abu Bakr RA on the
advice of Hazrat Umar RA sensed the need of a compiled Qur’an, and so he
appointed 25-50 members committee of Sahaba under the chairmanship of Hazrat
Zaid bin Thabit Ra to compile the scribes of verses of Qur’an for the generations to
come.

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• Thus Qur’an in this form of ours time came into being.

When you open up Qur’an and start reciting it, you’ll find many gems and inspirations that
no one else could have found. It’s like being directly guided by a light source. The
knowledge found in the Holy Qur’an is indisputable. The scientific facts revealed in Qur’an
have been proven true and no one can refute the divine wisdom behind the verses of
Qur’an. The stories of prior Prophets and religions have also been proven true.

Try to learn the holy Qur’an and inculcate the habit of reading it daily to witness these
miracles yourself. There are many online resources that you can consult for understanding
Qur’an and learning it with complete translation and meaning, one of them being
Qur’anReading.com. Start today to make your life part of a miracle. Learn the facts about
Qur’an and increase your faith.

REVELATION OF QUR’AN / HOW QUR’AN WAS REVEALED

Revelation is the method of conveying the messages of Allah towards His Messengers
(PBUT). It is reported by Abdullah bin Abbas RA in Sunan Nisa’i that Qur’an was descended
in wholesome from Al-Loh-Al-Mahfuz (the preserved Tablet) to the nearest heaven in
Shab-e-Qadr. From there it was sent down in stages to Muhammad SAW in 23 years period
as and when needed. Qur’an says,
“And We have sent down Qur’an in stages.”
There are three ways of revelation.
1. Revelation on the heart.
2. From behind the curtain.
3. Through messenger angel.
The methods which were applied to convey the Guidance to Muhammad SAW for above
three ways were:
1. Allah himself sent the inspiration on the heart of Muhammad in dream and
retained in him.
2. There was sound from behind the curtain like ringing of bells and the message
conveyed, and it was a hardest way of revelation.
3. Allah used to send His angel Gabriel in disguise of mankind to convey the message
of Allah.
The first kind of revelation came to Muhammad SAW when he was sleeping. Then he used
to remain in cave of Hira in solitude, worshipped Allah and meditated for many days and
nights. Until one night the Prophet received angel Jibra’el (Gabriel) and he delivered to him
the first five verses of Surah Alaq.
01. (O Muhammad SAW!) Read in the name of your Rabb (Lord), Who has created
(all that exist).
02. He (Allah) has created Mankind from a clot of a blood.
03. (O Muhammad SAW)! Read and your Rabb (Lord) is the Most-Gracious.
04. Who has taught (knowledge) by the pen.
05. He (Allah) has taught Mankind what he did not know.

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The revelation of Qur’an in stages is clearly mentioned in Surah Bani-Isra’el and Surah
Furqan.
The last verse of Qur’an revealed to Prophet SAW in the plain of Arafat, during his last
pilgrimage is, “Today I have perfected your Deen for you, and fulfilled My blessings
upon you, and become pleased for you on Deen Islam.”
The message of Qur’an is to spend our lives in accordance with the guidelines provided by
Allah and to follow the teachings of the Prophet SAW. Reciting Qur’an reveals many
treasures of wisdom hidden in the Holy Book, which draw us closer to believe in Allah and
near to our success. .

WHY QUR’AN WAS REVEALED IN STAGES

There were many reasons for revelation of Qur’an in stages. Allah wanted to strengthen the
heart of Muhammad SAW gradually. We can also understand it logically; if someone is
burdened with heavy load at once, it is impossible for him to shoulder it. On the other hand
if he is given the heaviest load to bear in pieces; he will easily lift it. Whenever a need of
Guidance arose for Muslims, the direction came. It was revealed in stages to implement the
laws of Allah gradually. For instance, when the ground of belief and Prayers became ready,
the fasting and the fighting in the way of Allah became obligatory, in 2nd Hijra. Another
factor was that it may become easy to understand, apply and memorize by the believers.
Qur’an Says,
“And We have divided the Qur’an in parts, so that you may recite it to the Mankind at
intervals and We have revealed it in a special manner of revelation.”

REVELATION OF QUR’AN BETWEEN 610-632 AD

The first revelation to the Prophet SAW was exposed on his heart when he was sleeping. It
appeared to him like dawn after dark night. Solitude and meditation became part of his life.
Once in a cave of Hira on 27th of Ramadan when he was busy in meditation, angel Gabriel
came to him in man disguise and asked him to ‘read’. He gave him the first five verses of
Surahj Alaq to read. After the first revelation he was a bit afraid. Hazrat Khadija RA
appeased him and got confirmation of Prophet-hood from WARAQA bin Naufal. After this
the revelation ceased for long duration. This period is called Fatarat-ul-Wahi. During this
period Muhammad SAW was moving round about in distress. Prophet said, “One day I
heard the voice from heaven, which lifted my eyes up; there I saw the same angel
who came to me at cave of Hira, sitting on a throne between heaven and earth. He
filled me with awe and I hurriedly returned to my home and said to Khadija RA to
wrap me up.” Then Allah the Most-High sent upon me the revelation,
01. O you wrapped up in a cloak (Muhammad SAW)!
02. Stand up and warn.
03. And pronounce greatness of your Rabb (Lord).
04. And purify your garments.
Later on it was resumed with Surah Al-Duha and Surah Al-Furqan. From this time to
onward Muhammad SAW never ceased to receive the revelation. Surah Al-Kausar was
revealed to console the Prophet SAW against scolding of Aas bin Wa’il and Abu-Jahal
of Makkah, when they called him Abtar (an issue less). Ka’ab bin Ashraf of Madinah
also named the Prophet SAW as Abtar. All received an exemplary resentment by Allah.

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It is narrated by Hazrat Ayesha, “I saw revelation coming down upon Prophet SAW,
when the condition was over I saw perspiration ran down his forehead.”
A companion of the Prophet said, “Muhammad SAW was riding on his camel (Quswa),
meanwhile a revelation came upon him and the camel sat down due to heavy weight
at that time.”
When the Prophet SAW was affected by the magic he became very ill. Allah revealed Surah
Falaq, and An-Naas (Mauzatain) to save him from magic affects. When Muhammad SAW
was in cave of Saur with Hazrat Siddique Akbar during migration, it was eminent that they
will be noticed by the chasers of Quraish. At that time Allah sent down His revelation to
console him, “Don’t worry Allah is with us.”
During the whole 23 years of Prophet-hood Muhammad SAW received the revelation of
Allah on every occasion whenever it was needed. At last the day came when Muhammad
SAW delivered a historic Farewell Sermon at Araf’at the last revelation came upon him in
these words, “Today I have perfected your Deen for you, and fulfilled My blessings
upon you, and become pleased for you on Deen Islam.”

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROPHET SAW EXPERIENCE OF FIRST REVELATION

The experience was of great importance to Muhammad SAW. Even though he had a true
vision about reality during the time period, but the angel Gabriel who appeared to him in
human disguise in the cave of Hira on 27th of Ramadan, and the treatment what he has
given to him like hugging to the extent that Muhammad SAW felt as his ribs were cracking
down, was totally unexpected to him. This was the same angel who brought revelations to
Prophets and Messengers before him. But the Prophet SAW was unaware about all this. He
thought that he might be gripped by evil spirit or jinni. When the procedure of, “Read in
the name of your Rabb (Lord), Who has created” was over he fled out from the cave.
Meanwhile he heard the voice above him, “O Muhammad SAW! You are the Messenger
of Allah and I am Gabriel.”
This night is very important in the life of the world because it was the beginning of new era
of Islam, the era of light against darkness. From thence forth with the message of Islam
started to spread throughout the world by Muhammad SAW and Qur’an as well.

HOW QUR’AN IS USEFUL IN LEGAL THINKING / MATTERS

The structure of Islamic Law is based on the teachings of Qur’an and Sunnah. The laws
contained in both sources are called primary laws which cannot be changed at any cost. As
Allah say in Qur’an,
“This is the Book (Qur’an), in which there is no doubt at all; Guidance for those who
remain in piety to Allah.”
Not a single aspect of human life is away from the grip of Qur’an and Sunnah. However
there are few examples which show us how the Book of Allah guides us to decide the
matters of our life in the light of Islamic Laws.

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LAWFUL FOOD: All food grow up from soil is lawful except poison. In the same manner the
animals slaughtered by pronouncing the name of Allah are lawful. Qur’an says, “This day
all good things have been made lawful for you.”
UNLAWFUL FOOD: In the same way Allah has declared some food unlawful which is
described in Qur’an in the following words, “Forbidden to you are; carrion and blood
and flesh of swine and that on which (at the time of slaughtering) other than the
name of Allah has been mentioned.”
MARRIAGE: It is the basis of family in any society especially of Muslim family life. A good
and perfect society can grow up only when man and woman are bound in pure social
contract of marriage. Qur’an clearly guides us about marital relations which are permitted
and forbidden, “And do not marry the women whom your fathers had married, except
that which has already gone (let bygones be bygones). It has been shameful and
hateful and an evil custom indeed.”
Qur’an has already detailed the relations in Surah An-Nisa Verse No:23 with whom
marriage is permitted or forbidden.
“Forbidden (unlawful) to you (for marriage) are your mothers and your daughters
and your sisters and your paternal aunts and your maternal aunts and the daughters
of your brother and the daughters of your sister and your mothers who suckled you
(foster mothers) and your sisters through suckling (foster sisters) and mothers of
your wives (mothers in law) and your step daughters under your care in your homes,
born of your wives with whom you have had intercourse and if you have not had an
intercourse with them, then there is no sin on you (to marry) and the wives of your
sons, those who are from your loins and (also forbidden) that you combine two
sisters (in wedlock at the same time), except that which has already gone (let
bygones be bygones). Indeed Allah is the Most-Forgiving, All-Merciful.”
DOWER / BRIDAL MONEY: Paying dower or bridal money to wife is essential for
marriage. Allah says in Qur’an, “Give them their bridal money /dower as settled.”
DIVORCE: Allah does not favor divorce. Even though due to uneven social conditions if it
becomes essential, it is permissible but still undesirable. Under such unavoidable
circumstances someone can use this option under strict laws of Allah. Qur’an has declared
in detail in Surah Al-Baqra Verse No: 229 regarding this matter. “Divorce is twice: then
either to retain (her) in good manner or to release (her) in kindness. And it is not
lawful for you (men) to take back anything out of which you have given to them (the
bridal money etc), except when both fear that they will not be able to keep the limits
ordained by Allah. So if indeed you fear that both of them may not be able to keep the
limits ordained by Allah; then there is no sin on both of them for what she gives back
(of her bridal money) for her release. These are ordained limits of Allah, therefore
do not cross them. And whosoever crosses the ordained limits of Allah! Then those
are the transgressors.”
There are some laws involved even after when someone pronounced divorce. Allah says,“O
Prophet SAW! When you (Muslims) divorce women, divorce them at their prescribed
period of ‘Iddah’ and count the prescribe period ‘Iddah’. And remain in piety to Allah,
your Rabb (Lord).”

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INHERITANCE: There is complete law of inheritance in Islam. A wealth of deceased one is

divided among his relatives in accordance with the principles laid down by Allah in Qur’an,
“Allah directs you regarding your children. For a male there is a share (inherited)
equal to that of two females. But if they are women (only daughters), more than two,
then for them there is two third of what one leaves behind. And if she is one (alone
daughter) for her there is one half.”
There are prescribed shares for wife, husband, parents and other relatives too.
THEFT: For those who committed theft for them there is sentenced mentioned in Qur’an,
“And (the sentence of) the male and female thief (is to) cut off the hands of both as a
punishment for what they committed, (being) an exemplary punishment from Allah.
And Allah is All-Powerful, All-Wise.”
OTHER VICES: For other social vices Allah says in Qur’an, “O you who believe! Indeed
wine and gambling and idols and divining arrows are filth of Shaitan’s (Satan’s)
craftsmanship, avoid of that so that you may become ever successful.”
There are complete laws for mankind in his dealings like; usury, killing and blood money
(Qisas and Deyat), business rules and agreements, will at the time of death, intoxication,
inheritance of “Kalala” etc. There is a complete list of 70 big crimes and laws, which is
further extended by jurists to 700 and even of small crimes list goes to 900, in Qur’an. Allah
says. “We have revealed to you the Book (Qur’an) in Truth, so that you may judge
between people by which Allah has guided you. Therefore be not a pleader for
dishonest.”

CONTENTS AND THEMES OF QUR’AN

There are many themes in Qur’an. Detail is given below.
TAUHEED (ONENESS OF ALLAH): There are un-shareable qualities of Allah mentioned in
Surah Ikhlas. “Say (O Prophet SAW!), “He, Allah is the One. Allah is Self-Sufficient. He
begets not, nor was He begotten! And no one is equal to Him.”
PROPHET-HOOD: Allah has sent Messengers and Prophets to every nation, tribe and
territory with frequent intervals for Guidance of mankind, so that there may not be any
excuse for them on the Day of Judgment. For which Allah says in Qur’an,
a. “For every nation there is a guide.”
b. “We have raised up among you a Messenger (Muhammad SAW) as other
Messengers (PBUT) have been for those people before you.”
The Qur’an is filled with the stories of previous Messengers / Prophets (PBUT) and there
nations who belied them and the punishment of Allah what He extended against them; like
Naoh, Salih, Hud, Lot, Shoaib, and story of Moses and Pharaoh are famous in Qur’an.
GUIDANCE: Qur’an is a complete Guidance and wisdom. Allah has clearly mentioned in
Qur’an that the man’s success in this world and Hereafter depends on acting upon the
instructions of Qur’an. Allah says in Surah Al-Baqra, “This is the Book (Qur’an), in which
there is no doubt at all; Guidance for those who remain in piety to Allah. Those who
believe in the Unseen and establish Salah (Prayer) and spend out of that whatever

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We have provided to them. Who believe in (the Qur’an) which has been revealed to
you (Muhammad SAW) and which has been revealed (to all the Messengers (PBUT)
of Allah) before you, and they have Faith in the Hereafter (the Day of Resurrection).
They are on (complete) Guidance from their Rabb (Lord) and they are ever
successful.”
The message of Qur’an is universal, it addresses to all the worlds. No one from trifle to
huge, known to unknown and ignorant to learned is excluded from this high message. Allah
says, “This divine Book is only a Reminder for universe. Useful for everyone, who
wishes to be on Straight Path.”
BELIEVING IN UNSEEN: Qur’an gives glad tiding to those who believe in unseen. Allah
says, “This is the Book (Qur’an), in which there is no doubt at all; Guidance for those
who remain in piety to Allah. Those who believe in the Unseen.”
There is unending reward for those who believe in Allah in unseen and act upon His
commandments and teachings of His Messenger SAW. Qur’an says, “The one who believe
in Allah and the Last Day and do good deeds, his reward is Paradise in which he will
live forever.”
NEWS OF UNSEEN: Qur’an contains the news of unseen which are beyond the concept and
comprehension of mankind. For instance; Allah, angels, Barzakh (curtain between life and
the day of Resurrection), Doomsday, the Day of Resurrection, the Day of Judgment,
Paradise and Hell etc. These all are unseen; for which Allah says that all rewards of
Paradise are for those who believe in unseen. “God fearing are those who believe in
Unseen, for them there is reward of Jannah.”
DISBELIEVERS: Qur’an declares punishment of Hell for those who disbelieve in Allah and
Messenger SAW. Allah says, “Those who disbelieve and died as disbeliever, their final
abode is Jahannam. They will live therein forever.”
WORSHIP: The Qur’an has made obligatory for believers to worship only for the sake
Allah. Qur’an says, “(O Muhammad SAW)! Your Rabb (Lord) has decreed (for the
whole Mankind) that you worship none but Him (Allah alone).”
Daily five time’s Prayer is the main form of worship of Allah, for which Allah has clearly
mentioned in Surah Bani Israel Verse No: 78.
“Establish Al-Salah (Prayer) between the decline of the sun (mid-day) till the
darkness of the night (i.e. the Prayers of Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib and Isha); and recite the
Qur’an at early dawn (i.e. the establishment of Fajr Prayer and the recitation of
Qur’an). Indeed the recital of the Holy Qur’an at early dawn is ever witnessed.”
The Qur’an also stresses for the punctuality of Prayers on set times, “Indeed Salah
(Prayer) is prescribed on the believers in set times (of day and night).”
CODE OF CONDUCT / MANNERS:It contains complete code of conduct, moral instructions,
teaching regarding spiritual, social, economic and political matters. The general problems
of the life contains large portion of Qur’an. For which the Holy Prophet guided his followers
perfectly. No issue of the life remained untouched by the Prophet SAW in the light of
Qur’an. Therefore Allah says, “Obey Allah and obey the Messenger.”
LAWS: Qur’an is a complete code of life. It express clearly the laws regarding, lawful and
unlawful, Awamir and Nawahi, marriage and divorce, trust and mistrust, social evils, Qisas

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and Diyat, trade and treaties, oath and witness, hoarding and business etc. Allah says in
Qur’an, “Allah has made business lawful for you and made usury unlawful.”
HUMAN RIGHTS: Qur’an gives great emphasis to human rights. Its teachings are for
individual as well as for nations. Qur’an guides how to lead the life peaceful and successful
in all social, spiritual, moral and legal matters. Well said that, “The Holy Qur’an is
champion of human rights and obligations.”
It clearly condemns the looting, plundering, killing, disorder and transgression. It advocates
peace and harmony in society at large. Allah says. “And do not spread disorder in the
earth.”

IJMA (CONSENSUS OF OPINION)

In Islamic terminology Ijma means consensus of opinion of the companions of Prophet
SAW or Muslim Jurists of particular age and Muslim Ummah on the question of law. Allah
says, “Take council among them.”
Ijma is the third source of Islamic law. After the death of Holy Prophet SAW the boundaries
of Islamic state expanded. Due to rapid spreading of Islam Muslims were faced with new
problems, the answer to which could not be found in Qur’an and Hadith. Thus Muslims
resorted to Ijma to reach on an agreed solution. For which Muhammad SAW said,
“Gather together the righteous from among my community and decide the matter by
their council and do not decide it by any individual’s opinion.” (Abu Daud).
As Qur’an says in this matter, “O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger
and those charged with authority among you.”

COLLECTIVIE DECISION DURING LIFE TIME OF MUHAMMAD SAW

Allah says in Qur’an, “ Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and make council among
you (for any important matter).
a. During the battle of Uhad Muhammad SAW took the side of the council of his
companion’s majority to go outside of Madinah to fight, though he himself was against
it.
b. During the battle of Trench on the suggestion of Salman Farsi RA the Holy Prophet SAW
dug a trench in the light of Ijma of his companions.
The Holy Prophet SAW said, “My community will never agree on an error.”

KINDS OF IJMA
There are three kinds of Ijma.
1. Ijma of companions: It is kind of Ijma which was carried out during the life of
companions of Prophet SAW like compilation of Qur’an, congregation of Taraweeh and
two Azans for Jumma prayers etc.
2. Ijma of Jurists: It is a kind of Ijma which is carried out by Jurists of Islam Imam Abu
Hanifa, Imam Shafi and Imam Malik, Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal and Shia’s Imams etc.

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3. Ijma of Muslim Ummah: It is a kind of Ijma which is carried out by Muslim Ummah at
large. Today’s example in this regard can be given of peoples Assemblies, as in case of
Pakistan a National Assembly and Senate.

FOUNDATIONS OF IJMA
There are three foundations of Ijma.
1. Ittefaq-i-Qauli (consensus by speech). It is unanimous consent expressed in the
declaration of opinion.
2. Ittefaq-i-Fa’eli (consensus by practice). It is unanimity of practice.
3. Ittefaq-e-Sakut / Sakuti (consensus by silence). It is a non interference of majority of
the Juritsts when they signify the opinion of majority by silence.
The Ijma may either be “Azimah” or “Rukhsa” in its nature. Azimah is when scholars have
spoken with one another concerning opinion in question and acted upon it. Rukhsa is
when some scholars have discussed or acted upon to an opinion and the rest kept silent
although the matter has been communicated to them and there has passed enough time for
consideration. After attainment of consensus on opinion further controversy is barred
forever unless it is abrogated.

ABROGATION OF IJMA
The abrogation of Ijma is only possible by Ijma of similar class. Thus the Ijma of the
companions can be repealed by another Ijma of the companions; and likewise the Ijma of
the second generation can be abrogated by the Ijma of the same generation.

EXAMPLES OF IJMA CARRIED OUT AFTER THE DEATH OF PROPHET SAW

a. On the suggestion of Hazrat Umar RA, during the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA the
compilation of Qur’an in a Book form was made by the Ijma of the companions.
b. Muhammad SAW performed Taraveeh Prayers only 3 or 4 times in congregation during
his life time. During the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar RA the system of congregation of
Taraveeh was introduced by the Ijma of the companions.
c. During the life time of Holy Prophet there was only one AZAN for Friday Prayers. But
during the Caliphate of Hazrat Uthman the population of Madinah expanded
considerably and the AZAN could not be heard due to noise in the markets. Therefore
the companions of the Prophet SAW decided by Ijma that another call should be given.
It was introduced during the period of Hazrat Uthman RA.

QIYAS (ANOLOGY)
It is the analogical deduction of Qur’an, Suuanh, and Ijma. It is use of human reasoning to
compare the existing situation with one of which the legislation already exists. If problem
arises when none of these have dealt directly then the scholars try to find out a law in any

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of them which has a similar cause and classify the problem in the same manner. Allah says
in Qur’an, “So take lesson, O you who have eyes!”
Once the Holy Prophet SAW said to Muaz bin Jabal when he was deputed to Yaman as
Governor, “Judge in accordance with the Book of Allah, if you do not find in it what
you need, then upon my Sunnah. If you do not find in both; then develop your
personal opinion.” (Abu Daud).”
It is narrated by Ibn-e-Sirin that sometimes a case would come before Abu Bakr RA for
which he could find no source in the Book of Allah nor any trace / tradition in the Sunnah;
he would say, “I will exert myself to arrive at my own conclusion. If it is right then it is
from Allah. It is wrong, it is from me and I seek forgiveness of Allah.”

PILLARS OF QIYAS
There are four pillars of Qiyas.
1. Asl (root). The original subject against which the new subject is compared. Like; wine
drinking.
2. Far (branch). The new subject which is the object for analogy. Like; use of narcotic
drugs.
3. Illah (cause). The cause which brings together the original subject and the new subject
for Qiyas. Like; intoxicating effects.
4. Hokum (rule). The rule passed by Qiyas; a prohibition.
Allah says in Qur’an,
“O you who believe! Indeed wine and gambling and idols and divining arrows are
filth of Shaitan’s (Satan’s) craftsmanship, avoid of that so that you may become ever
successful.”

CONDITIONS FOR QIYAS

a. The practice upon which it is founded must be of common application.
b. The cause must be the compelling factor. i.e the ideas intended by the shariah. It should
also be open, complete in itself and not be hidden and ambiguous.
c. The decision must be based either on Qur’an, Sunnah or Ijma.
d. The decision concluded must not be contrary to anything declared elsewhere in the
Qur’an and Sunnah.

EXAMPLES OF QIYAS CARRIED OUT AFTER THE DEATH OF PROPHET:

1. Prohibition of intoxication is famous case which is carried out by Qiyas. As there is
no solution for various kinds of intoxicants / narcotic drugs, directly in Qur’an or
Hadith. However Asl (root) is found in Qur’an in case of Hamr (wine). And the
Hadith of Prophet SAW in this regard says alike, “Every intoxicant is forbidden.”
To extract out analogy from root it has been ruled out for the general public at large
that all kinds of drugs like, opium, heroin, chars, ganja, and other intoxicant drugs /
piles are forbidden.

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2. Second fit case in this regard is of tobacco smoking and its use in various forms,
including use of beetle leaf as pan eating and snuff keeping. When the problem took
place during the Ottoman Caliphate of Turks in 16th century, the Jurists of the time
sat together to find out solution to this problem. After thorough investigation of the
problem they reached to the conclusion that this matter has a concern with the
Prophet’s Hadith in which he once forbad one of his companions to enter in the
Masjid after eating onion / garlic. The Companions assumed that this verdict of the
Prophet SAW is for the prohibition of onion and garlic eating. On learning the
Prophet SAW declared that, “Who am I to forbid that what Allah has permitted.”
This of my stoppage was due to my personal disliking. On account of this reference
the Jurists declared on Qiyas that the tobacco smoking, pan eating and snuff keeping
is “Makruh” not Haram in Islam.
3. The third valid example in this context is of use of Loud Speaker. The rule for use of
Loud Speaker was extracted from the verse of Qur’an, “And the duty of Messenger is
to convey the message.” And the Prophet SAW Hadith, “Those who are present
convey my message to those who are absent. Even though it had been a bone of
contention between various factions of scholars for long time that its use is biddat,
but afterward they all reach to the conclusion that its use is necessary and
permitted. Similarly we can say the use to modern technology also comes within the
orbit of Qiyas.
2012 may\june paper 1 MARKING SCHEME QUESTION# 2

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2013 may\june paper 1

2013 October\November paper 11

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2016 October\November paper 12

CHAPTER NO 3. LIFE AND IMPORTANCE OF HOLY PROPHET (PBUH)

1. LIFE IN MAKKAH

CONDITION OF MAKKAH AT THE TIME OF BIRTH OF PROPHET SAW.

Political Condition: Arabs were a combination of different tribes. Every tribe has its own
chief. Might is right was the law of land. The tribes used to quarrel among themselves for
years. The battle of Bu’as is famous to this context. There was no proper government
except the chiefs of tribes had to elect a chief among themselves who was considered to be
the most powerful. There was a Dar-un-Nadwa (Assembly of the Chiefs) to settle the
matters relating to national level. Boycott of Muhammad SAW and plan of killing at the
night of migration are ready references to this effect.

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Economical ConditioN:The soil of Arab was uncultivated due to drought. The most of
them were traders. There were two classes; the rich and the poor. They had a competition
of poetry, horse riding and wrestling. They used to gamble, bet on different things and
receive vows from their idols. They had a festival of Ukaz in which the people from far flung
areas participated which turned to a centre of trade and business. The slaves and maids
were sold there like cattle. Usury, smuggling, black marketing, robbery and adulteration
were their source of income.
Social Condition: There were two cadres in Makkah, slave and the master. The slaves were
mostly those having no tribe and they were treated harshly. Another most targeted cadre
was woman. They were treated like articles of trade. Step sons used to inherit their
mothers after the death of their fathers. They used to bury their daughters alive. Women
had no right of inheritance and opinion. Polygamy was common. There was no respect,
dignity, justice and equality in Arab.
Religious Condition: They were polytheists having many god and goddesses. There were
360 idols in Holy Ka’bah made of various materials like; stone, clay, wood and bronze etc.
On the surrounding hills there were large idols like, Hubl, La’at, Mana’at and Uzza. They
also worshipped stars, moon, sun and trees. They used to celebrate they religious festival
“Ukaz”, where they drunk, danced and were mostly naked. They used to perform their
pilgrimage of Ka’bah nakedly by whistling. Holy Qur’an says, “There pilgrimage of Ka’bah
was whistling and clapping.”
They used to sacrifice their children and people for the pleasure of their god and
goddesses.

BIRTH AND GROWTH OF HOLY PROPHET SAW

The Holy Prophet SAW was born to Hazrat Amina and Hazrat Abdullah on 12th of
Rabi-ul-Awal 570/571 AD 22nd April in the Year of Elephant. He was born orphan. He
belongs to Banu Hashim clan of Quraish which has direct ascendency to Hazrat Isma’il
and Ibrahim (PBUT). His mother named him Ahmad and grandfather named him
Muhammad SAW. According to the custom of Arab he was handed over to Hazrat
Haleema Sa’adia of Ta’if for fostering. She took care of him for five years and loved him
a lot. When Muhammad SAW stepped in her house, her financial position improved, barren
land become fertile and the dried animals started giving milk. At the age of five when he
was gathering wood with his foster brother, Gabriel came and opened his heart and
cleaned it and washed with Zam Zam water. He became ill and Hazrat Haleema RA
called for Amina RA, so she took him back. He became fine and Hazrat Amina took him to
the grave of his father Hazrat Abdullah. On the way back to Makkah she became ill at
Abwa and died. Muhammad SAW was brought back to Abdul Mutallib by his slave girl
Umm-e-Aiman. He was taken over by his grandfather. He loved him a lot. At the age of
eight his grandfather also died, so he came in custody of his uncle Abu Talib by the
will of his grandfather. Abu Talib loved and cared him to the extent that he always
remained with him throughout his life. At an early age Muhammad SAW was a herdsman
and became a business man as well. The Prophet says, “I used to take care of sheep of my
uncle and of Makkans at Qararit.” (Hadith)

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Due to his honesty and truthfulness he earned a title of Al-Sadiq and Al-Amin. At the age of
12 he escorted with his uncle to Syria on a trade trip. During the trip of Syria, Surgius the
Christian Monk titled as Buhaira (mean pious) at a place named Busra, noticed that trees
were bowing and clouds were shading on someone in the Caravan. He invited all of them to
a dinner and observed the signs of Prophet-hood amidst of the shoulders of
Muhammad SAW and advised Hazrat Abu Talib to take special care of him because Jews
along with many others would become his enemy. Abu Talib came back Makkah for the
protection of his nephew.

HARBU-UL-FIJJAR
A war broke out during the sacred months of year in the Festival of Ukaz in 580-590
between Quraish and Hawazan tribe. The war became disastrous due to heavy loss of life
and bloodshed. At that time Muhammad SAW was of 15 years. He took part in it by
collecting the strayed arrows and handed them over to his uncle. He was so grieved about
the bloodshed that during the latter half of his life he used to say, “I am still upset to recall
the bloodshed on Fijjar. That was unwanted.”

HALF-UL-FUZUL
Seeing the bloodshed and the injustice of the war and to avoid the injustice in business
dealings, Zubair the uncle of Muhammad SAW took charge to stop it. He invited other tribal
leaders to join hands. The Banu Hashim and Banu Taym got together in the house of
Abdullah bin Judaan and the agreement was signed for the rights of needy, oppressed,
women and fair dealing in business. Banu Naufal and Banu Ummayiah did not take part in
it. This agreement is called HALF-UL-FUZUL by the names of its signatories who had Fazl
at the start of their names or on the name of same oath which took place some 300 years
back in Makkah for the same cause. Abu Bakr RA is also said to have agreed to this pact. We
can say that it was the first NGO of Human Rights in the world. The Holy Prophet SAW was
present and was one of the signatories there. He was so proud of his presence that he said,
“I would not exchange the choicest camels in all Arabia for the remembrance of being
present at the oath.”

MARRIAGE WITH HAZRAT KHADIJA RA.

At his youth Muhammad SAW earned the fame of honesty, truthfulness and good trader. A
wealthy woman of Makkah, Hazrat Khadija RA called upon him and asked him to take the
responsibility of her trade caravan to Syria. He agreed and took her huge caravan along
with her personal slave “Maisra.” In this tour his other friends like Hazrat Abu Bakr
Siddique, Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf etc were also accompanied. When they stopped at
a place called Busra in Syria, there they met with Christian Monk named Nastura; who
acknowledged the signs of Prophet-hood of Muhammad SAW in presence of all caravan
members. He sold all goods by telling to the buyer their merits and demerits and earned a
huge profit. Maisra was very convinced and he described all qualities of Muhammad SAW
to Hazrat Khadija RA. She become very impressed and sent message of marriage to Prophet
Muhammad through her friend Nafisa, which was accepted mutually and the marriage was

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celebrated with the consent of both families. At the time of marriage Hazrat Khadija RA was
twice widowed of 40 years and Muhammad SAW was 25 years old.
After marriage she gave all of her wealth in custody of Muhammad SAW, and then he never
had to worry about his earnings. When Muhammad SAW received first revelation in the
Cave of Hira he was a bit worried and none was to help and console him; it was Hazrat
Khadija RA who took him to her cousin WARAQA bin Naufal for confirmation of Prophet-
hood. She was the first women to accept Islam. She faced the persecution of Quraish. She
was with him in Sha’ib-Abi-Talib for three years during boycott. She was always by his
side.
Once Muhammad SAW replied to Hazrat Ayesha RA, “O Ayesha! You do not know what is
the caliber of Khadija RA in the eye of Allah, due to her loyalty and services to Islam.
She offered all in the way of Allah.” (Hadith).
Her position in the eye of Allah can be judged by the message through Gabriel. Once she
was carrying food for Prophet SAW, Gabriel came to Prophet SAW and said,
“When Hazrat Khadija RA reach to you with food convey the message of Salutation
from Allah, from me and from all the angels and give her good news in Paradise of a
palace made of pearls.” (Hadith)
She bore four daughters and two sons. The Prophet’s descendents survived by the youngest
of her daughter Hazrat Fatima RA. The year of death of Hazrat Khadija RA was mourned by
Prophet SAW as A’am-ul-Huzn (Year of Grief).

FIXING OF BLACK STONE (HAJR-E-ASWAD)

When Muhammad SAW was 35 years old, at that time the building of Ka’bah was rebuilt
due to its deteriorated condition and falling down of some of its part with flood in the
valley of Faran. All inhabitants of Makkah took part in its construction by good earned
money. A problem rose at the time of fixing of Hajr-e-Aswad (black stone), as each tribe
wanted to have the honor of its placement. They all were ready to quarrel with each other
on the matter and it was likely to shed blood unwontedly. At that moment an old man Ibn-
e-Rabiyah gave suggestion to all chiefs of tribes that whosoever enter the Ka’bah first in
the morning he will decide. They all remained there to watch.
The next morning who entered the Ka’bah was Muhammad SAW. He called all the tribal
leaders to bring a white sheet and place the stone in it. Then they carried it holding the
sheet from roundabout to the exact location where Muhammad SAW fixed it with his
hands. Then he said to all of them to fix the sides of stone with mud and fixing turn by turn.
Thus he saved the tribes from bloodshed and unity prevailed.

THE CALL TO PROPHET-HOOD (THE FIRST REVELATION)

After the marriage Muhammad SAW had no financial worries therefore he used to go in
isolation taking with him oat husk, dates and water to think about the creation of Allah. The
Cave of Hira was also used by him for meditation. When he was of 40 he went to Cave of
Hira with all his arrangements of food and water for meditation, an angel Gabriel appeared
in front of him. It was 23rd / 27th night of Ramadan. He pressed him with his body and
asked, “Read.” Muhammad SAW replied, “I cannot read.” The process repeated again, but

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there was a same reply. Then the Gabriel pressed him hard to the extent that Prophet SAW
said, “I felt that my ribcage was broken down.” (Hadith)
When Gabriel released the Prophet, then he revealed the first five verses of Surah Alaq, (O
Muhammad SAW!) Read in the name of your Rabb (Lord), Who has created (all that
exist). 02. He (Allah) has created Mankind from a clot of a blood. 03.(O Muhammad
SAW)! Read and your Rabb (Lord) is the Most-Gracious. 04. Who has taught
(knowledge) by the pen. 05. He (Allah) has taught Mankind what he did not know.
On listening the verses he recited them and became frightened. So he left the cave and took
his way back to home. When he was moving down the slope of the mountain he saw the
angel in white is covering the whole horizon and saying, “O Muhammad SAW! You are
Messenger of Allah, and I am Gabriel.” (Hadith)
He rushed home and asked Hazrat Khadija to wrap him in blanket as he was shivering by
fear. When he became a little settled, he told the whole event to Hazrat Khadija RA. She
consoled him by saying that he was honest, truthful, compassionating the orphan, caring
needy and widows, he is always extending his help to everyone who asks for; Allah would
not harm him. So she took him to her cousin Warqa bin Naufal, who was scholar of Torah
and Bible. On listening the whole event he confirmed the Prophet-hood of Muhammad
SAW, and told him that it was the same angel who has been carrying the revelation to the
Messengers (PBUT) before you.

IMPORTANCE OF ANGEL GABRIEL

Gabriel is a Chief Angel. He is the one who brought the message of Allah to all the
Messengers / Prophets (PBUT) since Adam (PBUH) to Muhammad SAW. He brought the
revelations of Holy Qur’an to Muhammad SAW for 23 years long. He took the Holy Prophet
SAW to Mir’age (Ascension) by the will of Allah. He taught the Prophet SAW the method of
five times Prayers and twice recited the Holy Qur’an during his last Ramadan in the same
arrangements as is found with us. He also taught the rites of Hajj to Muhammad by will of
Allah. He gave glad tiding of Hatam-un-Nabi’en (the Seal of Prophets) to Muhammad SAW.

WARAQA BIN NAUFAL (Short Answer)

He was the cousin of Hazrat Khadija RA. He had been frequently changing his religion in
search of truth. He was a scholar of Torah and Gospel. After listening to the whole event of
the first revelation he confirmed the Prophet-hood of Muhammad SAW. He was very old
man and was blind too. He told him that the people of Makkah would persecute him and his
followers to the extent that they will have to leave Makkah. He wished that he could accept
Islam and protect him from the torture of infidels, but he died soon.
(LONG ANSWER)
WARAKA (or Waraqah) bin Nawfal bin Asad bin Abd-al-Uzza bin Qusayy Al-
Qurashi was the paternal first cousin of Khadija, the first wife of Prophet Muhammad SAW
WARAQA and Khadija were also the first cousins of Muhammad: their paternal
grandfather Asad bin Abd-al-Uzza was Muhammad’s matrilineal great-great-grandfather.

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(Tabaqat V: 1) By another reckoning, WARAQA was Muhammad's third cousin once

removed: Asad bin Abd-al-Uzza was a grandson of Muhammad's patrilineal great-great-
great-grandfather Qusai bin Kilab.
WARAQA was the son of Nawfal b. Asad b. ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā b. Ḳuṣayy, and Hind bt. Abī Kat̲h̲īr.
WARAQA was also proposed to be married to Khadija but the marriage never took place.
(Encyclopedia of Islam)
WARAQA was a Nestorian priest and is revered in Islamic tradition for being one of the
first hanifs to believe in the prophecy of Muhammad SAW. (Encyclopedia of Islam)
WARAQA studied the Bible under Jews and Christians (Muhammad bin Ishaq: Seerat e
Rasulullah) and read an Arabic translation of the New Testament (Bukhari Sharif). He also
"wrote the New Testament in Arabic, (Muslim Sharif), but it is not clear whether this means
that he translated it from the Greek or merely wrote out someone else's translation so that
he would have his own copy.
It is said that in 576 WARAQA found a lost five-year-old boy wandering around Upper
Makkah. This was Muhammad; and it was WARAQA who returned him to his
grandfather Abdul Muttalib in the Ka’bah. (Ibn e Ishaq)
Once in the heat of the day WARAQA passed an open valley, where Umayyah bin Khalaf was
forcing his slave Bilal to lie with a large rock on his chest until he denied his faith and
worshipped Al-lāt and Al-‘Uzzá. Bilal kept insisting, "One, one!" i.e., there was only one God.
WARAQA rejoined, "One, one, by God, Bilal!" He then protested against the abuse, telling
Umayyah and his clan: "I swear by God that if you kill him in this way, I will make his tomb
a shrine." Umayyah took no notice. (Ibn e Ishaq). bin Kathir doubts this tradition because
the persecution of the Muslims only began several years after WARAQA's death. (Ibn e
Kathir) As capable slaves were very costly, hence it would be counter productive to harm
your own investment. However, Sprenger points out that Bilal, being ancestrally
Abyssinian, was probably a Christian before he was a Muslim, and it may be possible that
Umayyah was persecuting him for this reason before 610. In that case, the story that
WARAQA tried to help his co-religionist is likely to be true. (Sprenger)
Hazrat Ayesh RA said, “
"The Prophet returned to Khadija while his heart was beating rapidly. She took him to
Waraqa bin Naufal who was a Christian convert and used to read the Gospel in Arabic
Waraqa asked (the Prophet), "What do you see?" When he told him, Waraqa said, "That is
the same angel whom Allah sent to the Prophet) Moses. Should I live till you receive the
Divine Message, I will support you strongly. (Bukhari sharif)
As Muhammad grew in age, WARAQA's knowledge of the scriptures increased. Several
years later, when told of Muhammad's first revelation (which is understood to be Sura
96:1-5), WARAQA acknowledged his call to prophecy as authentic. Tradition recounts
WARAQA saying: "There has come to him the greatest Law that came to Moses; surely he is
the prophet of this people". A narration from Hazrat Ayesha RA gives these details:
Khadija then accompanied him to her cousin Waraqa bin Naufal bin Asad bin 'Abdul
'Uzza, who, during the Pre-Islamic Period became a Christian and used to write the
writing with Hebrew letters. He would write from the Gospel in Hebrew as much as
God wished him to write. He was an old man and had lost his eyesight. Khadija said

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to Waraqa, "Listen to the story of your nephew, O my cousin!" Waraqa asked, "O my
nephew! What have you seen?" God's Apostle described whatever he had seen.
Waraqa said, "This was the same one who keeps the secrets whom Allah had sent to
Moses (angel Gabriel). I wish I were young and could live up to the time when your
people would turn you out." God's Apostle asked, "Will they drive me out?" Waraqa
replied in the affirmative and said, "Anyone (man) who came with something
similar to what you have brought was treated with hostility; and if I should remain
alive till the day when you will be turned out then I would support you strongly."
But after a few days Waraqa died and the Divine Inspiration was also paused for a
while. (Bukhari sharif)
Muhammad then said to have said of WARAQA: "Do not slander WARAQA bin Nawfal,
for I have seen that he will have one or two gardens in Paradise. (Sahih Al Jami). In a
Hadith classified as "weak", Khadija told Muhammad that WARAQA "believed in you,
but he died before your advent." Muhammad added: "I saw him in a dream, and upon
him were white garments. If he were among the inhabitants of the Fire then he would
have been wearing other than that. (Jami At Tirmidi)

PREACHING OF ISLAM BY HOLY PROPHET SAW.

