CAMBRIDGE

STANDARD
O’LEVEL
ISLAMIYAT
ISLAMIYAT
2058
2058
PAPER TWO NOTES
PAPER TWO NOTES

Professor Riaz Muhammad Arif

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Author.

Cambridge International has not pro0vided these questions or answers and can take no
responsibility whatsoever for their accuracy or suitability for the examinations.

Title Cambridge Standard O’Level Islamiyat 2058 Paper Two Notes

Author Professor Riaz Muhammad Arif

Cell: 0333-4492108
E-mail: pdrmarif62@yahoo.com

Published by Shahaan Publications

Printed By Shahaan Printers

Edited by Mrs Uzma

Legal Advisor Malik Khalid Naqash (Advocate Supreme Court & High Court)

Price Rs. /=900

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
PREFACE

Nothing to say except thanks to Allah Almighty who has showered his endless blessings
upon a humble creature like me to accomplish a task of preparing notes of Islamiyat Paper
1 code 2058 in accordance with the need of Cambridge International Examination (CIE)
and the Edexcel Board for the students of O’Level. This book covers all aspects of syllabus
2015-2017 for paper 2 and comprising upon Mark Scheme of Cambridge University
Examination Branch.

I whole heartedly acknowledge the co-operation of Mrs Uzma what she extended to me in
this work for editing and valuable recommendations.

I am also thankful to Shahaan Ahmed Khan and Hassaan Ahmed Khan who have assisted
me and done all composing and computer work up to the mark without fail.

I pray to Allah the Merciful and All-Gracious in the words of Prophet Muhammad SAW, “O
Allah! By Your ISM-E-AZAM and by Your ISM-E-AKBAR.” kindly accept this of mine humble
effort in your bountiful court and shower your grace upon those who get benefit from it for
their examination with high success for ever. (Ameen).

PROFESSOR RIAZ MUHAMMAD ARIF

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
1 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

CONTENTS

CHAPTER: 08 AHADHITH……………………………….………………………….…………………………….03
MAIN TEACH INGS IN20AHADITH_____________________________________________________________04
Previous Questions_______________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER: 09 HISTORYANDIMPORTANCEOFHADITH__________________________________21
Compilation of Hadith During The Life Of Muhammad, Second Stage During Companions
Period (11-100 AH), Third Stage During The Followers of The Companions / Tabbe’yen
Period (101-200 AH), Fourth Stage Dring The Followers of The Followers / Taba Tabbe’yen
Period (201-300 AH), Authenticity of Hadith, Cllassification of Hadith, Various Kinds of
Ahadith, Musnad And Musannaf Collection of Ahadith, Sihah-E-Sitta (Sunni Collections)
SHIA COLLECTION_______________________________________________________________________________27
Hadith As a Source of Guidance, The Use of Hadith And Sunnah In Legal Thinking, Relation
of Hadith With Qur’an As a Source of Guidance And Law, The Relation of Hadith With Ijma,
The Relation of Hadith With Qiyas (Analogy), Singnificane of Hadith In Thoughts And
Actions In Islam
Previous Questions_______________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER: 10 RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS ___________________________________________________44
HAZRAT ABUBAKR SIDDIQUE_________________________________________________________________44
Election To Caliphate, Expedition To Syria (Usama Bin Zaid), Refusal of Zakah And
Apostasy , The False Prophets, Compilation of Qur’an. Towards (Byzantine Empire) Battle
of Ajnadain.
Expeditions Towards Iranian Empire, Battles of Ubala, Mazar, Walaja, Ulleis, Hira And Al-
Anb’ar, Death of Abu Bakr RA
HAZRAT UMAR BIN AL KHATTAB RA_________________________________________________________48
Expansion of Islam, The Battles Against Iraq (Namaraq, Jasr, Buwaib, Al-Qadsiya, Madain,
Jalula, Nahawand
Battles Against Syria, Fall of Damascus, The Battle of Yarmuk, Siege And Conquest of
Jerusalem, Conquest of Egypt, Administration of Hazrat Umar Faruq Ra, Death of Hazrat
Umar RA
HAZRAT UTHMAN BIN AFFAN RA_____________________________________________________________54
Conquests In The East And West, Causes of Revolt Against Hazart Uthman RA, Murder of
Hazrat Uthman RA.
HAZRAT ALI RABIN ABI TALIB RA________________________________________________________55
The Battle of Camel, The Battle of Siffin, Battle of Naharwan Against Khawarij, Death of
Hazrat Ali RARA