Muhammad SAW started preaching of Islam for the first three years secretly. The religion
of Islam began with the concept of Tauheed and Belief in Hereafter. Very few people
accepted Islam during this period. Among them were: Hazrat Khadija RA, Hazrat Abu Bakr
RA, Zaid bin Harith RA, Hazrat Ali RA, Hazrat Uthman RA. Hazrart Talha RA, Hazrat Zubair
RA, Abu Ubaida bin Jarrah RA, Sa’ad bin abi Waqas RA, Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA, and
Abdullah bin Masud RA.
After the period of three years a revelation came to Prophet, “And warn your near
relatives.” (Qur’an)
On receiving this verse from Qur’an Muhammad SAW arranged a superb dinner in honor of
his blood relatives. When they all have it at their fill, then he rose up, directed all and said,
“O Quraish! O bani Munaf! O Abbas the son of Abdul Muttalib! O Safiya! (The aunt), O
Fatimah! (Daughter), by yourselves! Ask what you wish from my property, but I
cannot save you from Allah if you disobey Him. O sons of Abdul Mutalib! I know no
Arab who has come to his people with a nobler message them mine. I have brought to
you the best of this world and the next. Allah has commanded me to call you to Him.
So who of you will stand by me in this matter?”
No one responded to the noble message of Prophet SAW except Ali RA. Who rose up and
said, “I am the youngest of you, my feet may not be strong enough, but O Muhammad
SAW! I shall be your helper, whosoever opposes you I shall fight him as a mortal
enemy.”

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Thereafter another revelation of Allah came to Prophet SAW, “O you wrapped up in a

cloak (Muhammad SAW)! Stand up and warn. And pronounce greatness of your Rabb
(Lord).
CALL TO SAFA (THE HILL): On receiving this message Muhammad SAW called the people
at Safa Hill and asked them if he told them that an army was ready to attack them from
behind the hill, would they believe him. They all replied in one voice, definitely they would;
because they never heard him telling lie throughout his life. But when the Prophet SAW
invited them to worship Allah and believe in his Prophet-hood, they all turned away by
cursing him. His uncle Abu-Lahab scolded him saying, “May you perish forever. Did you
call us for this?”
Muhammad SAW was shocked a bit. But Allah has sent down the verses of Surah Lahab for
the satisfaction of Prophet, “Perish both the hands of Abu-Lahab and perish he!”

PERSECUTION OF QURAISH ON PROPHET SAW

When the Holy Prophet SAW started preaching Islam openly, the Pagans of Makkah became
his enemy. Abu Lahab spared no moment to scold him, and got divorce from his sons for
the daughters of Muhammad SAW for they had accepted Islam. Abu Jahl called him ‘Abtar’
having no male issue, due to the death of both sons of Prophet in infancy. The Pagans of
Makkah called him a poet, madman, magician, soothsayer and the one affected by Jinn.
Allah responded to these infidels in Qur’an, “And your companion (Muhammad SAW) is
not a madman, nor affected by Jinn. But he is the Messenger of Allah in truth.”
Once Muhammad SAW was praying in Ka’bah, during the course of prostration Abu Jahl got
put on his neck rotten tripe filled with fleece that he could not sit. And Abu Jahl along with
others started to ridicule him loudly. When the news came to Hazrat Fatima RA, she rushed
towards Ka’bah and cleared the back of Prophet SAW. Once the Prophet’s neck was
strangulated by the Pagans of Makkah by rope to the extent that he started choking, and
they were laughing. An old woman used to throw garbage on him when he passed by her
house. The wife of Abu Lahab used to strew thorny bushes in his way, concealed in sand to
injure him.
When they felt that despite of all their persecutions they cannot stop Muhammad SAW
from preaching Islam. They tried to act on another plan to disarray him form preaching of
Islam. They offered him through his uncle Abu Talib the following:
(i) Marriage with a virgin fairest lady.
(ii) A gold to his weight even more.
(iii) Kingship of Makkah forever.
Muhammad SAW replied, “If they put a sun on my right hand and the moon on the left
to force me to renounce the religion, I will not leave the preaching of Islam until
Allah gives me death in this way.” (Hadith)
On hearing this Abu Talib told him, “O my nephew! Do whatever you like; I will never
leave you alone.” (Hadith)
Pagans of Makkah held total boycott of Banu Hashim for three long years and they had to
stay Sha’ib-Abi-Talib, without proper food. The infants were used to cry for milk as the
animals became dry due to non availability of water and grass. These three years were of

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great sufferings for whole family. At the end of boycott Muhammad SAW had to face the
death of his bellowed uncle Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija RA. This year is called called
A’am-ul-Huzn (Year of Grief) in the history of Islam.
In 10th year of Prophet-hood he went to Ta’if for inviting the people towards Islam. But
Abu Jahl sent a band of scoundrels to pursue him. When the people of Ta’if did not accept
the invitation of Islam, then on the instigation of Makkan’s scoundrels the young boys of
Ta’if started pelting on him. He was wounded badly and took shelter in wine orchard.
Despite of all injuries he forgave the Ta’ifans.

PERSECUTION OF QURAISH ON THE FOLLOWERS OF PROPHET SAW

With the passage of time many people entered in Islam. Most of them were poor people.
They were badly tortured by Pagans of Makkah. Hazrat Bilal RA was a slave of Ummiyah
bin Khalaf. He used to call ‘Ahad’ Allah is one. He was put in open desert under scorching
heat of summar; a huge boulder was put on his chest and beaten badly to the extent that
his whole body was bleeding. Hazrat Abu-Bakr RA bought him and freed him.
Ammar bin Yasir and his mother Summa’iya was killed by Abu Jahl. Hazrat Suma’iya
was the first martyr in the way of Islam. Zinra a slave girl was made blind by her
master and closed in a room. She was so staunch in her belief that the whole night she
prayed to Allah and the next morning she got her eyesight back. Hazrat Khabab bin
Manzar RA was a black smith and he was branded by his own tools and burnt. Hazrat
Suhaib Rumi was beaten to the extent that he became unconscious. He was a scholar of
Makkah.
The Quraish adopted milder punishments for their own kinsmen. Hazrat Uthman RA was
persecuted by his uncle. Once his uncle wrapped him up tightly, locked up in a room and lit
fire from one side. He was about to burn when his father saved him.
Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Talha RA was tied up by the rope when they were praying. But
mysteriously the rope was untied.
Some of the followers migrated to Abyssinia by the command of Muhammad SAW. They
were pursued to the palace of Negus (Najashi, Samee). Valuable gifts were presented to
the king Samee the Negus for their return, but after hearing the recitation of Surah
Maryam by Hazrat Jaffar RA, he turned down their offer.
Many of the followers stayed with Muhammad SAW in Sha’ib-Abi-Talib during boycott
and faced the sufferings.

SOME MORE DETAIL ABOUT PERSECUTION OF QURAISH ON MUSLIMS

In the early days of the prophetic mission the advancement of Islam was the result of a number of
factors, one of which, was the steadfastness of the Prophet and his companions and supporters.
Examples of the patience and fortitude of the leader of the Muslims have already been stated, whereas
the forbearance and perseverance of the Muslims who lived in Makkah (the centre of polytheism and
idolatry) deserves attention. An account of their sacrifices and steadfastness will be given in the
chapters relating to events after Hijrah (migration to Madina). For the present we mention the tragic

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events connected with the lives of some old devotees of the Prophet who lived in the shelter-less
environments of Makkah.

BILAL, THE ETHIOPIAN

The parents of Bilal were amongst those persons who had been brought from Ethiopia /
Abyssinia (Yemen) to Arabia as captives. He himself (who later became the mu'azzin of the
Prophet) was the slave of Umayyah bin Khalaf. Umayyah was one of the sworn enemies of
the great leader of the Muslims. As the kinsmen of the Prophet had undertaken his own
defence, Umayyah, with a view to take revenge, used to torture openly his slave who had
been newly converted to Islam. He made him lie naked on hot sand during the hottest days,
placed a big red-hot stone on his chest and addressed him in these words: "I will not release
you until you die in this condition or abjure the faith of Muhammad, and worship 'Lat' and 'Uzza'.
In spite of all this torture, however, Bilal replied him with only two words which are a clear
proof of his firm faith. He said, 'Ahad! Ahad!' (viz. Allah is One and I will never revert to the
religion of polytheism and idolatry). Others wondered at the steadfastness of this black slave
who was a captive in the hands of a hard-hearted person. So much so that Waraqah bin
Nawfal, the Christian Arab scholar, wept on the condition of Bilal and said to Umayyah: "By
Allah! If you kill him in this manner I will make his grave a sacred place to be visited by pilgrims ". [157]
At times Ummayah acted with still greater severity. He put a rope round the neck of Bilal and handed it
over to the children so that they might drag him in the streets.[158]
Ummayah and his son were captured in the Battle of Badr, the first battle of Islam. Some Muslims were
not in favour of killing Umayyah, but Bilal said: "He is the leader of infidelity and must be killed". On his
insistence the father and the son were recompensed for their crimes and were put to death.

SELF-SACRIFICE OF AMMAR AND HIS PARENTS

Arnmar and his parents were amongst the early Muslims. They embraced Islam when the
Prophet had selected the house of Arqam bin Abil Arqam (Dar e Arqam) as the center for the
propagation of Islam. When the idolaters became aware of their having adopted the Divine
religion they did not neglect torturing and persecuting them. bin Athir says: "The idolaters
compelled these three persons to quit their house in the hottest season and to spend their time in the
heat and the scorching wind of the desert. This torture was repeated so many times that Yasir
succumbed to his troubles. One day his widow Sumayyah quarrelled with Abu Jahl on this account. That
hard-hearted and cruel person thrust a spear in her heart and killed her also. The Holy Prophet was very
much moved on account of the persecution to which they were subjected. One day he saw them being
tortured. He turned his face to them with tears in his eyes and said "O family of Yasir! Be patient, for
your place is in Paradise ".
After the death of Yasir and his wife the idolaters tormented and tortured Ammar as well, as
they had tormented Bilal. To save his life he had no alternative left but to abjure Islam, but
he repented soon and ran to the Prophet with a palpitating heart. He related the incident to
the Prophet, who enquired of him: "Has any instability taken place in your inner faith?" He replied:
"My heart is abounding with faith". The Prophet then said: "Do not entertain the least fear in your mind
and keep your faith hidden to save yourself from their mischief".
The following verse was revealed with regard to the faith of Ammar: (There shall be a grievous
punishment for him) who disbelieves in Allah after believing in Him, other than him who is compelled
while his heart is firm in his faith. (Surah Nahl, 16:106)

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It is said that Abu Jahl decided to take to task the family of Yasir who belonged to the class of the most
unprotected persons in Makkah. He, therefore, ordered that fire end scourge might be made ready.
Yasir, Sumayyah and Ammar were then dragged to the appointed place and tormented with the point of
the sword and with the flames of fire and whipping. This persecution was repeated so many times that
Yasir and Sumayyah consequently breathed their last, but they did not forsake the praise of the Prophet
till their last moments.
The men of Quraysh who had witnessed this calamitous and tragic scene, notwithstanding the fact that
they had unity of interest in defeating Islam, got the wounded and grief stricken Ammar released from
the clutches of Abu Jahl so that he might bury his parents.

ABDULLAH BIN MAS'UD

The Muslims who had embraced Islam secretly were telling among themselves that Quraysh
had not heard the Holy Qur'an and it would be quite appropriate if one of them went into
Masjid ul-Haram and recited some verses of the Holy Book with a loud voice. Abdullah, son
of Mas'ud expressed his willingness to do so. He came into the Masjid when Quraysh had
assembled by the side of the Holy Ka'bah and recited the following verses with a loud and
melodious voice: In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. It is the Merciful who has
taught the Qur'an. .....(Surah al-Rahman, 55:1-2)
The eloquent verses of this surah struck Quraysh with a strange awe. And in order to forestall the effect
of the heavenly call which was reaching their ears through a defenceless person they all stood up and
beat him so much that blood began to flow from his entire body and he returned to the companions of
the Holy Prophet in a pitiable condition. They were, however happy that the invigorating voice had
eventually reached the ears of the enemies.[161]
Whatever has been said above was by way of example, for otherwise the number of self-sacrificing
devotees of Islam who endured the gravest hardships during the early days of the Prophet's mission,
and showed steadfastness in the path of achievement of their aim, is much larger However, we refrain
from mentioning their names and the events of their lives for the sake of brevity.
Notes:
[146] Instead of ringing a bell of danger the Arabs use these words and generally begin alarming reports
with them.
[147] bin Hisham has mentioned the names and particulars of these person in his 'Seerah'.
[148] Seerah-i bin Hisham, vol. X, page 265.
[149] Seerah-i bin Hisham, vol. I, pp. 265-266.
[150] Tarikh-i Tabari, vol. II, pp. 66,67; Seerah-i bin Hisham, vol. I. pp. 295,296
[151] Seerah-i bin Hisham, vol. I, p. 313 and Tarikh-i Tabari, vol. II, p. 72.
[152] Tarikh-i Kamil, vol. II, page 59.
[153] al-Bidayah wan Nihayah, vol. III, page 26.
[154] Seerah, page 311. Tabari has quoted the entire incident in his history vol. II page 72, except that
the head of the Caliph was injured.
[155] Tarikh-i Kamil, vol. II, page 47.
[156] Biharul Anwar, vol. XVIII, page 204.
[157] Seerah-i bin Hisham, vol. I, page 318.
[158] Tabaqat-i bin S'ad, vol. III, page 233.
[159] Tarikh-i Kamil, vol. II, page 45.

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[160] Seerah-i bin Hisham, vol. I, page 320.

[161] Seerah bin Hisham, vol. I, page 314.

MIGRATION TO ABYSSINIA
Hostilities of Makkans increased with increase in numbers of Muslims. They became more
aggressive in their torture. When the persecution became intolerable, Prophet (PBUH)
received a revelation by the middle of 5thyear of Prophet-hood. It hinted at allowing the
Muslims to migrate to a safer place. “Good is for those who do good in this world, and
Allah’s earth is spacious: only those who are patient shall receive their rewards in full.”
(Qur’an)

Muhammad SAW allowed his followers to migrate to Abyssinia. They would be comfortable
there because the king is a just man. The first batch of 15/16 (12+3 / 12+4) persons in
5AH reached there safely, Uthman bin Maz'oon, one of the most important companions, of
Prophet SAW was chosen as the leader of this group. They also included Hazrat e Uthman
and Hazrat Ruqiya RA; followed by another group of 101/102, 79 males and 22 / 23
females in 7AH under the leadership of Hazrat Jafar bin Abu Talib RA. On this
occasion, Prophet (PBUH) remarked. “They are the first people to migrate in cause of
Allah after Ibrahim pbuh and Lot pbuh.” (Hadith)
That was the first precedent of migration in Islam. On learning Makkans pursued them, and
dispatched their delegation comprising upon Amar bin Al-A’as and Abdullah bin Rabiya
with gifts to the king, in the court of Negus (Najashi, Samee. Note: Modern historians have
alternatively identified him with King Armah); they made a story that some of their slaves
along with some foolish peoples have abandoned their religion to a new one other than
Christianity, and came to hide in your country. We have been sent with a message to you,
“O King! Hand them over back to us.”
But the king said, “By God! I will not give them up, those who have sought my
protection, settled in my country, chosen me than others, shall not be betrayed. I will
summon them and ask the truth and will decide accordingly. Otherwise I will protect
them.”
On entering the court the Muslims did not bow down to King in accordance with the
custom of Abyssinia. The courtier asked why they did not bow down in respect. They
replied, “We bow down only to Allah.”
Hazrat Jaffar bin Abu Talib stood up and spoke, “O King! We were ignorant people,
worshipped idols, ate carrion, committed injustice, wronged one another, strong
exploited the weak and we were fixed in wrongdoing. Meanwhile Muhammad SAW
born among us, he called us to Islam and worship One God, be truthful, abstain from
bloodshed, leave all evils, be good to your relatives and neighbors, be truthful and
trustworthy, care for orphan, do not accuse women, give alms and charities to needy.
So we left all evils in our life and became true Muslims therefore they became our
enemies.”
The king was moved by this speech. He asked him to recite some verses from Qur’an
regarding Jesus (PBUH) and Mary SA. Hazrat Jaffar RA recited the verses of Surah Maryam.
On hearing these Negus (Najashi, Samee’s) eyes filled with tears. Then he turned to his

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courtiers and said, “By God! This Qur’an and the Bible are two lights of the same
lamp.”
Therefore the Muslims were given permission to live in Abyssinia and to preach Islam at
their will. And the Makkans were sent back with their gifts, empty handed, by the sayings of
Negus (Najashi, Samee), “If you the Makkans pay me the weight of gold equal to all of
them, even though I will not hand them over to you.” The Negus (Najashi, Samee), was
so influenced by Islam that he himself along with his whole nation accepted Islam in 6th /
7th AH. And on his death in 10th AH the Prophet SAW offered his funeral in absentia in
Madinah.
Many of the Abyssinian exiles returned to Makkah in 622 and made the hijra to Madinah
with Muhammad, while a second wave in came to Madinah in 628, about 6 years later.

WHY DID MAKKANS PURSUE MUSLLIMS IN ABYSSINIA?

When Pagans of Makkah knew about the migration of Muslims to Abyssinia they pursued
them as they did not want Muslims to live in peace and the prosperity of Islam. They knew
that if Abyssinia proved to be safe for them, it would support the mission of Muhammad
SAW. They did not want the poor and slave might become at par with them in any field of
life. Islam propagates equality, which was like a sword on their open neck.
Makkans chased them because they were afraid that the reality and truth of Islam should
not reach a foreign land which could give Muslims a lot of strength. They were right
because in near future, Nagus accepted Islam and died as a good Muslim. Along with him,
the population also converted to Islam.
Every year thousands of pilgrims used to visit Ka’bah for worship. They had their dialogue
and interaction with Muslims and Muhammad SAW as well. They were also taking affects of
new emergence. They did not want the outsider to think that Quraish were no more
capable to rule; and the Muslims were getting strength day by day. They wanted to close all
the doors on them. Therefore they sent their envoy to Negus (Najashi, Samee) with
valuable gifts and tried their best to convince the king on religious grounds to hand over
them to Makkans. But they failed in their plot. As Allah says, “They plotted and Allah
planned as well. And Allah is the best of planner.”

BOYCOTT OF QURAISH
When Quraish felt that nothing became affective to stop Islam of Muhammad SAW from
spreading. They decided to punish them through boycott. They summoned to the elders of
tribe to gather in Dar-un-Nadva and wrote a Boycott of Banu Hashim and Banu Mutalib
in 7 AH. The elders sanctioned a total boycott including trade, marriage and social
relations with other tribes. The document duly signed and solemnly pledged them to
observe it was hung on the wall of Ka’bah. Banu Hashim and Banu Abdul-Muttalib joined
with 'Abu Talib, went with him to his valley and gathered round him there; but 'Abu Lahab
'Abd al Uzza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib left the Banu Hashim and went with the Quraysh
supporting them against 'Abu Talib.
The tribe of Muhammad SAW had to stay in a narrow valley of Sha’ib-Abi-Talib for three
years long. These three years were of great sufferings and starvation. The infant children
were crying for milk and their cry was heard even in Makkah at night. Young, old and

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women had to eat leaves and even the skin parchments to save their lives. Hazrat Sa’d bin
Abi Waqas says, “On night I was so hungry for the last five days that I strongly felt
that I was going to die, meanwhile suddenly my hand touched with some soft thing. I
hurriedly ate that up. I do not know till now what was that.”
Allama Shibli Noamani writes in his famous book on Seerat un Nabi that, “These days were
very hard with them and very often they had to feed on the leaves of TALH or plantain.”
Some tender hearted Makkans started to talk about dissolution of boycott. One day Prophet
SAW asked his uncle to go and see the agreement is no more on the wall of Ka’bah. Hazrat
Abu Talib went to Ka’bah and saw that it was eaten up by termites / white ants, except the
name of Allah and Muhammad SAW. So the elders of tribe were informed and the
agreement was dissolved forth with. Thus Muhammad SAW and his family came back to
Makkah and usual routine started again in the city.

CAUSES OF OPPOSITION OF QURAISH TO MUSLIMS AND PROPHET SAW

There were many causes of opposition of Quraish towards Islam. For example:
Religious: Quraish were idol worshipper, Muhammad SAW preached Oneness of Allah.
They were not ready to give them up, because the financial earning was involved with
them. They became further hostile when they learnt that Prophet SAW called their
forefather the people of Hell.
Social: Islam is a religion of equality; it does not have concern with social status. Rich and
poor are equal in the eye of Allah. Anyone who commits evil is equally punished by law.
The Quraish were status conscious. They were evil doers but did not like to be booked by
law equally as low cadre. They also thought that the Prophet should be angel or powerful
wealthy man from Makkah or Ta’if. This of their argument is mentioned in Qur’an, “And
they said, “Why this Qur’an is not sent down upon any of the great man of the two
towns (of Makkah and Ta’if)?”
Economic: Quraish were enjoying economic privilege; being custodian of Ka’bah they were
receiving vows and monetary gains from all over Arabia. Their business caravans received
special treatment where looting and plundering was rule of the day. They used to take
interest on loan which was forbidden in Islam.
Due to the above reasons they became hostile and enemy to Islam and Muhammad SAW.

REACTION OF MUSLIMS ON PERSECUTION

Due to fair teachings of Muhammad SAW the followers became steadfast in their religion.
Makkans did all what they could to convert them from Islam, but they failed to break the
patience of Muslims. They showed great tolerance at every step. They suffered a lot in the
hands of Quraish and even during migration to Abyssinia. They were tortured in the streets
and bore miseries in Sha’ib-Abi-Talib. Inspite of all this their belief in Allah and Muhammad
SAW strengthened more and more. They did not betray him at all. At last the whole
peninsula accepted Islam after the conquest of Makkah in 8AH.

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YEAR OF GRIEF

In the 10th year of Prophet-hood, 619 AD not long after the annulment of Social Boycott,
Muhammad SAW had to face two sad events one after another. At first his beloved wife
who supported him in every kith and kin, who testified herself at every step, a devoted and
loyal to him passed away within a few days of end of Boycott, and then his beloved uncle
and chief of Quraish Abu Talib, who supported him all the time also died within a month, on
the first of Zil Qa’da, After the death of both high profiled personalities the Prophet SAW
was left behind alone with his children. Muhammad SAW named this year as ‘A’am-ul-
Huzn’.
The bereavement of his uncle and wife cast a gloom over Muhammad's life. The tragedy
coincided with so many afflictions and animosities of his enemies that Makkah had become
a bed of thorns for Muhammad by now to onwards.

VISIT OF TA’IF
Initially the preaching of Islam by Muhammad had been confined to Makkah and his
success was rather modest, limited to 125 to170 men and women in the city during a ten-
year period. Nevertheless, in 619 during the Year of Sorrow his main source of support, his
uncle Abu Talib bin ‘Abd al-Muttalib and his loving wife Hazrat Khadija RA died.
Now, not just the elite of Makkah attacked Muhammad, but even young children hurled
dust and insults at him. Muhammad soon realized that there was no hope left for the
Makkahns to accept his religion, and he thus looked to the south, to the sister city of Ta’if,
for the preaching of Islam, so he with his adopted son, Zayd bin Harithah went to Ta’if to
invite the people there to Islam
There were good signals from the Ta’ifans for the Prophet SAW, some of them invited him,
and therefore he decided to move on. When the news of this visit reached to Abu Jahl and
others, they dispatched a band of scoundrels side by side of Muhammad SAW. The
whole journey was taken up by Prophet SAW by foot. He reached there, received by three
chiefs of tribes (Abd Yalail, Mas'ud and Habib, their father was Amr Bin Umair Ath Thaqafi),
and allowed to convey the message of Islam to them freely, but after a while they declined
to accept, on the pretext, that lest his welcome in Ta’if might embroil them with Makkans.
The Prophet SAW stayed in Ta’if for ten days and met with ten of their leaders. One of
them said, “ O Muhammad SAW! If you are truthful in your message then I fear for the
punishment of Allah. And if you are liar, then I do not talk to liar.” The second of
them said that, “If you were so true to your Prophet-hood then why your own people
did not accept your call.” At the end of stay when the Prophet SAW decided to move back
to Makkah, at the same time, on the instigation of Makkan’s scoundrels the leaders of Ta’if
also permitted their vagabonds to stone the Prophet SAW. They targeted the legs and the
ankles of the Holy Prophet SAW. Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha RA tried his best to protect the
Prophet SAW from every side, but he could not succeed fully, and received injuries as well.
The Prophet SAW was wounded badly to the extent that his shoes filled with blood.
Once Muhammad SAW and Zaid bin Haritha were outside the city walls, Muhammad SAW
almost collapsed.They went a short distance outside of the town and stopped in a wine
orchard that belonged to two Christians or two Makkan’s (Utbah and Shaybah-sons of
Rabi'ah) who were there at the time. They supplied him with water. He quenched his thirst,

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washed his face and wounds. The owners also told their Christian slave named Addas
from Ninevah (Italy) to give a tray of ripe grapes to him. He embraced Islam on the hand
of Prophet SAW on noticing the signs of Prophet-hood. The Jamia Masjid Addas of Ta’if is
a sign of his remembrance.
At that time angel Gabriel came to him and said, “Allah has sent with me the Angels of
mountains and He says, that the fate of the people of Ta’if is at your will, if you wish I
will crush them under the mountain.” (Hadith)
Muhammad SAW replied, “I have forgiven them as they do not know me, I see in their
young, good Muslims in future.” (Hadith)
And his prediction became true when in 9th AH all the Ta’if tribes came to Madinah and
accepted Islam.
On return from Ta’if Mu’tam bin Eddi a Makkan Chief, along with his six sons gave
protection to the Prophet SAW in Makkah, as the Makkans made announcement of killings
of Prophet SAW on seeing and entering in the city. Once after the battle of Badr when 70
prisoners were brought to Madinah and they had to pay ransom, at that time the Prophet
SAW said, “If Mu’tam bin Eddi would have been alive and he would have asked me to
relieve the prisoners without ransom too, I definitely have released them for the
good what he had done to me to give protection in Makkah after visit of Ta’if.”
(Hadith)

ASCENSION OF MUHAMMAD ISRA / MA’IRAJ

NIGHT VIST FROM MAKKAH TO AQSA
There are two parts of Ma’iraj one is called visit from Makkah to Aqsa and second is
Ascension (Ma’iraj) from Aqsa to Arsh e Elahi.
A Night Journey that, took place during a single night is called Ma’iraj.. It has been
described as both a physical and spiritual journey. A brief sketch of the story is in surah al-
Isra and Surah An Najm of the Quran, and other details come from the Ahadith.
Between the year of grief and migration on 27th of Rajab, 620 /621AD,angel Gabriel woke
up the Prophet from the house of Umm-e-Hani, took him to Masjid Al-Haram, opened his
chest, washed it with Zam Zam water and filled in Noor-e-Elahi. After due arrangements
Muhammad SAW rode on a ‘Burraq’, performed two Rakats at Yathrib, Babal, Egypt valley,
Toor Mountain, Bat el Leham, and reached to Masjid Al-Aqsa along with Gabriel AS. He tied
his Burraq with the same ring on the door of Aqsa which was used by Hazrat Daud pbuh for
toeing his riding animal. Allah says in Surah Isra, “Glorified is He, Who took with Him His
Servant (Muhammad SAW) for a journey by night from Al-Masjid-Al-Haram (the
Sacred Mosque at Makkah) to Al-Masjid-Al-Aqsa (the Farthest Mosque in Jerusalem
‘Palestine’), whose environs We have blessed so that We might show him Our Signs.
He (Allah) is All-Hearing, All-Seeing indeed.”
Al-Aqsa doors were opened. In Masjid-e-Aqsa all Messengers of Allah from Adam (PBUH) to
Jesus (PBUH) were present. All performed 2 Rakat Prayer led by Prophet SAW before start
of Ascension or on completion of Ascension as the case might be in various history books.
At the start of Ascension he was offered with two / three drinks by Gabriel wine, water and

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milk and he opted for milk. Hazrat Gabriel said, “O Prophet of Allah! 'You have chosen
the Fitrah (natural instinct), and you have saved your Ummah from further trial.”
ASCENSION-MA’IRAJ / ISRA: Then Allah took him to the Heavens. On the first heaven he
met with Adam (PBUH) along with two groups on his right and left. The group at right
was his children of Paradise, they were pleased. And the group at his left was crying being
the people of Hell. On the second heaven he was welcomed by Zakariya, Yahya (John the
Baptist) Jesus / Isa (PBUT), on the third by Yousuf (Joseph PBUH), on the fourth by
Idrees (PBUH), on the fifth by Harun (Aaron PBUH)), on the sixth by Hazrat Musa
(Moses PBUH) and on the seventh heaven by Hazrat Ibrahim (Abraham (PBUH)) the
forefather of Muhammad SAW.
He was taken to go for a visit of Paradise; there he met with ‘Rizwan’ the keeper of
Paradise. All angels and Hurs welcomed him in honorable way. He visited all Paradise.
Then he was taken to Hell. There he met with the keeper of Hell ‘Malik’ a rigid faced angel
who never smiles. He showed the view of Hell to Prophet SAW.
The Prophet SAW was taken to Sidrat-ul-Muntaha, a holy tree in the seventh heaven / the
last boundary near the Lot Tree. Angel Gabriel AS stopped there and asked him to move
forward alone. Muhammad asked why he did not accompany him. He replied, “If I could go
near to that boarder my wings will burn out. This is the point beyond which no one
else ever crossed except you.”
The Prophet SAW went forward, bent down to put out his shoes, but meanwhile the voice
of Allah stroke to his hear, “O My beloved Messenger! Enter in my Arsh with shoes, as
you do not need to put out.”
Thus he became close to Allah and talked, as Qur’an says, “They both became so close
like two bows or even more near than that.”
Muhammad SAW was honored with 5 times Prayers in a day along with countless bounties
and blessings for which his Ummah will get the reward of 50 Prayers.

He remained there on Ascension for 27 years measured by the worldly time. As at the
time of death of Prophet SAW when he asked to Izrae’il AS, that while he was on
Ascension he learnt from Al-Loh-e-Mahfuz about his age, which was written as 90
years. Izrae’il AS replied, “It is true, but you have consumed 27 years in Ascension.”
He was descended back to Masjid-e-Aqsa where his Burraq was tied. He rode on it and
returned back to Makkah. When he reached back the latch of his door was still swinging
and the bed was warm. It seems that the time on earth was stopped, and the spirit of the
earth was taken out. He told the whole event to the Pagans of Makkah, but they ridiculed.
When Abu Jahl asked Abu Bakr RA about the truth of this event, he replied, “If it is said by
Muhammad SAW then I accept it all truth.”
Thus Abu Bakr RA won the title of Al-Siddique (the most honest) from Allah through
Gabriel by the tongue of Muhammad SAW.

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SIGNIFICANE OF MA’IRAJ
In the 10th year of Prophet-hood he received the grief of Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija RA
and the year was declared as A’am-ul-Huzn. During the visit of Ta’if Muhammad SAW was
badly disappointed due to ill behavior of the people. So Allah has decided to give honor to
Muhammad SAW through Ma’iraj. It strengthened him fully both in spirit and belief and
prepared him for the next phase of his Prophet-hood which was to start from the migration
to Yathrib.

THE PLEDGES OF AQABAH

Prophet Muhammad SAW made great efforts in the first years of his prophet-hood to invite
those people who came to Makkah for pilgrimage to Islam, as well as those who came to the
emporiums for trade purposes. The most prolific contacts among these were the Prophet's
contacts with the people of Yathrib (Madinah).
During the season of Hajj in 11th PH (620AD) a group of six people from Yathrib came to
accept Islam in Aqabah, a desolate place in Mina. They heard from the Jews Scripture that
there was a perfect time when a Prophet SAW was to appear in Arabia. The Prophet SAW
spoke to them about Islam. These people accepted Islam. One of them, As'ad bin Zurarah
promised that he would turn back to Yathrib and convey the new religion to both his tribe
and to the Aous tribe and that he would meet with the Prophet SAW again in Aqabah one
year later. These six people, who formed the core of the Ansar tribe, carried out great
services for Islam and as a result many people became Muslim.

FIRST PLEDGE OF AQABA: In the following year (the 12th year of the Prophet-hood, Dhu
al-Hijjah/July 621), twelve people secretly met with Prophet Muhammad SAW in Aqabah.
The people of Yathrib affiliated themselves with him, took pledge and promised "Not
to associate any other with Allah, not to steal or perform adultery, not to kill their
children, not to slander each other, and to obey the orders of Prophet Muhammad."
This pledge is called "The First Pledge of Aqabah." The Prophet SAW sent Mus'ab bin
Umayr with them to teach them the Holy Quran and Islam, to invite non-Muslims to Islam,
and to lead them in prayer. In one year, the activities of Mus'ab bin Umayr, who was staying
in As'ad bin Zurarah's house, ensured the acceptance of Islam by the leading figures of
Yathrib, including the leaders of the Aous tribe, Sa'd bin Muaz and Usayd bin Huzayr, and
the city became a place of immigration.

SECOND PLEDGE OF AQABA: As a matter of fact, in the pilgrimage season of the 13th year
of the prophet-hood (622), seventy-five Yathrib Muslims (two of them women) came to
Makkah with the pilgrimage caravan; the people in the caravan were not all Muslims. Again,
they secretly met the Prophet in Aqabah. The people of Yathrib invited the Prophet SAWto
their city, and he read some verses from the Holy Quran, and reminded them that they
must devote themselves to Islam. Then he listed the terms of the second pledge of Aqabah:
the Prophet told them to pledge that if he were to come to their city they would protect him
and all the Makkan Muslims as if they were protecting their own children, wives or
property, that they would remain obedient to the Prophet SAW during the good times and
the bad times, that they would provide financial help during times of affluence and times of
hardship, that they would order what is good and prevent what is bad, and that they would
fear no one and remain righteous. All of the Yathrib people accepted these terms and gave

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their pledges. Meanwhile Hazrat Abbas RA the uncle of Prophet SAW stood up and
asked the people of Yathrib by saying, “You are taking great responsibility at your
part. Think again because you will become enemy to Makkans by protecting
Muhammad. Your lives, children and properties will be at stake. If you cannot do,
better to leave the matter at initial, rather then tomorrow’s betrayal. They spoke in
one voice that, they will protect the Prophet SAW at the cost of their own and
children’s life.”

The Prophet SAW chose twelve representatives (naqib) among them. The Prophet
SAWassigned As'ad bin Zurara as the head of other eleven representatives. The second
Aqabah Pledge is sometimes referred to as the bay‘atul-harb (battle pledge), as it contains
points concerned with warfare. Yathrib (Madinah) is located at a strategic point that could
have led to encounters with the Quraishis; caravans going to Syria, Palestine and Iraq from
the north had to pass through this area.

WHY DID THE PROPHET SAW MIGRATE TO YATHRIB (MADINAH)?

There are following reasons which led to the migration of Prophet SAW to Yathrib.

a. Due to hostility of Quraish the preaching of Islam became difficult.

b. Due to death of Abu Talib there was no one to support him in Makkah.
c. People of Yathrib invited the Prophet SAW and accepted him their leader.
d. As the migration of Abyssinia was successful, this built confidence in Muslims to
migrate to Yathrib.
e. The Pagans of Makkah planned in Dar-un-Nadwa to kill him.
f. Gibriel brought the commandment of Allah to leave Makkah by night.

EVENTS OF MIGRATION.

After a successful conduction of Pledges of Aqaba and the promise of Banu Aus and Khazrij
of Yathrib for the protection of life of Prophet SAW and his followers, the Prophet SAW
decided to migrate to Yathrib. Meanwhile the Pagans of Makkah also plotted against him.
As per plotting at Dar-un-Nadwa for the killing of Prophet SAW; eleven / seventeen leaders
of Quraish under the command of Abu Jahl surrounded the house of Muhammad to carry
out his execution. The Holy Prophet and Hazrat Ali were inside the house. Meanwhile the
command of Allah reached to Muhammad SAW through Gabriel to leave Makkah. He
replied, “How it could be, as they have surrounded the house.” Gabriel said, “By
Allah’s help.”
Before leaving home on 17th June 622, 1st of Rabi' al-Awwal 01 AH, the Holy Prophet
SAW asked Hazrat Ali to be on his bed and join him after handing over the trusts of Quraish
which he kept with him. He came out reciting ninth verse of Surah Yasin from his house,
cast out handful of sand at the disbelievers. As soon as he threw out the pebbles to
disbelievers the dust storm spread, causing invisibility to prevail and he reached to the

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house of Abu Bakr RA. Allah says in Qur’an, “What you cast the sand, actually it was
casted all by Allah.”
Abu Bakr RA was already waiting there with fully prepared. He had arranged for two
camels for ride and 30000 dirham hard cash for way expenditures. So they moved towards
the Cave of Saur. At the bed of mountain they left their ride and walked upward by foot. In
the morning the Quraish saw Hazrat Ali was lying on the bed of Prophet SAW. They asked
about him but he did not give any clue.
When Muhammad SAW and Abu Bakr settled in the cave; a pigeon made a nest outside the
cave and laid eggs, a shrub grew at the mouth of cave and a spider made a cobweb by will
of Allah. Hazrat Abu Bakr covered all holes with his shirt pieces except a single hole, so he
put his foot on it. Holy Prophet SAW was lying asleep in his lap. A snake bit on his foot, drop
of tear fell on the Prophet SAW’s forehead. He woke up and applied his salvia on the foot of
Abu Bakr RA at the same moment the sting pain vanished. Then the Prophet SAW asked the
snake why he stung him?
He replied, “O Messenger of Allah I have been waiting for hundreds of years to see
your glorious face in this cave. Now the precious moment to see your glorious face
came, he made hurdle in my way. Therefore I had to do this.”
The son of Abu Bakr RA used to bring news and his daughter Asma RA food and milk for
them. Makkans sent their spies in pursuit. When they reached at the mouth of the cave Abu
Bakr became afraid. Allah sent His consolation in these words of Qur’an, “When he
(Muhammad SAW) said to his fellow (Abu Bakr), “Don’t fear Allah is with us.”
After seeing all signs on the cave the infidels returned disappointed. They announced the
prize of 100 camels for the one who capture him. After three nights Abdullah bin Uraqit /
Ureqat appointed guard by Abu Bakr RA to lead them to Yathrib, reached the cave with two
camels and they left for Yathrib. This journey from the cave of Saur started on 21st June
5 Rabi' al Awwal 01 AH in 622 AD. They took the sea side, travelled the whole night,
remained on rest the day, took food and milk. During the course of their journey once they
reached a residence of Umm e Ma’bad. The Prophet SAW asked he for milk. She replied that
there is only one old sick goat which is milkless. The Prophet SAW held her and milked her
in such a huge quantity that they all drank at their fill and even the utencils of the house of
Umm e Ma’bad also filled with. When the husband of Umm e Ma’bad came back home and
asked that from where did she got this huge quantity milk? She replied, “The most
beautiful, dignified man along with other three came across here and he got all this milk
from this of our old sick goat. He said, “I believe in that he is the same for whom the
whole Arabia is searching.”
Suraqa bib Malik Jahshami the Arab brave in want to win the prize of 100 camels
approached near to him, his horse fell down, he remounted but his horse sank in rockey
sand till neck and he fell forward. He sought apology and got a letter of freedom from the
Prophet SAW and came back. He told Quraish that what he saw is sufficient for any sane
man to believe in Muhammad SAW. On their way to Yathrib 80 men along with Buraidah
bin Al-Hassan accepted Islam.
On eighth day of their journey on 28th June, 12 Rabi' al-Awwal 01 AH they reached Quba.
They stayed and constructed the first Masjid of Islam there. Hazrat Ali RA joined there the
Prophet SAW. They started their journey and in between Quba and Yathrib the first Jumma
Prayers were performed. On entering Yathrib Hazrat Hamza RA saw him and told the

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people about Muhammad SAW. They all welcomed him, young girls of Yathrib sung
welcoming notes, “The moon has risen upon us; thanks giving became due on us.”
On second of July 622 AD, 16th Rabi’ al Awal 01 AH the Prophet SAW reached in Madinah.
Everyone wanted his stay in his home. He said where ever his camel sat he would stay
there. The camel sat before the house of Abu Ayyub Ansari RA. He stayed in his house till
construction of Masjid-e-Nabvi and his rooms. The land which was selected for Masjid
belonged to two orphan brothers Sahal and Suhail. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA paid for the land
and the Masjid was built along with two rooms for Prophet SAW. This year was announced
the first year of Hijra on the beginning of Islamic calendar during the 7th year of Hazrat
Umar RA’s caliphate.

IMPORTANCE OF MIGRATION
Muslims took sigh of relief from the cruelties and persecution of Quraish. Islam started to
spread rapidly. The brother hood relation was introduced between Ansar and Muhajirin.
The charter of Madinah was signed between Jews and Muslims. Both parties were granted
freedom of religion by this charter. The Holy Prophet SAW established first Islamic
Common Wealth and became head of state. His decision became final in all matters. Ist
Islamic Hijra calendar introduced form this date during the Caliphate of Umar RA. The
strength of Muslims increased with every passing day. It was great event in Islamic history.

PROPHET’S LIFE IN MADINAH.

FIRST YEAR OF HIJRA
MUWAKHAT (BROTHER HOOD): There were two categories of Muslim, those who
migrated from Makkah and those who were inhabitants of Yathrib. Immigrants were called
Muhajirin and inhabitants were Ans’ars. As Muhajirin were helpless, needy, having no
shelter and food. Therefore the Prophet introduced between them the relationship of
Muwakhat (brother hood). Allah says in Qur’an, “Indeed the believers are brothers.”
On establishment of Muwakhat the immigrants settled there within no time. The Ans’ars
set such examples of sacrifice for Muhajirin that it were not known to the world before.
They distributed everything what they possessed equally among their brethren gladly.

CHARTER OF MADINAH: Charter of Madinah was signed between Muslims and Jews.
Muslims under the leadership of Muhammad SAW became first party and three tribes of
Jews (Banu Qainqah, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza) became the second party. Conditions to
this charter were the following.
1. Muslim and Jews would be allies; they would help one another at the time of war
from outside.
2. Both would share expenses of war.
3. Both would live peacefully side by side.
4. Both the parties will respect each other.
5. Both would enjoy freedom of religion and practice tolerance.

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6. Muhammad SAW would be regarded as leader of Madinah having all powers.

This charter is landmark in the history of mankind. It guaranteed protection of life and
property along with freedom of religion. Each section had complete autonomy in regard to
its internal affairs. This treaty established the Holy Prophet SAW as head of state of
Madinah.

CONSSTRUCTION OF MASJAD-E-NABVI: Muhammad SAW constructed Masjid in Madinah

in which he himself took part as labour. The land of two orphan brothers was acquired by
Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, This Masjid was not only a spiritual center but was a center of
learning, a political and military headquarter as well. All affairs of state were conducted
there from. Allah says in Qur’an,
“Definitely the Masjid (a place of worship for Muslims) which was found on piety
from the very first day (the Masjid-e-Nabvi) has greater right that you stand therein.”
It was simple square building; the walls were built of unbaked bricks, in roof the date palm
trunks were used as beams and pillars; the roof was filled with leaves and mud. Two rooms
for residence of Muhammad SAW were also built initially. A large platform in one corner
was built as a center of education and shelter for poor Muslims known as Suffah. Masjid-e-
Nabvi is the holiest place after Ka’bah.

AZAN (CALL FOR PRAYERS)

Azan to call the Muslims for congregation Prayers in Masjid was introduced, under the
suggestion of Hazrat Umar RA. Previously drum beat was used to call for Prayers. As
Muhammad SAW did not like it therefore when Hazrat Umar RA and Abdullah bin
Zubair told the Prophet SAW about their dreams; he accepted it by the will of Allah
through the revelation by Gabriel and named it Azan. Hazrat Bilal was appointed as first
Muazzan.

SECOND YEAR OF HIJRAH (2 AH)

Fasting on all adult Muslims became obligatory. Zakat made obligatory on all rich
Muslims. Qibla was changed from Jerusalam to Ka’bah. Muslims were permitted to fight
in the way of Allah.

BATTLE OF BADR: 2 AH.

CAUSES OF WAR: The growing power of Muslims in Madinah was looked upon by infidels
of Makkah as threat to their survival. They filled with enmity and jealousy and wanted to
crush them forever. The leadership and supremacy of Muhammad SAW was also not
digested by them. They wanted to teach lesson to Madinites for their help what they
extended to Muhajirin.
Abdullah bin Ubay also joined them to check the growing power of Muslims, as he himself
wanted to head the state of Madinah. Holy Prophet SAW sent a party of nine of his
followers under Abdullah bin Jahash to check the outskirts of Madinah and to keep eye on

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the movement of Quraish. The party suddenly had an encounter with caravan of Amar bin
Hazarmi, a Quraish leader in which he killed.
Makkans were dependent on trade, and there was only one route which passed near
Madinah towards Syria and Iraq. Increasing power of Muslims in Madinah was a serious
threat to safety of their trade route in future.
A rumor spread out in Makkah that a caravan of Abu Suffiyan returning from Syria was
attacked by Muslims. Actually this rumor was a plot of Abu Jahl to further instigate the
sentiments of Quraish against Muslims. Abu Jahl gathered an army of 1000 and
advanced towards Madinah to attack. When the news came to Muhammad SAW he called a
council of war in Masjid-e-Nabvi and unanimously decided to fight Quraish. As Allah had
already declared in Qur’an, “And fight in the way (cause) of Allah against those who
fight you and do not cross the limit.”

EVENTS OF BATTLE OF BADR

When news of attack on Madinah reached to Abu Suffiyan, he sent a message to Abu Jahl to
retreat, but he moved on as it was his personal venture. Muslim army comprising upon 313
men reached at Badr prior to Quraish, as they were late for the joining of the caravan of
Abu Suffiyan. The Holy Prophet SAW selected the best site as the rising sun would not
shine in the eyes and settled his army. They dug several water pits to make it readily
available. At night rain started and the Muslim army collected sufficient water for their use.
During whole night Muhammad SAW weepingly prayed to Allah for success by imploring,
“O Allah! If this small band of your believers perished, there will be no one alive to
worship you and your Deen will vanish forever.”
They sighs of imploring were so painful to listen that at one time Hazrat Abu Bakr RA had
to interfere by saying, “O Muhammad! Don’t kill yourself by crying; Allah will
definitely fulfill His promise.”
Allah replied to the call of Muhammad SAW in these words of Qur’an, “Recall! When you
were imploring before your Rabb (Lord) for help so He accepted your request (by
saying), “Indeed I will help you with one thousand angels following one another.”
Early in the morning on 623 AD, Muhammad SAW arranged his small army, hardly having
sufficient arms but filled with the power of belief to fight in the way of Allah. He passed on
some important instructions:-
a. Do not break your lines.
b. Do not start fighting until I order.
c. Discharge your arrows when target is in reach.
d. Start throwing stone when enemy rushes towards you.
e. If he reaches more near; then fight hand to hand.
As per Arab custom, Shaiba, Utba and Waleed came forward to fight one on one. From
Muslim side Hazrat Bilal, Muwayih bin Haris and Abdullah bin Rawaha stepped
forward to fight but they declined on the ground that they are not equal to them. Then
Ubaida bin Harith RA, Hazrat Hamza RA and Hazrat Ali RA accepted their challenge.
They killed their opponents and fierce battle started. Abu Jahl was killed by Hazrat Hamza
RA. 70 killed in Makkan’s army, 70 brought as prisoner. Muslims lost 14 lives.

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EFFECTS OF BADR
This battle was turning point in the history of Islam. The victory not only encouraged the
Muslims but also caused to strengthen in their faith in Allah and Muhammad SAW. The
tribes in outskirts of Madinah started to think about the might of Muslims and thus
accepted Islam. A Jews tribe of Banu Qainqa broke the Charter of Madinah and was
expelled. The back bone of Quraish was broken as their brave leaders like Utba, Shaiba,
Waleed and Abu Jahl were killed. Some prisoners were released on ransom and others
on teaching to read and write to 10 children in Madinah. Some of them who were sent to
well off Muslims for taking care; later on accepted Islam. The hypocrites under Abdullah
bin Ubay became more careful after this event. The day of Badr is named as Yom-ul-Furqan
and Yom-ul-Fatah by Allah in Qur’an.

BATTLE OF UHAD: 3 AH.

CAUSES: Quraish thought the rise of Islam in Madinah was great threat to their political
and commercial interests. They could not digest the defeat in Badr. They wanted to take
revenge and regain the lost respect at all cost. Abu Suffiyan and his wife Hinda vowed not
to take bath till the revenge of Abu Jahl and others was taken. Hinda promised freedom to
her slave Wahashi bin Harb on the killing of Hazrat Hamza RA. Women of killed in Badr
were instigating the fire of war among Makkans all the time. Traders of Makkah set aside
a reasonable amount for war. The hypocrites and Jews again assured for help and
victory to Quraish. Abu Aamir a leader of Khazraj (a hypocrite) went to Makkah to give
them assurance of his people’s help and accompanied them to Uhad.

EVENTS OF UHAD
Muhammad SAW called on his council of war in which it was unanimously decided to
fight outside Madinah. Although Prophet SAW wanted to face them in Madinah and
Abdullah bin Ubay also supported him, but due to majority suggestion of companions of
Prophet he had to accept the decision.
Uhad is about 5km away from Madinah. Muhammad SAW set out towards Uhad with 1000
men. On the way Abdullah bin Ubay detached his 300 men on the plea that his opinion
about fighting inside Madinah was not accepted. So his plan to assist Makkans revealed.
Due to separation of 300 Jews the Prophet SAW was left with just 700 only. There were
100 armoured men in Muslim army having 19 horses only.
On the other side Quraish were 3000 seasoned warriors, including 700 armored
soldiers, 200 horses, 2000 camels under the leadership of Abu Suffiyan, while the
cavalry command was under Khalid Bin Waleed.
Muhammad SAW army reached the sandy plain beneath the peacks of Uhad. He selected
the place for his army, made his camp in the inner entrance of mount. He appointed a batch
of 50 archers under the command of Abdullah bin Jubair RA to guard a pass between
Uhad and Ainan form penetrations of enemy behind the Muslims. They were strictly
ordered not to leave the pass at any cost till further instruction of Prophet SAW.
When war started, the Muslims fought bravely. Infidels could not face the attack of
Muslims, so the condition of their army worsened. They started to flee from the battlefield.
The Muslims started to collect booty. It looked as the war is over. On seeing all that 40 of
the archers stationed on the mount of Uhad left their posts to have their share in booty.

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Abdullah bin Jubair asked them to wait till the order of Prophet SAW but they did not
listen. A hawked eyed Khalid bin Waleed saw the chance, moved his cavalry from behind,
killed Abdullah bin Jubair and his 10 arch men and attacked from behind the Muslim
Army. Harassment prevailed, many Muslims killed, Hazrat Hamza RA was killed by
Wahashi bin Harb and his body was molested by Hinda. Muhammad SAW was very sad
at the news. He called to recollect the army. At the same moment Ubay bin Abi Waqas and
others targeted his face with stone and broke his two teeth; injured his lower lip and
forehead. He fell down in a pit unconsciously, seven companions martyred to save him,
Hazrat Ali and others helped him out. A rumor of Prophet’s killing spread out, Muslims
started to run away from the battlefield. Abu Suffiyan asked about the life of Muhammad
SAW, Abu Bakr RA and Umar RA; when no response given to him, he said, “Islam is
finished now, La’at and Uzza became victorious.” At the same time Muhammad SAW
replied, “Islam is alive and will remain forever.”
Muhammad SAW stood up on the hill top and called the Muslims to gather, when gathered
they pursued the infidels for long distance; but they did not return to fight again. All
martyrs buried collectively and they returned back to Madinah.
RESULTS OF UHAD: In this battle 70 Muslims martyred including Hazrat Hamza RA.
On the infidel’s side the total loss of their lives was 150. It is mentioned in all authentic
books of history of Islam like Tabqat-e-Sa’ad, Ibn-e-Hisham and Almaghazi that 31
infidels were killed by Hazrat Hamza, 20 by Abu Dajana, 10 by Hazrat Abu Bakr, 15
by Hazrat Ali, 16 by Hazrat Umar, 7 by Hazrat Zubair, 5 by Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin
Auf and remaining by other companions of Prophet. Allah says in Qur’an, “Even though
you got loss (in the battle of Uhad) but the loss on the side of infidels was greater
than you.”
It was infidels who left the battlefield first and the Muslims under the leadership of Prophet
followed them for five miles.
The loss in the battle of Uhad had a bit negative effect on newly Muslim desert tribes. Many
of them broke their treaties. Banu Salma invited 70 Muslim preachers and killed them.
They brought to submission after many expeditions.
After the battle of Uhad Muslims learnt a lesson of obedience of Prophet SAW at all cost.
Allah says in Holy Qur’an, “You cannot become believer until and unless you obey
Messenger SAW in all matters.”
It became clear to them that the greed of wealth will lead them to destruction. They became
more loyal, united and obedient to Muhammad SAW.
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF 4th HIJRA
Soon after the battle of Uhad the following laws were revealed.
1. Laws about Orphans.
2. Rights of Women and Hijab.
3. Marriage Laws.
4. Prohibition of Wine, Gambling, and Game of chance.

The following verse of Qur’an revealed, “O you who believe! Indeed wine and gambling
and idols and divining arrows are filth of Shaitan’s (Satan’s) craftsmanship, avoid of
that so that you may become ever successful.

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BATTLE OF TRENCH (AHZAB OR KHANDAQ): 5 AH.

CAUSES: After the battle of Uhad Abu Suffiyan challenged the Prophet SAW to attack
Madinah next year. To meet this challenge the Prophet SAW advanced towards Badr along
with 1500 men. He waited upon Quraish for eight days but they could not come.

The loss of Muslims in the battle of Uhad encouraged Quraish to attack Madinah. The role of
Jews for conduction of this war was very important. They not only invited Quraish but also
instigated the suburb tribes to join fighting against Muslims. Banu Ghatfan and Banu
Nazir played a negative role and supported Quraish.

The most vital cause of the war as has been in previous that they were frightened by the
Muslims growing power which threatened their trade route.

EVENTS OF BATTLE OF TRENCH

The Jews, Makkans and their allies gathered an army of 10000 equipped men and
marched towards Madinah to finish Islam. Muhammad SAW made consultation in a council
and agreed to the proposal of Salman Farsi RA to dig a trench to defend Madinah. The
Muslims completed their task in a week time in the northern side of Madinah as it was open
and exposed to enemy. Other surrounding parts of Madinah were naturally fortified.

When the allied forces reached Madinah they found no way to approach Muslims due to
superior planning of Prophet SAW. So they decided to lay siege to Madinah. There were
small fights in trench but no major war took place. As per secret plan of alliance the Jews of
Banu Quraiza were to fight from inside Madinah to help Quraish, but they refused at that
stage. Abu Suffiyan was in hurry but he could not do anything. Meanwhile Muhammad
SAW won over most of the Banu Ghatfan elders, who made compromise with Prophet
SAW. Within fifteen days of siege the Makkans and their allies faced shortage of food and
fodder. Their animals started to die. The harsh climate favored Muslims and Allah
sends windstorm for the help of Muslims. Qur’an says, “O you who believe! Remember
the Favor of Allah upon you, when the forces (of the disbelievers) came against you
and We sent against them the wind (storm) and the forces (of angels) that you did
not see. And Allah is Watchful of what you do.”
Due to strong windstorm camps overturned, their animals untied and ran away where
their direction was. All this forced them to retreat in the night. As the next morning the
plain was empty and there was no enemy. Muhammad SAW said to the gathering of
Muslims by the orders of Allah, “O Muslims! Quraish will never attack you after this
year forever; it will be you who will go after them.”

RESULTS OF WAR OF TRENCH

The success in the battle of Ahzab / Trench improved the position of Islam in Arabia. In
outskirts of Madinah the stories of successful defense of Muhammad SAW against

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Quraish were heard with great charm. The prestige of Quraish was lost. Muhammad SAW
was recognized an absolute ruler of the city. The neighboring tribes became allies of
Muslims in majority. Banu Quraiza was punished to expel from Madinah due to violation
of Charter of Madinah. In the light of Torah’s injunctions their nominated arbitrator Sa’ad
bin Mu’az has issued a decree against them and some of them were killed and other
expelled.

BAIT-E-RIZWAN: Muhajirin were complaining about the home sickness in a mild way to
Prophet SAW. There has been about six years in Madinah that they could not see their
relatives. In the meantime Muhammad SAW saw a dream that he was going to perform a
pilgrimage along with his companions in Holy Ka’bah. Therefore in 6 AH Muhammad SAW
along with his 1400 followers departed for Umra to Makkah. When the news reached to
Quraish they decided to oppose them. Muslims reached near Makkah along with their
sacrificial animals, camped at Hudabiya. Prophet SAW sent Khirash bin Ummayah to tell
about the intention of Muslims, but he was retained. Prophet SAW then dispatched Hazrat
Uthman RA having letter of Prophet SAW with 10 companions as delegation. He was also
taken in custody by Quraish. Meanwhile rumours spread out in Muslim camp that he has
been killed. The Prophet SAW asked his companions to take a pledge on his hands to
sacrifice their lives for the cause of Islam, and will not leave till taking revenge of Uthman
and companions. Allah says, “Indeed Allah was pleased with the believers, when they
were pledging allegiance to you (O Muhammad SAW!) under the tree. And He (Allah)
knew what was in their hearts. Therefore He sent down tranquility upon them and
rewarded them with an early approaching victory.”
The pledge was taken on behalf of Uthman therefore it is called Bait-e-Rizwan in the
history of Islam. This showed the Muslim’s immense love for Allah and Muhammad SAW.

TREATY OF HUDABIYA: 6 AH

The Quraish sent Sehl bin Amar as a messenger to conclude a treaty with Muslims when
they were stationed at Hudabiya for Umra in Ka’bah which is called a Treaty of Hudabiya.
The terms of treaty as follow.

a. Muslim should return this year without Umra, come next year without arms
except a sword in scabbard.
b. They would stay in Makkah for three days, slaughter their animals and go back.
c. If any infidel goes to Madinah on accepting Islam would be returned back.
d. If a Muslim goes to Makkah on leaving Islam he will not be returned back.
e. There would be no war for 10 years.
f. The Arab tribes would be free to join in alliance with either party.

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IMPORTANCE OF TREATY OF HUDABIYA

The terms of treaty showed superiority of Muhammad SAW for the cause of Islam.
Although this treaty looked against Muslims at its first glance, but Allah has declared it as
open victory in Qur’an, “(O Muhammad SAW)! We have given you an open victory
indeed).”
It comes true when in 8th AH, Makkah came under the sway of Islam.
Due to peace for ten years Muslims were allowed to move freely between Makkah and
Madinah. It helped to preach Islam easily in Arabia. Many of the tribes who joined in
alliance came to know about Islam closely. Those who came to Madinah on accepting Islam
were sent back, but they moved towards Syria and other states; thus creating problems for
Makkan’s trade. Due to the treaty the political status of Muslims was acknowledged. They
became economically and politically strong enough to utilize any opportunity for their
success.

RELATIONS OF PROPHET SAW WITH JEWS (622-632)

After signing the charter of Madinah, Muslims and Jews became two parties. Jews were
granted civil and religious rights. They became allies, assurities were given for not to fight
with each other, and collected defense of Madinah was guaranteed. There were three tribes
of Jews in Madinah, Banu Qainqa, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza. They thought as per their
religious Books that the last Prophet SAW would be from among them, but he came from
Banu Ismael. So the rising power of Islam was creating threat to their economical and
commercial interests.
Banu Qainqa was the first tribe to break the treaty of Madinah, as they fought against
Muslims in the battle of Badr and Uhad. Their leader Ka’ab openly propagated against
Muhammad SAW and joined with Abu Suffiyan secretly. He tried to murder the Holy
Prophet SAW too. They used to insult Muslim women in market, but Muhammad SAW
showed patience at every occasion, but all in vain. In 3 AH, the siege was laid down against
Qainqa, and they were expelled from Madinah and Ka’ab was executed due to his bad
activities.
Banu Nazir fought against Muslims in the battle of Uhad. It was totally against the Charter
of Madinah. In 4 AH they also plotted to murder the Holy Prophet SAW. Therefore the
Prophet sent Muhammad Bin Musailma RA with an ultimatum to leave Madinah within 10
days. They rejected and shut them up in their forts. A siege was laid down to their forts for
two weeks and they expelled from Madinah.
Banu Quraiza was the last clan of Quraish who sought excuse for their previous mistakes
and promised to abide by the terms of treaty. But during the battle of Trench they revolted
from inside the city, caused murder and bloodshed against Muslims. The Prophet SAW
surrounded their settlements and they surrendered. Sa’ad bin Mu’az was appointed
arbitrator at their own wish, who decided their fate according to their Book Torah. Their
youth were executed and others expelled to Syria. Allah says in Qur’an, “And He (Allah)
has brought down from their forts, those of the people of the Book (the Jews), who
had backed them (the disbelievers) and cast terror in their hearts (to the extent)
that some of them you killed and others made captives.”

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The most of the Jews who expelled from Madinah took shelter in Khyber.

CHARTER OF CHRISTIANS: (6 AH, 628 AD)

In 6 AH, the Holy Prophet SAW granted a Charter to the Christians of Najran. The following
were the major points of the Charter:-
a. No unfair taxation would be made against them.
b. No Bishop would be expelled from his Monastery.
c. They would be given due respect.
d. No pilgrim would be detained from the performance of pilgrimage.
e. No Church would be demolished for construction of Masjid.
f. Christian women married to Muslims would enjoy their own religion.
g. Muslim would help in repair of Churches.
This charter was a great monument of tolerance at the part of Muhammad SAW and the
Muslims at large. All Caliphs after the death of Prophet SAW observed the terms fully.

MESSAGES TO INVITE THE KINGS AND EMPERORS TOWARDS ISLAM (7 AH)

During the seventh year of Hijra Muhammad SAW dispatched about 32 letters to various
heads of states. The important amongst them are:-
HARACLIUS THE ROMAN EMPEROR: On receiving the letter he called upon Abu Suffiyan
the Quraish leader, who was in the city to his court and interrogated about the Holy
Prophet SAW. On the revelation of the qualities of the Prophet SAW he was greatly
impressed and he gave great importance and respect to his letter but he did not accept
Islam due to fear of loss of his throne.
CHOSROES PERVAIZ THE PERSIAN EMPEROR: He torn out the letter of Prophet SAW into
pieces and mistreated the messenger. Muhammad SAW made prophesy of his decline and
the kingdom as well. Both fulfilled as he was murdered by his own son and the kingdom
perish during the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar RA.
NEGUS (NAJASHI, SAMEE) THE ABYSSINIAN EMPEROR: On receiving the letter he
accepted Islam happily, as he was well aware about the truth of Muhammad SAW and
Islam.
CYRUS THE RULER OF EGYPT: He sent a polite reply along with some presents to the Holy
Prophet including Hazrat Maria Qibtiya RA from whom the son of Prophet SAW Ibrahim
was born and a horse named Duldul.
RULERS OF BAHRAIN AND OMAN: After reading the letter of Prophet SAW they both
accepted Islam.

KHYBER EXPEDITION

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The Jews who were expelled from Madinah settled there in Khyber. They started to
conspire against Islam and Muslims actively. They started plotting to invade Madinah with
the help of Bedouins on the instigation of Makkans. In early 7 AH they looted Muslim
caravans, murdered them and even plundered the near villages of Madinah. Since they
posed a serious threat to Islam, the Holy Prophet SAW decided to attack them.
The Holy Prophet led an army of 1600 men towards Khyber. On learning the Jews fortified
themselves in their strong fortresses. Muslims laid siege for 20 days. Strong resistance was
made by them by stoning and showering arrows. The fortresses started to fell down in the
hands of Muslims one after another. But the last one, named Qamus showed great
resistance. Muhammad SAW said, “Tomorrow I will give the flag to the one who will be
the winner.”
In the morning he called Hazrat Ali, put his mouth salvia on his eyes (as he had eye sore),
handed his sword to him and prayed for his victory. He overthrown the gate of Qamus,
fought with Marhab and killed him. He was given the title of Asad ul Allah, the lion of
God. Majority of the Jews surrendered and they promised to pay Jizia. The inhabitants were
allowed to live there on the contribution of share of their products to Madinah government.

BATTLE OF MUTAH (7 AH-629 AD)

The Muslim envoy to Basra, Haris bin Umair was killed by a chief of Mutah tribe. Mutah
came under the Byzantine emperor, therefore Prophet SAW decided to punish the
murderer. He dispatched an army of 3000 under Zaid bin Haritha. He advised the troops
that at the death of Zaid, Jaffar bin Abu Talib will lead, and on the death of Jaffar RA
Abdullah bin Rawaha RA will lead the army.
Romans sent their 1,00,000 forces to confront the Muslims. It was unequal battle, all the
leaders martyred one by one. At last Khalid bin Waleed took charge of troops, scared the
enemy’s away and brought Muslims back safely.

CONQUEST OF MAKKAH (8 AH, 630 AD)

Banu Bakr the allies of Quraish looted plundered and killed some men of Banu Khuza the
allies of Muslims. As it was an open violation of the Treaty of Hudabiya, so the case was
brought to the notice of the Prophet SAW. He put up three proposals before Quraish.
1. The Banu Bakr should pay the blood money.
2. The Quraish should dissolve the alliance with Banu Bakr.
3. The Quraish should dissolve the treaty.
The Quraish accepted the third option. Soon they felt the gravity of the situation and Abu
Suffiyan himself went to Madinah for negotiations but it was too late.
Muhammad SAW prepared an army of 10 thousand men and moved towards Quraish,
encamped at a place of Mar-ul-Zahara about eight miles away from Makkah. At night Abu
Suffiyan was brought to the Prophet SAW as he was on a spy survey of Muslim forces. He
accepted Islam and his house was declared Dar-ul-Aman, a protected house. It’s mean
whosoever would enter in his house would be safe. On his return Abu Suffiyan told Quraish
that Muslims are large army therefore they could not resist them.

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The Muslim army was divided in four parts. They entered Makkah from all four sides.
Muhammad SAW ordered his men not to fight until they are attacked. The group under the
leadership of Khalid bin Waleed had an encounter with Banu Bakr and their 23 men
killed. When Muhammad SAW entered Makkah, his head was lowered and he was reciting
the verse of Qur’an. “Truth has approached and falsehood has vanished. Indeed the
falsehood is bound to vanish.”
The Holy Prophet SAW cleared the Ka’bah from 360 idols. Hazrat Bilal Habashi rose up
the roof of the Ka’bah and called Azan and the Zuhr Prayer Was performed in lead of
Muhammad SAW.
All Makkans surrendered and gathered around Ka’bah. Muhammad SAW asked them,
“What treatment do you expect from me today.”
They all cried out, “We believe, it will be good for us, because you are a noble brother
and son of noble brother.”
At this the Prophet SAW replied, “There is no blame on you. Go, you all are free today.”
The prophet extended general amnesty to Makkans. Even the bitterest enemies of Islam
like Hinda, and Habashi bin Harb were forgiven. Only nine persons the most heinous
in crimes against Islam and Muhammad SAW were brought to kill. He remained in Makkah
for 20 days, all embraced Islam. It is an unparallel peaceful conquest in the history of the
world. Qur’an says, “(O Muhammad SAW)! When help of Allah and the victory comes
(to you). You see the Mankind entering the Religion of Allah (Islam) in crowds.”

IMPORTANCE OF THE CONQUEST OF MAKKAH

Due to peaceful conquest of Makkah the following has occurred.

a. The enemies of Prophet SAW became faithful allies.

b. The Tauheed of Allah established in Makkah.
c. The House of Allah (Ka’bah) once again devouted to His worship.
d. It paved the way to spread Islam throughout Arab.
e. The political situation of Islam strengthened.
f. Within few days many tribes entered Islam.
g. The forgiveness by the Prophet SAW created good impression in the minds of
Arabs.

BATTTLE OF HUNAIN (8 AH, 630 AD)

When the news of conquest of Makkah reached to Banu Saqif of Hunian they along with
Banu Hawazan decided to fight as they could not tolerate it. Muhammad SAW knew
about it therefore he raised an army of 12,000 and set out from Makkah. When they
reached in a pass the enemy started to shower arrows upon them from both sides, which
was totally unexpected for them. Therefore many Muslims fled in panic. Allah says in
Qur’an, “Certainly Allah has helped you (O believers!) in many fields and on the day
(the battle) of Hunain too. When you were proud of your great number but it did not

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help you at all. And despite of its vastness the Earth was constricted upon you; then
you turned back in retreat.”
Allah sent angels as a help to Muslim forces and they won the battle of Hunain, for which
Qur’an says, “Afterward Allah has sent down His tranquility on His Messenger SAW
and on the believers and sent down forces (of angels for help) which you did not see
and punished those who disbelieve. And that is the recompense of the disbelievers.”
Many of Banu Saqif men fled to take refuge in Ta’if. Muslims captured a vast booty of
war including 6000 prisoners, large number of camels, thousands of sheep, gold and
silver etc. Shayma bint Halima Sa’adia was also brought to him as prisoner, he treated
her well. The defeat of Banu Saqif and Hawazan convinced the other nomadic tribes that
the Prophet SAW was invincible. Thus the supremacy of Islam and sovereignty of Madinah
was ensured all over Arabia.

THE SIEGE OF TA’IF

Malik bin Auf the chief of Banu Saqif with his men went to Ta’if and fortified there. Ta’if
was a walled city having proper water and food supply. The Prophet SAW sent an army of
1000 men under the command of Khalid bin Waleed, he laid siege for 20 days. The
enemy hurled stones and shot arrows very frequently, due to which many Muslims
wounded and many martyred. Muslims on the advice of Prophet SAW set up their camp at
higher place and shelled stones by catapult on the fortress. Muslims found an opportunity
to enter under the shelter of wood made water tanks. But due to pouring down the molten
hot iron by the enemy Muslims received burn injuries. The Holy Prophet SAW ordered to
cut off the line of enemy. They enemy asked for mercy. The Prophet SAW announced,
“Whosoever comes down from the fort would be freed.”
Many surrendered, others remained intact in fort. After 20 days the siege was lifted and
Muhammad SAW returned back to Madinah. In 9th AH, all the Ta’if tribes came to
Madinah and embraced Islam.

TABUK EXPEDITION (9 AH, 631 AD)

The Byzantine Christians and Ghassanids did not like the growing power of Islam after
the battle of Muta. So they planned to crush Madinah. When the news reached to Prophet
SAW, he gathered the believers in Masjid-e-Nabavi and addressed them to encourage, as
draught, famine, hot summer, shortage of water and food discouraged many. It was a
long journey through the desert to reach the formidable enemy. The hypocrites under
Abdullah bin Ubay were busy to make excuse of intense heat and also stopped others. Allah
said in Qur’an
“Those who stayed behind (in Tabuk expedition) were happy with their sitting back
to the displeasure of the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad SAW) and they disliked to
take part in Jihad with their wealth and lives and they said (stopping others), “Do not
march in the heat.”
To meet the expanses of war Muhammad SAW asked for monetary help as well. Hazrat Abu
Bakr RA brought all what he had from his home. When he asked what he left behind. He
replied, “I have left the name of Allah and Muhammad SAW in my home.”

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Hazrat Umar RA contributed half of his household things. Hazrat Uthman Ghani RA took the
burden of half the army’s food and equipments and also donated 300 loaded camels and
10000 gold coins. Women donated their ornaments. It was a great example of devotion.
Muhammad SAW proceeded with his 30000 men. On reaching the battlefield of Tabuk,
Ghassanids and Byzantines became fearful and scattered away without fighting. Muslims
gained great political advantage which they might have got, had they been encountered.
The Prophet SAW stayed there for 20 days and the tribes came to Prophet SAW; he wrote a
letter of guarantee for their protection. Thus those who had been allies of Byzantine before
became supporters of Muslims. Islamic state was extended to the borders of Byzantine.
It was the last of 81/83 battles during the life time of Prophet SAW. He himself took
part in 23 which are called Ghazawat and others led by his companions during his
life are called Sirayas. No conqueror in the known history of the world had ever achieved
such great success with so little loss of only 500 martyrs. Eventually the whole Arabia
became safe and protected for all to live.

THE FAREWILL PILGRIMAGE / LAST SERMON OF PROPHET SAW (10 AH, 632 AD)
As Muhammad SAW announced to go for Hajj in 10th year of Hijra the Muslims from all
over Arabia flocked to join him. A hundred and forty thousand followers left Madinah on
25th of Zil Qa’ed, reached on 4th of Zil Hajj and put on Ahram at Meeqat. “Labaik” the
words of Talbiya warmed the whole atmosphere. The Holy Prophet SAW performed Umra
and stayed in Makkah for 4 days. On 8th he did Tawaf, kissed Hajr-e-Aswad, prayed
two Rakats at station of Ibrahim, made Sa’i between Safa and Marwa and proceeded to
Mina and stayed for night. On 9th he made for Arafat and delivered historic Sermon while
sitting on she-camel ‘Qaswa’ in the following words:-
1. He asked the people to listen him carefully and covey to others.
2. He declared the life, property and honor of everyone sacred.
3. Usury prohibited in total.
4. Rights of women declared.
5. Rights of husband and wife pronounced.
6. Rights of slaves on equal treatment enforced.
7. Brother-hood, equality prevailed, and superiority conditionalized with piety.
8. Fundamental beliefs and concepts of Islam like, Salah, Zakah, Fasting, Hajj,
obedience of Allah and Messenger SAW, clearance of loan, non commission of
adultery were stressed.
9. Adherence to Qur’an and Sunnah declared as a source of Guidance for ever.
10. Finality of Prophet-hood announced.
On completion of his Sermon he asked the people, “Have I fully conveyed the message of
Allah?”
The sky roared up with the words of confirmation from all sides. Then the Holy Prophet
SAW looked up to the heavens and said, “O Allah! Bear witness that I have fulfilled my
mission.”

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At the same time the last verse of Qur’an revealed to him, “Today I have perfected your
Religion for you and completed all My Blessings upon you and chosen for you Islam
as your Religion.”
After the last Sermon he offered Zuhr and Asr Prayers jointly and returned back to offer
remaining Hajj rites. He stayed in Muzdalfah one night, at morning left for Mina, sacrificed
100 camels, 63 by himself and 37 by Hazrat Ali RA, put off Ahram and then shaved his head.
After performing tawaf-e-Ifada at Ka’bah he came back to Mina, stayed there for three days
for Jamarat / stoning Satan and then returned back to Madinah.

SIGNIFICANCE / IMPORTANCE OF FAREWELL SERMON

It is known in the history of Islam as Hijja-tul-Wida ‘Farewell Pilgrimage’, Hujjat-ul-Islam
‘Finalization of Islamic Faith’, or Hajj-e-Akbar ‘the Greatest Pilgrimage’.
It is important due to Arafat Sermon by the Holy Prophet SAW. This last Sermon is so
important in the history that every spoken word is an eye opener and ever applicable to
mankind till last day on the earth.
Completion of Deen-e-Islam took place during that Pilgrimage. And thus the mission of
Prophet SAW also accomplished.

THE LAST DAYS OF HOLY PROPHET SAW

On 29th of Safar-ul-Muzaffar he fell ill. His duration of illness stretched to about fortnight.
He kept on leading Prayers in Masjid-e-Nabavi for ten days, but the last 5 days of his life
were surrounded with weakness, as he could not walk without reliance.
Once due to weakness he could not lead Prayers, so he asked Hazrat Abu Bakr RA to lead.
Meanwhile he took reliance of Hazrat Ali RA went out of his chamber and joined the
Prayers to led.
On the last day of his life he raised the curtain of his room, had a glimpse of Masjid-e-
Nabavi and became fresh, beautiful smiling was on his holy face as usual, he has sent for his
beloved daughter Hazrat Fatima RA, whispered something in her ear that he was leaving
soon, she started crying; he whispered again that she would be the first to join him in
Paradise, and she smiled. Then he gave her the glad tidings of the leader of the whole
women folk in Paradise.
Then he called for his beloved grandsons Hassan RA and Hussain RA, kissed them, declared
will for their respect and honor for all. He showered his affection to Hazrat Ali RA and all
others. He met with all his wives and advised them for good. He was very weak and the
body was getting warm due to fever. Hazrat Ayesha was dipping cloth in water and putting
on his face. Towards afternoon a heavy breathing with some words heard from his holy
mouth, “My Rab is great. O Allah! Forgive my Ummah.”
He died on 12th of Rabi-ul-Awal on Monday in 11AH.

KHATAM-UN-NABEEN, THE SEAL OF PROPHETS (PBUT)

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Hazrat Muhammad SAW is the last Prophet of Allah in the line of Prophets, as his message
is the last one too. Allah says in Qur’an, “Muhammad SAW is not the father of anyone of
your men, but he is the Messenger SAW of Allah and the last of the Prophets (PBUT).”
Therefore we should understand and believe in the finality of Prophet-hood. A Muslim
must believe in the uniqueness and the title of the “Khatam-un-Nabeen ‘The seal of
Prophets’. Muhammad SAW himself said, “I am the seal of Prophets (PBUT) and there is
no Prophet after me.”
The Prophet-hood, message and revelation of all the previous Prophets had been limited
for their own people, area and time, while the Prophet-hood of Muhammad SAW is
universal. Allah says, “And (O Muhammad SAW)! We have only sent you to the whole
Mankind as a bearer of good news and a warner.”
The message sent to Muhammad SAW has been finalized and it is not for specific nation,
time and place. The Deen (a complete code of life) has been perfected for all times to come.
And the Prophet SAW has been sent as a merciful Messenger for all the worlds. Qur’an says,
“And We have sent you (O Muhammad SAW!) only as a mercy for (all that exist in) all
the Worlds.”
Therefore the chapter of divine revelation, sending of Messenger or any other Deen has
been closed forever after Muhammad SAW. So we as a Muslim should believe in Khatam-
un-Nabeen ‘the seal of Prophets’ as it is the decision of Allah Almighty.

THE PROPHET SAW AS A MODEL OF EXCELLENCE

Muhammad SAW is source of Guidance for human beings in their personal as well as in
their public life. He is the model of excellence for all in all walks of life. He has an ideal
character. Allah says,
a. “And (O Muhammad SAW)! You are on an excellent standard of character indeed.”
b. Indeed the best role model for you is only in the (personality of Muhammad SAW
Messenger of Allah.”
He has ideal manners as he said, “Indeed I have been raised to accomplish the best of
manners only.”
He was the greatest leader, an ideal administrator, wise statesman, a just judge equal to foe
and friends, a great legislator, a courageous commander, a loving husband and an
affectionate father. Once Hazrat Ayesha RA was asked about the character of Prophet SAW,
she said, “His character was like Qur’an.”

HONESTY AND TRUTHFULNESS / AL-SADIQ AND AL-AMIN

An orphaned born child reached to the zenith of his character, the people started to call
him Al-Sadiq (the Truthful) and Al-Amin (the Trustworthy).
Al-Sadiq (the Truthful): Once a caravan came to Makkah to sell the horses. Muhammad
SAW bought the one, rode on it and gone by saying that he was bringing money. The seller
was a bit worried about his payment because he did not know even the name of buyer. A

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women leader of caravan satisfied him that the light of his face is not of false. If he could not
come I will pay you at his part. Meanwhile Muhammad SAW came back with payment and
proved the truthfulness of his words.
On the dispute of fixation of Black Stone in Ka’bah his arbitration was accepted only on one
ground that he was Al-Sadiq and Al-Amin.
When he called upon all the Makkans to Safa for Islam and asked them, “If I say a huge
army is ready to attack you from behind the mountain; what would be your
reaction.” They all replied to become ready to defend, because he did not tell lie even once
in his life.
During the preaching of Islam Quraish abused him, called him poet, mad, magician and
bewitched one but never called him liar. Abu Jahl used to say, “Muhammad I do not say
that you are liar, but I don’t think right what you say.”
Al-Amin (the Trustworthy): Hazrat Khadija RA was so impressed by the trustworthiness
of Prophet SAW what he proved during trade tour of her goods to Syria that she married
him.
Even though Quraish became enemy of Prophet SAW due to preaching of Islam, but still
they used to keep their belonging as a trust with him. At the time of migration although the
life of Muhammad SAW was at risk, even then he directed Hazrat Ali RA to return their
belonging and come after him as he will be waiting at Quba.
Allah says in Qur’an regarding this quality of Prophet, “Indeed you are a Trustworthy
Messenger.”

COURAGE AND BRAVERY

He was courageous and determined and never shown weakness at the time any danger that
he faced. In all of 27 battles in his life he always remained steadfast near the enemy lines.
Hazrat Ali RA said, “We used to take refuge of Prophet at the time of heated battle.”
His courage and bravery was of no match in the battle of Uhad and Hunain when many of
his companions were running away from the battlefield, he kept on fighting while calling
others to come back. It was his courage and bravery that save the situation on both the
occasions.
One night there was unrest in Madinah due to the news of enemy’s attack. He Muhammad
SAW rode on the bare back of horse, advanced ahead to the all probable places of danger;
came back with the message, “Go to sleep peacefully as there is no danger.”

KINDNESS: The Prophet SAW was very kind to everyone without discrimination. He said,
“Allah is not kind to him who does not show kindness to others.”
On hearing the extension of cruel act of one of his followers to her young daughter during
ignorance, the Prophet SAW was so moved that his tears began flowing from his eyes till his
beard became wet.

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His kindness does not bound human beings only. He was kind to all that what exists in this
world. Once passing by a weak camel due to hunger, he said to the owner, “Fear Allah with
regard to these animals; ride them in health and leave them in health.”
One of his followers captured the bird with her young. Muhammad SAW ordered him to go
and keep them in their nest by saying, “Do you like that your infants be imprisoned
along with their mother. You don’t! Therefore be kind to all around you,”

JUSTICE AND EQUALITY: The Prophet SAW always treated people with absolute justice
without discrimination in his individual capacity or as head of state.
Once a Muslim woman of high family brought for stealing, on verification of facts she was
sentenced to cut the hand. Hazrat Usama RA asked for concession being a high family
woman. The Prophet replied, “Even if my daughter Fatima had committed theft I would
certainly have cut off her hand.”
A tax collector in Khyber killed. His cousin appealed for revenge against Jews. The Prophet
SAW asked, “Can you swear that he was killed by the Jews?”
As there was no eye witness therefore the Prophet asked nothing from Jews and paid blood
money from the state treasury.

MERCY AND FORGIVENESS: Muhammad SAW was born merciful to all that exists in this
world. Allah says, “You have been sent only as a mercy to all the worlds.”
His whole life is full of such incidents in which he has been merciful and forgiving to others.
a. At the time of conquest of Makkah he forgave all those who had been his bitterest
enemies during his whole life. He forgave Hinda who had molested the body and
chewed the liver of Hazrat Hamza RA.
b. He took mercy on Habashi bin Harb who had killed Hazrat Hamza RA and forgave
him too.
c. Habbar bin Aswad who killed his pregnant daughter Hazrat Zainab RA on her way
to Madinah was also forgiven by him. He Said,
“Be merciful to what is on the earth, the one in heaven will definitely be Merciful to
you.”

PATIENCE AND STEADFASTNESS: After first revelation during the life in Makkah
Muhammad SAW was targeted at every step of his life but he did not give up patience at all.
He called, poet, magician, mad, jinni affected; a thorny bushes were planted in his way,
rubbish was thrown on him, fleece of camel was put on his back when he was prostrating,
he was strangulated, he was boycotted, he was stoned to bleeding in Ta’if, he was plotted to
kill but he never lost his steadiness in the way of Allah. He always used to pray for their
Guidance.
Once he saw an old woman standing with a knot of her luggage. On asking she told that she
was moving to her sister village, because there in Makkah has born a magician named
Muhammad, on his seeing and talking everyone converts to his religion. So she did not

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want to leave her forefather’s religion. The Prophet SAW loaded her luggage on his back
and took her to her destiny. When he was coming back, she advised him to take care of
Muhammad and asked him what his name was. He replied, “I am Muhammad SAW to
whom Makkan’s called magician.”
She embraced Islam by saying, “Magicians are not like you.”

SIMPLICITY: Muhammad SAW was simple in all definitions of simplicity. He was informal
in his habits, ate what available, wore clean clothes, being a ruler used to sat on floor,
accepted invitation of even a common man and sat with him on sand, ate bread of course
flour, spent many days on mere dates.
Hazrat Ayesha RA said, “The Prophet’s family did not have any storage of grain to
satisfy them for two consecutive days till death.”
His companions used to stand up to respect him but he stopped them by saying, “Do not
stand up for me as the non Muslims do to show respect to their kings.”

THE HOLY PROPHET SAW RELATIONS WITH OTHER STATES

Allah has revealed the guiding principle for the foreign policy in Qur’an by saying, “O
Mankind! Be in piety to your Rabb (Lord), Who has created you from a single soul
and created its mate from it and from both of them He spread countless men and
women.”
The Holy Prophet SAW has established the first Islamic state in Madinah after his
migration. Islam teaches to abide by all promises, treaties and pacts signed between
Muslims and others. For which Qur’an says, “And fulfill your promise; for the promise
you will be asked indeed.”
There is an example of Treaty of Hudabiya when it was not signed, only the terms were
agreed upon; meanwhile a Muslim Abu Jandal escaped from Makkah and reached to Holy
Prophet SAW but he was sent back.
The teachings of Islam elaborate not to be the first one to dissolve the treaty once signed.
Makkans were the first to violate and dissolve the Treaty of Hudabiya. Allah says in Qur’an,
“When they have already dissolved the treaty, then there is no binding on you to
carry on.”
Makkah was neighboring non Muslim state, but when it was conquered, the Prophet SAW
declared general amnesty for all; which is reflection of forgiveness and peace of Muslim’s
foreign policy.
International relations of Prophet SAW were based on the principles of peace, equality,
cordiality and co-operation. Islam does not allow its followers to kill anyone mere on the
basis of different faith. Disputes of such natures which lead to war must be averted. If they
guarantee peace and do not fight, you have no right to fight. Qur’an says, “If they withdraw
and fight you not and send upon you peace, then Allah has opened no way for you
against them.”

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The Prophet SAW sent many envoys to neighboring countries inviting them to embrace
Islam. Some of them did not behave good, like Chosroe Pervaiz of Iran, but he did not react
aggressively, as it was against the policy of Islam.
The Muslim forces were given instructions by the Prophet SAW; not to harm women,
children, olden and those who did not come in battlefield; even the crops and fruit trees,
water resources and animals. He also instructed not to mutilate the bodies of those who
killed, avoid the looting plundering, demolishing of churches, synagogues and other places
of worship. Allah says in Qur’an, “Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, and do
not cross the limit.”
The Muslim forces under the command of Prophet SAW always observed the principles laid
down by him at every occasion.

THE HOLY PROPHET SAW ATTITUDE TOWARDS NON MUSLIMS

The Holy Prophet SAW treated all mankind equally in accordance with the teachings of
Islam whether Muslims or non Muslims. As Qur’an says, “O Mankind! Be in piety to your
Rabb (Lord), Who has created you from a single soul and created its mate from it and
from both of them He spread countless men and women.”
He did not allow any discrimination or ill treatment towards any people. He always showed
tolerance towards other religions. The Charter of Madinah with Jews and treaty with
Christians are ready reference to this context. He did not force either Jews or Christians to
accept Islam. On the other hand he had given them all rights of freedom, property and
worship under Islamic state. Those who brought as prisoners of war during battle of Badr
were given right to buy their freedom by ransom or by teaching ten children to read
and write.
On the conquest of Makkah he pardoned all without discrimination, which is
unchallengeable example of mercy throughout the world till now.
When he conquered Khyber he did not take over but gave all back in custody of Jews on a
specific share of their growth and returned back.
A follower of Prophet SAW killed a non Muslim; the case was brought to the court of
Muhammad SAW to decide, he decreed against Muslim and ordered to kill him in Qisas.
The non Muslims were called ‘Zimmi’ means fully protected people. The Holy Prophet SAW
said, “If anyone wrongs a man under treaty, or burdens him above his strength, I will
advocate against him on the Day of Judgment.” (Hadith)
The Holy Prophet SAW permitted Muslims to eat the food of the people of the Book except
which is forbidden in Qur’an. He allowed the women of Book in marriage of Muslims to
practice their religion and stopped their husbands from interference.

CONDITION OF WOMEN IN PRE ISLAM

Women were male treated in pre Islam. In India they were forced to burn with his dead
husband as ‘Satti’. In Romans they were sold out in markets like cattle. In Arab they were
made slaves after death of their husband. Girls were buried alive, having no rights at all.

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They had no rights to live freely; they were exposed to brutality and humiliation and were
deprived of inheritance. Stepsons used to marry stepmothers after the death of father.
Polygamy was common all over the world.
CONDITION OF WOMEN IN ISLAM: Islam has changed the concept of brutality against
women and lifted their status on equal footings with men. Qur’an has clearly declared, “Do
not kill your children due to poverty. We provide everything for you and for them
(too).”
The women were given full freedom in choice of their mate, personal life and also given
right to inheritance. Islam enjoins upon men to treat well with women.

THE PROPHET’S ATTITUE TOWARDS WOMEN: He was very kind to women. He always
advocated their rights, gave honor, respect and full protection in every walks of life. Allah
has given equal rights to women with men. Qur’an says, “For men is the share of what
they earned and for women is the share of what they earned.”
The Holy Prophet SAW used to help his wives in household matter and always treated them
with justice and kindness. He said, “The better among you is the one who is better to his
wife and I am better to my wives.” (Hadith)
To shun the disrespect form the minds of his followers regarding women he said,
“Paradise lies under the feet of mother.” (Hadith)
In his last Sermon he had clearly categorized the rights of women by declaring, “Women
have rights over you as you have rights over them, they have rights of property and
inheritance, none can deprive them. They are owner of their earnings; none can take
from them without will. They have right to choose their mate; none can impose their
decision on them. They have right of separation if their living with their husbands
become impossible.”
The people of the Book women can retain their religion on wedding with Muslims.
Marriage with stepmothers became unlawful and shameful act. Qur’an says, “And do not
marry the women whom your fathers had married.”
Right of education was granted to every woman. Prophet SAW said, “It is the duty of every
male and female Muslim to achieve knowledge.” (Hadith)

WHAT ROLE ISLAM HAS PRESCRIBED FOR WOMAN

Islam has prescribed many roles for woman with respect and dignity. As woman had no say
in ignorance period, but Islam honors her in every character of life.
AS A DAUGHTER: Before Islam she was accustomed to burry alive. Islam gave her status of
blessings and mercy from Allah. Muhammad SAW connected the entrance of Paradise with
bringing up well and marriage of daughter. Prophet said,
a. “Daughters are blessings of Allah.”
b. “Anyone of you brings up his three, two or even one daughter fully, arranges their
marriage, he will enter the Paradise.”

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As a daughter her role is to obey her parents, never do such thing which destroys her
modesty and dignity of her parents, and tries to be on the footings of Hazrat Fatima RA,
who always supported her father. A daughter has equal right to education as son. She has a
right to choice her couple freely; as the Prophet SAW asked Hazrat Fatima RA about her
choice to marry with Hazrat Ali. Qur’an clearly says, “A matron should not be given in
marriage without her consultation and a virgin without her permission.”
AS A WIFE: Man and woman are equal in nature; therefore no one has superiority upon
another. Allah says in Qur’an,
a. “And Allah has made couples for you from among yourselves.”
b. “They are garments for you and you are garments for them.”
Wife and husband is the closest companion and protector to one another in all matters.
Man and woman are equal in the sight of Allah, as He says, “For men is the share of what
they earned and for women is the share of what they earned.”
It is the duty of a wife to remain faithful, obedient, loyal, devoted to her husband and
protector of his property and wealth in absence. She should know that her success and
happiness lies in the pleasure of her husband in both the worlds.
The Prophet SAW was asked by his companion about the best woman. He said, “The one
who pleases her husband when he looks at her, obeys him when he demands, does
not go against his wishes, is the best woman.”
AS A MOTHER: How beautiful and dignified society Islam wanted to create when it
declared the good doing and abeyance of parents is obligatory like Prayers and the key to
Paradise. Qur’an says, “O you who believe! Worship Allah and be good to your
parents.”
As Allah is taking care of His creations all the time, in the same manner there is same status
of mother on this earth. She has been made the most caring by Allah who looks after every
need of her children. Therefore the Prophet SAW said in reply to his companion regarding
rights of mother; a gist is: “The rights of mother are three times more than father
(Hadith).
During the ignorance period of Arabia mothers were also treated inhumanly. After the
death of father the elder son took charge of all mothers and they were badly utilized as
maids. Islam has awarded a status to mother folk to the extent that no one can imagine
giving them in the world. Holy Prophet SAW said, “Paradise lies under the feet of
mother.” (Hadith Qudsi)
Once Abu Hurairah RA asked the Prophet SAW, “My mother is scolding you all the time.
Is she still deserves my respect and obedience? Muhammad SAW replied, ‘Yes’ in all
cases.”
The sufferings and affliction which mother has to bear during pregnancy, child birth and
upbringing has been mentioned in Qur’an and a question is asked, “Can you give them
reward of all that, therefore be kind and obedient.”
The Prophet SAW said, “Seeing with smile to parents is equal to Prayer.”

MARKING SCHEME QUESTION# 3

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CHAPTER 4 THE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITY

WIVES OF HOLY PROPHET SAW
The Holy Prophet SAW had thirteen wives. It was in accordance with the complete will and
command of Allah. He dealt with all wives on the basis of justice, equality and fairness. In
spite of all his outdoor engagements and responsibilities he has enjoyed beautiful domestic
life. Allah says in Qur’an regarding the importance of wives of Prophet SAW,
“Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah and his wives are mothers of believers.”
(Qur’an)
The wives of Prophet SAW are not like other women. Qur’an says,
“O wives of the Prophet SAW! You are not like any other women.”

1. HAZRAT KHADIJAH RA (555 / 556-620 / 621 AD)

Her name was Khadija-tu-Kubra, known as Umm-e-Hind and titled Tahira, Tayyiba
and Ameerat-Quraysh ("Princess of Quraysh"). Her father name was Khawailad bin
Asad (according to some traditions, he died in 585 AD in the Sacrilegious War (Herb
al Fijjar), but according to others, he was still alive when Khadijah marriedto
Muhammad in 595 AD) and mother’s Fatima bint-e-Za’ida (who died around 575
AD). She was born in Makkah in 555 / 556 AD. She had joint ancestry at fourth stage of
Prophet SAW. Khadija was said to have neither believed in nor worshipped idols. She was
successful trader and business women. She was twice widowed of 'Atiq bin 'A'idh Al-
Makhzumi and Abu Hala Malak bin Nabash.She had three children from them,
named: Hind bint ‘Atiq, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Atiq and Halah bin Abi Halah, Hind bin Abi
Halah. Hazrat Khadijah RA, is regarded as one of the most important female figures
in Islam, like her daughter, Hazrat e Fatimah RA. Her father was a wealthy and successful
merchant of Arabia. It is noted from the history that he had 75% of the wealth of
Makkah in his possession. On the death of her father she took control of her business. She
was in need of someone who manage her business and look after her trade to foreign
countries. She learnt about Muhammad’s trustworthiness, so she sent word through her
kinsman Khazimah bin Hakim to the Prophet SAW that she would pay double her usual
commission, and asked him to take up her trade caravan towards Syria. She sent one of her
servants, Maysarah, to assist him. Upon returning, Maysarah gave accounts of the
honorable way that Muhammad had conducted his business, and about the distintive
events like comments of Nestora the Monk that took place during jouney. She got
double profit than previous trips. She sent a marriage proposal through her maid servant
Nafeesa alongwith valuable presents to the family of Prophet SAW, which was accepted by
the consent of both families. 3000 dirhams were prescribed as bridal money (Mehr)
and Nikah was solemonized by Hazrat Abu Talib from the Prophet’s side and Warqa
bin Naufal from Hazrat Khadijah’a side. At the time of marriage Hazrat Khadija RA
was of 40 and Muhammad SAW was 25 years old.
Khadijah was the closest to Muhammad and confided in her the most out of all his following
wives. It is narrated in many hadiths that Khadijah was Muhammad's most trusted and
favorite among all his marriages. It is narrated in Sahih Muslim: The Messenger
of Allah said: "Allah Almighty never granted me anyone better in this life than her.

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She accepted me when people rejected me; she believed in me when people doubted
me; she shared her wealth with me when people deprived me; and Allah granted me
children only through her." It is also narrated: The Messenger of Allah said: "The
best of its women is Khadijah bint Khuwailid, and the best of its women is Maryam
bint ‘Imran.” (Sahih Bukhari)
When Muhammad SAW received first revelation she was the first one to trust him, believed
in him and embraced Islam. She is regarded as one of the most important women in Islam,
and in terms of the progression of Islam, the most important out of all of Muhammad's
wives.
She stood by him when others opposed him. She remained with him at every difficult
moment during his life in Makkah. She was with him in Sha’ib-Abi-Talib when Quraish
boycotted him. Muhammad SAW loved her so much that he never married with
anyone during her life. Once she was carrying food for Prophet SAW, Gabriel came to
Prophet and said,
“When Hazrat Khadija RA reached to you with food convey the message of Salutation
from Allah, from me and from all the angels and give her good news in Paradise of a
palace made of pearls.”
Muhammad and Khadija had six children. Their first son was Qasim, who died before his
second birthday (hence Muhammad's kunya Abu Qasim). Khadija then gave birth to their
daughters Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum and Fatima; and lastly to their
son Abdullah. Abdullah was known as at-Tayyib ("the Good") and at-Tahir ("the Pure")
because he was born after Muhammad declared himself a Prophet. Abdullah also died in
childhood.
Hazrat Ayesha RA said, “She never envied any women of Prophet SAW except Hazrat
Khadija RA, because he always talked of him in sweet loving tone.” (Sahih Bukhari)
She was died in 10th Prophet-hood. She had two sons and four daughters from Muhammad
SAW. He said,
“Khadija’s love is given to me by Allah.”
Hazrat Khadijah RA was died in Ramadan the 10th year of Prophet-hood (April / MAY 620 /
621 AD. The Prophet SAW later called this year “Aam ul Huzn, the Year of Grief.” She was
about sixty five years old at the time of her death. She was buried in “Jannat-al-Mualla”
cemetery in Makkah in her personal property. Her Mausoleum was destroyed by Saudi
Government in late seventies

2. HAZRAT SAWDA RA
Sawda was a daughter of Zamma’h bin Qays banu Luayy and mother shamus bin Qays
from banu Najjar (Khazrij tribe of Madinah). She was married to AS-Sakran bin Amr
RA. They had one son Abdur Rehman bin Sakran, who was killed in the battle of Jalula in
637 AD. Hazrat Sawda RA and As-Sakran immigrated to Abyssinia at the order of
Muhammad SAW. As-Sakran along with his family left Abyssinia by sea with Waqqas.They
returned to Makkah, where As-Sakran died. She was now living with her aged father
Zamma’h. On the death of Hazrat Khadija RA there was no one to take care of his children.
She was a tall and large black-skinned woman, with a jolly, kindly disposition, and just the

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right person to take care of the Prophet's household and family. So Muhammad gave
permission to Khawla to speak to Sawda on the subject. Khawla went straight to Sawda
and said, "Would you like Allah to give you great blessing?” Sawda asked, "And what is that,
Khawla?" She said, "The Messenger of Allah has sent me to you with a proposal of
marriage!" Sawda tried to contain herself in spite of her utter astonishment and then
replied in a trembling voice, "I would like that! Go to my father and ask him." Khawla went
to Zam'ah, a gruff old man, and greeted him and then said, "Muhammad son of Abdullah son
of Abdul Muttalib, has sent me to ask for Sawda in marriage." The old man shouted, "A
noble match. What does she say?" Khawla replied, "She would like that." He told her to call
her. When she came, he said, "Sawda, this woman claims that Muhammad son of Abdullah
son of Abdul Muttalib has sent her to ask for you in marriage. It is a noble match. Do you
want me to marry you to him?" She accepted, feeling it was a great honor.The marriage
took place in Ramadan, 10th Prophet-hood in the month of Apri / May 620 AD. She
had no children from Muhammad SAW. Sawda RA went to live in Muhammad's house and
immediately took over the care of his daughters and household. There was great surprise
in Makkah that Muhammad chose to marry a widow who was neither young nor beautiful.
Muhammad, however, remembered the trials she had undergone when she had immigrated
to Abyssinia, leaving her house and property, and crossed the desert and then the sea for
an unknown land out of the desire to preserve her deen She played a pivotal role in taking
care of Hazrat Kulsum RA and Hazrat Fatima RA after the death of Hazrat Khadija RA.
She was good speaker and enthusiastic preacher of Islam. Due to her invitation her
husband and whole family embraced Isalm. She was by herself a businesswoman dealing in
skin trade. She gave her prescribed night with Muhammad SAW to Ayesha RA out of
her own will, of whom she was very fond. She only wanted to be the Prophet SAW wife on
the Day of Rising.
She was very obedient to Prophet to the extent that after the death of Muhammad SAW she
never did Hajj and Umra in the light of the revelation of Qur’an. “O wives of Prophet! Be in
your homes.”
She never left her home after the death of Prophet. She was wise woman and famous
for charity, sacrifice and generosity. After Muhammad's death, she received a gift of
money from Caliphs, which she spent on charity.Muawiyah the first caliph of
the Umayyad dynasty, bought her house in Medinah for 180,000 dirhams. She and Ayesha
RA always remained very close.
She died in Medina in September or October 674 AD. in 54 AH. She has quoted five
AHadith of Prophet SAW. She was buried in Jannat al Baqi.

3. HAZRAT AYESHA RA (613/614 – 678 / 679 AD)

Hazrat Ayesha RA was daughter of Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddgue RA and Hazrat Zainab
RA know as Umm e Ruman. She was born in 613 /614 AD in Makkah. Her name was
Ayesha, surname Umm-e-Abdullah and titles were Humaira and Siddiqa. She was
third and the youngest wife of Prophet SAW. The idea to match Ayesha RA with
Muhammad was suggested by Khawlah bin Hakim. She was married to Muhammad
SAW in 10th Prophet-hood at the age of 8/9 in Makkah. He marriage with Prophet SAW
was not consummated until she reached to the age of puberty. On attainment of her

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puberty the marriage was solemnized in Madinah in 2 AH, when she was of 15 /16
years. Her sister Asma bint Abu Bakr RA estimates that she was perhaps between
seventeen and nineteen at the time of her marriage. She was the only virgin free wife of
Prophet SAW.
Ayesha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammad's life and
after his death. In Sunni tradition, Ayesha is thought to be scholarly and inquisitive. She
contributed to the spread of Muhammad's message and served the Muslim
community for 44 years after his death. She is also known for narrating
2210 hadiths, not just on matters related to the Prophet's private life, but also on
topics such as inheritance, pilgrimage, and eschatology. Her intellect and knowledge
in various subjects, including poetry and medicine, were highly praised by early
luminaries such as al-Zuhri and her student Urwa bin al-Zubayr.
Her father, Abu Bakr RA, became the first caliph to succeed Muhammad SAW, and after two
years was succeeded by Umar RA. During the time of the third caliph Uthman RA,
Ayesha RA had a leading part in the opposition that grew against him, though she did
not agree either with those responsible for his assassination nor with the party of Ali
RA. During the reign of Ali, she wanted to avenge Uthman's death, which she
attempted to do in the Battle of the Camel. She participated in the battle by giving
speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel. She ended up losing the battle, but
her involvement and determination left a lasting impression. Afterwards, she lived
quietly in Medina for more than twenty years, took no part in politics, became
reconciled to Ali RA and did not oppose caliph Mu'awiya RA.
She was the most beloved wife of Prophet SAW. In many Muslim traditions, Ayesha RA is
described as Muhammad's most beloved or favored wife after his first wife, Khadija RA bint
Khuwaylid, who died before the migration to Medina. There are several Ahadiths, or
stories or sayings of Muhammad SAW that support this belief. One relates that when
a companion asked Muhammad, "Who is the person you love most in the world?" he
responded, "Ayesha." Others relate that Muhammad built Ayesha’s apartment so that
her door opened directly into the Masjid, and that she was the only woman with
whom Muhammad SAW received revelations. They bathed in the same water and he
prayed while she lay aside by him. There are also various traditions that reveal the
mutual affection between Muhammad and Ayesha. He would often just sit and watch
her and her friends play with dolls, and on occasion he would even join them.
The story of accusation of adultery was levied against Ayesha RA, by hypocrites and others,
for which Allah himself exonerated her in Surah Al-Noor. Afterwards she gladely used to
say, “I am the one for whom Allah has sent 10 verses of exoneration from label.”
His affection and love remained to her to the extent that during his last days of his life he
opted to remain in her chamber with the permission of other wives. When he died his head
was in the lap of Ayesha RA.
Hazrat Ayesha RA is known as a great personality due to her knowledge of Qur’an,
Seerat-un-Nabi, Art of Debate, Poetry, Language, Ijtihad and Islamic history. She was
known an expert of woman issues. She has quoted 2210 traditions from Prophet SAW. She
was one of contented and well mannered mother of believers.
After the death of Prophet SAW she remained alive for 48 years and died in 58 AH, at
the age about of 63 years, and buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

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4. HAZRAT HAFSA RA (605-665 AD)

Hafsa RA was a daughter of Hazrat Umar RA and Hazrat Zainab bint-e-Mazuon RA.
She was born "when Quraysh were building the House of Ka’bah five years before the
Prophet-hood. Her first husband Khunnais bin Huzaifa RA was a martyr of Badr in 624
AD. As soon as Hafsa RA had completed her waiting period (Iddah) her father Hazrat Umar
RA offered her hand to Uthman bin 'Affan RA, and thereafter to Abu Bakr RA; but they both
refused her. When Umar went to Muhammad to complain about this, Muhammad replied,
"Allah will marry Uthman to better than your daughter and will marry your daughter
to better than Uthman.” (Hadith)
Muhammad married Hafsa in Shaaban 3 AH (late January or early February 625
AD). This marriage gave the Prophet SAW the chance of allying himself with this faithful
follower, i.e., Umar RA, who now became his father-in-law.
She was very intelligent and educated woman who learnt Qur’an by heart. She used to
discuss various religious issues with Holy Prophet SAW. The manuscript of Holy Qur’an
called Mas’haf-e-Hafsa remained in her custody. When Hazrat Uthman RA, became Caliph,
used Hafsa's copy when he standardized the text of the Qur'an.Though her temperament
was hot like her father but she was soft hearted, and the most loyal wife of Prophet SAW.
She died in Shaban AH 45, i.e., in October or November 665. She is buried in Jannat-
Ul-Baqi next to the other Mothers of the Faithful.

5. HAZRAT ZAINAB BINT-E-KHUZAIMA (UMMUL-MASAKEEN RA (595-626 AD)

She was a daughter of Khuzaima bin Abdullah. She belongs to Banu Hilal, born
thirteen years before Prophet-hood in 597 AD. She earned the title of Umm-ul-
Masakeen due to her great help to the poor and needy. She was known for her
"compassion and pity" for the poor. She was first married to Abdullah bin Jahash RA, who
martyred in Uhad.
The following year shortly after his marriage to Hafsa bint Umar RA, the Prophet SAW
approached her with a mahar of either 400 dirhams or 12 ounces of gold, and offered
to marry her. The marriage was conducted in 4 AH. There has been debate about how
the marriage was proposed, either directly proposed by Prophet SAW to her, or her uncle,
Quobaisa bin Arm al-Hilali had arranged the marriage proposal.
The marriage, took place during the month of Ramadan, 4 AH, was meant to assure his
followers that their deaths in battles would not mean their families would starve and be
neglected. She was the first of his wives to come from outside the Quraysh tribe. At
one point, a poor man came to her house to beg for some flour, and she gave him the last of
her own, and went without food that night, and thus won the title of “Ummul Masakeen.”
Muhammad SAW was moved by her compassion, and told his other wives about it and
preached that "If you have faith in Allah, he would provide for your sustenance, even
as he does for the birds, who leave their nest hungry in the morning, but return full
at night.” (Hadith)

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Hazrat A'isha RA and Hazrat Hafsa RA received Zainab RA pleasurely and treated her
kindly as they know that the Holy Prophet SAW has married her just to show kindness after
Abdullah's RA martyrdom in 'Uhad'.
She died within three months at the age of thirty, in 4 AH, during the month of Rabi
Al Thani. She was the second after Khadija RA who departed the Prophet SAW. She was
the first woman whose funeral Prayers was led by the Holy Prophet SAW himself in
Madinah. She was buried in Jannat al Baqi, carried into her grave by Prophet SAW.
She was very generous and soft hearted woman.

6. HAZRAT HIND BIN ABU UMAYYA (SUHAIL BIN MUGHEERA), UMM-E-SALMA RA

(596-684, 61/64 AH)
Hind bint Abi Umayya, Umm Salama RA was her kunya meaning, "mother of
Salamah.” Umm Salama was one of the most influential wives of Muhammad SAW,
recognized largely for recalling numerous Ahadith or stories about Prophet SAW.
She was the daughter of Abu Umayya Suhail bin Mugheera, and Atikah bint Amir bin
Rabiah, belonged to Banu Makhzoom, a sub tribe of Quraish. She was widow of Abdullah
(Abu Salma) RA, who was martyr of Badr. She had four children by her first husband.
Her marriage with Muhammad SAW was solemnized by her son Umar bin Abdullah
RA in Shawal 4 AH. At the time of marriage she was 27 years old, while Prophet SAW
was fifty six. She lived with Prophet SAW for seven years and died in 61/64 AH after
the incident of Karbala at the age of eighty four.

She belonged to a very respectable family and was famous for her knowledge of Islam and
her wisdom. She was first married to Abdullah (RA) bin Abdul Assad Makzoomi, who
was known as "Abu-Salma". He was the cousin of our Holy Prophet SAW. His mother was
Barat binte Abdul Mutallib. He was the one who accepted Islam at its very early stage. He
was very brave and kind hearted. Only ten persons were ahead of him in accepting Islam.
Umm-e-Salma (RA) had the honour to be the luckiest woman who accepted Islam at
its early stage. Their family members where angry and treated them very rudely when
they heard about accepting Islam. Her father was very generous and was very famous in
spending money on the poor. She inherited this quality of generosity from her parents. She
was among the immigrants to Abyssinia along with her husband. Umm-e-Salma (RA)
narrates that they came back to Makkah when they heard that Umer bin Khattab
(RA) embraced Islam. She bore both mental and physical torture for Islam. Abu Salma
(RA) took part in the battle of "Badr" and had honour to participate in the battle of "Uhad"
too. He was badly injured in this battle and succumbed to his last.

Umm-e-Salma (RA) says, that she rejected the offer of marriage by both Abu Bakr Siddiq
(RA) and Umer Farooq (RA). She was a very great scholar of Islam, sagacious and wise
woman. When the Prophet SAW commanded the people to slaughter their sacrificial
animals and get their heads shaved at "Hudabiah". The people were suffering distress

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for nothing. He came to his tent and feeling indignant. He told to Umm-e-Salma (RA) that he
had commanded the people to slaughter their sacrificial animals and get their heads shaved
but there is no response from them.

Umm-e-Salma (RA) said "O Prophet of Allah: You cannot make these 1500 people do what
they don't want, Just do your own duty which Allah has imposed on you. Go ahead and
perform your own rites in an open place so that every one of them can see you. The Holy
Prophet SAW stepped out of the tent and offered the slaughter of the camel. The people
immediately came forward and did the same as the Prophet SAW was doing. The verse of
Parda *veil) was revealed on her concern on returning from Tabuk expedition, “O wives of
the Prophet SAW! Stay quietly in your homes, and do not display like that of
ignorance.” (Qur’an)

“It is narrated that the Prophet SAW gave her a jar with the dust of Karbala and told
her that when it chnaged to blood like red, my son Hussain RA will be martyred by
enemies.” (Hadith)

She was very pious and learned. She knew reading and writing. She had the opportunity to
accompany the Holy Prophet SAW on his journeys. She was with him at the battle of
Khayber, Conquest of Makkah, Taif and Hunain'. She was also with the Prophet SAW at the
time of "Hudabiah". When the Prophet SAW fell ill and moved to the house of Ayesha
Siddiqua (RA), Umm-e-Salma (RA) often went there to see him.

She was very fond of learning the traditions of Prophet SAW. She has quoted 378 AHadith.
Being strict follower of Islamic shariyat she has issued many edicts on religious matters.
She died last of all the wives of Holy Prophet SAW in 61/64 AH, during the period of
Yazid bin Muawiyah at the age of 84, and buried in Jannat al Baqi.

7. HAZRAT ZAINAB BINT JAHASH RA (590-641 AD, 20AH)

Zainab bint Jahash RA surname Umm-ul-Hakeem was seventh wife of Prophet SAW.
Her original name was "Barat" which the Holy Prophet SAW changed when she
embraced Islam. She belonged to Banu Asad. Her mother Umaima bint Abdul
Muttalib was an aunt of Holy Prophet SAW. Thus became firat cousin of Prophet SAW.
She was married to Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha, the slave of Muhammad SAW. As their
marriage could not flourish and he gave her divorce. She was the only divorcee among the
wives of the Prophet SAW. It was a tradition in the Arabs to adopt sons and they were
treated as the real ones. The wives of the adopted sons were in the same position as that of
real daughter-in-laws. It was therefore not considered well to bring them under their
marriages. Allah sent down Angel Jibrael and informed the Holy Prophet SAW to marry
Zainab (RA) bint Jahash. As Allah says in Qur’an, Surah Al Ahzab Verse No 40, “Muhammad
is not the father of any of your men but (he is) the Apostle of Allah and the Seal of the
Prophets: and Allah has full knowledge of all things.”

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Hazrat Zainab RA then got married to Holy Prophet SAW through the revelation from Allah
during the month of Zul Qaida in 5 AH. At the time of marriage she was 35 years old. She
lived with Prophet SAW for six years. She used to say that her marriage contract (Nikah)
was solemnized by Allah in heavens.
“So when Zaid (Zaid bin Harith RA, the freed slave of the Prophet SAW) has
accomplished his desire from her; We gave her into your marriage.”
Muhammad gave Hazrat Zainab RA a dower (Mehr) of 400 dirhams. Later he held a
wedding banquet for her and slaughtered sheep. Anas bin Malik said there were over
seventy guests, and that none of Muhammad's other wives was given such a large
banquet.
This marriage eliminated the custom of prohibition of marriage with ones adopted
son’s widow or divorcee.
Hazrat Ayesha RA believed that Muhammad's favourite wives, after herself, were
Zainab and Umm Salama. (Ibn Hisham). Umm Salama RA said of Zainab, "The
Messenger of Allah liked her and he also used to become vexed with her."
The Prophet SAW loved honey, so she made special arrangements of honey for him;
therefore he used to stay with her more than others in day time.
Zaynab had a reputation for being prayerful. She prayed so much by night that she hung a
rope between two pillars in the mosque and held onto it when she became too tired to
prostrate. When Muhammad discovered the rope, he removed it and told her that when
she became tired, she should stop praying and sit down or lay down to rest. (Hadith)
After Muhammad’s death, Zaynab never left Medina again. She was a widow for nine years,
Hazrat Zainab RA was very generous, skilled in sewing and embroidery; she earned her
own and helped others. She has quoted 11 Ahadith from Muhammad SAW. She had her
own house, which was purchased by Walid bin Addul Malik during his reign and
included in Masjid-e-Nabavi.
She died in 20 AH at the age of 51/53, and buried in Janat-ul-Baqi.

8. HAZRAT JAVAIRIA BINT AL HARIS RA (608-670 AD)

Hazrat Javairia RA’s original name was Barat, which was changed to Javairia by the
Prophet SAW. She was the daughter of Haris bin Abi Zarar, the chief of Banu
Mustaliq, who was defeated with his tribe in a battle of Mustaliq in 5 AH. She was first
married to Masafa bin Safwan. She was learned woman. She married to the
Prophet Muhammad SAW when he was 58 years old and she was 20, thus placing the
marriage in 627/628 AD.
When Madina-al-Munauwara became the Capital of Islamic State and the flag of Islam was
being hoisted in and around this city. In the month Shaban 5 Hijra the Holy Prophet SAW
received the news that the people of Banu Mustlaiq were gathering together against him,
and that their chief Harith bin Zarar was making plans for attacking. The Holy Prophet
SAW sent Buraida bin Haseeb RA as a spy. He came with the news of preplanning on
their part to attack Madinah. Therefore the Holy Prophet SAW attacked "Banu
Mustaliq" with his 700 companions at a place of Muraysee. Ayesha Siddiqua RA also

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accompanied him SAW. In the fight, ten of their men were killed along with Masfah bin
Safwan, and their women and children were made captives, their property was taken as
spoils. Harith bin Zarar escaped from the battlefield. Hazrat Javairia RA was among the
captives and was handed over to Hazrat Sabit bin Qais RA. On her request he became
ready to free her on ransom. She went to Prophet SAW for payment of ransom; he
proposed her to marriage and paid the ransom money. Due to her marriage all the captives
from her tribe set free by Muslims. 'Ayesha added,
"I knew of no other woman who brought greater blessing to her people than
Javairia.”
Javairia RA was verey beautiful and she used to spend her time in praying. She also made a
corner of the room as Masjid and meditated there. She was very genius and had pleasing
manners. Once the Prophet SAW visited her in the early hours of the day, she was praying
"Nawafil". He calmly retreated. A little before to noon he SAW again passed by her room
and found her still on her prayer carpet. He SAW stepped in and stayed for sometime
then He SAW said "Javairia RA, are you continually praying from morning? She Said
"Yes, O Prophet SAW of Allah!". The Prophet SAW told her that He SAW would give
her a special "Zikr" which if you pronounced it will fetch her more blessings than the
"Nawafil" of the whole day. That is! “Subhan-Allahi wa bihamdihi, `adada khalqihi,
wa rida nafsihi, wa zinatah `arshihi, wa midada kalimatihi”
Allah is free from imperfection and I begin with His praise, as many times as the number of
His creatures, in accordance with His Good Pleasure, equal to the weight of His Throne and
equal to the ink that may be used in recording the words (for His Praise)." (Muslim)

It is reported that his father Harith also accepted Islam along with the other people
of "Banu Mustaliq". This was another blessing to the people of "Banu Mustaliq" because of
Javairia RA. After the demise of the Prophet SAW both Abu Bakr Siddiq RA and Umer
Farooq RA granted 12,000 Dirhams during their "Khilafat". She died in the year 50
Hijra at the age of about 65 years. She has narrated only seven Ahadith of Prophet SAW.
Her funeral prayer was offered by Marwan bin Hakam and laid to rest in Janat al Baqi.

9. HAZRAT UMM-E-HABIBA RA (RAMALA BINT ABI SUFIYAN) (594-665 AD)

Ramala bint Abi Sufiyan known as Umm-e-Habiba belonged to Banu Ummiyah tribe
of Quraish. Her mother name was Safiya. She was married to Ubaidullah bin Jahash.
She had a daughter whose name was "Habibah" therefore she was known as Umm-e-
Habiba RA. They migrated to Abyssinia in second batch when persecution was at high in
Makkah. During their stay Ubaidullah converted to Christianity. Due to this she
separated herself. She had two children from him. During her separation her husband
died and she became widow. She lived alone while bringing up the daughter and
spending much of her time in prayers and worship. Sometimes, she used to visit the other
Muslim families living in "Abyssinia". One day she had a dream while she was in
"Abyssinia" that someone was addressed her "Ummul-Mumineen" (The mother of

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Believers). She was overjoyed with this dream. Muslims learnt about her hardships in 7
AH. They approached the Holy Prophet SAW and requested him to marry her.
By this time the Prophet SAWwas in Madinah after immigration from Makkah. The
Prophet SAW heard about the sufferings of "Umm-e-Habiba RA" in a foreign land. He
sent Umro bin Ummaya RA to "Abyssinia" to extend Umm-e-Habiba RA the message
of marriage. The king of "Abyssinia" who is very well known as "Najashi" sent his
maid servant Abraha to Umm-e-Habiba RA to know her consent. She happily
consented and Khalid bin Saeed was her representative. Umm-e-Habiba RA gave the
silver jewellery which was with her to Abraha. Najashi soleminised the marriage and
he himself gave the "Hutba". He gave 400 Dinars / 4000 Dhms, as bridal money
(Mehr) and also arranged a "Walima" dinner. Thus Umm-e-Habiba RA became
"Ummul-Mumineen" and her dream came true. Latter Najashi sent Umm-e-Habiba
RA to Madinah-al-Munauwara with honour.

Umm-e-Habiba RA was a courageous lady and having very good character. She stood firmly
as a Muslim lady. She suffered a lot in Makkah at the hands of her father who was an "arch-
enemy" of Islam and used to oppose the Prophet SAW in every respect.

After dissolution of Treaty of Hudaibiya Abu Sufiyan came to Madinah and met Umm-
e-Habiba RA and wanted to sit on the Prophet's carpet or the bed. Umm-e-Habiba RA
did not allow him to occupy the bed and immediately folded it up. She told her father
Abi Sufiyan that he being Najis (uncleaned) could not touch the Prophet's bed
(carpet). She preached him and lamented that such a big man who is the chief of the
Tribe "Quraish" could not realize the fact that Allah is One and Muhammad SAW is
the Prophet of Allah. Abi Sufiyan and Amir Muawiya RA embraced Islam at the time
when Makkah was conquered and Umm-e-Habiba RA was very much pleased by this
news.

Umm-e-Habiba RA was very learned woman and she loved the Prophet SAW very much.
She had narrated about 65 "Ahadith.” She became sad when she learnt about the
martyrdom of Uthman bin Affan RA and she cursed that Allah may cut off his hands
who attacked and give Martyr to Uthman bin Affan RA.

Umm-e-Habiba RA died in the year 44 Hijra during the period of Caliph Maviyah RA. She
lived with the Holy Prophet SAWfor 6 years. She was burried in the "Janat Al-Baqi.”

10. HAZRAT SAFIYA RA BINT HUYAYY BIN AKHTAB (610-670 AD)

Hazrat Safiya was daughter of Huyayy bin Akhtab and Barra bint Samawal. His father
was a chief of Jewish tribe Banu Nazir and mother from Banu Quraiza. Her parents

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traced back to two different high Jewish tribes of Hazrat Musa and Harun (PBUT). She
was resident of Madinah; her family moved to Khyber on expulsion after the battle of
Trench. She married to Salam bin Mishkan. On his divorce she married to Kanana bin
Abi Al Haqiq, who was killed in Ghazva-e-Khyber in Muharram 7 AH. She was brought
as captive and married to Prophet SAW on the way to Madinah at Sahba. At the time
of marriage her age was 17, while the Holy Prophet SAW was 59 years old. Her bridal
money (Mehr) was settled on the freedom from slavery. She lived with Prophet SAW
for three years and nine months. She died at the age of sixty in 50 AH, during the
Caliphate of Muawiya RA. .
It is reported that the Holy Prophet SAW permitted Wahia Kalbi RA to have a slave girl at
his own choice from the spoils of war after the conquest of Khyber. He selected Safiyah RA,
but the other companions requested to the Prophet SAW to have Safiyah RA for himself as
she was the daughter of the chief. He asked Wahia Kalbi RA to choose other girl. The
Prophet SAW then gave her the choice of joining her people after freedom or
accepting Islam and coming into matrimonial relationship with him. She was very
happy to marry him. The Prophet SAW then, first set her free and married her. Her
freedom was considered as her bridal money (Mehr).

Safiyah RA was only 17 years old at the time of this marriage. This marriage was
celebrated at "Al-Sabha.” Abu Ayub Anasari RA guarded the camp whole night. The
next day ordinary "Walima" was arranged. The feast consisted of "Hais" a dish of
dates. She was very intelligent and beautiful. She loved the Prophet SAW with all her
heart and soul.

Safiya is said to have informed Kenana (her husband) of a dream she had in which
the moon had fallen from the heavens into her lap. Kenana interpreted it as a desire to
marry Muhammad SAW and struck her in the face, leaving a mark which was still visible
when she first had contact with Muhammad SAW.
Safiyah RA was a devoted believer, punctually performed all rituals. She was used to spend
much of her time in reciting the Holy Quran and it is reported that she used to weep
while reciting Quran. She was taunted by some of the other wives of the Holy Prophet
SAW being a "Yahudia". The Prophet SAW admonished them when Safiyah RA complained
to him SAW.

Muhammad once said to his wife that if other women insulted her for her "Jewish heritage"
and were jealous because of her beauty, she was to respond, "Aaron is my father, Moses
my uncle, and Muhammad SAW my husband.”
She was highly educated, very wise, soft hearted and the most generous woman. Muslim
women used to seek her guidance regarding their issues. She deeply loved the Holy
Prophet SAW and was accompanying him during his Last Pilgrimage.
She died in 50 AH (670/672) during the caliphate of Hazrat Amir Muawiyah RA and
left behind abundance of wealth as inheritance. She was buried in Janat al Baqi.

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11. HAZRAT MAIMUNAH BINT AL HARIS AL HILALIA RA (599/600-680/681 AD)

Her name was "Barrat" and the Holy Prophet SAW renamed her as "Maimunah RA"
after the marriage. She was a daughter of Al Haris and Hinda bint-e-Auf. She
belonged to Banu Hilal. She was sister in law of Hazrat Abbas RA the uncle of Prophet
SAW. She was twice married to Abdullah bin Masood bin Amru and Abu Ruhm bin
Abdul Uzza before marriage with Prophet SAW.
When Muhammad SAW went to Makkah for Umra tul Qada in 7 AH, Hazrat Abbas RA
requested him to marry her. The Prophet SAW accepted the proposal, Jaffer bin Abi
Talib RA made arrangements and the marriage was solemnized at Saref, about 9/10
km away from Makkah, during the month of Zul Qaidah in 629 AD, in presence of her
nephew Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed RA. There are two different versions about her
"Mehar", it is said that 500 Dirhams was her "Mehar" and the other versions is that
Maimunah RA did not ask the "Mehar" and willingly offered herself to the Prophet
SAW. He married her to bring the "Quraishi" nearer to Islam and to show that he was a
genuine well-wisher of the Makkans. She was the last to occupy the status of "Ummul-
Mumineen" as the Holy Prophet SAW did not marry any woman after Maimunah RA. At the
time of marriage she was in last twenties / early thirties and the Prophet SAW was
58 / 59 years old. Maimunah lived with Muhammad SAW for three years and three
months until his death in 632 AD.
A'isha Siddiqua RA narrated that
Maimunah RA was the most virtuous and God-fearing and most considerate in treating
her relatives well. She used to pray in the Masjid of the Prophet as she had heard that
'the prayer offered in that Masjid is thousand times better than other Masajid except
the Holy "Haram.”

She was used to borrow money and spend on poor. Once she borrowed a huge sum of
money and someone said, "How will you pay it back?" She said that the Prophet SAW had
said, "If one has the intention to pay it back, Allah Himself pays off the debt.”
When the Holy Prophet SAW fell ill, he SAW was with Maimunah RA. After the death of
Prophet SAW Hazrat Maimunah RA used to give Sermon and also issued edicts on legal
matters. She has quoted about 76 Ahadith of Prophet SAW. She was fond of taking care of
poor and freeing slaves.
She died in 61 AH at the age of 80 / 81 at Saref, during the Caliphate of Yazid bin
Muawiya RA) at the same place where she wed locked to Holy Prophet SAW. Her
funeral prayers were led by Abdullah bin Abbas RA. She buried in Makkah.

12. HAZRAT REHANA BINT ZAID RA (DIED IN 20 AH, 640/641 AD)

Rehana was a daughter of Zaid a leader of Jewish tribe Banu Nazir. Who was married
to a man from the Banu Quraiza. After the Banu Quraiza was defeated by the armies of
Muhammad SAW in the Siege of the Banu Quraiza, Rehana was among those
enslaved, while the men were executed.
According to Ibn Ishaq, the Prophet SAW took her as a slave and proposed to her for
marriage. She refused telling the Prophet SAW to leave her in his power as it will be easier
for both of them. Muhammad SAW then left her and put her aside. She showed repugnance

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towards Islam and clung to Judaism. However, after some time she decided to convert to
Islam. When the Prophet SAW heard the voice of sandals of Tha'laba bin Sa'ya, he
prophesized that Tha'laba was coming to inform him regarding Rehana's conversion
to Islam.
Ibn Sa'd writes and quotes Waqidi that she was manumitted but later married by
Muhammad SAW. According to Al-Halabi, the Prophet SAW married and
appointed dower for her. bin Hajar quotes a description of the house that Muhammad gave
to Rehana RA after their marriage. In another version, Hafiz bin Minda writes that
Muhammad set Rehana free, and she went back to live with her own people. This version is
also supported as the most likely by 19th-century Muslim scholar, Shibli Nomani.
However, the most accepted position among the Muslims is that the Prophet SAW
manumitted her and married her. She died young, 11 years after Muhammad's last
pilgrimage.
. She was pious woman and very staunch performance of Islamic obligations.
She died in 20 AH after the death of Prophet SAW, and was buried in Jannat al-Baqi.

13. HAZRAT MARIYA QIBTIYAH RA (DIED IN 637 AD)

Her name was Maria bint Sham’un, known as Maria al-Qibtiyya. Her date of birth is
not known. She belonged to very rich and noble family of Egypt.
In the Islamic year 6 AH (627–628 AD), the Prophet SAW had written letters to the
great rulers of the Middle East, proclaiming the new Faith and inviting the rulers to join.
Tabari writes that a deputation under Hātib bin Abi Balta'ah RA was also sent to an
Egyptian governor / ruler named as al-Muqawqis. He sent a gift of Māriyah and her
sister Sīrīn, his female mule Duldul, his donkey Ya'fūr, and sets of garments and
abundance of cloth etc. With the two women al-Muqawqis had sent a eunuch, and the
latter stayed with them. Hātib RA had invited them to become Muslim before they
reach to the Prophet SAW. So Māriyah and her sister did so. The Messenger of Allah
SAW lodged them with Umm Sulaym bint Milhān. Māriyah was beautiful. The Prophet SAW
sent her sister Sīrīn to Hassaān bin Thābit and she bore him 'Abd al-Rahmān bin Hassāan.
She was very God fearing woman. After Hazrat Khadija RA she was the only wife of
Prophet SAW who gave birth to a child. The last son of Prophet SAW Hazrat Ibrrahim
RA was born to Mariya RA. He was also died in infancy at the age of about one and half
year.
Hazrat Mariya Qibtiya RA was very pious, God fearing and taking care of poor. She
died in 15 AH, after the death of Holy Prophet SAW. She was buried in Janatul Baqi.

DESCENDENTS OF HOLY PROPHET SAW

The Prophet SAW had seven children. Six were from Hazrat Khadija RA and one from
Hazrat Mariya Qibtiya RA. All of his sons died in infancy and the daughter got their prime
age.

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DETAIL OF CHILDREN OF HOLY PROPHET

SONS

1. HAZRAT QASIM RA
He was the first son of Holy Prophet SAW. He died when he was about two years old. From
him Muhammad SAW is called Abu-al-Qasim.

2. HAZRAT ABDULLAH RA
He was second son of Holy Prophet SAW. He had two titles Tahir and Tayyaab. He died at
the age of seven months. Upon his death the infidels of Makkah mocked at him that his
lineage had been cut off. Allah sent Surah Kausar to console the Prophet SAW by revealing
that it were the infidels whose lineage has been cut off.
3. HAZRAT IBRAHIM RA
Hazrat Ibrahim RA was born to Hazrat Mariya Qibtiya RA when the Prophet was of 60
years. He died within few months. Muhammad SAW became so sad that the tears ran down
from his eyes due to grief.
DAUGHTERS
1. HAZRAT ZAINAB RA
She was the eldest daughter of Holy Prophet SAW. She was married to Hazrat-e-Khadija’s
maternal cousin Abu-al-Aas, about the time of declaration of Prophet-hood. Hazrat Zainab
RA accepted Islam immediately after invitation by Muhammad SAW, whereas his husband
Abu-al-Aas RA accepted Islam in 6 AH.
On migration to Madinah she remained behind in her in laws. During the battle of Badr her
husband Abu-al-Aas brought to the Prophet SAW as captive, he set him free on the
condition to send Zainab RA to Madinah. During her travel to Madinah she was attacked by
the infidels and wounded. She died in 8 AH, her funeral Prayer was led by the Holy Prophet
SAW and she was laid to rest by her husband. She had two children, a daughter Umamah
and a son Ali.

2. HAZRAT RUQAYYA RA
She was three year younger than Zainab RA. She was married to Utba bin Abu Lahab. On
proclamation of Islam Abu Lahab became the worst enemy of Prophet SAW. So Ruqayya RA
was divorced before consummation of marriage, and she was married to Hazrat Uthman
RA.
During their stay in Abyssinia on migration a son Abdullah was born to them and died in
infancy. They came to Makkah and migrated to Madinah. At the time of battle of Badr
Hazrat Uthman RA was directed to stay back with her to take care as she suffered from
chickenpox. She died of her illness and the Prophet SAW led her funeral Prayers.
3. HAZRAT KULSUM RA
Her title was Al-Khaira. She was one year younger than Hazrat Ruqayya RA. She was
married to the younger son of Abu Lahab, Utaiba. He also divorced her due to animosity of

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Islam. After the death of Hazrat Ruqayya RA she was married to Hazrat Uthman RA. She
had no children. She died in 9AH.
Hazrat Umm-e-Kulsum was very kind and friendly. She resembled to her father
Muhammad SAW in features and bearings.
4. HAZRAT FATIMA RA
Her title was Zahra and she was one year younger than Hazrat Kulsum RA. She was the only
child of Holy Prophet SAW whose lineage flourished. She was married to Hazrat Ali RA by
the will of Allah. She had five children Hassan, Hussain, Mohsin, Zainab and Kulsum RA.
She led very simple life. She bore lot of hardships in the way of Islam. She had distributed
the household work between her maid and herself for one consecutive day. She was very
sensible and soft spoken. She was given good news of leader of all the women of the world
in Paradise. She died in 11 AH soon after the death of her beloved father Muhammad SAW
and buried in Janat-ul-Baqi.

THE TWELVE IMAMS (IMAMAT)

The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to the Prophet Muhammad
SAW in the Twelver or Athnā‘ashariyyah branch of Shia Islam. According to the theology of
Twelvers, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who not only rule over the
community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret sharia and explain Qur’an.
Muhammad SAW and Imams' words and deeds are a guide and model for the community to
follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin (known as Masum) and must be
chosen by divine decree or people through the Prophet SAW.
1. HAZRAT IMAM ALI RA (for details please see the chapter ‘Blessed Companions of
Prophet SAW).

2. HAZRAT IMAM HASSAN BIN ALI BIN ABI TALIB RA (624-670)

Hazrat Imam Hassan RA was the elder son of Hazrat Ali RA and Hazrat Fatima RA. He was
born on 15th Ramadan 3 AH in Mainah. The Holy Prophet named him Hassan, he was also
known as Shabbar, means handsome in Hebrew.
He was brought up in ideal atmosphere of Prophet-hood and great parents Hazrat Ali RA
and Hazrat Fatima RA. He was taught by his grandfather Muhammad SAW and parents as
well. He had so sharp memory that even at his early age when he listened to the latest
revelation of Allah to Prophet SAW he learnt that by heart immediately. Once carrying
Hassan on his shoulders Muhammad SAW prayed to Allah,
“O Allah I love him, so I beseech You to love him.” (Bukhari)
As the Holy Prophet SAW and Hazrat Fatima RA died at an early age, so he spent rest of his
life under the guidance of his father. Hazrat Ali RA was doing compilation of Qur’an and
Hadith therefore he followed the footsteps of his father from his childhood.
During the siege of the house of Hazrat Uthman RA Hazrat Imam Hassan RA was sent
several times by Hazrat Ali to supply food and water to him. He got many injuries at the

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hands of rebel to save him. During the Caliphate of Hazrat Ali RA he took part in all the
battles, he held the charge of Bait-ul-Maal too.
He was appointed by his father Hazrat Ali as second Imam during his last days when he
was injured by Abdur Rehman bin Muljim (Khariji). Hazrat Hassan RA is said to have been
married abundantly during and after the death of his father.
On the death of Hazrat Ali RA he was declared Khalifa by the consent of 40 thousand
people in Kufa on 21st of Ramadan. As Ameer Muawaiya RA consolidated his forces
against him and influenced Iraqis in his favor. Imam Hassan RA ordered his followers to
prepare for war, but except the few ones others did not give eager response to this call.
At last 20,000 men were mobilized for war. Imam Hassan RA sent 4000 men under the
chief of Kindi to Anba. But he was bribed by Ameer Muawiyah RA on the promise of
governorship and won him over. The next contingent was also bribed by him. Then he sent
a messenger to ask Imam Hassan RA to come to terms of peace with him.
The treaty of peace was signed and Imam Hassan relieved the office of Caliphate in favor of
Ameer Muawiyah RA. Thus the bloodshed between Muslims prevented and peace restored
to Islamic State. Muhammad SAW said,
“This of my son Hassan will stop the bloodshed among Muslims and will cause to
bring peace.” (Hadith)
Hazrat Hassan was designated as one of the Ahl e Bait (Sahib ur Rida). He also accompanied
the Prophet SAW against the Christians of Najaran for Mubahla.
Al-Hasan was known for donating to the poor, his kindness to the poor and bondmen, and
for his knowledge, tolerance and bravery. For the rest of his life, Hasan lived in Medina,
until he died at the age of 45 and was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery in Medina. His
wife, Ja'da bint al-Ash'at, is commonly accused of having poisoned him, who was promised
a great reward by Amir Muawaiyah RA. He was buried in Janat-ul-Baqi.
“Hassan and Hussain are the leaders of youth in Paradise.” (Bukhari)

3. HAZRAT IMAM HUSSAIN BIN ALI RA (03 SHA’BAN, 04 AH-10 MUHARRAM, 61 AH /

10 OCTOBER 625 AD-10 OCTOBER 680 AD)
Hazrat Imam Hussain RA was son of Hazrat Ali RA and Hazrat Fatima bint
Muhammad RA. He was born on Thursday 3rd Sha’aban in 4 AH. After his birth Hazrat
Fatima RA fell ill and the baby was given to Umm-e-Fazl for nursing. It is said that he was
in close resemblance of Holy Prophet SAW. The Prophet SAW said,
“Hussain belongs to me and I belong to him. May Allah love him who loves Hussain.”
(Bukhari)

On his deathbed Imam Hassan RA handed over the charge of Imamat to his brother
Imam Hussain RA in 670 AD (50 AH). He retired to seclusion in Madinah during the
Caliphate of Ameer Muawiyah RA. During his life time Ameer Muawiyah nominated his son
Yazid for Caliphate after him and took oath of allegiance in his favor. Hussain did not accept
the request of Muawiyah RA for the succession of his son, Yazid I, and considered this

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action a breach of the Hasan–Muawiya treaty.This nomination of Caliphate was against the
tradition of Islam. When Muawiyah died in 680 AD and Yazid succeeded to Caliphate
in Damascus Imam Hussain refused to take oath of allegiance and went to Makkah to
take refuge from the oppressions of Yazid in 60 AH. The Kufans wrote letters to
Imam Hussain RA to rescue them from the persecutions of governor under Yazid and
a deputation from them also approached to him in Makkah. As the Kufans had not been
trustable during past therefore he sent his cousin Muslim bin Aqeel RA to review the
situation. He was very impressed by their reception and wrote a letter to Imam Hussain to
come to Kufa. That was a trap of their deceit in which they succeeded. Muslim bin Aqeel
was killed along with his two little sons soon after the dispatch of letter to Imam Hussain.
In the meantime despite of disconsent of Hazrat Abdullah bin Zubair RA and
Abdullah bin Umar RA he set forth for Kufa. On hearing the assassination of Muslim RA
many of his companions left him but he continued to march onward.
One thousand soldiers were sent under Hurr to bring Imam Hussain at Karbala. At last
Imam Hussain had to encamp there. Soon the Yazid army started to gather in opposite side
of Euphrate.
On 7th of Muharram 61 AH, Yazid forces cut off water supply to Hazrat Imam Hussain
RA. They started to torture Imam Hussain, his family and his companions just to persuade
him to yield to Yazid; but they could not succeed. Hurr fought from his side and
martyred. There remained only 72 faithful with him.
Finally the battle started, the Imam’s followers laid down their lives one after another. On
10th of Muharram 61 AH (10th October 680 AD) when none of his devotees remained
alive, he prepared himself for battle. He went to his sick son Zain-ul-Abideen AS and
handed over the charge of office of Imamat to him. He went to the battlefield and was
attacked from all sides with arrows, spears and swords to the extent that every part of his
body was bleeding. He laid down in prostration to Allah; meanwhile his head was cut off
and taken to the court of Yazid. That was the most helpless death in the history of mankind.

There is a great lesson for the followers of Muhammad SAW in the tragedy of Imam
Hussain RA. He could have saved easily himself, his family and his companions just by
taking an oath of allegiance to Yazid, but he hailed up the flag of Islam and gave up his life
for that noble cause. The Holy Prophet said,
“This of my son Hussain will revive the Deen of his grandfather Muhammad SAW to
give up his life.” (Bukhari)
Hussain RA is highly regarded by Shi'ite Muslims for refusing to pledge allegiance to
Yazid, the Umayyad caliph, because he considered the rule of the Umayyads unjust.The
annual memorial for him and his children, family and his companions is celeberated in the
first month of Islamic calendar, that is Muharram, and the day he was martyred is
the Ashura (tenth day of Muharram, a day of mourning for Shi'i Muslims).

4. HAZRAT IMAM ALI BIN HUSSAIN ZAIN-UL-ABIDEEN 36-95 AH (659-713 AD)

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Muhammad Ali known as Zain ul Abideen (the adornment of the worshippers)

and Imam al-Sajjad (The Prostrating Imam), was son of Hazrat Hussain bin Ali RA
and Hazrat Shehr Banu. He was born in Madinah on 15 Jamadi ul Awal in 36 AH (04
Jan 659 AD). He was the 4th Shiat Imam of twelver. His mother died after giving birth to
him. He may have been too young to have remembered his grandfather Ali RA. He was
raised in the presence of his uncle Hasan RA and his father Hussain RA. He was the only
son of Hazrat Imam Hussain RA who survived the battle of Karbala; as he could not
take part in the battle due to illness. He was taken in chains to Yazid’s court at Damascus
along with respected ladies of his family. Later on he was released and returned to
Madinah.
He was so pious and worshipper of Allah that he earned the name of Zain-ul-Abideen,
means the beauty of worshippers. During Prayers his whole body trembled and face
turned pale due to fear of Allah. Whenever he remembered the bounties of Allah he fell
down in prostration. He used to go out at night to help others in darkness, having loaded
sack on his back, so that people may not praise him. His famous supplications are known
as Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya. He spent his whole life in learning and teaching of Islam.
Ali bin al-Husain was respected by the circle of Medinan scholars who considered
him as an eminent traditionist. The lawyer Said bin al-Musayyib and the jurist and
traditionist Al-Zuhri, though attached to the court of the Umayyad, were among his
admirers. Al-Zuhri gave him the honorific Zain ul-Abideen, the ornament of
worshipers, and narrated many Ahadith from him. Evidence for his high position
among people comes from an ode told by the well-known Arab poet Farazdaq. It is
considered a masterpiece of Arabic literature and the most reliable
contemporaneous document describing Zain ul-Abideen. This ode mentions an
occasion when the Caliph Hisham bin Abd al-Malik was overshadowed by the respect
people showed to the imam Zain ul Abideen.
It is narrated from the Imam that while circumambulating the Kaaba, he heard a man
asking God for patience, so he turned to him and said: "You are asking (God) for tribulation.
Say, “O Allah! I ask You for well-being and gratitude for it.” Zain ul-Abideen was poisoned
by Umayyad ruler Al-Walid through the instigation of the Umayyad caliph Hisham bin Abd
al-Malik.
He died on 25th Muharram in 95 AH (20th Oct 713 AD) after 35 years of Imamat at the
age of 54 and was buried in Janat-ul-Baqi.

5. HAZRAT IMAM MUHAMMAD AL-BAQIR BIN ALI ZAIN UL ABIDEEN 56-114 AH

(677-733 AD)
MUHAMMAD AL-BAQIR was born in 57 AH in Madinah. He was son of fourth Imam Ali
Zain-ul-Abideen AS and Fatimah bint Hasan RA. He was born in Madinah on 10 th May
677 AD and died on 28th Jan 733. He was a Fifth Shiat imam of Twelver. When Al-
Baqir was a child, his family was affected by the Battle of Karbala, he was three or four
years old when his grandfather, Hussain, was killed. He was very knowledgeable
person, and respected by Sunni Muslims as well for his knowledge and Islamic scholarship
as a jurist in Medina. Al-Baqir is an abbreviation of Baqir al-'ilm, which means "he who
opens knowledge", and al-Baqir is said to have been known for his knowledge.
According to Ibn Khallikan, he received the nickname "al-Baqir" (the ample) due to
the "ample fund of knowledge" he collected. However, Ya'qubi believed that he was

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called al-Baqir because he "split open knowledge", examining its depths. The Prophet’s
only living companion Jabir bin Abd Allah would sit in the Masjid e Nabavi and
cry: "Ya baqir al-ilm, Ya baqir al-ilm". Although Medinans thought that Jabir was
insane, but he assured them that Muhammad SAW had told him: "O Jabir! You will
meet a man from my family who will have the same name and the same
characteristics as mine. He will split open knowledge extensively.” (Hadith)
Many scholars used to visit Madinah to learn from him. He was a great scholar of Islam,
having authentic knowledge of Qur’an, Hadith and Sunnah of Muhammad SAW. In his
valuable work “Ma'athiru'l-Baqir the imam discussed a number of topics, from the
nature of the soul and the qualities of the Ulama to the attributes of God and the
divine nature.” Tafsir al-baqir, or Tafsir Abul Jaroud, is al-Baqir's exegesis of
the Quran.
He had to face opposition from his brother, as a minority of Shiats favored Zaid bin
Ali, another son of the imam Zain ul Abideen, and became known as Zaidiyyah.
According to Ibn Khallikan, Zaid (Muhammad al-Baqir's brother), appealed for people to
support his cause.

He had quoted many valuable quotations in his life time. One of his quotation is
mentioned, "The virtue of knowledge is more lovable with Allah than the virtue of
worship.”
Despite his non-involvement in political activities, the Umayyad rulers harassed
Muhammad al-Baqir continuously.
He died in 114 AH and laid to rest in Janat al Baqi.

6. IMAM JAFAR AS-SADIQ BIN MUHAMMAD AL-BAQIR 83-148 AH (702-765 AD)

Imam Jafar As-Sadiq was son of Muhammad al-Baqir and Farwah bint al-Qasim. He
was born in 83 AH in Madinah during the last days of Ummayad’s Empire. He was son
of 5th Imam Baqir and was 6th Imam of Twelver, and a major figure in
the Hanafi and Maliki schools of Sunni jurisprudence. He was a descendant of Ali RA
on the side of his father, Muhammad al-Baqir, and of Muhammad bin Abu Bakr
RA on the side of his mother, Abu Bakr RA being the first ruler of the Rashidun
Caliphate, and Ali RA the first Shia Imam. He is commonly known as Jaʿfar al-Sadiq or
simply al-Sadiq (The Truthful). He is revered in traditional Sunnism as a transmitter
of Hadith, prominent jurist and mystic. The childhood of al-Sadiq was coincided with
the growing interest of the people of Medina in prophetic science and
interpretations of the Quran.
The period of his Imamat coincided with the end of Ummayad Caliphate and starting of
Abbasid Caliphate. He remained Imam for 34 years. As Imam, al-Sadiq AS stayed out of
the political conflicts that embroiled the region, evading many requests for support that he
received from rebels. Still he became the victim of some harassment by the Abbasid caliphs.

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He was a significant figure in the formulation of Shia doctrine. The traditions recorded
from al-Sadiq are said to be more numerous than all Ahadith recorded from all other Shia
Imams combined. He was a founder of "Ja'fari jurisprudence.” (Fiqh Jafariyah).
The end of the Umayyad dynasty and beginning of the Abbasid was a period during which
central authority was weak, allowing al-Sadiq AS to teach freely in a school which trained
about four thousands students. Among these were Hazrat Imam Abū Ḥanīfa RA and
Hazrat Imam Malik bin Anas, founders of two major Sunni schools of law,
the Hanafiyah and the Malikiyah.
Ummayads used to harass him and Abbasids took him to Iraq and kept him under
custody. He was subjected to severe restrictions imposed by Caliph. After some time he
was allowed to go to Madinah, where he spent his remaining life in hiding.
He had vast knowledge of Qur’an, Hadith and Shariah. It is said that he had produced four
thousand scholars of Hadith and other sciences. Some well known scholars like Imam
Abu Hanifa, Imam Sahfee, and Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal and the scientist Jabir bin
Hayyan used to visit him for learning. He was pious, generous and truthful person.
According to reliable sources he had written about 2700 books and periodicals on all
subjects including Qur’an, Hadith, Philosophy, Science and Technology, Maths, Physics,
Chemistry, Astrology, Jurisprudence etc.
Al-Sadiq was arrested several times by Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs Hisham, Saffah, and
Mansur. According to most Shia Muslims, he was poisoned at the orders of the Caliph al-
Mansur. He died on 15th Shawal in 148 AH (765 AD) at the age of 64/65 during
Abbasid’s Empire and buried at Jannat-ul-Baqi.

7. IMAM MUSA AL-KAZIM BIN JAFAR AS-SADIQ 128-183 AH (745-799 AD)

Imam Musa Al-Kazim AS was born on 7th Safar in 128 AH (10th Nov 745 AD) in
Madinah, during the last days of Ummayad Empire. He was son of 6 th Imam Jafar As-
Sadiq and Hamīdah al-Barbariyyah, and is known as 7th Imam of Twelve. Musa Al-
Kazim was born during the conflict between the Abbasids and Umayyads, and was four
years old when As-Saffah, the first Abbasid Caliph, took the throne. He remained in hiding
from Abbasids. At last he was arrested during praying in Masjid-e-Nabavi. He was taken in
custody from Madinah, and later on transferred from prison to prison throughout Baghdad.
His period of Imamat lasted for 35 years.
He was very pious having vast knowledge of Qur’an and Sunnah, generous, gentle and very
brave man. Once Imam Abu Hanifa went to ask a question from Imam Jafar As-Sadiq.
On the way he encountered with five years old boy Musa Al-Kazim. He put up the
same question to him to resolve. Musa Al-Kazim answered him so satisfactorily that
he did not need to contact further to Imam Jafar As-Sadiq. Imam Abu Hanifa RA came
back by saying that the answer had been good enough for him. He exercised a great
control over his temper and hence known as Al-Kazim, means controller of anger.
Due to his righteousness he was known as Abd-us-Salih, a righteous slave.
In another incident, someone complained to al-Sadiq, saying: "I have seen your son,
Musa, pray while the people were passing (walking) before him. He did not prevent

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them from that."[b] The Imam ordered his son to be brought before him, and asked
him whether it was true. Musa Al-Kazim replied "Yes, father, the One to Whom I pray
is nearer to me than them. Allah, the Great and Almighty, says: We are nearer to him
than the jugular vein.” On hearing this response, the Imam rose, hugged his son, and
said; "May my father and mother be your ransom, O he in whom secrets have been
deposited!”
He is regarded by Sunnis as a renowned scholar, and was a contemporary of the Abbasid
caliphs Al-Mansur, Al-Hadi, Al-Mahdi and Harun al-Rashid. Musa Al-Kazim was said to
be a gentle and tolerant man. He was called Al-Kazim because he was kind, forgiving and
generous toward the people who treated him in a bad manner or were unfriendly towards
him. Ibn Khallikan said "that when a man had spoken ill of him he used to send him a
purse of money."
He was imprisoned several times, finally dying in Baghdad in the Sindi bin Shahak
prison. According to the most Shia Muslims he was poisoned by Abbasid’s, so he died
in a state of prostration on 25th Rajab in 183 AH, (4th Sep 799 AD) in a prison in which
he suffered for 14 years oppression, and laid to rest in Al-Kazimiya Masjid, Baghdad
Iraq.

8. IMAM ALI AL-RIZA BIN MUSA AL-KAZIM 148-203 AH (766-818 AD)

Imam Ali Al-Riza AS was born in Madinah on 11th Zul Qa’dah in 148 AH (Ist Jan 766
AD) during the period of Abbasid’s Caliphate. He was son of 7th Imam Musa Al-Kazim
AS and was the eighth Shia Imam of twelve. His mother name was Ummul Banin
Najmah. His period of imamat comprising upon 20 years since 799-818 AD, and
coincided with three Abbasid Caliphs, Harun ur Rashid, Amin ur Rashid and Ma’mun
ur Rashid, whose attitude towards the household of the Prophet SAW was very
hostile. He lived in a period when Abbasid caliphs were facing numerous difficulties, the
most important of which was Shia revolts. The Caliph Al-Ma'mun sought out a remedy
for this problem by offering him the post of Caliph, on his refusal, he appointed Al-
Riza as his successor, through whom he could be involved in worldly affairs. This step
of Ma’mun was only to prevent the descendents of Prophet SAW from rebelling against
government and secondly to involve the Imam in politics. Imam accepted the offer on the
condition of non involvement in administration. However, when Al-Ma'mun saw that
the Imam gained even more popularity, he decided to correct his mistake by poisoning him.
Al-Ma'mun was very interested in working on various sciences translated into Arabic. Thus
he arranged debates between the Imam and Muslim scholars and the leaders of religion
sects who came in his presence. Imam used to take part in all discussions arranged by
Caliph Ma’mun in Dar-ul-Hikmat. The participants in that discussion related the facts
about his knowledge at high esteem.
Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (The Golden Treatise) is a treatise on medical cures and the
maintenance of good health was written by him. It is regarded as the most precious
Islamic literature in the science of medicine. His other famous works are Sahifah Ar
Rida, Uyun ul Akhbar Ar Riza and Fiqh Ar Riza.

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It has been commonly held that Maruf Karkhi who was converted to Islam through Ali
Al-Riza is one of the foremost figures in the golden chain of Sufi orders. He was a
devoted student of Ali Al-Riza and is an important figure for Sufism.
Among his sayings is, "Do you think that you are a small body, while the greatest
world has folded itself in you?”
His generosity, humility, preaching of Islam and worship was famous throughout the
time. He was died in Tus Iran, at the age of 53, on 30th Safar in 203 AH (26th May 818
AD). He was buried in Khorasan, later on gained the name of Mashhad (means the
place of Martyrdom).

9. IMAM MUHAMMAD AL-JAWAD / AL-TAQI BIN ALI AL-RIZA 195-220 AH (811-835

AD)
Hazrat Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad (the generous) or Al-Taqi (the pious) was born
on 10th of Rajab 195 AH (12 April 811 AD) in Madinah during the Abbasidi’s
Caliphate. He was son of 8th Imam Ali Al-Riza and was the ninth Imam of twelver and
a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. His mother name was either Habibi or
Khaizaran (not exactly known). His term of Imamat comprises upon seventeen years
since 819-835 AD. He was left behind in Madinah at the age of four when his father Al-Riza
received summon from the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mamun to take a responsibility of his
successor. He used to make charity and alms to those who asked for, along with those
who need that but could not stretch their hand out. When he was 07 / 09 years old
his father died and he took charge of Imamat, and he acted like an adult
extraordinary knowledgeous personality. Shia beliefs liken this to Jesus, who was
called to leadership and his prophetic mission while still a child.
Once during the hunting, one of Al-Mamun’s falcons brought him a small fish from the
clouds. Al-Mamun hid the fish in his fist returned and asked al-Jawad: "What have I in my
hand?" Al-Jawad responded, "The creator of living things has created in the sea a
small fish taken up by Him in clouds that is caught by the falcons of the caliph and he
tries with it the progeny of al-Mustafa. Shiat tradition says that Al-Ma'mun was pleased
with this answer and asked the child about his lineage. Soon after, the Caliph called a large
gathering, during which Al-Jawad was asked many questions and he astonished everyone
with his judgment and learning. He also astonished the Abbasid’s Ulema for answering
the question regarding game during Hajj.
After this, al-Ma'mun gave Al-Jawad his daughter Umm al Fazl in marriage, but she
did not bear any child.
After al-Ma'mun's death in 833 AD, his successor, Al-Mu'tasim, became the new Caliph. Al-
Mu'tasim did not like Al-Jawad and in 835 called him to Baghdad. Al-Jawad left his son
Ali-al-Hadi with his mother Sumaneh in Medina while his wife Umm al Fazl
accompanied him to Baghdad. They lived there for a year before al-Jawad's wife, Umm al
Fazl, according to some sources, poisoned him, at the urging of the new Caliph Al-
Mu'tasim.

• One out of his golden sayings is, "If the ignorant keep silent, people will not
disagree.”

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He remained Imam for 17 years and died on 30 Zul Qa’dah 220 AH (29 Nov 835 AD)
at the age of 25 in Baghdad. He was laid to rest in Al-Kazimiya Masjid Baghdad.

10. IMAM ALI AL-HADI/AN-NAQI BIN MUHAMMAD AL-JAWAD 214-254 AH (829-868

AD)
Imam Ali bin Muhammad bin Ali Al-Hadi (the guide)/ Ali An-Naqi (the pure one) was
born in a village called Sorayya near Madinah on 5 Rajab in 214 AH (8th Sep 829 AD),
during the period of Abbasid’s caliphate. He was son of 9th Imam Muhammad Al-
Jawad /Al-Taqi, and was 10th Imam of the twelver after his father Muhammad Al-
Jawad and before his son Hasan Al-Askari. His mother name was Sumaneh. After his
father's death in 835, Ali Al-Hadi assumed the official role of Imamate at the age of 7
or 8. He remained Imam for 33 years since 835–868 AD.
He was in Madinah when his father died; he remained there and continued teaching of
Qur’an and Hadith to the people surrounding him until the age of 30.
After Mutawakkil came to throne, the governor of Medina, ʿAbdallāh bin Moḥammad,
wrote the caliph warning him about the activity of Al-Hadi saying that he was given
money with which he could buy weapons that could be used to revolt against the
Caliph.
The Abbasids Caliph Al-Mutawakkil called him to Baghdad, scolded him, dishonored him
but the Imam bore all afflictions patiently. Once Mutawakkil wanted to belittle the
Imam, he asked the officials and notables, (so that it wouldn't look like the act was
intended for the Imam) to dismount and travel on foot during a hot summer day
while the caliph remained mounted on his horse. This act made Imam struck with heat
stroke, but he remained patient.
The Imam was of mild behavior, pious, gentle and generous one, kind-hearted, good-
natured. It is said that Al-Hadi exhibited extreme generosity, though himself at times had no
money to pay with either. An example of which is an account that describes how a
nomadic man came to the Imam to tell him of how he was heavily in debt and in need
of assistance. Al-Hadi, being short of money himself, gave the man a note saying that
he was in debt to the nomad, and instructed him to meet the Imam in a place where
he had a meeting, and to insist that the Imam pay back the recorded debt. The nomad
did as he was told, and the Imam apologized to the nomad in front of those at the
meeting for being incapable of paying him back. The officials at the meeting reported
the Imam's debt to the caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, who then sent the Imam
30,000 dirhams, with which he then presented to the nomad, to pay his debt and to
meet the expanses of his children.
His remained Imam for 33 years. He is said to have poisoned by the caliph, and died
on 3 Rajab in 254 AH (Ist July 868 AD) at the age of 38 in Samarra Baghdad. He was
laid to rest at Al-Askari Masjid, Baghdad Iraq.

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11. IMAM HASAN AL-ASKARI BIN ALI AL-HADI 233-260 AH (846-874 AD)
Imam Hasan Al-Askari was born on 11 Rab al Thani in 232 AH (6th Dec 846 AD) in
Madinah during Abbasid caliphate. He was son of 10th Imam Ali Al-Hadi / An-Naqi,
and 11th Imam of the Twelver shia. His mother name was Hadithah / Susan or Salee.
He was father of the last Twelver shiat Imam Muhammad Al-Mahdi. Samarra, the city
where he lived, was a garrison town, therefore he is generally known as Al-
Askari (Askar is the word for military in Arabic). The period of his imamate was only
6 /7 years.
It is said that even as a child, Al-Askari was endowed with divine knowledge. One day a
man passed by him, and saw that he was crying. The man told him he would buy a toy that
he might play with. "No!" said Al-Askari, "We have not been created for play." The man was
amazed at this answer and said, "Then, what for have we been created?" "For
knowledge and worship." answered the child. The man said "Where have you got this
from?" Al-Askari said, "From the saying of God, Did you then think that We had
created you in vain.” The man was confused, so he said, "What has happened to you while
you are guiltless, little child?" Al-Askari said, "Be away from me! I have seen my mother
set fire to big pieces of firewood, but fire is not lit except with small pieces, and I fear
that I shall be from the small pieces of the firewood of the Hell.”
Al-Askari married Narjis Khatun, who gave birth to a child name Muhammad Al-
Mahdi. It was known that many Shia were looking forward to the succession of his
son, Muhammad al-Mahdi, as they believed him to be the twelfth Imam, who was destined
to remove injustice from the world.
In Samarra, Al-Askari spent most of his time reading the Quran and the Sharia. According
to Donaldson, Al-Askari must also have studied languages, for in later years it was
known that he could speak Hindi with the pilgrims from India, Turkish with
the Turks, and Persian with the Persians.
The Abbasids Caliph had placed strict restrictions on his movements; he was put under
house arrest. So he remained in hiding during the period of his Imamat. Despite being
confined to house arrest for almost his entire life, Hasan Al-Askari was able to teach
others about Islam, and even compiled a commentary on the Quranthat became
known as Tafsir Al-Askari.
He had very humble and gentle personality. He used to offer Prayers during the major part
of life. One of his sayings is noted for guidance. He said, "Do not hasten towards a fruit
that is not ripe yet for it has its time. Trust in His (God's) experience in your affairs
and do not hurry for your needs at the beginning of your time that your heart may be
distressed and despair may overcome you!"
Al-Askari died on the very same day that his young son, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who then
was five or a little over, disappeared and started what was henceforth known as the Minor
Occultation.
According to some Shia sources, he was poisoned on the orders of the Abbasid caliph Al-
Mu'tamid, and was died at the age of 27 / 28 on 8 Rabi al Awwal in 260 AH (4 Jan 874
AD). He was buried by his father’s side in Al Askari Masjid at Samarra Baghdad.

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12. IMAM MUHAMMAD AL-MAHDI BIN HASAN AL-ASKARI 255 AH TO PRESENT (868
AD TO PRESENT)
Imam Muhammad Al-Mahdi was born on 15th Sha’ban in 255 AH (19th July 868 AD) in
Samarra Iraq. He was son of 11th Imam Hassan Askari and was 12th and the final
Imam of Twelver Shia Islam. His mother Narjis Khatun was a granddaughter of
Roman King / Byzantine slave. Hasan al-Askari kept the child's birth secret and
informed only close companions of the existence of his successor. His term of
Imamat starts from 874 AD to present.
According to Shia Sect Imam Mahdi bear many titles like Muntazar (the expected one),
Hujja (the proof of truth), Qaim (the living), Mahdi (the guided one). He is also
known as Imam Zaman. His birth was kept secret and he lived under the great care of his
father till death. He remained hidden from the public appearance. Only a few of his
companions could see him. He is in Aalam-e-Ghiyabat (unseen world).
He assumed Imamate at 5 years of age following the death of his father Hasan al-Askari.
From 5 Jan 874 AD at the age of five his minor Occultation was started. Ghaybat al-
Sughra or Minor Occultation (874–941), consists of the first few decades after the
Imam's disappearance when communication with him was maintained through his
deputies. In the early years of his Imamate he would only contact his followers through The
Four Deputies. After a 69-year period, known as Minor Occultation, a few days before
the death of his fourth deputy Abul Hasan Ali bin Muhammad al-Samarri in 941, he is
believed to have sent his followers a letter. In that letter it was transmitted by al-
Samarri, he declared the beginning of Major Occultation during which Mahdi is not in
contact with his followers. His major Occultation was happened on 941 AD at the age of
73. Ghaybat al-Kubra or Major Occultation is believed to continue until a time decided by
Allah, when the Mahdi will reappear to bring absolute justice to the world. Twelver Shi'as
believe that the Imam did not suffer death, but that, for various reasons, has been
concealed by Allah from mankind. This event is known as The Occultation.
It is believed by Twelver Shī‘a Muslims that the Mahdī will be an ultimate savior of
humankind and the final Imām of the Twelve Imams who will emerge with Isa (Jesus
Christ) in order to fulfill their mission of bringing peace and justice to the world, by
fighting with Dajjal and on his defeat he will establish peace and justice to the earth.
The majority of Sunni Muslims do not consider the son of Hasan al-Askari to be
the Mahdi nor to be in occultation. However, they do believe that the Mahdi will come
from Muhammad's family. Sunnis believe that the Mahdi has not yet been born, and
therefore his true identity is known only to Allah. Sunnis also believe that Jesus will
return alongside the Mahdi, with the only difference being that they disagree with
the Shia regarding exactly who the Mahdi is.

SOME IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES DURING THE LIFE OF PROPHET SAW

1. HAZRAT HAMZA RA BIN ABDUL MUTTALIB (568 / 569-625 AD)

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Hazrat Hamza RA bin Abdul Muttalib was a paternal uncle and the best companion of
Prophet Muhammad SAW, and his foster brother due to nursing of both by Saubiya
as well. Bin Hajar writes: "Hamza RA was born two to four years before Muhammad
SAW. His kuniyat was, “Abu Ammara and Abu Ya’la. He is decorated with a title of
Asad Allah wal Muhammad (Lion of Allah and Muhammad SAW), Asad al Jannah
(Lion of Paradise) and Sayadush Shuhada (Chief of the Martyrs) by the Prophet SAW.
He was the youngest son of Abdul Muttalib. Hamza RA had three wives and six children.

Hamza RA's father was ‘Abdul Muttalib bin Hashim bin ‘Abd Munaf bin Qusayy from
the Quraish tribe of Makkah. His mother was Hala bint Uhayb from the Zuhra clan of
Quraish. His parents met when ‘Abdul Muttalib was there with his son ‘Abdullah in the
house of Wahb bin 'Abd Manaf to seek the hand of Wahb's daughter Hazrat Aminah for his
son Abdullah. While they were there, ‘Abdul-Muttalib noticed Wahb's niece, Hala bint
Uhayb, and he asked for her hand as well. Wahb agreed, and Muhammad's father ‘Abdullah
and his grandfather ‘Abdul-Muttalib were both married on the same day, in a double-
marriage ceremony. Hence, Hamza RA was the younger brother of Muhammad's father.
Hamza RA was skilled in wrestling, archery and fighting. He was fond of hunting, and
he is described as "the strongest man of the Quraish, and the most unyielding.” (Bin
Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah)
Hamza RA took little notice of Islam for the first few years. He did not respond to
Muhammad's first appeal to the BanuHashim clan in 613. He converted in late 615 or
early 616.

Although Muhammad SAW was safe under the protection of his uncle, Abu TAli RAb. Even
though whenever pagans of Makkah found an opportunity for baiting him, they didn't miss
it. On one occasion, Abu Jahl found him alone near the home Abdullah bin Jud’an, he
used much offensive and vulgar language toward him, and struck him with his strip
on face. The whole event was witnessed by a slave girl of bin Jud’an. That same
evening when his uncle, Hamza RA bin Abdul Muttalib RA, came home from a hunting
expedition, his slave-girl recounted to him the tale of Abu Jahl's insolence toward
Muhammed SAW, and the latter's forbearance, of which she had been an eye-witness.

Hamza RA was little interested in the day-to-day affairs of the city. But Abu Jahl's conduct
toward his nephew roused his anger to the extent that he seized his bow, went into the
Assembly of the Quraish where he (Abu Jahl) was reviewing the events of the day of his
people, struck him at his head with his bow, causing it to bleed, and shouted: "I too have
become a Muslim."This was a challenge to Abu Jahl but he figured that silence was
the best part of valor, and did not tangle with Hamza RA, even restraining his friends
who wished to rise in his defense. He shouted to them, “Leave Abu Umara (Hamza
RA) alone, for, by God, I insulted his nephew deeply.”

Hazrat Hamza RA went back to his home, the whole night he became restless, on the early
in the morning he entered the house of Arqam (Dar e Irqam) and asked the Prophet SAW,
“What is this religion you are preaching?” The Prophet SAW gave full account of the
religion and he accepted Islam forthwith. Since that day to his martyrdom during the
battle of Uhad he never left the side of Prophet SAW at any level. When he became a

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Muslim, the Quraish recognized that the Prophet SAW had become strong, finding a
protector in Hamza RA, so they abandoned some of their ways of harassing him. Instead,
they tried to strike bargains with him; but he did not accept their offers.

Hamza RA once asked Muhammad to show him the Angel Jibrael "in his true form".
Muhammad SAW told Hamza RA that he would not be able to see him. Hamza RA
retorted that he would see the angel, so Muhammad SAW told him to sit where he
was. Jibrael AS descended before them and Hamza RA saw that Jibrael's feet were
like emeralds before falling down unconscious.
Hamza RA joined the emigration to Madinah in 622 AD and Muhammad SAW made him the
brother in Islam of Zaid bin Haritha. He was the first to whom Prophet SAW gave flag of
army and appointed a commander of Muslim force in first expedition (Sirya) against
infidels.

Hamza RA fought at the Battle of Badr, where he shared a camel with Zaid bin Haritha and
where his distinctive ostrich feather made him highly visible. The Muslims blocked the
wells at Badr. Al-Aaswad bin Abdalasad al-Makhzumi, who was a quarrelsome ill-natured
man, stepped forth and said, "I swear to Uzza and al-Lot, that I will drink from their cistern
or destroy it or die before reaching it." Hamza RA bin Abdal Muttalib came forth against
him, and when the two met, Hamza RA smote him and sent his foot and half his shank
flying as he was near the cistern. He fell on his back and lain there, blood streaming
from his foot towards his comrades. Then he crawled to the cistern and was about to
throw himself into it with the purpose of fulfilling his oath, but Hamza RA followed
him and smote him and killed him before falling in the cistern.
He then killed Utbah bin Rabi'ah the father of Hinda, the wife of Abu Sufiyan and the
mother of Muawiya in single combat and helped Ali RA to kill Utbah's
brother Shayba. Later Hamza RA carried Muhammad's banner in the expedition
against the Banu Qaynuqa.

As Hamza RA had killed Utbah, the father of Hinda, in the battle of Badr, therefore she
wanted to quench her thirst for vengeance which had given her no rest since the battle of
Badr. Hinda, nursed a grudge against Hamza RA and was determined to take her
father's revenge on the Muslims at any cost. She got this chance during the battle of
Uhad.

In the battle of Uhad Hazrat Hamza RA was fighting furiously and he had cut to death as
much as 31/33 infidels. He was riding on she camel, fighting with two swords and
shouting, "I am Allah's lion.

Wahshi bin Harb, an Ethiopian warrior, was the slave of Jubair bin Mut'am, and an uncle of
Jubair had also been killed in the Battle of Badr. He (Wahshi) had been appointed by
Hinda to help achieve her object at any cost. She asked him to kill one of the three
persons (viz. the Prophet SAW, Imam Ali RA or Hamza RA) so that she might avenge her
father's death. The Ethiopian warrior said in reply: "I cannot approach Muhammad at all,
because his companions are nearer to him than anyone else. Ali RA too is extraordinarily
vigilant in the battlefield. However, Hamza RA is so furious that, while fighting, he does not
pay any attention to any other side and it is possible that I may be able to make him fall by

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some trick or by taking him unawares". Hinda was contented with this and promised that if
he was successful in performing the job she would set him free. Some believe that Jubair
made this promise with his slave (Wahshi) as his (Jiubair’s) uncle had been killed in
the Battle of Badr.

After the siege of Ta’if the Wahashi came to the Prophet SAW and accepted Islam. When
Prophet SAW forgave him at that time then he asked him to tell him the story of killing of
his beloved uncle Hamza RA. At that time Wahshi, the slave, said, "On the Day of Uhud I was
pursuing Hamza RA. He was attacking the centre of the army like a ferocious lion. He killed
every one whom he could approach. I hid myself behind the trees and stones, so that he
could not see me. He was too busy in fighting. I came out of ambush. Being an
Ethiopian, I used to throw my weapon like them (i.e. like the Ethiopians) and it
seldom missed the target. I, therefore, threw my javelin towards him from a specific
distance after moving it in a particular manner. The weapon fell on his flank and
came out from between his two legs. He wanted to attack me but severe pain
prevented him from doing so. He remained in the same condition till his soul
departed from his body. Then I approached him very carefully and having taken out
my weapon from his body returned to the army of Quraish and waited for my
freedom. Meanwhile Hinda approached me and asked about the task. I told her that I
killed Hamza RA. She could not believe, and I took her to the sight. On seeing him
lying she molested / mutilated the body of Hamza RA, for which I did not have any
concern. Hinda cut open Hamza RA's abdomen, plucked out his liver and chewed it up. Not
satisfied with this, she cut the limbs, the ears and the nose of Hamza RA, strung them into a
"necklace," and entered Makkah wearing it as a "trophy" of victory. On listening the
Prophet SAW grieved a lot and the tears fell down from his eyes. He asked Wahashi, “Do
not come across me throughout my life.”

The Prophet SAW offered the funerals of Hazrat Hamza RA seventy times. He
bestowed upon Hamza RA the titles of the "Lion of God," and the "Chief of the Martyrs." He
used to visit his grave on every Wednesday during his whole life. Only one Hadith is
narrated by him, as the Prophet SAW says, that any one implore before Allah by
calling, “Allahumma Bismikal Azam wa Bismikal Akbar” (O Allah! By Your ISM-E-
AZAM and by Your ISM-E-AKBAR.”), his request will definitely be accepted. (Bukhari)

Hamza RA was killed at the Battle of Uhud on 22nd March 625 in the month of Shawal
in 3 AH when he was 59 (lunar) years old. He was buried in the same battle field of
Uhad along with other martyrs. Muhammad SAW later said, "I saw the angels washing
Hamza RA because he was in Paradise on that day. Fatima used to go to Hamza RA’s grave
and tend it on every Wednesday as Sunnah of the Prophet SAW. The Prophet SAW also
granted him a title of “Kashif ul Masa’ib / Alam” (means Remover of
Worries/Trouobles). It is an experienced truth that whosoever calls him in troubles,
he with the blessings of Allah removes the worries/troubles.

2. HAZRAT BILAL BIN RABH RA (580-640 AD)

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Hazrat Bilal bin Rabah was born in Makkah on 5 March 580 AD. His mother name
was Hamamah. He is known as Habashi and Sayad al Mua’zzin. His parents belong to
Abysinnia / Ethopia Africa. His father Rabah was an Arab slave from the clan of Banu
Jumah while his mother, Hamamah, was a former princess of Abysinna (modern day
Ethiopia), who was captured after the event of Amul-Fiel (the attempt to destroy
the Kaaba) and put into slavery. Being born into slavery, Bilal had no other option but to
work for his master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf. He was loyal companion of the Prophet SAW,
became first Muazzin. He was known for his beautiful voice with which he called people
to their prayers. He rose to the position of Secretary of Treasure of The Islamic State
of Medinah.
When Muhammad SAW announced his Prophethood and started to preach the
message of Islam, Bilal renounced idol worship, becoming one of the earliest
converts to the faith.
He was slave of Ummaya bin Khalf who tortured him badly on his embracing Islam. At the
instigation of Abu Jahl, Umayyah bound Bilal and had him dragged around
Makkah, as children mocked at him. Bilal refused to renounce Islam, instead
repeating "Ahad Ahad" (God is absolute/One). Incensed at Bilal's refusal, Umayyah
ordered that Bilal be whipped and beaten while spread-eagled upon the Arabian
sands under the desert sun, his limbs bound to stakes. When Bilal still refused to
recant, Umayyah ordered that a hot boulder be placed on Bilal's chest. However, Bilal
remained firm in belief and continued to say "Ahad Ahad.” News of this slave reached
some of the Prophet’s companions, who informed him, he sent Abu Bakr RA to
negotiate for the emancipation of Bilal. Abu Bakr bought him and set him free. Since
that he remained in the service of Holy Prophet SAW till his death. He enjoyed the
unique honor of reciting the first Azaan from the roof of Ka’bah at the conquest of
Makkah by the orders of Holy Prophet SAW.
Bilal RA rose to prominence in the Islamic State of Medina, as Muhammad appointed
him minister of the Bayt al-Mal (treasury). In this capacity, Bilal RA distributed funds to
widows, orphans, wayfarers, and others who could not support themselves.
In Islam the Adhan (call to prayer) was established by Prophet Muhammad SAW in 1 AH
(approximately 622-623 AD). He chose Bilal as the first muezzin. One day, Abdullah ibn
Ziyad RA came to see Prophet SAW at early in the morning. Abdullah ibn Ziyad RA
explained to him that while he was half-awake or half-asleep, a man appeared before
him in his dream and told him that the human voice ought to be used to call the
Muslims to prayer. In addition, the man also taught Abdullah the Adhan along with
the manner of saying it. The Prohet Muhammad SAW was pleased with the idea and
adopted it. After adopting the Adhan, Muhammad called Bilal and taught the Adhan
to him. The same dream was seen by Hazrat Umar RA too.
Hazrat Bilal RA participated in every battle fought under the Prophet SAW, and always
shown the feats of bravery. After the death of Prophet SAW, during the rule of Caliph Abu
Bakr RA, Bilal RA accompanied the Muslim armies, under the commands of Said ibn
Aamir al-Jumahi, to Syria. During the days of Hazrat Umar RA, he visited Madinah
Munawwara. On learning the presence of Hazrat Bilal RA in dignified city, people
hurled to see him. The companions of Prophet SAW asked him to call Azan; but he
refused. On insisting of Hasnain Karimain, when he stood on the altar for calling
Azan, he saw the Prophet SAW was nowhere. So he could not go beyond “ASHAHADU
ANNA MUHAMMAD UR RASUL ULLAH”, and left the city cryingly.

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When some companions blocked Bilal from delivering the Azan , and appealed that it was
incorrect. Because the companion Bilal was of an Abyssinian origin, he could not
pronounce the letter "Sh" (Arabic: Shin ‫)ش‬. A Hadith of Muhammad SAW reports that he
said, "The 'seen' of Bilal is 'sheen' in the hearing of Allah," meaning God does not look
at the external but appreciates the purity of heart. (Hadith)
Bilal used to fulfil the needs of those who came to the Prophet SAW for ask, even at the cost
of getting loan by the permission of Prophet SAW. Some time the toll of loan rose to
unbearable level, and he became worried due to damand of lender. But always Allah made
arrangements of payment to this effect by time.
Once Hazrat Bilal Habashi RA was granted huge money by Prophet SAW to invest for
his own business. He approached the market and spent his whole money for the lot
of dates which were small in size and low in price. For some days he tried to sell
them out but in vain, because people liked to buy the big and juicy dates. He
complained to the Prophet SAW for his inability to do the business. The Prophet SAW
said to him, “Don’t worry Bilal! From henceforth to onward the people will eagerly
search for this “AJWA” (a small date) and it will be the costliest one through out the
time. The prediction came true to the letter and spirit of sayngs of Prophet SAW.
Once the Prophet SAW asked him, “Why he did not participate in the congregation prayers
of Asr?” He replied, “O Messenger of Allah! I was caring Hasnain Karemain, while
Hazrat Fatima tu Zahra RA was doing her house-hold work.” The Prophet SAW
appreciated him.

Bilal was of a handsome and impressive stature, dark brown complexion with sparkling
eyes, a fine nose and bright skin. He was also gifted with a deep, melodious, resonant voice.
He wore a beard which was thin on both cheeks. He was endowed with great wisdom
and a sense of dignity and self esteem.

He enjoyed the most coveted honors during his life being Staff Bearer of Holy Prophet SAW,
and more than that the personal servant of Muhammad SAW. He was also counted among
the Ashab-e-Suffah, given title of ‘Sayyadi Bilal’ our leader Bilal by Caliph Umar Faruq
RA. He always enjoyed respect and love of all the Muslims all the time. He was died in
20 / 21 AH, on 2nd March 640 AD, at the age of 57/63 in Damascus.

When Bilal's wife realized that death was approaching Bilal, she became sorrowful. It
is documented that she cried and said, “What a painful affliction!” however, Bilal RA
objected to his wife and said, “On the contrary what a happy occasion!” Tomorrow I
will meet my beloved Prophet SAW and will be his host. (Jalal ud Din As Sayutti)

3. HAZRAT ABU HURAIRA RA (603-681 AD)

Hazrat Abu Hurairah ad-Dawsī Alzahrani (603-681 AD), was a companion of Prophet
Muhammad SAW, and the most prolific narrator of Ahadith. His original name was
Abdus Shams bin Sakhr. On accepting Islam the Prophet SAW decorated him with the
name of Abdur Rehman, but he is famous by his Kuniyat “Abu Hurairah” (father of
kitten), given by the Prophet SAW to him due to his love with cats. He was born in

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Banu Daws tribe from the region of Tihamah on the coast of Red Sea. His father died in his
infancy and left behind an orphan Abdus Shams and his mother as widow. His tribal chief
“Tufail bin Amar” took him to Makkah some early years of Prophet-hood, and he
embraced Islam on the hands of Prophet SAW and then he returned back to his tribe.
During conquest of Khyber he migrated to Madinah along with his whole tribe. He went
over Khyber to join the expedition when it was about to end. He became entitled of Booty
of War by Prophet SAW. Being a destitute, Abu Hurairah RA took up his place in the
Masjid-e-Nabavi with others of Ahlus-Suffah, and appointed the leader of As’hab /
Ahlus-Suffa by Prophet SAW. Her mother was Mushrik as yet. One day she uttered some
bad words regarding Prophet SAW. Abu Hurairah RA approached to Prophet SAW and
requested him to pray for her embracing Islam. So she embraced Islam on the pray of
Prophet SAW. He spent four years in Madinah, in the company of Prophet SAW after
embracing Islam. During these four years he never left the company of Prophet SAW for a
moment too. He participated in all expeditions and journeys along with Prophet SAW
after 7AH. He has narrated 5374 Ahadith. (Urdu Da’era Ma’arif Islamiya, University of
the Punjab, Lahore, 1997, pg. 65). He is at the top of all companions in this matter. Next to
him come the names of, Hazrat Ayesha RA (2210), Abdullah bin Umar (1663), Abdullah bin
Abbas (1632), Anas bin Malik (1555), Jabir bin Abdullah and Abu Saeeed Al-Khudri RA.
This has driven people to criticize him due to the most of his Ahadiths being Aahad Hadith
(the Hadith / Sermon which was only witnessed by one person, or one region).

Hazrat Abu Hurairah is one of the major narrators of Hadith, and like other companions, he
was trustworthy. He was blessed with an unfailing memory, especially for Ahadith, as
a miracle bestowed upon him by God after Muhammad SAW prayed for him. He was a
man living humble life, cherishing knowledge and worship. He quotes, in his own
words,
"I was a poor man, and used to stick to Allah's Apostle contented with what will fill
my stomach, and the Muhajirin (emigrants) used to be busy trading in the markets,
and the Ansar used to be busy looking after their properties. One day I heard Allah's
Apostle saying, 'Who will spread his Rida' (a garment covering the upper body) till I
finished my speech and then fold it, (i.e. wear it), in which case he will never forget
anything he had heard from me." So I spread my garment which I was wearing; and
by Him Who sent Muhammad SAW with the Truth, ever since, I have never forgotten
whatever I heard from him (the Prophet SAW)."
I said to the Prophet SAW, "I hear many narrations (Ahadith) from you but I forget them."
Allah's Apostle said, "Spread your Rida' (garment)." I did accordingly and then he
moved his hands as if filling them with something (and emptied them in my Rida')
and then said, "Take and wrap this sheet over your body." I did it and after that I
never forgot anything. (Sahih Bukhari 1.119, Sahih Bukhari 1.120)
He never tired to look at the enlightened face of Prophet SAW, never tired to listen, never
tired to accompany, never tired to serve him. Often he praised Allah for his good fortune

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and say: "Praise be to Allah Who has guided me to Islam, taught me the Quran,
bestowed on me the companionship of Muhammad SAW.

ZaId ibn Thabit reported, “While Abu Hurairah, I and another friend of mine were in the
Masjid praying to Allah Almighty and performing dhikr to Him, the Messenger of Allah
appeared. He came towards us and sat among us. We became silent and he said: "Carry on
with what you were doing.”
"So my friend and I made a supplication to Allah before Abu Hurairah did and the
Prophet SAW began to say Ameen to our dua."
"Then Abu Hurairah made a supplication saying: 'O Lord, I ask You for what my two
companions have asked and I ask You for knowledge which will not be forgotten.”
The Prophet, peace be on him, said: 'Ameen.' "Then we said: 'And we ask Allah for
knowledge which will not be forgotten.” The Prophet replied: 'The Dawsi youth has
asked for this before you and won.”
With his formidable memory, Abu Hurairah set out to memorize in the four years that he
spent with the Prophet SAW, the gems of wisdom that emanated from his lips. He realized
that he had a great gift and he set about to use it to the full in the service of Islam."
He had free time at his disposal. Unlike many of the Muhajirin he did not busy
himself in the market-places, with buying and selling. Unlike many of the Ansar, he
neither had land to cultivate nor crops to tend. He stayed with the Prophet SAW in Madinah
and learnt a lot from him.
Once Marwan bin al-Hakam wanted to test Abu Hurairah's power of memory. He sat
with him in one room and behind a curtain he placed a scribe, unknown to Abu
Hurairah RA, and ordered him to write down whatever Abu Hurairah RA said. A year
later, Marwan took the written Ahadith with him and called Abu Hurairah RA again
and asked him to recall the same Ahadith which he narrated the previous year. He
was astonished to learn that he had forgotten not a single word of them in re-
narration.
Following the passing of Muhammad SAW, Abu Hurairah RA spent the rest of his life
teaching Ahadith in Medinah, except for a short period as governor of Bahrain during
the reign of Caliph ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab RA, and when he was the governor of Al-
Medinah during the rule of the early Umayyad caliphs. Abu Hurairah died in 681 or
59 AH at the age of 78 and was buried at Jannat Al-Baqi.” Muslims owe a debt of
gratitude to Abu Hurairah RA for helping to preserve and transmit the valuable legacy of
the Prophet SAW.

4. HAZRAT ABDUL MUTTALIB BIN HASHIM (480-578 AD)

Abdul Muttalib’s real name was Shaibah (white haired) bin Hashim, and was born in
Yathrib. He was son of Hashim bin Abd Munaf and Salmah bint Amar from Banu
Najjar clan of Khazraj tribe in Yathrib. His father Hashim bin Abd Munaf was the
progenitor of the distinguished Hashim clan of Quraish, and he died while doing business in
Gaza Palestine before the birth of his son Abdul Muttalib. His other name was Shaibat al-
Ḥamd (The white streak of praise). After his father’s death he was raised in Yathrib with his

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mother, until about the age of eight when his uncle Muttalib went to see him. When he was
taken back from Yathrib to Makkah by his uncle, people thought he was a new
servant; hence his nick name became Abdul-Muttalib. He was grandfather of Prophet
Muhammad SAW. He became chief of Quraish clan Hashim, after the death of his
uncle Al-Muttalib. He had extraordinary honor, piety and nobility in him.
Following his uncle Al-Muṭṭalib, he took over the duties of watering and feeding the
pilgrims and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such
eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was
great among them. He was famous for his great vision, due to which the lost water
source of Zam Zam was re-discovered and used by the pilgrims of Makkah. Abdul-
Muṭṭalib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure Ka’bah, he had dreamed, he was
ordered to dig at the slaughter place of the Quraish between the two idols Isāf and Nā’ila.
There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left
Mecca. The Quraish tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-Ḥārith stood guard
until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib found
traces of an old well and exclaimed, "Allahuakbar!" Thereafter he supplied pilgrims
to the Ka’bah with Zam Zam water.
He took care of Prophet SAW after the death of his mother at the age of six; he kept him
under his love till his death. He had a big family; most of them accepted Islam except
Abu Lahab, who was the bitterest enemy of Islam.
He was the custodian of Ka’bah during the assault of Abraha the king of Yemen in
571 AD, the Aam-ul-Feil. He discussed with him and at last left Ka’bah and gone up to the
hills with his belongings, by saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am
sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the
servants of His House." It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah
commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles
on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but
died on the way. This event is referred to in Surah Al-Feil. Allah destroyed Abraha and
saved Ka’bah.
This conflict took place in 570, according to many sources the same year that
Muhammad SAW was born. The Holy Prophet SAW was named by Abdul Muttalib as
‘Muhammad’. To celebrate the joy of his grandson Muhammad SAW he sacrificed 70
camels and invited the whole Makkah to participate in great event.
At the time of digging the well of Zam Zam he vowed that if he were to have ten sons, he
would sacrifice one of them to Allah. The divination arrows fell upon his favorite son
Abdullah. On the protest of Quraish, a lot between Abdullah and camels were casted.
When the number of camels reached to 100, the lot fell on the camels. Then he
sacrificed 100 camels in place of Hazrat Abdullah RA.
According to Ibn Hisham, ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib had ten sons and six daughters. However, Ibn
Saad lists twelve sons and six daughters.
He was died in 578 AD and was buried in Janat al Mu’alla, in Makkah.

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5. HAZRAT ABU TALIB BIN ABDUL MUTTALIB (539-619 AD)

Hazrat Abu Talib’s real name was Imran / Abd Munaf. His father’s name was Abdul
Muttalib and mother name was Fatimah bint Amar. He was born in 539 AD in
Makkah. He became the leader of Banu Hashim clan of Quraish after the death of his
father Abdul Muttalib, and inherited the offices of Siqaya and Rifada (Food and
Beverages). He was well respected in Mecca despite his attachment with the Prophet of
Islam. He is famous being a beloved uncle of the Holy Prophet SAW and a father of
the Rashid Caliph ‘Ali RA, who is also regarded as the first Shi'ite Imam. There is a great
debate among Muslim scholars on whether he died a Muslim or a non-Muslim.
Muhammad SAW came under his custody after the death of his grandfather Abdul Muttalib.
He took great care of his beloved nephew to the extent that no uncle of the world can
match him in his devotion and sacrifices. He always stood by the side of Muhammad
SAW at every thick and thin. He did not even detach form him for a moment during his
young life.
Once, as Abu Talib was about to leave for a trading expedition to Syria, Muhammad SAW
wept as he could not bear to be separated from him. To this Abu Talib responded, "By God
I will take him with me, and we shall never part from each other." He took him on the
trade tour where Sergeos, Buhaira the Monk noticed the Prophet SAW and asked him to
take great care of him as the Jews and infidels will try to kill him.
When Abu Talib RA was struggling financially after drought, the Prophet SAW
decided to take charge of one of his son Hazrat Ali RA, who remained with him
throughout his life.
When Muhammad SAW declared Islam and the Quraish felt threatening of their old system,
at that time the whole Makkans became his enemy. In attempts to quiet him, they
pressured Abū Ṭālib to silence his nephew or control him. Despite these pressures, Abū
Ṭālib maintained his support of Muḥammad SAW, and became shelter for him. When he
learnt the response of Muhammad SAW that “If they put sun in my one hand and moon in
the second, then too I will never relinquish to preach Islam” on the offer of Makkans, Abu
Talib said,
“O Muhammad SAW I am with you, do whatever you like to do for your religion.”

The Quraish even tried to bribe Abu Talib. The Quraysh told Abu Talib that if he let
them handle Muhammad SAW he could adopt 'Umarah ibn al Walid ibn al Mughirah,
the handsomest youth in Quraysh, but it also failed.
He remained confined with him in Sha’ib Abi Talib for three years during boycott of
Quraish. Untill his death the pagans of Makkah could not harm Muhammad SAW directly.
He died on 10th year of Prophet-hood in 619 AD in Makkah, when he was more than
80 years old, and was laid to rest in Jannat al Mu’alla. Muhammad SAW was grieved
to the extent that he declared the year as Asm-ul-Huzn, a year of grief.
Abu Talib is remembered as a gifted poet and many poetic verses in support of
Muhammad are attributed to him.

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6. ABU LAHAB (549-624 AD)

His original name was Abdul Uzza but his father called him Abū Lahab ("Father of
Flame") "because of his beauty and charm" due to his red (inflamed) cheeks. He was
born in 549 AD in Makkah. He was son of Abdul Muttalib and Lubna bint Hajar (she was
from Khuza tribe). People from the Khuza'a tribe were the caretakers of the Ka'bah for
several centuries, before the Quraish took over the responsibility through their ancestor
Qusai bin Kilab. He was elder paternal uncle of Prophet SAW. He is condemned
in Surah Lahab, for being an enemy to Islam. He married to Arwā Umm Jamīl bint
Harb, sister of Abu Sufyān, whose father Ḥarb was chief of the Umayya clan. He and
his wife were severe enemies of Islam and Muhammad SAW. His two sons Utbah and
Utaibah divorced two daughters (Ruqqiya and Umm e Kalsum) of Prophet SAW
before consummation of their marriages. Later on both dignified daughters of
Prophet SAW married to Hazrat Uthman RA one after another. His son Utbah and
daughter Zurrah accepted Islam at the time of conquest of Makkah. Hazrat Zurrah RA
became a narrator of Ahadith during her life.
Abu Lahab and his wife Umm Jamil were scolding abusing and tormenting the Holy Prophet
during early periods of Islam. His wife used to cut the thorny bushes form near jungle,
fasten them together bring them and strew sharp thorns in the way of Muhammad
SAW. Being a next-door neighbor to Muḥammad SAW, she also threw garbage over
the wall into Muhammad's house.
During call for preaching of Islam at Safa hill in 613 AD, when Abu Lahab scolded the
Prophet SAW by saying, “Your hands may cut down” Allah revealed the famous Surah
Lahab to Prophet SAW by scolding Abu Lahab and his wife. “Cut down both the hands of
Abu Lahab and he may perish.”
He always remained opponent to Prophet SAW throughout his life. While Muhammad SAW
was praying near the Ka’bah, Abū Lahab once threw the entrails of a sacrificed camel over
him. The Prophet SAW later told Ayesha RA, "I was between two bad neighbors, Abu
Lahab and Uqba bin Abu Mu'ayt. They brought excrements and offensive material
and threw it before my door." Muhammad said he came out of his house, saying: "O
sons of Abd Manaf! Is it the behavior of a neighbor?" and cleared the rubbish away.
He was overjoyed and expressed his sheer happiness at the news of the death of ‘Abdullah
/ Al Tahir, Muḥammad’s second son and celebrated it with ‘Āas bin Wā’il, Abu Jahl
and other enemies of Islam. Besides, they also dubbed Muḥammad SAW “al-Abtar”.
So Allah revealed Sūra al-Kaothar, for the blessings of the Prophet SAW.
Despite the dissension between Muḥammad SAW and the members of Banu Hāshim &
Banu Muṭṭalib, most of them stood by him in his predicaments and provided him protection
& security except Abu Lahab. He used to stay behind Prophet SAW, when he was
inviting the tribes and clans in fairs and bazaars towards Islam, and was signaling
them that he is insane and affected by Jinni. Therefore, “Don’t obey him and take no
notice of him.”
On the 7th year of preaching Islam, the Quraysh imposed boycott on Banu Hāshim & Banu
Muṭṭalib and forced them to live in a mountain gorge outside the city. Most of the members
of Banu Hāshim had not accepted Islam at that time. Yet they stood by Muḥammad SAW

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and suffered as much as he did. Abu Lahab was the only member of Banu Hāshim who
supported the boycott and did not join his clan.
Once he hit the Prophet SAW so hard that his feet began to bleed profusely and his
slippers were filled with his own blood causing great pain and difficulty in walking.
After the death of Abu Talib he became the chief of Banu Hashim. It was under his
command that the death warrants of Prophet SAW were issued by Quraish which led
to migration of Yathrib. Muhammad SAW and most of the Muslims left Makkah in
622, and Abu Lahab had no further direct interaction with his nephew.
He was killed by Lubna known as Umm-ul-Fazl the wife of his brother Hazrat Abbas
RA by cracking over his head with wooden post when he was attacking a Muslim slave Abu
Raf’i on his exclamation, that the angels helped Muslims in the battle of Badr. He died a
week later in late March 624 AD.

7. ABU SUFFIYAN (SAKHAR) BIN HARB (560-650 AD)

His real name was Sakhar bin Harb known as Abu Suffiyan. His father name was Harb
bin Ummiya and mother’s Safiya was the paternal aunt of Maimunah bint al-Harith,
who was married to Prophet SAW. He was born in 560 AD in Makkah. He was bitter
enemy of Islam and the Prophet SAW after Abu Lahab, until accepting Islam and becoming
a warrior later in his life during the early Muslim conquests till the days of Umar RA.
Abu Sufyan was the chief of the Banu Abd-Shams clan of the Quraish, which made him
one of the most powerful people in Makkah. Abu Sufyan's brother Musab was among
several Muslims who migrated to Abyssinia to escape persecution in Mecca.
In 624, Abu Sufyan was the appointed leader of a large merchant caravan carrying a
fortune of the Quraish's goods to Syria for trade. The caravan was escorted by a force of
around 40 or 50 soldiers. Muhammad had learned that the caravan was passing close to
Medinah en route to Syria and organized a Muslim force of 300 men to intercept it and
repossess the goods that the Quraish had stolen from the Muslims due to their absence in
Mecca. The Muslim contingent could not intercept the caravan. They arrived after the
caravan had already passed by Medinah. Due to his instigation an army of 1000
Quraish attacked Muslims under the leadership of Abu Jahl, at the place of Badr and
defeated by the will of Allah. in which their heavy weight leaders were killed
including Abu Jahal, Utbah, Utaibah and Shaibah. Even though he became a cause of
conflict in this battle but he could not take part in person.
Abu Sufyan served as the military leader in the later Makkan campaigns against
Medinah, including the Battle of Uhud in 625 and the Battle of the Trench in 627, but
he could not attain final victory. Eventually the two parties agreed to an armistice,
the Treaty of Hudaybiah in 628, which allowed Muslims to make the pilgrimage to
the Ka’bah.
When his daughter Ramala (Umm-e-Habiba RA) married to Prophet SAW he became
little mild. He was close friend to Hazrat Abbas RA. With the passage of time he became
very impressed by the Prophet’s good character towards all.

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When the armistice was violated in 630 by allies of the Quraish, Muhammad SAW
moved towards liberating Makkah from non-Muslim authority. Abu Suffyan, seeing
that the balance had tilted in Muhammad's favour and that the Quraish were not strong
enough to hinder the Muslims from conquering the city, he travelled to Medinah, trying to
restore the treaty. No agreement was reached between the two parties and Abu Suffyan
returned to Makkah empty handed. These efforts ultimately ensured that the conquest
occurred without battle or bloodshed. He embraced Islam just before the conquest of
Makkah.
During the conquest of Makkah Muhammad SAW granted asylum and peace to all those
who took refuge in his house. Then the whole population of Makkah was granted pardon
and they all embraced Islam. After embracing Islam Abu Suffiyan fought for the cause
of Islam. He accompanied the Prophet SAW on the expedition of Hunain and Ta’if.
There he lost his one eye. At the time of death of Prophet SAW he was incharge of
Najran. Abu Sufyan also fought in the Battle of Yarmouk in 636, in which he lost his
second eye. He played a very important role in the war as the chief of staff of the Muslim
army. He fought under the command of his son, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan.
His son Amir Muawiyah RA became Governer of Syria and the Caliph of Islamic State and
was a founder of Ummayyad Dynasty. He died at the age of 90 in 650 AD in Madinah
during the days of Hazrat Uthman RA.

8. AMR BIN HISHAM, ABU JAHL (556-624 AD)

His real name was Amar bin Hisham, surname Abu-Al-Hakam, (Father of wisdom)
widely known as Abu Jahl due to his leadership for all non believers and enemies of
Islam. His mother name was Hanzilla. He was brother to Umar bin Abi Rabi'ah and the
uncle of Umar bin al-Khattab, and one of the arch-enemies of Muhammad SAW and the flag-
bearer of opposition towards Islam and the early Muslims. Islam views him as having
malice and enmity to such an extent that Muhammad SAW gave him the title of "The
Pharaoh of this Ummah" The Prophet SAW said, “He who calls Abu Jahl 'Abu Hakam'
has made a serious mistake. He should seek forgiveness from Allah for this.”
Contrary to popular belief, Abu Jahl was not an uncle (as was Abu Lahab) or another blood
relative of Muhammad SAW. Prophet SAW belonged to Banu Hashim clan of the
Quraish tribe, and Abu Jahl belonged to Banu Makhzūm clan of the Quraish. However
after the death of his father Hishm his mother married to Abdul Muttalib, thus
having relationship with Prophet SAW.
He was considered a man of deep wisdom, intelligence and understanding by the elders
of Quraish for which they trusted his opinion and relied on him as an elite member of their
Assembly. Even at the age of thirty, he used to attend the special Assemblies held at
Dār’un Nadwa, the residence owned by Ḥakīm ibn Ḥizām, although the rule of age of
entry to these private Assemblies was at least forty.
Once Prophet SAW and Abu Jahl had been pressed together in their youth at the table of
'Abdullah ibn Jud'ān at-Taymī. He was thinner than Abu Jahl and he gave him a push
which sent him to his knees and one of them was scratched so deeply that it left a

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permanent scar, which helped 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ūd to identify him among the slain
& wounded soldiers of Quraish in the battlefield of Badr.
When Muhammad SAW started preaching Islam, Abu Jahl being an idol worshipper became
foremost enemy to him. He used to persecute the Prophet SAW proudly. He knew that the
message which is being spread is true in all respect, but he mentioned that he could never
forgo the religion of his forefathers. Due to his instigation the life of new Muslims became
miserable in Makkah. Abu Jahl beat Ḥarīthah bint al-Mu‘ammil, one such slave, for her
conversion to such an extent that she lost her eyesight. He also attacked Sumayyah
bint Khayyaṭ, the mother of ‘Ammār bin Yasar, and inflicted on her mortal wounds by
stabbing her with a spear in her private parts. She was the first Muslim to meet
martyrdom in the cause of Islam. Abu Jahl also persecuted ‘Ammar’s father Yasar and
his brother ‘Abdullah and tortured them to death right in front of his eyes. Abu Jahl
had once clawed at ‘Abdullah bin Mas‘ūd and punched him in Makkan’s street. He
with others threw the dirt and garbage on the Prophet SAW and strew his path with thorns
in the streets. It was he who sent scoundrels against Muhammad SAW to stone him when
he was on the visit of Ta’if.
Abu Jahl stirred up the Makkans against the Muslims. When he heard that a man had
become a Muslim, if he was a man of social importance and had relations to defend him, he
reprimanded him and poured scorn on him, saying, 'You have forsaken the religion of your
father who was better than you. We will declare you a blockhead and brand you as a fool,
and destroy your reputation.' If he was a merchant he said, ‘we will boycott your goods
and reduce you to beggary.' If he was a person of no social importance, he beat him and
incited people against him.
Abu Jahl once secretly went out by night to listen to Muhammad as he was praying in his
house while Abu Suffyan b. Ḥarb and al-Akhnas b. Sharīq al-Thaqafi also did the same thing.
Every one of them chose a place to sit where he could listen, and none knew where his
fellow was sitting. They continued doing this for the next two days and reached to the
conclusion that Prophet SAW is true Messenger of Allah, but we will never accept
him. Abu Jahl later told al-Akhnas ibn Sharīq, “We competed with Banū ‘Abd Manāf in
everything to attain status & nobility. They fed people, so we also fed people. They
gave charity, so we also gave charity. They looked after people; so did we. We did
these until we became equal. And now they say, ‘A prophet has come from us who
receives revelations from the sky’ How can we possibly be able to compete with this?
By Allah, we will never believe in him and we will never accept his message!”
Once a man from the tribe of Irāsh came to Makkah complaining that Abu Jahl had bought
some camels from him without paying him back. When the Irāshi man asked people to help
him, they referred him to Muhammad with the intention of stirring up an argument.
Muhammad brought him to Abu Jahl’s house and asked him to give the Irāshi man’s
money that he owed him. Abu Jahl immediately came back with the money with his
face looking extremely pale and timid. The disappointed Quraish blamed Abu Jahl with
sarcasm later on. He said, “Woe unto you all! As soon as I heard the knock on my door, I
heard a terrifying sound which filled me with awe. When I looked to see what it was, it
was the most colossal and vicious camel I had ever seen towering over my head. By
Allah, if I had delayed or refused it would have devoured me alive!”
Once during offering of Prayers by Muhammad SAW in Ka’bah he boasted to kill him,
but he was compelled by unknown fear and had to move back and he carried on his

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Prayers peacefully. When he was asked about the incident he said that a fire was burning
between him and Muhammad SAW and it seemed to burn him. Abu Jahl celebrated the
death of Prophet’s son in animosity. He was the one who gave name the ‘Abtar’ to
Prophet SAW; for which Allah sent Surah Kausar to console the Prophet SAW.
Narrated by ‘Abdullah bin ‘Abbas: Abu Jahl said, "If I see Muhammad praying at the Ka'bah,
I will tread on his neck." When the Prophet SAW heard of that, he said, "If he does so,
the Angels will snatch him away.”
On insult of the Prophet SAW by Abu Jahl, Hazrat Hamza RA struck him on his head by his
bow, letting him bleeding. He could not do anything against him.
Narrated by 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud: Once the Prophet was offering prayers at the Ka'ba. Abu
Jahl was sitting with some of his companions. One of them said to the others, "Who
amongst you will bring the rotton entrails of a camel and put it on the back of
Muhammad, when he prostrates?" The most unfortunate of them got up and brought it.
He waited till the Prophet SAW prostrated and then placed it on his back between his
shoulders. I was watching but could not do anything. I wish I had some people with me to
hold out against them. They started laughing and falling on one another. Allah's Apostle
was in prostration and he did not lift his head up till Sayyida Fatima RA (Prophet's
daughter) came and threw that (camel's abdominal contents) away from his back. He
raised his head and said thrice, "O Allah! Punish Quraish." So it was hard for Abu Jahl
and his companions when the Prophet SAW invoked Allah against them as they had a
conviction that the prayers and invocations were accepted in this city (Makkah). The
Prophet SAW said, "O Allah! Punish Abu Jahl, 'Utba bin Rabī'a, Shaiba bin Rabī'a, Al-
Walīd bin 'Utba, Umaiya bin Khalaf, and 'Uqba bin Abu Mu'īṭ (and he mentioned the
seventh whose name I cannot recall). By Allah in Whose Hands my life is, I saw the dead
bodies of those persons who were counted by Allah's Apostle in the Qalib (one of the wells)
of Badr.”
It is narrated by Abdullah bin Mas’ud, “That the Quraish polytheists demanded Muhammad
SAW to perform most unlikely things possible to prove his Prophethood. Once Abu Jahl,
along with other leaders asked Muhammad, “If you truly are a Prophet, then split the moon
in half so that one half will appear over Mount Abu Qubais while the other over Mount
Quayqian.” Muhammad asked, “If I do it, will you become Muslims?” They agreed. On the
14th night, when it was full moon, Muhammad prayed to Allah to give him the
miracle. When Gabriel informed him that Allah had granted his prayer, he
announced it to the Makkans. The polytheists witnessed the splitting of the moon.
However, the polytheists said, “Let us ask the wayfarers who came from the surrounding
areas if they saw what we saw.” So when they asked the people they informed that the
moon was indeed split into two. Yet, the polytheists rejected to be Muslims and to believe.
“This is a prevalent magic”, they said, “Abū Ṭālib’s orphan affected the sky with his
spell”. (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhāri 3636, 3638)
He was one of the enthusiastic members of Quraish to impose boycott on the Prophet SAW
clan, and at the time of abrogation he was the only one to deny for it. However he
could not succeed in his denial plot.
When the news of the Mi‘rāj reached Abu Jahl, he went to Muhammad who was sitting next
to the Ka’bah. Abu Jahl asked Muhammad, “Anything new today?” Muhammad replied,
“Yes, last night I went to Jerusalem and came back.” Abu Jahl said, “O Muhammad, if I

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would call your people right now and bring them here, would you tell them the same
thing what you just told me?” Muhammad said, “Yes, I would.” Abu Jahl, happy and
pleased, went running and called the people of Quraish to come forward and asked
Muhammad SAW to repeat the news. Abu Jahl did not want to miss the golden opportunity
of ridiculing Muhammad in front of the public; so on hearing the news of the Mi‘rāj, the
whole gathering broke into laughter and started clapping and whistling.
In the end, Abu Jahl came up with a plan to assassinate Muhammad. Each clan should
provide a young, powerful, well-born, aristocratic warrior; that each of these should
be provided with a sharp sword; then that each of them should strike a blow at him
and kill him. Thus they would be relieved of him, and responsibility for his blood would lie
upon all the clans. The Banu 'Abdu Manāf could not fight them all and would have to accept
the blood-money which they would all contribute to. But Allah had His own plan, and He
saved the Prophet SAW.
At the news of Muhammad's migration with Abu Bakr, Abu Jahl rushed to the house of Abu
Bakr. When interrogated, Abu Bakr's daughter Asma denied telling their
whereabouts. Abu Jahl, in a fit rage, slapped her so hard that few of her teeth came
loose and her earring flew off.
Despite of stoppage of Abu Suffiyan Abu Jahl decided to go to Badr to teach a lesson to
Muslims. He led his 1000 army and met his fatal end. He was fatally wounded by
Mu’awiz and Mu’az, and was finally killed by Abdullah bin Mas’ud in 624 AD. When
Muhammad saw his lifeless body on the battlefield he said, “This is the Pharaoh of
this Ummah."
He participated in the battle of Badr with great pomp and show but died in humiliation and
thus driven to his final abode Hell.

Previous Questions:
Q1. (a) Write about the main points in the lives of Bilal (RA) and Abu Sufyan (RA).
(10)
(b) What can be learnt from Bilal's (RA) role in Islamic community? (4) (2012
0/N)
Q2. (a) Give an account of the lives of Abu Sufyan and Khalid bin Waleed during the
time of the prophet. (10) (2014 O/N)
(b) In your opinion, can Muslims today learn anything from Abu Sufyan’s
involvement with the Prophet? (4)
___________________________________________________________________ ______________________

TEN BLESSED COMPANIONS OF PROPHET SAW (ASHRA MUBBASHRA)

These are 10 selected companion of Prophet SAW to whom he had given glad tidings of
Paradise during their life time. It is narrated by Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA, that the
Messenger of Allah said, "Abu Bakr is in Paradise, 'Umar is in Paradise, 'Uthman is in
Paradise, 'Ali is in Paradise, Talhah is in Paradise, Az-Zubair is in Paradise, 'Abdur Rahman
bin Awf is in Paradise, Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas is in Paradise, Sa'id bin Zayd is in Paradise,
and Abu 'Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah is in Paradise." (Jami at Timidhi). Here under is the account
of all ten blessed companions in chronological order.

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1. HAZRAT ABU BAKR SIDDIQUE RA (573-634 AD)

Hazrat Abu Bakr’s real name was Adul Ka’bah / Ateeq, (the one saved from Hell fire
by God), changed by Prophet SAW to Abdullah bin Abi Kahafa on his accepting Islam.
His surname was Abu Bakr (the father of the camel's calf) and title Siddique Akbar;
which became so famous throughout the world that a few known to his original name. His
father name was Uthman Abu Kahafa, and his mother name was Salma bint Sakhar
(Umm-ul-Khair). He was born on 27 Oct in 573 AD in Makkah. He belonged to Bani
Taym branch of Quraish. He was a senior most companion and a father in law of Prophet
SAW. He joins the linage with Prophet SAW at Murrah bin Ka'b. He was the first among
outside the Prophet SAW family who accepted Islam. The Prophet SAW said,“While others
hesitated and made queries about Islam, Abu Bakr accepted my call, the very
moment as I put it before him without hesitation.” (Hadith)
He was the first Caliph of Khulfa e Rashidin, his reign of government starts from 8 June
632 to 22 August 634 AD.
He was a man with fair skin, thin, emaciated, with a sparse beard, a slightly hunched frame,
sunken eyes and protruding forehead and the bases of his fingers were hairless. He was
very quiet, sincere, honest, softhearted and truthful. He never drank liquor before
Islam too. He was one of the literate members of Arabia and was fond of poetry. He
served as a trusted advisor to the Prophet SAW throughout his life. The
famous Naqshbandi Sufi order is believed to be originating from Hazrat Abu Bakr
Siddique RA. His grandson Qasim bin Muhammad bin Abu Bakr was a maternal
grandfather of mam Ja'far al-Sadiq AS.
HIS EARLY LIFE
When Abu Bakr was 10 years old, he went to Syria along with his father with the
merchants' caravan, in which the Prophet SAW at the age of 12 also accompanied
with his uncle Abu Talib RA; where the famous incident of Surgeos the Buhaira Monk
happened. He was also with the Prophet SAW at the age of 23 when he headed the
caravan of Hazrat Khadija RA and the event of Nastura the Monk happened at the
same place of Busra at Syria. He adopted his family business as a clothe merchant. His
business flourished and he rose in the scale of social importance. Though his father,
Uthman Abu Kahafa, was still alive, he came to be recognized as chief of his tribe.
Even though in his youth too he never worship idols.
ACCEPTANCE OF ISLAM
As he himself witnessed the events of Buhaira and Nastura in Syria, therefore he was
waiting for the declaration of Prophet-hood by Muhammad SAW to accept Islam. On his
return from a business trip from Yemen, he was informed by friends that in his
absence Muhammad had declared himself the Messenger of God, and proclaimed a
new religion. He went direct to the Prophet SAW and asked him about the new
religion, and embraced it forthwith. His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza and son Abdur
Rehman bin Abu Bakr did not accept Islam and he separated himself from both of them.
SERVICES TO ISLAM

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Many early Muslims accepted Islam on the personal invitation of Abu Bakr Siddique like;
Talha, Zubair, Abu Ubaida bin Jarrah, Abd-ur-Rahman bin Auf, Uthman bin Affan,
Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas and other prominent figures of Quraish.
He purchased eight Muslim slaves (four men and four women) for 40000 dinars, who
were tortured by their masters and set them free like Bilal Habashi RA, Amma bin
Yasir RA, Lubanah RA etc. Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr RA were either
women or old and frail men. The father of Abu Bakr asked him why he doesn't liberate
strong and young slaves who could be a source of strength for him. Abu Bakr RA replied
that he was freeing the slaves for the sake of Allah, and not for his own sake. This verse of
Qur’an reveals in his favor,
1. “As for him who spends in the way of Allah, and is godfearing and confirms the
reward most fair, We shall surely ease him to the Easing.” {92:5–7}.
2. He who gives his wealth to purify himself and confers no favour on any man
for recompense, only seeking the Face of his Lord the Most High; and he shall
surely be satisfied. {92:18–21}.
PERSECUTION BY THE QURAISH 613 AD
The first public address inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad SAW was
delivered by Abu Bakr. In a fit of fury the young men of the Quraish tribe rushed at Abu
Bakr RA, and beat him mercilessly till he lost consciousness. On attaining conscious
he asked about the well being of Prophet SAW. Following this incident Abu Bakr's
mother converted to Islam. Abu Bakr RA was persecuted many times by the Quraish.
Abu Bakr's beliefs would have been defended by his own clan, but not by the entire Quraish
tribe.
In 620 Muhammad's wife and uncle died. Abu Bakr's daughter Ayesha RA was
engaged to Muhammad, however it was decided that the actual marriage ceremony
would be held later.

He helped poor and needy at the time. On narration of Prophet SAW event of M’iraj
he was the first to believe without hesitation and earned the title of Siddique e Akbar
by revelation of Allah through Angel Gabrael AS.

MIGRATION TO MADINAH 622 AD

He accompanied the Prophet SAW on migration. On his fear in the cave of Saur Allah sent
His revelation for consolation on the tongue of Prophet SAW,
“Do not fear Allah is with us.” (Qur’an)
Abdullah bin Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr RA, would listen to the plans and talks of the
Quraysh, and at night he would carry the news to them in the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr,
the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals every day. Aamir, a servant of Abu
Bakr RA, would bring a flock of goats to the mouth of the cave every night where they
were milked. After stay of three nights they took the sea shore route and reached at
Quba, and then entered Madinah. He bought a land from Sahl and Suhail for 10000
dhms for construction of Masjid e Nabavi.

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He took part in all the battles fought under the command of Muhammad SAW. He was a
brave man of great knowledge. Once Ali RA asked his associates as to whom they thought
was the bravest among men. Everyone replied that Ali RA was the bravest of all men.
Thereupon Ali RA replied, “No. Abu Bakr RA is the bravest of men. In the Battle of
Badr we had prepared a pavilion for the Prophet SAW, but when we were asked to
offer ourselves for the task of guarding it; none came forward except Abu Bakr RA.
With a drawn sword he took his stand by the side of Prophet of Allah and guarded
him from the infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed in that direction. His
son Abdur Rehman bin Abu Bakr RA once said to his father, “You were under my
sword during the battle of Badr, but I turned away and spared you.” He replied, “By
God if you were at my target I would have never left you in the way of Allah.”
He was part of Hudaibiya, conquest of Khyber, conquest of Makkah, Hunain and Ta’if as
well. When the Muslim army passed through the valley of Hunain some eleven miles north
east of Makkah a rain of arrows fell on it let loose by a group of archers of the hostile tribes
that lay hid into one another in the attempt to seek cover. Muhammad SAW stood firm.
All the rest had fled to mountain pass. Taken unaware the advance guard of the
Muslim army fled in panic. There were only nine companions around him including
Abu Bakr RA. In the battle of Tabuk he had contributed all what he possessed. On
asking by Prophet that what has he left for his family. He replied,
“I have left for them Allah and His Messenger SAW.”
It is narrated by Abu Huraira RA that the Prophet SAW said,
“No wealth ever benefitted me as did the wealth of Abu Bakr.” (Hadith)
He was appointed first Amir-ul-Hajj by Prophet SAW and during his illness he also
led the Prayers in Masjid-e-Nabavi. He controlled the situation after the death of Prophet
SAW when there was complete chaos and panic in his followers. Umar’s RA like great
companion of Prophet took out his sword and cried,
“Whosoever said that Muhammad SAW was died I would cut off his neck.”
He took over the charge of Khilafat after the death of Prophet SAW. He crushed and
subdued the revolts of Bedouin tribes, Apostates and false prophets. He compiled
Qur’an in book form for all Muslims without fail. Thus became the ,”SAVIOUR OF
ISLAM.”
His initial conquests of Iraq and Syria opened the way of expansion of Islam in later days,
during the caliphate of Umar RA and Uthman RA.
He remained ill for 15 days and passed away in 13 AH (22 August 634 AD). He made his
will to his son to return what he got as salary during his Caliphate. He was buried by the
side of Prophet SAW in Masjid e Nabawi. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life
time.

2. HAZRAT UMAR AL-FARUQ BIN AL-KHATTAB RA (584-644 AD)

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Hazrat Umar’s father name was Khatab bin Nufail, and his mother’s name was
Hantamah bint Hisham. He was awarded the title of Al-Faruq (The Distinguisher
between Truth and Error) by the Prophet SAW. He was born in 583 / 584 AD in
Makkah. He belongs to Banu Adi tribe of Quraish, which was responsible for
arbitration among the tribes. Hazrat Umar RA was educated, intelligent, poet, orator,
famous wrestler and wealthy merchant. In his youth he used to tend to his father's camels
in the plains near Makkah. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence among his
tribe. Hazrat Umar RA himself said, "My father, Al-Khattab was a ruthless man. He used
to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to
exhaustion." He became the second caliph of Khulfa e Rashidin. His reign starts since
23rd Aug 634 to 03 Nov 644 AD. He was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim
caliphs in the history of Islam. He was an expert Islamic jurist known for his pious and
just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Farooq. Under Umar RA, the caliphate
expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds
of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in
the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644).

ACCEPTANCE OF ISLAM

In 610 AD the Prophet SAW started preaching the message of Islam. Like many
others in Makkah, Umar RA opposed Islam and he even threatened to kill
Muhammad SAW. He was staunch enemy of Islam in the beginning. He was adamant and
cruel in opposing the Prophet SAW and very prominent in persecuting Muslims. He firmly
believed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division
and discord. At the age of 26, in the month of Zul Hijjah on sixth year of Islam (in 616
AD) due to Prayers of Prophet SAW, Umar RA accepted Islam. It is narrated by Hazrat
Abdullah bin Abbas that the Prophet prayed,
“O Allah! Strengthen Islam with whoever is more beloved to You of these two men:
Umar bin Al-Khitab or Amar bin Hisham.” (Tirimzi) And after a day the Prophet SAW
only implore to Allah for Umar bin Al-Khittab. (Abi Daud)
Once he was on the way to kill the Prophet SAW, while his best friend Nua'im bin
Abdullah / Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas sent him back to enquire about his own home. The
incident of his brother in law Hazrat Saeed bin Zaid RA and his sister Hazrat Fatimah
RA is very famous in history, which softened him for Islam. He went to the Prophet
SAW and accepted Islam at the age of 39.
SERVICES TO ISLAM
According to one account, Umar RA thereafter openly prayed at the Ka’bah as the
Quraish chiefs, Amr bin Hishām and Abu Sufyan bin Harb, reportedly watched him in
anger. Due to this of his bold act Muhammad SAW led first Salah publicly in Ka’bah, and he
earned for himself the title of Al-Faruq forever. Hazrat Abdullah bin Masoud RA said,
“Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Madinah was our success,
and his reign a blessing from Allah for Muslims.”
On migration in 622 AD, everyone was moving out from Makkah secretly; he was the one
who went to Ka’bah, took seven rounds of Tawaf, prayed 2 Rakat at Station of Ibrrahim
openly and made his announcement to migrate to Yathrib by these words,

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“I am migrating to Yathrib. Whoever wish to bereave his mother, orphan his children
and widow his wife let him come behind that cliff. I am sure he would meet his fate.”
(Ibn-e-Asakr by Ali RA)
He participated in all the battles fought under the command of Muhammad SAW, like; Badr,
Uhad, Trench, Khyber, Conquest of Makkah, Hunain, Taif and Tabuk. He was present during
the Treaty of Hudaibiya, and was made a witness to that pact. In the expedition of Tabuk
he contributed half of his wealth in the way of Allah. Hazrat Umar RA was a part of a
campaign against the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir, Banu Qainq’a and Banu Quraiza. He
also participated in the farewell Hajj of the Prophet SAW in 632 AD.
REACTION AT THE DEATH OF PROPHET SAW
When Prophet SAW died on 8 June 632 AD, Hazrat Umar RA initially disbelieved that
he was dead due to his deep love with him. It is said that Umar RA promised to strike the
head of any man who would say that Muhammad SAW died. At last Hazrat Abu Bakr RA
calmed him down by the verse of Qur’an.
Muhammad SAW is Messenger alone. Certainly many Messengers PBUT have been
before him. So if he dies or is killed, would you turn back on your heels?
Abu Bakr then publicly spoke to the people in Masjid e Nabavi by telling them,
“Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and
whoever worshiped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies. (Seerat
Ibn Hisham)
He had great love for Prophet SAW, and he also loved him. His position in the eye of Allah
and Prophet SAW was so high that he said,
“Were there a Prophet to come after me, he would have been Umar.” (Bukhari)
During Abu Bakr's short reign as caliph, Umar RA served as his chief secretary and advisor;
and during the Ridda Wars, Umar RA (along with Khalid bin Al-Walid) served the caliph as
a military strategist and advisor. Hazrat Umar RA advised Hazrat Abu Bakr RA to
compile the Qur’an in the form of a book after 300 Huffāẓ (Memorizers) of the Qur’an
died in the Battle of Yamamah. Abu Bakr RA appointed Umar RA as his successor
prior to his death in 634 AD.
Even though due to his strict and autocratic nature, he was not a very popular figure among
the notables of Madinah and members of Majlis al Shura, accordingly succession of Umar
RA was initially discouraged by high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr. Still he was well
known for his extraordinary will power, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality,
justice and care for poor and underprivileged people. Abu Bakr RA is reported to have said
to the high-ranking advisers,
“His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness when the weight of
Caliphate will be over his shoulders he will remain no longer strict. If I will be asked
by God to whom I have appointed my successor, I will tell him that I have appointed
the best man among your men.” On 22 August Caliph Abu Bakr RA died. Hazrat Umar
RA assumed the office as caliph on the same day.
During his period of caliphate the Muslim state gained its zenith. He carried on the policy of
expansion of his predecessor Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, and conquered the whole of Persian
Empire and the Roman Empire as well. He not only had expanded the boundaries of

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Islamic State but also introduced a consolidated system of government, and thus
established a great empire comprising upon 3.5 million square miles. He was not only
great administrator but also a great reformer. He introduced great reforms in his state, for
the benefit of common citizen, since birth to death. He period is rightly known in the
world as a “GOLDEN ERA OF ISLAM.”
Hazrat Umar RA was a pioneer in introduction of ministry system, appointment of
police forces to keep civil order and was first to discipline the people when they
became disordered.
In 638 CE, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. Soon the reserves of food at
Medina began to run out, and Umar wrote to the provincial governors of Syria, Palestine,
and Iraq for aid. A state of emergency was declared in Medina and Arabia. The timely aid
of Umar's governors saved the lives of thousands of people throughout Arabia. For
internally displaced people, Umar RA hosted a dinner every night at Madinah, which
according to one estimate, had attendance of more than a hundred thousand people.
WELFARE STAE
To be close to the poor, Umar lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the
streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established the first
welfare state, Bayt al-mal. The Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim and non-Muslim poor,
needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of
years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century and continued through the Umayyad
period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced a child benefit and
pensions for the children and the elderly.
He has narrated 539 AHadith of Prophet SAW.
On 26 Zul Hijjah In 23 AH (3rd Nov 644 AD), a Persian slave Piruz Nahavand, known
as Abu Lu Lu Feroze stabbed him during leading Fajr Prayers in Masjid-e-Nabavi and
within 3 days he died at the age of 59 / 60.
During his injuries he sought permission from Hazrat Ayesha RA for his burial by the side
of Holy Prophet SAW, which was granted. He was buried in Masjid e Nabavi. He was
granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time.

3. HAZRAT UTHMAN BIN AFFAN RA (577/579-656 AD)

Hazrat Uthman bin Affan was born in 579 AD in Ta’if. His name was Uthman, title Al-
Ghanni (the generous one) and Zun Noreen (possessor of two lights). His father name
was Affan bin Abi Al-As and mother’s name was Arwa bint Kuraiz. He belonged to
Banu Ummayah tribe of Quraish. Uthman's father, Affan, died at a young age while
travelling abroad; however, Uthman RA was left with a large inheritance. Uthman RA
became a merchant, like his father. His business flourished, making him one of the richest
men among the Quraishi tribe. He was educated, pious, modest, soft natured, kind hearted,
and the most generous companion of Prophet SAW. He was third caliph of Khilafat e
Rashida. He remained caliph for eleven years since 6th November 644 – 17 June 656
AD.
ACCEPTANCE OF ISLAM

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On returning from a business trip to Syria in 611, Hazrat Uthman RA found out that
Muhammad SAW had declared his mission. After a discussion with his friend Abu Bakr RA,
he decided to accept Islam, and Abu Bakr RA took him to Prophet SAW to declare his faith.
Thus he became one of the earliest converts to Islam, following Ali, Zayd, Abu Bakr
and a few others. His uncle used to roll him in carpet and lit fire from one side just to
persecute him for acceptance of Islam.
Muhammad SAW married his two daughters Hazrat Ruqayah RA and Hazrat Kulsum
RA one after another to Hazrat Uthman RA, which earned him the honorific title Zun
Noreen.
MIGRATION
Hazrat Uthman RA and his wife, Ruqayya RA, migrated to Abyssinia in 614-615 AD
along with 11 men and 4 women. After two years on spreading of false news regarding
acceptance of Islam by whole Makkah, they returned back along with few others. Hazrat
Uthman RA and Hazrat Ruqayya RA stayed in Makkah. Hazrat Uthman RA had to start his
business afresh, but the contacts that he had already established in Abyssinia worked in his
favor and his business prospered once again.
LIFE IN MADINAH
In 622 AD, he migrated to Madinah with his wife on the instructions of Prophet SAW.
On reaching Madinah he opted for his family business, he worked hard and honestly, and
his business flourished, soon becoming one of the richest men in Madinah. He could not
participate in the battle of Badr due to illness of his wife under the instructions of Prophet
SAW. But he was granted full share of booty and considered as participant of Badr. Hazrat
Ruqayah RA died by the same disease and Muhammad SAW gave his second daughter
Hazrat Kulsum in his wedding. Prophet said,
“If I had another daughter I would have given in marriage to Uthman.” (Hadith)
When Hazrat Ali RA married Hazrat Fatimah SA, Hazrat Uthman RA bought Ali's shield for
five hundred dirhams. Four hundred was set aside as mahr (dower) for Fatimah's
marriage, leaving a hundred for all other expenses. Later on, Hazrat Uthman RA
presented the armor back to Ali RA as a wedding present.
SERVICES TO ISLAM
Hazrat Uthman Ghanni RA participated in all battles fought under the leadership of Prophet
SAW except the battle of Badr. He was with Prophet SAW in the battle of Uhad, Trench, the
Treaty of Hudaibiya, the conquest of Khyber, Makkah, Hunain and Ta’if. During the
expedition of Tabuk Hazrat Uthman RA bore total expanses of one third of army along
with 1000 camels loaded, 50 horses and 1000 gold dinars to support the rest of
army.
During the time of Hudaibiya he was sent to Makkah for negotiations with Quraish and
rumors of his death spread out. Muhammad SAW took pledge from all believers for his
revenge, which is called ‘Bait-e-Rizwan in Islamic history.
When Muslims faced difficulty of sweet drinking water in Madinah, he bought well
‘Rumah’ from a Jew for 20000 dirhams and devoted free to Muslims. He bought the
land for extension of Masjid-e-Nabavi and devoted. He was one of the scribes of Qur’an
too.

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DURING ABU BAKR RA ERA

Hazrat Uthman RA had a very close relationship with Abu Bakr RA, as it was due to him
that Uthman RA had converted to Islam. When Abu Bakr RA was selected as Caliph, Uthman
RA was the first person after Umar RA to offer his allegiance. During the Ridda
wars (Wars of Apostasy), Uthman remained in Madinah, acting as Abu Bakr's adviser.
On his deathbed, Abu Bakr dictated his will to Uthman RA, saying that his successor was to
be Umar RA. During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr RA and Umar RA he was a permanent
member of Majlis-e-Shura. He was one of the six men panel for Caliphate and was elected
Caliph after Hazrat Umar RA.
AS A PIOUS CALIPH
Hazrat Uthman RA was intelligent businessman and a successful trader from his youth,
which contributed greatly to the Rashidun Empire. Umar RA had fixed the allowance of
the people and on assuming office; Uthman RA increased it by about 25%. Umar RA
had placed a ban on the sale of lands and the purchase of agricultural lands in conquered
territories. Hazrat Uthman RA withdrew these restrictions, in view of the fact that the trade
could not flourish. Hazrat Umar Faruq RA was very strict in his administration, but he
was lenient in his nature, therefore the people took wrong impact of his nature, and
revolted against him in some places.
Like his predecessor Hazrat Umar RA, he did not centralize the expansion powers in his
hands. Rather it was more autonomical in nature as he delegated so much military
authority to his trusted kinsmen like Abdullah bin Aamir, Muawiyah I and Abdullāh
bin Sa‘ad bin Abī as-Sarâḥ. Consequently, this more independent expansion enabled more
overarching expansion until Sindh, Baluchistan of present day Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Central Asian States, Northern Africa etc.
REVOLT AGAINST UTHMAN RA
Hazrat Uthman RA was labeled with the charges of nepotism and favoritism by the
opportunist rebels under Abdullah bin Saba (the Jew). A burning of Qur’anic copies
was another charge against him, which was totally wrong propaganda. But the
innocent people became affected of that and started to believe in its reality. A contingent
of about 1,000 people was sent by rebels to Madinah, with instructions to assassinate
Uthman RA and overthrow the government. Similar contingents marched from Kufa and
Basra too with the same purpose.
The early stage of the siege of Uthman's house was not severe, but as the days passed, the
rebels intensified their pressure against Uthman. The rebels understood that after the
Hajj, the Muslims gathered at Makkah from all parts of the Muslim world might
march to Madinah to relieve Uthman RA. They therefore decided to take action against
Uthman before the pilgrimage was over. During the siege, Uthman was asked by his
supporters, who outnumbered the rebels, to let them fight against the rebels and
rout them. Uthman RA prevented them in an effort to avoid the bloodshed of Muslim
by Muslim. Unfortunately for Uthman, violence still occurred. The gates of the house of
Uthman were shut and guarded by the renowned warrior, Abd-Allah bin al-Zubayr.
The sons of Ali, Hasan bin Ali and Husayn bin Ali, were also among the guards.

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Assassination
On June 17, 656, finding the gate of Uthman's house strongly guarded by his supporters, the
Egyptian rebels climbed the back wall and crept inside, leaving the guards on the gate
unaware of what was going on inside. The rebels entered his room and struck blows at
his head. Naila, the wife of Uthman RA, threw herself on his body to protect him and
raised her hand to deflect a sword. She had her fingers chopped off and was pushed
aside. The next blow killed Uthman RA. Some of Uthman's slaves counter-attacked, one of
whom killed the assassin and was in turn killed by the rebels.
After ruling for about 12 years he was martyred by rebels at the age of 76/77, while
he was reciting Qur’an on Friday,18 Zul Hijjah, 35 AH (17 June 656 AD). He was
buried in Janat al Baqi in Madinah Munawara. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise
during life time.
“Uthman is the one from whom angels shy due to his modesty.” (Hadith)

4. HAZRAT ALI BIN ABU TALIB RA (594/600-661 AD)

His name was Ali, kuniyat was Abul Hassan, title Abu Turab. He belonged to Banu
Hashim tribe of Quraish. His father name was Abu Talib, and mother’s Fatima bint
Asad, she also belonged to Banu Hashim. He was born in Ka’bah, Makkah. His mother
reportedly felt the beginning of her labour pain while visiting Ka'bah and entered Ka'bah
where her son was born, on 13 Rajab, in 594/600 AD. He was cousin and son in law of the
Prophet SAW. He was the fourth caliph of Khulfa e Rashidin after Hazrat Uthman RA.
His reign of caliphate extended from 656-661 AD. He was the first Imam of Shia
Twelver, his reign of Imamat started from 632-661 AD. The Prophet SAW gave him in
marriage his beloved daughter Hazrat Fatimah tu Zahra RA. He was father of famous
Hasnain Karimain and Hazrat Zainab RA. Ali was so close to the Prophet SAW that he
said,
“To whom I am patron; this Ali is his patron as well.” (Hadith)
According to a tradition, Muhammad SAW was the first person whom Ali saw first, as
he took the newborn in his hands. He named him Ali, meaning "the exalted one.”
When Hazrat Ali was 5/6 years old, the Prophet SAW took him into his custody and raised
him, due to meager economic conditions of Abu Talib RA in 610 AD.
SERVICES TO ISLAM
Ali RA accepted Islam at the age of about 10, and became the first person in the list of
Muslims as a child. He was the only one at the age of 13/14 who stood drew up his
small sword in response to the announcement of the Prophet SAW that whoever
assisted him in his invitation would become his brother, trustee and successor, during the
banquet by Prophet for his relatives for invitation to Islam, and said,
“O Muhammad SAW! I will help you and will fight by your side throughout my life.”
Therefore the Prophet SAW declared that Ali was his brother, inheritor and vice-
regent and people must obey him. Most of the uncles of Ali and Muhammad SAW,

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including Abu Lahab laughed at them and declared to Abu Talib that he must bow down to
his own son, as Ali was now his Emir.
MIGRATION TO MADINAH
The Prophet SAW left him in his bed at the time of migration to hand over the trusts to the
owners. Some of the companions asked him whether he was afraid of killing on that night.
He replied,
“I never slept in such peace in my life than that night, because the Holy Prophet
assured my joining him at Quba.”
After handing over all belonging trusts to the owners in Makkah, Hazrat Ali left for Madinah
by foot and reached at Quba, when his feet were cracked and bleeding.
Ali RA was 22 or 23 years old when he migrated to Medina. When Muhammad was
creating bonds of brotherhood among his companions, he selected Ali as his brother,
“You are my brother in this world and Hereafter.” (Hadith)
ALI RA IN MADINAH
For the ten years that Muhammad SAW led the community in Madinah, Ali was extremely
active in his service as his secretary and deputy, serving in his armies, the bearer of his
banner in every battle, leading parties of warriors on raids, and carrying messages and
orders. He distinguished himself as a warrior in 624 AD at the Battle of Badr. He
defeated the Umayyad champion Walid bin Utba as well as many other Makkan
soldiers. According to Muslim traditions Ali RA killed between twenty and thirty-five
enemies in battle, most agreeing with twenty-seven. He had the special role of protecting
Muhammad SAW when most of the Muslim army fled from the battle of Uhud, and it was
said, "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service
except Zulfiqar. As one of Prophet’s lieutenants, and later his son-in-law, Ali was a person
of authority and standing in the Muslim community. On expedition to Tabuk he was
appointed in charge of Madinah and caretaker of Ahl e Bait e At’har. He participated
almost in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW. His feats of bravery
are preserved in the pages of history for all. He was the conqueror of Khyber and called
Asad-ulllah (the lion of Allah). He was great scholar of all the faculties of knowledge.
Prophet SAW said,
“I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate.” (Hadith)
He was learned Jurist, great orator, perfect writer; Nehjat-ul-Balagha is ready reference in
this context.
In 623 AD, the Prophet SAW gave her beloved daughter Hazrat Fatimah RA in
marriage to Hazrat Ali RA, by the orders of Allah. Muhammad SAW said to Hazrat
Fatimah RA, “I have married you to the dearest of my family to me." Ali RA had
five children born to Fatimah RA (Mohsin died in infancy), the only child of Prophet SAW to
have surviving progeny. Their two sons (Hasan and Husain) were cited by Prophet
SAW to be his own sons, honoured numerous times in his lifetime and titled "the
leaders of the youth of Jannah" (Heaven, the hereafter). Their marriage lasted until
Fatimah's death ten years later. Although polygamy was permitted, Ali RA did not marry
another woman while Fatimah RA was alive. After Fatimah's death, Ali RA married other
women and fathered many children.

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The Proophet SAW designated ‘Ali RA as one of the scribes who would write down the text
of the Quran, which had been revealed to Muhammad SAW. As Islam began to spread
throughout Arabia, Ali helped establish the new Islamic order. He was instructed to write
down the Treaty of Hudaibiyah, the peace treaty between Muhammad SAW and the
Quraish in 628 AD. Ali was so reliable and trustworthy that Prophet SAW asked him to
carry the messages and declare the orders. In 630 AD, Ali recited to a large gathering of
pilgrims in Makkah a portion of the Quran that declared Muhammad SAW and the
Islamic community were no longer bound by agreements made earlier with
Arab polytheists. During the Conquest of Makkah in 630 AD, Muhammad asked Ali to
guarantee that the conquest would be bloodless. He was hold up on the shoulders of
Prophet SAW when he was breaking the idols in Ka’bah. He ordered Ali RA to break all
the idols worshipped by the Banu Aus, Banu Khazraj, Tayy, after its defilement by the
polytheism of the pre-Islamic era. Ali RA was sent to Yemen one year later to spread the
teachings of Islam. He was also charged with settling several disputes and putting down the
uprisings of various tribes.
He was a member of House of Prophet SAW who joined him in Mubahla against the
Christians of Najaran.
On returning back from Farewell Pilgrimage the Prophet SAW stopped at a place called
“Ghadir Khumm” to overturn some misunderstanding concerning the position of Hazrat Ali
RA from the mind of Muslims, taking Ali RA by his hand and declared, “"He of whom I am
the mawla, of him Ali is also the mawla (man kuntu mawlāhu fa-ʿAlī mawlāhu),”
After the death of Prophet SAW he gave bath and laid his body in grave. At the beginning of
Abu Bakr's Caliphate, there was a controversy about Prophet’s endowment to his daughter,
especially Fadak, between Fatimah RA and Ali RA on one side and Abu Bakr RA on the
other side. Fatimah asked Abu Bakr RA to turn over their property, the lands
of Fadak and Khaybar. But Abu Bakr RA refused and told her that Prophets did not
have any legacy and that Fadak’s incom belonged to all those kinsmen of Prophet
SAW to whom he used to serve. Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, we do not
have heirs, whatever we leave is Sadaqa." Together with Umm Ayman, Ali testified to the
fact that Muhammad RA granted it to Fatimah Zahra RA, when Abu Bakr requested her to
summon witnesses for her claim. Fatimah RA became angry and stopped speaking to Abu
Bakr RA, and continued assuming that attitude until she died. On account of the same
legacy of the non inheritance of Prophet SAW his wives did not claim for their share too.
He was one of the most important members of Majlis-e-Shura during the reign of three
Caliphs and was great Jurist of Madinah. He was among the six men panel for nomination of
Caliph after Umar RA.
Hazrat Ali RA became caliph (656-661) after the assassination of Hazrat Uthman RA
on the insistence of Hazrat Talha and Zubair RA. His reign of caliphate is filled with
conflicts between him and Amir Muawiyah RA and Khawarij. He had to fight a battle of
camel against Hazrat Ayesha RA and a battle of Siffin against Muawiyah RA on the
question of Uthman RA and on the claim of legitimacy of caliphate.
He was attacked by one of the Khariji Abdur Rehman Ibn-e-Muljam when he was
going to lead Fajr Prayers in Masjid-e-Kufa. He was wounded by bin Muljam's poison-
coated sword. He remained injured for two days and passed away at the age of 66/67

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on 21st Ramadan 40 AH (29 Jan 661 AD) in Kufa Iraq. He is buried in Imam Ali
Masjid, Najaf, Iraq. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time.
Ali ordered his sons not to attack the Kharijites, instead stipulating that if he survived, bin
Muljam would be pardoned whereas if he died, bin Muljam should be given only one
equal hit (regardless of whether or not he died from the hit). Al-Hasan
fulfilled Qisas and gave equal punishment to bin Muljam upon Ali's death.

5. ABDUR REHMAN BIN AUF RA (580-652 AD)

Abdur Rehman bin Auf was born in 580 AD, 10th year of Elephant in Makkah. His
original name was Abdu Amru (servant of Amru), while his father name was Auf. On
acceptance of Islam Prophet Muhammad SAW changed his name to Abdur Rahman
(Servant of the Most-Gracious). He belong to famous tribe of Quraish.
ACCEPTANCE OF ISLAM

Hazrat Abdur-Rahman bin Auf RA accepted Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr
Siddique RA before the Prophet SAW entered the house of al-Arqam. In fact it is said
that he accepted Islam only two days after Abu Bakr Siddiq RA did so. Therefore he
became one of the first eight persons to accept Islam.

SERVICES TO ISLAM

Abdur-Rahman RA did not escape the punishment which the early Muslims suffered at the
hands of the Quraish. He bore this punishment with steadfastness as they did. And when
they were compelled to leave Makkah for Abyssinia because of the continuous and
unbearable persecution, Abdur-Rahman also joined the first batch of 15/16. He
returned to Makkah on the rumors of Quraish acceptance of Islam, but the news
proved to be false. So he again set forth for Abyssinia, and remained there till 620/621.
When the Prophet SAW announced for migration to Yathrib, In 622 AD, he joined the
general emigration of Muslims to Medina, where he lodged with Saad bin Rabi’ah
until he could re-establish his business.

Hazrat Sad bin Rabi’ah RA in the spirit of generosity and magnanimity with which the
Ansar greeted the Muhajirin, said to Abdur-Rahman, "My brother! Among the people of
Madinah I have the most wealth. I have two orchards and I have two wives. See which
of the two orchards you like and I shall vacate it for you and which of my two wives is
pleasing to you and I will divorce her for you."

Abdur-Rahman RA embarrassed him and said in reply: "May God bless you in your family
and your wealth. But just show me where the market is!"

Abdur-Rahman RA went to the market-place and began trading with whatever little
resources he had. He bought and sold and his profits grew rapidly. Soon he was sufficiently

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well off and was able to get married. He went to the noble Prophet SAW with the scent of
perfume lingering over him.

"Mahyarn, O Abdur-Rahman!" exclaimed the Prophet SAW- "Mahyam" being a word

of Yemeni origin which indicates pleasant surprise.

"I have got married," replied Abdur-Rahman. "And what did you give your wife as
mahr?" "The weight of a nuwat (a standard weight) in gold."

"You must have a walimah (wedding feast) even if it is with a single sheep. And may Allah
bless you in your wealth," said the Prophet SAW with obvious pleasure and
encouragement.

He fought every battle of Islam along side of Prophet SAW. During the battle of Badr he
could not protect Ummiyya bin Khalf from the killing of Hazrat Bilal RA; for which he used
to say, “Bilal has deprived me from the ransom of Ummiyya.” At Uhud he remained firm
throughout and suffered more than twenty wounds some of them deep and severe.
Even so, his physical jihad was matched by his jihad with his wealth.

In August 626 the Prophet SAW directed 'Abd al-Rahman bin Auf to raid the Kalb tribe
in Daumatul-Jandal. He went over there and crushed them and extracted from them
Jizya, and successfully came back to Madinah.
HIS GENEROSITY

During the war of Tabuk, when everything was short due to drought in Madinah, the
Prophet asked for Sadaqat and charities/contribution to meet the expanses of was. Abdur
Rehman bin Auf RA came forward at a fore front and donated two hundred awqiyyah
(one awqiyyah equal to 250 gram) of gold whereupon Umar ibn al-Khattab RA said to
the Prophet, "I have (now) seen Abdur-Rahman RA committing a wrong. He has not
left anything for his family."

"Have you left anything for your family, Abdur-Rahman?" asked the Prophet SAW.
"Yes," replied Abdur-Rahman RA. "I have left for them more than what I gave and
better." "How much?" enquired the Prophet.” "What God and His Messenger have
promised of sustenance, goodness and reward," replied Abdur-Rahman RA.

He was one of the six nominated by Hazrat Umar RA for next caliph after his death.
He was very generous, wise, brave, and most loyal to Prophet SAW. Once he distributed
forty thousand dirham in charity. Many stories are told of 'Abd al-Rahman's personal
generosity. He once furnished Muhammad's army with 1,500 camels. He bequeathed
400 dinars to the survivors of Badr and a large legacy to the widows of Muhammad
SAW. When Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA died, his companions accounted his wealth
approximately Three Billion One Hundred Three Million Dinars (3,103,000,000 ),
which is more than USD $750 Billion Dollars as of current Gold Rates because the
Dinar was the trading currency at that time. And along with Dinars, he left 10,000 Goats,
1000 Horses, 1000 Camels and a very vast area of land. He died in 35 AH (652 AD) and

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was buried on a hill to the north-east of present-day Amman, Jordan. He was granted
glad tidings of Paradise during life time.

6. SA’AD BIN ABI WAQAS RA (595-674 AD)

Hazrat Sa’d bin Abi Waqas was born in Makkah about 595 AD. He belonged to a noble
family from the mother side of Prophet SAW. He was maternal uncle of Prophet SAW.
Sa'ad RA was the seventeenth person to embrace Islam at the age of seventeen on the
invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique RA during 610/611 AD. His mother, Hamnah,
starved herself for days trying to get Sa’ad back to infidelity. Sa’ad RA said to her, “Yaa
Ummaah! In spite of my strong love for you, my love for Allah and His Messenger
SAW is indeed stronger. By Allah, if you had a thousand souls and each one departs
one after another, I would not abandon this religion for anything.” When she saw that
I was determined, she relented unwillingly and ate and drank.
Once some idolaters interrupted Muslims during Prayers outside Makkah, he struck one of
them and wounded, thus became the first who shed blood in the way of Allah. He also
has an honor to shot first arrow in defense of Islam in the battle of Badr. The Prophet
SAW said,
“O Rabb! Direct his shooting to target and respond to his Prayers.”
The Prophet SAW said for him, that he was equal to 1000 warrior in the battle field.
He participated in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW. He fought at
the battle of Badr with his young brother ʿUmayr bin Waqas RA. Being only in his
early teens, Umayr RA was denied access to battle, but after struggling and crying, he
was later given permission by Muhammed SAW to fight in the battle. Saʿad RA
returned to Madinah alone; ʿUmayr RA was one of the fourteen Muslims who martyred in
the battle of Badr.
During the battle of Uhad he defended the Prophet SAW when some other Muslims
deserted their positions. The used to collect the astrayed arrows and handed them to
Hazrat Sa’ad RA by saying, “May my parents devout on you.” He took pledge of
Raizwan at Hudabiya, participated in the conquest of Makkah, Hunain and was a part of
siege of Ta’if. He also contributed in the expedition of Tabuk.
He fell ill during the Farewell Pilgrimage, and he had only a daughter during this period.
Sa'ad said to the Prophet SAW, “O Messenger of Allah. I have wealth and I only have one
daughter to inherit from me. Shall I give two thirds of my wealth as Sadaqah?" "No, replied
the Prophet.” Then, (shall I give) a half?." asked Sa'ad and the Prophet SAW again said no.'
"Then, (shall I give) a third?' asked Sa'ad. "Yes," said the Prophet. "The third is much.
Indeed to leave your heirs well-off is better than that you should leave them
dependent on and to beg from people. If you spend anything seeking to gain thereby
the pleasure of Allah, you will be rewarded for it even if it is a morsel which you
place in your wife's mouth.” (Hadith)
He was the commander of the Muslims during the caliphate of Hazrat Umar Faruq RA for
the conquest of Persian Empire since 636–644 AD. He led the Muslim Forces during
famous battle of Qadisiya and won against Rustam. In the march on Mada’en, Sa’ad’s
army crossed the Tigris River without the horses’ feet becoming wet. He became

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Governor of Ctesiphon since 637-638 AD and then Governor of Basra for two periods
of Umar RA and Uthman RA, since 638-644 and 645-646 AD.
He was amongst one of the six companion’s panel nominated by Hazrat Umar RA for
the next caliph.
Sa’ad RA planned and established the city of Kufa (in present-day Iraq) with a Musjid
in the centre, wide roads, and a large, empty space as a playground for children and
soldiers’ training ground, along with a cantonment of about 30000 rank rout to pass
out every year to fight in the way of Allah against enemy.
He was brave, prudent, wise and loyal companion of Prophet SAW. He was blessed
with much wealth and influence by Allah. He has narrated 271 Ahadith of Prophet
SAW. At the time of his death he said to his son, “Shroud me in this Jubbah, for in this
I faced the Infidels on the day of Badr and in it I desire to meet Allah Almighty.”
Saʿad RA has been traditionally credited by Chinese Muslims with introducing Islam
to China in 650, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. He was died in 54 AH
(674 AD), in Guangzhou, China. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life
time.

7. ABU UBAIDAH BIN JARRAH RA (583-639 AD)

Abu Ubaida bin Jarrah’s real name was Āmir bin ‘Abdullāh bin al-Jarāḥ, known as
Abu Ubaidah. His father name was Abdullah. He was born in 583 AD in Makkah and
died in 639 AD in Jordan. His nickname was Amin al-Ummah (Custodian of Ummah).
His father Abdullah bin al-Jarrah, was a merchant by profession. Abu Ubaidah belonged to
the Quraishi clan of Banu al-Harith bin Fihr. Even before his conversion to Islam, Abu
Ubaibad RA was considered to be one of the nobles of the Quraish and was famous
among the Quraish of Makkah for his modesty and bravery. He was commander in
chief of Islamic forces in Syria against Roman Empire since 634-639 AD, and became
governor after conquest during the period of Hazrat Umar Faruq RA. He accepted Islam a
day after Hazrat Abu Bakr RA in 611 AD. One of the early converts to Islam on the
invitation of Abu Bakr RA, he had to face a lot of hardships for his belief. He migrated to
Abyssinia and Madinah. He was on the list of Umar's appointed successors to the Caliphate
but he died by plaque before the death of Hazrat Umar Faruq RA.
SERVICES TO ISLAM
Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA lived through the harsh experience that the Muslims went through
in Makkah from beginning to end. With other early Muslims, he endured the insults and
oppressions of the Quraish. On the success of first migration to Abyssinia he
accompanied the second batch of 79+23 in 7th Prophet-hood. In 622 AD he migrated
to Madinah and was paired in brotherhood with Muhammad bin Maslamah RA.
He participated in every battle fought during the life time of Prophet SAW. In the year 624
AD, Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA participated in the first major battle at Badr between the
Muslims and the Quraish of Makkah. In this battle, he was attacked by his
father Abdullah bin al-Jarrah, who was fighting alongside the army of Quraish. Abu
Ubaidah RA avoided fighting with him but eventually his father succeeded in
blocking Abu Ubaidah's path. Abu Ubaidah then attacked him and had to kill him. The

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verse No 22 of Surah Mujadila was sent down by Allah for the display of character of
Abu Ubaidah RA.
In the year 625 AD, he participated in the Battle of Uhud. In the second phase of the battle,
when Khalid bin al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from the rear, changing an Islamic
victory into defeat, the bulk of the Muslim soldiers were routed from the battlefield, and
few remained steadfast. Abu Ubaidah RA was one of them and he guarded
Muhammad SAW from the attacks of the Quraishi soldiers. On that day, Abu Ubaidah
RA lost two of his front teeth while trying to extract two links of Muhammad's
armour that had penetrated into his cheeks. He also took part in the Battle of the
Trench (627 AD) and in the Invasion of Banu Qurayza as well.
In the year 628 he participated in Treaty of Hudaibiyah and was made one of the
witnesses over the pact. Later in the same year, he was a part of the Muslim campaign
to Khaybar.
In the year 630, when the Muslim army conquered Makkah, Abu Ubaidah RA was
commanding one of the four divisions that entered the city from four different
routes. Later that year, he participated in the Battle of Hunayn and the Siege of Ta'if. He
was also part of the Tabuk campaign under the command of Muhammad SAW himself. On
their return from the Battle of Tabuk, a Christian delegation from Najran arrived in
Madinah and showed interest in Islam and asked the Prophet SAW to send them a
person to guide them in the matters of religion and in other tribal affairs according
to Islamic laws, Abu Ubaidah RA was appointed by Prophet SAW to go with them. He
was also sent as the tax collector (Aamil) to Bahrain by Prophet SAW. He was present
in Madinah when Muhammad SAW died in 632 AD. The Prophet SAW said,
“For every people there is a man of trust and the man of trust for this people is Abu
Ubaidah.” (Agreed Hadith)
He was one of three in Saqifa Bani Sa’diya along with Abu Bakr RA and Umar RA to
take oath of allegiance on the hand of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA for caliph after the death of
Prophet SAW.
After the Ridda wars when Abu Bakr sent Khalid bin al-Walid RA to Iraq to conquer it, he
sent four Muslim armies into Syria making Abu Ubaidah RA commander of one of them. He
remained commander in chief of the Muslim army until Khalid bin al-Walid arrived from
Iraq to Syria in 634 AD.
During famine in Arabia during the days of Hazrat Umar RA he replied to the request of
caliph for help, “
“I am sending you the Caravans whose one end will be here at Syria and the other
will be at Madinah.”
True to his assurance, Abu Ubaidah's caravans of food supplies were the first to reach
Madinah, with 40,000 camels arriving full of food. To handle the overwhelming amount,
Umar RA appointed Abu Ubaidah to distribute this among the thousands of people living in
the outskirts of Madinah.
His appearance was striking, slim and tall and his face was bright and he had a sparse
beard. It was pleasing to look at him and refreshing to meet him. He was extremely
courteous and humble and quite shy. Yet in a tough situation he would become strikingly
serious and alert. After great famine a great epidemic of plaque erupted in Syria.

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Hazrat Abu Ubaida bin Al-Jarrah RA also became affected of it and died. He was died
in 639 AD, in Jabia, Jordan and his funeral was led by Mu’az bin Jabal RA. He was
granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time.

8. TALHA BIN UBAIDULLAH RA (594-656 AD)

Hazrat Talha RA was a son of Ubaidullah bin Uthman. His surname was Abu
Muhammad. He was born in 594 AD in Makkah. He belonged to Banu Taym clan of
the Quraish tribe in Makkah. His mother, al-Saaba bint Abdullah, was from the
Hadram tribe. He was given the title of Jawad (the generous) by Prophet SAW due to his
spending in the way of Allah. He was said to have been one of the first eight converts, who
accepted Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr RA. He is better known due to his role in the
battle of Uhad and the battle of Camel, in which he died. He faced many hardships for Islam
in Makkah.
SERVICES TO ISLAM
During the persecution of the Muslims in 614-616, Nawfal bin Khuwaylid tied Hazrat
Talhah RA to Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and left them roped together. Nobody from the
Taym clan came to help. Thereafter they were known as "The Two Tied Together.”
In September 622 AD, Hazrat Talha RA was bringing a caravan home from Syria when he
met the Prophet SAW and Abu Bakr RA at al-Kharrar. They
were immigrating to Medina. Talhah RA gave them some Syrian garments. As
Muhammad SAW and Abu Bakr RA continued to Madinah, Talha returned to Makkah to put
his affairs in order. Soon afterwards, he accompanied Abu Bakr's family to Madinah, where
he settled. At first he lodged with As'ad bin Zurarah, but later the Prophet SAW gave him
a block of land on which he built his own house.
He participated almost in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW except
Badr. He was for some secret mission of Prophet with Saeed bin Zaid RA; still he was
granted the status of Badr participants. The Prophet SAW called him,
“Talha the good and Talha the generous.” (Hadith)
He was with Prophet SAW in Uhad, Ditch, Treaty of Hudaibiya, conquest of Khyber,
conquest of Makkah, Hunain, Ta’if and Tabuk as well. Talhah RA distinguished himself at
the Battle of Uhud by keeping close to Muhammad SAW while most of the Muslim army fled
away. He protected Prophet‘s face from an arrow by taking the shot in his own hand,
as a result of which two of his fingers were paralyzed. He was also hit twice in the
head, and it was said that he suffered a total of 75 wounds in the battle. Therefore he
earned the title of “LIVING MARTYR” from the Holy Prophet SAW.
During Apostasy wars, he was commander of the forces protecting Madinah from all sides
along with Hazrat Ali bin Abi Talib RA and Hazrat Zubair bin Awam RA.
He is described as a dark-skinned man with a lot of wavy hair, a handsome face and a
narrow nose. He liked to wear saffron-dyed clothes and musk. He walked swiftly and,
when nervous, he would toy with his ring, which was of gold and set with a ruby.
Talha RA swore allegiance to Hazrat Ali RA, but turned against him soon, for not
taking action against those who killed Uthman RA and participated in the battle of

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Jamal (camel). The Battle of the Camel was fought between Ali RA on one side and Ayesha
RA, Talha RA and Zubair RA on the other on 10th December 656 AD. During the
battle, Marwan bin al-Hakam, who was fighting on the same side, accidentally shot
Talhah in the thigh. Marwan commented, "After this I will never again seek a killer of
Uthman RA." Talha hugged his horse and galloped off the battle-field. He lay down
using a stone as a pillow, while the auxiliaries tried to staunch the blood-flow.
Whenever they stopped pressing, the bleeding resumed. In the end Talha said, "Stop
it. This is an arrow sent by God." He died of this injury, aged 64.
He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time.

9. ZUBAIR BIN AL-AWWAM RA (594-656 AD)

Zubair was a son of Awwam bi Khawailid and Safiya the daughter of Abdul Muttalib.
He was born in Makkah in 594 AD, and died in 656 AD in Basra Iraq. He belongs to
Banu Asad clan of Quraish tribe. He was first cousin of Prophet Muhammad SAW and
nephew of Hazrat Khadija RA. He accepted Islam at the age of fifteen, migrated to
Abyssinia and Madinah. In his boyhood he fought a man, beat him up so fiercely that the
man’s hand was broken. Her mother proudly told to passer-by, “this man fought Zubair. Did
you find Zubair soft like cheese or dates or full of brass?" That's when they knew that he
would grow up to be strong during war.
ACCEPTANCE OF ISLAM
Al-Zubair was one of the first five men to accept Islam under the influence of Abu
Bakr RA, and is said to have been the fourth or fifth adult male convert.
He was one of the first fifteen emigrants to Abyssinia in 615 AD, and he returned there in
619 AD. While he was in Abyssinia, a rebellion against the Negus (King) broke out.
The Negus met the rebels on the banks of the Nile. The Muslims, greatly worried about
losing their protector, they delegated Al-Zubair to be their news-bearer. He swam down the
Nile until he reached the point where the battle was being fought. He brought back the
news of Negus conquest.
SERVICES TO ISLAM
Al-Zubair joined the general emigration to Madinah in 622. At first he lodged with Al-
Mundhir bin Muhammad. It is disputed who became Al-Zubair’s "brother" in Islam:
Prophet SAW gave him a large plot of land to build his house and a grant of palm trees of
Banu Nazir tribe.
At the Battle of Badr he was sent as a scout and he captured a Makkan spy. He then
fought in the battle and killed UbaIda bin Sa'id of the Umayya. At the Battle of
Uhad he volunteered to take up the Prophets’s sword "with its right," which was to
"smite the enemy with it until it bends.” Al-ZubaIr was one of the handful of men
who stood beside Muhammad SAW when the Muslims in their turn fled and who
accompanied him to the glen. "He was firm with him in the Battle of Uhad and he gave
him allegiance to the death." During the Battle of the Trench, Al-ZubaIr RA rode a roan
horse. When the Prophet SAW asked, “Who will come with the news of Jews?” He

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volunteered to bring news of the Quraiza tribe to Prophet SAW, who responded,
"Every Prophet has a disciple, and my disciple is Al-Zubair."
In 628 AD Al-Zubair joined the expedition to Khayber and answered Yasir the Jew’s
challenge to single combat. His mother Safiya asked the Prophet SAW, "Will he kill my
son?" Muhammad SAW reassured her, "No, your son will kill him. They fought, and
Al-Zubair killed Yasir.
He was with the Prophet SAW during Treaty of Hudaibiya. In December 629 AD, on the eve
of the Conquest of Makkah, the Prophet SAW sent Al-Zubair RA and Ali RA to intercept
a spy who was carrying a letter to the Quraish. When they could not find the letter in
her baggage, they realized she must have concealed it on her person, so they threatened to
strip her. The spy then produced the letter, which she had hidden in her hair, and Al-Zubair
and Ali RA brought it back to Prophet SAW a confident that the Muslims would now take
Makkah by surprise. When Prophet SAW entered Makkah, Al-Zubair RA held one of the
three banners of the Emigrants and commanded the left wing of the conquering
army. He also fought at the Battle of Hunain and a siege of Ta’if.
SERVICE S AFTER THE DEATH OF PROPHET SAW
He was one of the commanders of Muslims forces during the early days of Hazrat Abu
Bakr RA to protect Madinah in July 632 AD. Al-Zubair RA was the most successful
field commander during the Muslim conquest of Egypt under Caliph Umar RA. He
commanded a regiment in the decisive Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD, and in 640 he
commanded the reinforcements sent to Amr bin al-As in Egypt.
When Umar RA was dying in 644 AD, he selected Al-Zubair RA and five other men to elect
the next Caliph. They duly elected Uthman, during whose caliphate; Al-Zubair was not
involved in political or military matters.
Al-Zubair was cautious about narrating Ahadith of Prophet SAW, even though he had been
constantly in his company. As he explained to his son Abdullah, "I heard Allah’s
Messenger say, ‘Anyone who tells a lie about me should take a seat in the Fire.'"
He was with Talha RA on taking oath of allegiance to Hazrat Ali RA as Khalifa, but
afterwards he turned down the allegiance to Ali RA, and joined Hazrat Ayesha’a
forces to take revenge of Hazrat Uthman’s murder. He participated in the battle of
Jamal (camel) against Hazrat. When Hazrat Ali realized him that once the Prophet
SAW said to him, “A day when you will be against Ali in the battlefield, you will be at
wrong” Al-Zubair left the battle-field, while Aisha continued to direct her troops. A man
named Amr bin Jurmuz decided to track his movements and followed him to a
nearby field. It was time for prayer so, after each had asked the other what he was
doing there, they agreed to pray. While Al-Zubair was prostrating, Amr bin Jurmuz
stabbed him in the neck and killed him in 656 AD.
Al-Zubair is described as of medium height, lean, dark-complexioned and hairy, though
with a thin beard. His hair hung down to his shoulders, and he did not dye it after it turned
white.
Al-Zubair bin Al-Awam was one of the ten Muslims to whom Prohet SAW guaranteed
Paradise while they were still alive
“Talha and Zubair are my neighbours in Paradise.” (Hadith)

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10. SAEED BIN ZAID RA (593/594-671 AD)

Saeed bin Zaid RA was born in Makkah in 593/594 AD. He was son of Zaid bin Amr
from the Adi clan of the Quraish in Makkah, and of Fatima bint Baaja of the Khuza
tribe. His father was on the religion of Ibrahim (PBUH), and he was murdered in 605
AD. His kunya was Abu'l-Aawar. He had over thirty children by at least eleven different
wives. He became Muslim not later than 614 AD, and was one of the early converts to Islam.
His wife Fatima RA was also an early convert Muslimah. At first they kept their faith
secret because Fatima's brother Umar RA was a prominent persecutor of Muslims.
SERVICES TO ISLAM
He was one of the reasons for Umar RA to accept Islam. Khabbab bin al-Aratt RA often
visited their house and read the Qur'an to them. One day Umar entered their house
while Khabbab RA was reading and demanded to know what that was. When they
denied that anything had been read, Umar RA seized Saeed bin Zaid RA and knocked
him to the floor. Fatima RA stood up to defend her husband, and Umar RA hit her so
hard that she bled. The couple admitted that they were Muslims. At the sight of the
blood, Umar RA "was sorry for what he had done," and asked to see what they had
been reading. It was Surah Ta-Ha, later to become the twentieth Surah of the Qur'an.
Apparently impressed by the beauty of the words, Umar RA decided to become a
Muslim.
Saeed joined the general emigration to Madinah in 622 AD, and at first lodged in the house
of Rifa'a bin Abdul-Mundhir. He was made the brother in Islam of Rafi bin Malik of the
Zuraiq clan or Talha bin Ubaydallah RA.
Saeed RA and Talha RA missed the Battle of Badr because Prophet SAW sent them
ahead as spy to report on the movements of Abu Sufiyan's caravan. When they heard
that they had missed the caravan, they returned to Madinah, only to find that the
Prophet SAW and his army had already reached Badr. They set out for Badr and met
the returning victorious army at Turban. However, the Prophet SAW gave them a share
of the plunder as if they had been present.
Saeed RA participated in all other battles in which Muhammad SAW personally fought. It is
said that he always covered Prophet SAW keeping himself ahead and in front of him
in the battles and always stood behind him in prayers.
He served as Prophet’s secretary and recorded the verses of the Quran as a scribe.
Once he was appointed Governor of Damascus without his consent. He wrote to Abu
‘Ubayda, "I am unable to offer such a sacrifice. You will perform Jihad while I will be
deprived of it. Please send someone else to replace me as soon as you receive this
letter. I am coming to you soon." Later, he fought as an ordinary soldier in all the
battles of the Islamic army. In the time of Muawiyah I he was Governor of Kufa.
Saeed said that Muhammad SAW once guaranteed Paradise to ten men who were then
present and named nine of them. Then he hinted at me that the tenth man had been he
himself (mean Saeed bin Zaid RA).

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Saeed bin Zaid is described as a tall, hairy, dark skinned man. He died at the age of 78
in 671 AD (51 AH) during the reign of Muawiyah I, at al-Aqiq. His body was carried
back to Madinah and buried there by Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas RA and Abdullah bin Umar
RA.

SCRIBES OF DIVINE REVELATION (General Answer)

Scribes of divine revelation were the closest companions of Prophet SAW, whose duty
was not only to keep the record of the revelation but also to write letters, treaties and
clarifications to various commandments of Allah like Zakah as commanded by him.
There were 40-400 scribes of divine revelation. The foremost among them were the four
rightly guided caliphs, who accompanied the Holy prophet SAW from early life.

Abdullah bin Masood RA was one of the earliest scribe and was the first one to recite the
Qur’an loudly near the Ka’bah.The Prophet SAW said, "If anyone likes to recite the
Qur’an as fresh as it had descended then he must recite on the reading of Abdullah
ibn Masood.” They also included Khalid bn-al Waleed, Ubbay bin al Kaab, Amir Muwaiyah,
Abdullah bin Sa’ad, Khlakid bin Saeed, Ubban bin Saeed (RA) etc.

The best amongst the scribes was Zaid bin Thabit RA during the life in Madinah, who
wrote down the major part of the Qur’an and later worked for its compilation / collection
during the period of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Hazrat Uthman RA.

None of these scribes made any addition or omission in the divine revelation except
Abdullah bin Sa’ad bin Abi Sarah, who incurred the displeasure of the Holy Prophet SAW
by making changes in the divine revelations. He was nearly to be executed at the time of
Conquest of Makkah but he bow down in repentance and the Prophet SAW excused.

There was always a Scribe at hand to write down the revelation or to insert new ones
received by Prophet SAW under the command of Allah through Angel Gabriel from 610-632
AD, as mentioned in Holy Qur’an,

“(This Qur’an is) in the hands of scribes. Those who are dignified and obedient.”
(80:15-16)

The Prophet SAW dictated the revelations received by him from time to time and then
asked his companions to read out loud what they had written in order to ensure accuracy.
They wrote them down in portions on various material including animal skins,
shoulder bones of camels, palm leaves, stone tablets, scrolls and tablets of wood etc.
it was a practice of the Prophet SAW to recite the Qur’an loudly during every Ramadan in a
year, so that the scribes could check their written material for any mistakes. It is also said

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that at the time of the death of holy Prophet SAW there were at least 15 / 16 copies of
Qur’an available with the companions of Prophet SAW, but not in proper
compilation. During the days of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA the Qur’an was compiled in proper
form by Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit RA as a chairman of the committee which was constituted for
this purpose.

SCRIBES OF DIVINE REVELATION

During 23 years of Prophet-hood whenever the revelation came to Prophet SAW he

instructed his companions to write it down on any available material. There were
40-400 scribes of divine revelation. The most important of them were the first four
Caliphs and Zaid bin Sabit RA, Abdullah bin Masud RA, Ubay bin Ka’ab RA.
1. HAZRAT UBAY BIN KA’AB RA (DIED IN 649 AD)
Ubay bin Ka’ab was born in Madinah (then known as Yathrib), into the tribe of
the Banu Khazraj. He was also known as Abul Mundhir. He was one of the first to
accept Islam and pledge allegiance to Prophet SAW at Aqabah before the migration
to Madinah, becoming one of the Ansar. He participated in the battle of Badr and other
following engagements during the life time of Prophet SAW and became valuable
companion of Khulfa e Rashideen.
He acted as a scribe of Holy Prophet SAW, writing letters for him. Ubay RA was one of
the few who put the Qur'anic Suras into writing and had a Mushaf of his own.
Following the Prophet's death, he was one of the twenty five people who knew the
Qur'an completely by heart.
He was part of the consultative group (Majlis e Shura) to which the caliph Abu Bakr
RA referred many problems. It included Umar, Uthman, Ali, Abd-al-Rahman bin
Awf, Muadh bin Jabal, Ubay bin Kab and Zayd bin Thabit.
Hazrat Umar RA later consulted the same group when he was caliph. Specifically
for Fatwas (legal judgments) he referred to Ali bin Abi Talib RA, Uthman RA, Ubay RA and
Zaid bin Thabit RA.
He was scribe and a sweet recite of Holy Qur’an. He has an honor of writing the first
revelation of Qur’an in Madinah. He was given the title of Sayed-ul-Qur’an by Holy
Prophet SAW.
Once the Holy Prophet asked him to recite Qur’an; he said,
“O Messenger of Allah Qur’an is revealing upon you and we all are waiting for
recitation from you, how it is possible for me to recite the Qur’an to you.”
The Prophet said,
“Recite O Ubay! Allah and his angels want to listen from you.”
Then he recited the verses of Qur’an. When he reached to the verse,

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“On the Day of Judgment all the Messengers of Allah will brought to witness for their
Ummah and you will be brought as witness to them; and Muhammad SAW will be
brought to witness them all.”
The Prophet stopped him as tears were shedding down from his eyes.

Once the Prophet SAW asked him, “O Abul-Mundhir! Which verse of the Book of Allah is
the greatest?” He replied, “Ayatul Kursi (2:255). The Prophet SAW gently touched his
chest with his right hand in approval upon hearing the reply, and with his countenance
beaming with happiness, said to Ubay bin Ka’ab, “May knowledge delight and benefit
you, Abul-Mundhir.”[Muslim]
Ubay died in the year 649 AD (30 AH during the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman RA)

2. HAZRAT ABDULLAH BIN MASUD RA (594-653 AD)

Abdallāh bin Masʿūd was born in Makkah in about 594 AD as a son of Masud bin
Ghafil and Umm Abd bint Abdwadd, who were both from Banu Tamim tribe,
apparently slaves, and certainly of low social status. Abdullah bin Masʿūd was an
early follower of Islam, being converted before 616 AD. He appears nineteenth on bin
Ishaq's list of people who were converted by Abu Bakr RA.
EMBRACING ISLAM
As a youth, he worked as a shepherd for Uqba bin Abu Mu'eyt. He first met
Muhammad SAW and Abu Bakr Siddique while watching his flocks. They asked him for
milk, but Abdullah said he could not steal from his employer. According to Masʿūd,
Muhammad SAW then asked for an unmated ewe and stroked its udder, whereupon milk
poured out. Abdullah immediately asked to be taught "some of these words", and
Muhammad SAW began to teach him the Qur'an. Abdullah later said that he learned
70 Suras from Muhammad SAW. Later his mother and brother also converted to Islam.
He was known as Sahabi bin Sahabiya due to early embracing of Islam by his mother.
SERVICES TO ISLAM
Around 614 AD the Quraish decided to suppress Islam by harassing the Muslims of low
social status. Abdullah, as a foreigner whose allies had withdrawn their protection, was
vulnerable to this persecution. Abu Jahl once "clawed at him and punched him."
The Muslims remarked one day that the Quraish had never heard the Qur'an being recited
clearly and that someone needed to make them listen to it. Abdullah volunteered. His
friends reminded him that he had no protector and therefore the crowds might attack him,
but Abdullah replied, "Allah will protect me." He stood in front of the Ka’bah and began
to recite the Qur'an. When the Quraish realized that he was reciting Muhammad's
teaching, they began to hit his face, but he continued to recite. He returned to the Muslims
with the bruises on his face, saying, "I have never despised Allah's enemies more than I
do now, and if you like I will go and do the same thing tomorrow." The Muslims told

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him that he had already done enough, "For you have made them listen to what they
don't want to hear."
Abdullah and his brother Utba were among those who immigrated to Abyssinia in
616 AD. Abdullah RA returned to Makkah in 619 AD with Abdul Rahman bin Awf RA.
When the Muslims immigrated to Madinah in 622 AD, Abdullah lodged with Muadh
bin Jabal and his brother in Islam was Al-Zubayar bin Al-Awwam. When land in
Madinah was allocated to the Immigrants, the Zuhra clan was given an area behind the
Masjid which included plots for Abdullah and his brother Utba.
RELATIONSHIP WITH PROPHET SAW
Outsiders perceived Abdullah and his mother as members of Prophet's
household. He worked as a personal servant, taking care of Prophet's bedding, toothbrush,
sandals and travelling hygiene. "He used to screen him when he bathed and wake him
when he slept and walk with him in a wild land." He was said to be the "keeper of
secrets.” The Prophet SAW once told him to climb a tree and bring him a twig. The
companions laughed at how thin Abdullah's legs were. Prophet SAW said: "Why are you
laughing? Abdullah's foot will be heavier than Mount Uhud in the scales on the Day of
Resurrection."
Prophet SAW recognized Abdullah RA as one of the four foremost experts on the
Qur'an. He once asked him to recite; when Abdullah protested, "Should I recite it to you
when you are the one to whom it was sent down and revealed?" The Prophet SAW
replied, "I love to hear it from someone else." Abdullah then recited it until Prophet
SAW wept.
Abdullah fought at the Battle of Badr. After the battle, Muhammad SAW ordered the
warriors to search among the corpses for his enemy Abu Jahl, who could be recognized by a
distinctive scar on his knee.
Abdullah found Abu Jahl "at his last gasp" with his leg cut off. He seized his beard and
asked, "Are you Abu Jahl?" Abu Jahl replied, "Can there be a man superior to one you
have killed or one whom his own folk have killed?" Abdullah then placed his foot on
Abu Jahl's neck, and asked, "Allah's enemy, has Allah put you to shame?" Abu Jahl replied,
"How has he shamed me? Am I anything more than a man whom you have killed? Tell
me how the battle went." Abdullah told him that the Muslims had won. Abu Jahl
responded, "You have climbed high, you little shepherd!" Then Abdullah struck off
his head. He brought it to Muhammad, proclaiming, "This is the head of Allah's
enemy Abu Jahl!” Abdullah also fought at the Battle of Uhud, the Battle of the Ditch and
"all the battles," including Tabuk. Twenty years later, he said he wished he had died at
Tabuk.
After the death of Prophet SAW, Abdullah bin Masud became the eighth-most
prominent transmitter of Hadith with a total of 848 narrations. Umar RA called him "A
box full of knowledge.” One of the following traditions is among those attributed to him.
I asked Allah's Messenger which deed was the best. He replied: "Prayer at its
appointed hour." I said: "Then what?" He replied: "Kindness to the parents." I said:
"Then what?" He replied: "Jihad in the cause of Allah." And I would have not ceased
asking more questions but out of regard.

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He became a chief Treasurer in Kufa during the days of Hazrat Umar RA and Hazrat
Uthman RA. His interpretation of Qur’an earned him great Jurist and Scholar of Islam.
Abdullah bin Masud died in Madinah in 653 AD, and was buried by the night at
Janat Al-Baqi'. It is disputed whether it was Ammar bin Yasir or Caliph Uthman RA
who led his funeral prayers.

3. HAZRAT ZAID RA BIN THBIT RA (610-660 AD)

Hazrat Said bin Thabit RA was a principal scribe of divine revelation. When Hazrat
Zaid RA was 6 years old his father died in the Battle of Bu'ath. Hazrat Zaid RA RA was
13 years old when he sought permission to participate in the Battle of Badr. Since he
was younger than 15 years old, the Prophet SAW did not allow him to do so, and sent
him back. He then decided to try to win favor with Prophet SAW by learning the Qur’an.
He was later appointed to write letters to non-Muslims and to collect and keep
record of the Qur'anic verses. He used to spend most of his time reciting the Qur’an, and
continued to learn the Qur’anic verses as they were recited by Prophet SAW. Hazrat Zaid
RA later volunteered to fight when he was 19 years old. This time he was accepted in the
ranks of the Muslim army. Hazrat Zaid RA's time to fight had come nine years after the
establishment of the Muslim community in Madinah.
ACCEPTANCE OF ISLAM
He was with the delegation of Ans’ars form Yathrib to Aqaba and took Ba’it on the
hands of Prophet at the age of eleven. The Prophet SAW was impressed by his
knowledge of writing and reading at that age. He says: "When I was presented to
Prophet SAW in Madinah, he was informed that I had then memorized seventeen
Surahs of Qur’an. In order to test me, he asked me to recite some of these. I recited
Surah Qaaf. He rewarded me with his kind words.

SERVICES TO ISLAM
He was well educated, prudent and wise man, master of Hebrew and Syriac, thus
performed the duty of interpreter of Prophet SAW to non Arabs. He was a scholar and
Jurist of good memory. Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit RA was one of those famous Sahabah who
were considered to be most learned and whose opinions in religious matters carry much
weight. He was an expert in rules regarding necessary actions and was expert in heir-ship
deeds. It is said that he was among the top Ulema Qazis and Qaris.
After Prophet SAW's death, Hazrat Zaid RA, who by this time had become an expert
in the Qur’an, was assigned the role of authenticating and collecting the oral and
textual Qur’anic revelation into a single bounded volume. This initiative was high on
the Caliph Abu Bakr's agenda, especially after the Battle of Yamamah, in which a large
number of Qur’an memorizers perished. Umar RA convinced Abu Bakr that the Qur’an
should be collected in one manuscript. During Abu Bakr's reign as caliph, he was given the
task of collecting the Qur’anic verses from all over the Muslim communities. Hazrat Zaid
RA finally accepted the task and, according to him, started locating the Qur’anic
material and collecting it from parchments, scapula, leafstalks of date palms and
from the memories of men. When Hazrat Zaid RA had completed his task, he left the

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prepared sheets with Abu Bakr. Before he died, Hazrat Abu Bakr RA left the sheets
with Hazrat Umar RA who in turn left it with his daughter Hazrat Hafsah RA. Hazrat
Zaid RA bin Thabit thus became one of the foremost authorities on the Qur’an. Umar bin al-
Khattab RA once addressed the Muslims and said: "O people, whoever wants to ask about
the Qur’an, let him go to Hazrat Zaid RA bin Thabit."
During the time of Hazrat Uthman RA, by which time Islam had spread far and wide,
differences in reading the Qur’an in different dialects of Arabic language became obvious. A
group of companions, headed by Hudhayfah bin al-Yaman, who was then stationed
in Iraq, came to Hazrat Uthman RA and urged him to "save the Muslim ummah before
they differ about the Qur’an".
Hazrat Uthman RA obtained the manuscript of the Qur’an from Hazrat Hazrat Hafsah
RA and again summoned the leading authority, Hazrat Zaid RA bin Thabit, and some
other companions to make copies of it. Hazrat Zaid RA was put in charge of the task. The
style of Arabic dialect used was that of the Quraish tribe. Hence this style was
emphasized over all others. The Caliph Uthman RA kept a copy for himself and
returned the original manuscript to Hazrat Hazrat Hafsah RA.
He was appointed Qazi of Madiniah during Umar’s period, and made In charge of Bait-ul-
Ma’al during Uthman’s.
DEATH
He was died in 660 AD in Madinah. Said bin Al-Musayyib stated: "I attended the
funeral of Hazrat Zaid RA bin Thabit. After he had been buried, ibn Abbas said, 'O you
people! Whoever wishes to know how knowledge leaves us should know that it is
like this that knowledge leaves. I swear by Allah that a great deal of knowledge has
just left us today."

4. AMEER MUAWIYAH BIN ABI SUFIYAN RA (602-26 April 680 AD)

Amir Muawiyah RA was son of Abu Sufiyan bin Harb, the bitterest enemy of Prophet
SAW and Islam for long time. His mother name was Hind bint Utbah. He was born in
Makkah in 602 AD. He belongs to the Banu Ummaya, sub-clan of Banu Abd-Shams a
tribe of Quraish. His father Abu-Sufyan struggled against Islam until the Prophet’s army
entered Makkah in 630. On conquest of Makkah he entered Islam, devoted himself to
its cause and the Prophet SAW appointed him his secretary. Bin Abbas RA said that
Abu Sufyan asked Muhammad SAW, if he could make his son Muawiyah a scribe
which Prophet SAW granted. Therefore, Muawiyah RA became his scribe. During the
first and second caliphates of Abu Bakr RA and Umar bin al-Khattab RA, he fought in the
Muslim Army against the Byzantines in Syria. He established the Umayyad dynasty of
the caliphate, and was the second caliph from the Umayyad clan, after
Hazrat Uthman bin Affan being the first.
During the time of Abu Bakr, Muawiyah used to serve under his brother Yazid bin Abi
Sufyan. Muawiyah RA was one of the first to be sent into Syria. In the battle of Yarmuk
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Ubaydah RA and was in command of one of the wings and Muawiyah was his second in
command. Muawiyah's mother Hind also took part in this battle.
Hazrat Umar RA made him Governor of Syria from 639-661 AD. Under Muawiyah's
governance the Syrian army became a major military force. Hazrat Uthman RA let him
continue. Muawiya RA was one of the first to realize the full importance of having a
navy; as long as the Byzantine fleet could sail the Mediterranean unopposed, the
coastline of Syria, Palestine and Egypt would never be safe. Muawiyah RA along with
Adbullah bin Sa'd the new governor of Egypt successfully persuaded Hazrat Uthman RA to
give them permission to construct a large fleet in the dockyards of Egypt and Syria.
Therefore, to stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine
Wars, in 649 Muawiyah RA set up a navy. Hazrat Ali RA wanted him to remove but he
declined. So the opposition started between Ali RA and Muawiyah RA and they fought
in the battle of Siffin in 657 AD. After the death of Hazrat Ali he became sole owner of
Islamic domain. Muawiyah RA was crowned as caliph at a ceremony in Jerusalem in
661 AD, after a peace treaty with Hazrat Hasan bin Ali RA. Muawiyah RA ruled for nearly
20 years most of which were spent expanding the state. He was first caliph and the
founder of Ummayad Daynasty. His reign of caliphate extended from 661-680 AD.
One of the most controversial decisions of his life is the appointment of his son Yazid as
his successor, which became major cause of Shia Sunni factions in Islam at one hand
and the unlawful assassination of Hazrat Imam Hussain RA on the other.
He was died at the age of 77/78 on 22 Rajab, 60 AH (26th April 680 AD) and was
buried in Damascus Syria.

5. KHALID BIN WALID RA (585-642 AD)

Hazrat Khalid bin Al-Walid was born in 585 AD in Makkah. His father name was Al-
Walid bin Al- Mughirah. He belonged to Banu Mkhzum tribe of Quraish which
initially opposed the Prophet SAW. He was also known as Saif ullah al-Maslūl (Drawn
Sword of God), was a companion of Prophet SAW. His Kuniyah was Abu Sulaiman. He
is noted for his military tactics and prowess, commanding the forces of Madinah under
Prophet SAW and the forces of his immediate successors of the Rashidun Caliphate, Abu
Bakr RA and Umar bin Khattab RA. It was under his military leadership that Arabia, for
the first time in history, was united under a single political entity, the Caliphate.
Commanding the forces of the nascent Islamic state, Khalid was victorious in over a
hundred battles, against the forces of the Byzantine-Roman Empire, Sassanid-
Persian Empire, and their allies, in addition to other Arab tribes. His strategic
achievements include the conquest of Arabia during the Ridda Wars, Persian
Mesopotamia and Roman Syria within several years from 632 to 636 AD. He is also
remembered for his decisive victories at Yamamah, Ullais, Firaz, and his tactical
successes at Walaja and Yarmouk as well.
He played a vital role in the Makkan victory at the Battle of Uhud against the Muslims. He
converted to Islam, and joined Prophet SAW after the Treaty of Hudabiyah. The
Prophet SAW selected him as a scribe of Divine Revelation. He was a leader of one
squadron during conquest of Makkah. He participated in various expeditions for

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him, such as the Battle of Mu'tah, which was the first battle between the Romans and the
Muslims. Khalid bin Al-Walid reported that the fighting was so intense, that while fighting,
he broke nine swords in the battle. This earned him the title ‘Saif-ullah' meaning
"The Sword of Allah.” Khalid took over after when Zaid bin Haritha, then Jafar bin Abi
Talib, then Abdullah bin Rawahah were killed. After Prophet SAW's death, he played a key
role in commanding Madinan forces for Abu Bakr RA in the Ridda wars, conquering
central Arabia and subduing Arab tribes. He captured the Sassanid Arab client
Kingdom of Al-Hirah, and defeated the Sassanid Persian forces during his conquest
of Iraq. He was later transferred to the western front to capture Roman Syria and the
Byzantine Arab client state of the Ghassanids.
Although Umar RA later relieved him of high command, he nevertheless remained the
effective leader of the forces arrayed against the Byzantines during the early stages of
the Byzantine–Arab Wars. Under his command, Damascus was captured in 634 AD and
the key Arab victory against the Byzantine forces was achieved at the Battle of
Yarmouk (636 AD), which led to the conquest of the Bilad al-Sham (Syria) In 638 AD,
at the zenith of his career, he was dismissed from military services.
Khalid RA is said to have fought around a hundred battles, major battles and minor
skirmishes as well as single duels, during his military career but never ever lost a
single combat. Having remained undefeated, he is claimed to be one of the finest military
generals in history.
He was courageous, military strategist and brave warrior and the Holy Prophet SAW
gave him the title of ‘Saifullah’ the sword of Allah. he had been governor of Iraq (633-
634 AD), and governor of Chalcis (637-638 ADF). He was terminated by Hazrat Umar
RA due to fear of Muslim’s belief in him for conquests rather than Allah.
He died at the age of 57 due to his own sickness in 21 AH, May 642 AD in Damascus
and buried in Jamia Masjid Khalid bin Al-Walid in Hums Syria.

6. ABDULLAH BIN SA’AD RA

Abdullah bin Sa’ad bin Abi Sarh was a foster brother of Hazrat Uthman RA. He
belonged to Banu Ummiya clan of Quraish. He was educated, generous and wise
companion of Prophet SAW. On his acceptance of Islam in early days he was assigned
the responsibility of writing divine revelation. But he apostatized by making addition in
the revelation at his own will. Thus the Prophet SAW issued the decree of his death. He left
Madinah and took shelter in Makkah. At the conquest of Makkah when he was brought
to the Prophet SAW, he submitted himself before him and sought forgiveness. Hazrat
Uthman also made request to Prophet SAW for his excuse, so the Prophet SAW
forgave him.
When Hazrat Uthman RA became caliph in 644 AD, he appointed Abdallah governor
of Egypt replacing 'Amr ibn al-As, with Muhammad bin Hudhaifa as his aide. Abdallah
brought over a large foreign entourage and established the Diwan, "and commanded
that all the taxes of the country should be regulated there.”
During his time as governor of Egypt (646 AD to 656 AD), Abdullah bin Sa’ad built a strong
Egyptian Arab navy. Under his leadership the Muslim navy won a number of victories

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including its first major naval battle against the Byzantine emperor Constans II at
the Battle of the Masts in 655 AD. One of his achievements while governor of Egypt
was the capture of Tripoli in 647 AD whereby he brought Libya into the Islamic
Empire. He conquered the vast territory of Africa and got huge booty.

7. KHALID BIN SAEED RA

Khalid bin Saeed bin al-As RA was among the earlier people who accepted Islam. He
was converted to Islam before 613 AD along with his brother Amar bin al-As RA. He
inflicted many hardships for his faith. He was learned one, so he served as scribe. He has
the honor of the first one to write ‘Bismillah’. He was also appointed a charity
collectoin Yemen. He was a writer of peace treaty to the people of Ta’if.
He migrated to Abyssinia along with his wife Hamaniya, where he acted as Umm
Habiba's wali when she married to Prophet SAW while she was in Abyssinia. He was
one of the prominent Muhajirun companions, who rejected the allegiance at the Saqifa bani
Sa’dia to Hazrat Sa’ad bin Abada. In 633 CE he was appointed commander of Syrian
campaign by Abu Bakr RA.
In 634 CE he was married to Umm Hakim on the evening preceding battle of Marj al-
Saffar, he was killed in the battle in 634 AD.

8. UBBAN BIN SAEED RA

He was brother of Khalid bin Saeed, who provided asylum to Hazrat Uthman RA during
Treaty o Hudabiya in Makkah. After accepting Islam he became the scribe of divine
revelation. He was appointed Administrator of Land and Sea in Bahrain by Prophet SAW.

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THE END

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