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
2 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Examples To Describe The Relations of Rightly Guided Caliphs With Non Muslims And
Other States.
Previous Questions: ______________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER: 11 ARTICLES OF FAITH____________________________________________________________71
Oneness Of Allah ‘Tauheed’, Belief In Angels, Belief In Revealed Books, Belief In Prophets,
Belief In Life After Death, Predestination And Decree Of Allah
Previous Questions_______________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER: 12 PILLARS OF ISLAM______________________________________________________________76
SHAHADA TAUHEEDAND RISALAH____________________________________________________________76
SALAH-PRAYERS: Jumma / Friday Prayers, Eid Prayers, Methods And Importance of
Congregation Prayers, Methods of Wudu (Ablution), Tayamum, What Is Satar (Garment)
And Taharat (Purity) And Qibla, Taharat (Purity), Qibla-Direction In Worship. Various
Kinds of Salah; Regular Salah, Salat-Ul-Jam’a-Combined Prayers, Dua-Private Prayers, Qada
Salah-Delayed Prayers, Qasr-Shortened Prayers,
SAUM-FASTING: Significance of Fasting, Those Who Are Exampted from Fasting, What
Makes Fasting Void, Voluntary Fasting,
ZAKAH-POOR DUE / SADAQAHT: Nisab-E-Zakah, On Whom Zakah Is Not Applicable, To
Whom Zakah Can Be Given / Paid, Sadqat-Ul-Fitr, Difference Between Zakah, Sadaqah, And
Charity / Alm,
HAJJ-PILGRIMAGE: The Rites Of Pilgrimage / How Pilgrimage Is Performed, Objectives
And Benefits of Hajj, Kinds of Hajj, The Importance of Rites of Hajj, What Is The Difference
Between Hajj And Umrah.
Previous Questions:_____________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER: 13 JIHAD___________________________________________________________________________95
JIHAD-STRUGGLE IN THE WAY OF ALLAH: Kinds of Jihad, Conditions for Qital (Physical
Jihad), Rules for Qital (Physical Jihad), Significance of Jihad In The Light of Qur’an and
Hadith.
Previous Questions______________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER: 14 RIGHTS OF NON MUSLIMS___________________________________________________99
Rights of Non Muslims In Islam
CHAPTER: 15 MUSLIM STATE RELATIONS WITH OTHERS______________________________100
CHAPTER: 16 RELATIONS WITH CONTEMPORARY WORLD_____________________101

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
3 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

MARKING SCHEME QUESTION# 1

HADITH NO: 1

(a) DESCRIPTION/ EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes us about the sincere belief in Allah, His Books, His Messenger and
having belief in the leaders who are appointed on us. Allah says in Qur’an, “O you who
believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger (Muhammad SAW) and those (who are)
in authority among you.”
It also expresses the sincerity to the whole mankind in general, as all human beings are
children of Adam and we all belong to him by birth. The Prophet said, “Muslim is brother
to Muslim.” It is a description of Deen-e-Islam ‘a complete code of life for all the mankind’.

(b) TEACHINGS INTO ACTION

A Muslim should have a sincere belief in Allah, His Book, His Messenger, and have
obedience for the leaders among them and have no discrimination between the people.
Allah says, “Obey Allah, His Messenger and do good to the people.”
We can extract the examples from the great followers of Prophet SAW who spent their lives
in obedience of Allah and Messenger SAW by following the Qur’an and Sunnah to the extent
that they did not even care for their lives. Prophet said, “My companions are like stars;
anyone of them you follow, you will be on guidance.”
Therefore we should have sincere belief in the Articles of Faith and follow the teachings of
Prophet SAW and Qur’an.
HADITH NO: 2

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
4 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith stresses on the brother-hood and love among the Muslims. The well being and
care for others is important aspect of Muslim life. The holy Prophet SAW said, “Muslims
are like the parts of body, if any one part is affected the entire body feels the pain.”
It means that the selfish and arrogant attitude is not the quality of true believer; care for
others as one likes to be cared is a faithful belief of Muslims and he becomes faithful to
others only when he put this quality into action.
(b) TEACHINGS INTO ACTION
The Muslim should behave and treat others as he likes that others may treat him. As it has
declared in Hadith, “Treat your brother in well manner.” We should have spirit of
sacrifice and readiness to give preference to the needs of others. We should not put up
inferior things to our brothers that we do not like for ourselves. It has been a tradition of
Prophet SAW that whenever he served others served with the best thing available. We
should treat our all brethren equally.

HADITH NO: 3

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
5 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith stresses upon belief in Allah and the Last Day at one hand and the good
character on the other. Muslim and a good moral character cannot be separated. Belief in
Allah and the Last Day is the most vital in Islam. The Prophet SAW suggests to speak good
or be silent; as it is a symbol of wisdom and charity. “Utterance of good words is charity.”
It also emphasizes to take lot of care for neighbors, Qur’an says, “Do good to your
neighbors.” This Hadith also gives much importance to the hospitality of guests, Prophet
said, ”He who believes in Allah and the Last Day should accommodate his guest to his
rights.”
(b) TEACHINGS INTO ACTION
The Muslim should believe in Allah the Last Day and be perfect in his character. It teaches
us that we should use our tongue for good or remain silent we should behave in good
manners to others, neighbors and guests. The Prophet SAW always remained the most
caring to his neighbors and guests. He said, “None of you can enter the Paradise from
whom his neighbor is not satisfied.” Once a guest came while the Prophet SAW had only
two dates, he gave it to him with all milk he had. He said, “Allah extends his provision to
that one who shows hospitality to his guest.”
HADITH NO: 4

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

Islam gives great value to five time Prayers, Fasting in the month of Ramadan, caring for
lawful and unlawful. Muslims are duty bound to do all these. Qur’an says, “Salah is
prescribed on believers with prescription of time.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
6 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

a. “The Fasting has been prescribed on you as has been prescribef on those
before you.” Islam stresses on lawful earning and eating. It does not allow eating by
unlawful means. Lawful and unlawful has been described fully in Qur’an and Sunnah.
(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION
We must observe our duty to Allah by performing five time Prayers, as He says in Qur’an, “I
have created the Mankind and Jinni only to worship me.”
We should observe Fasting in the month of Ramadan by showing our submission to Allah.
We should take great care for our earning; it may not be from unlawful means like theft,
fraud, bribe or usury. We should lead a simple life and work honestly, so that we may not
be ashamed to stand before Allah on the Day of Judgment. The Holy Prophet said,
a. “Salah is the key to Paradise.”
b. “Allah Himself is the reward of Fasting.”
c. The best is the one who earns by his own hands.”
HADITH NO: 5

a. DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION
This Hadith describes about the blessings of Allah upon mankind for all parts of his body.
Allah has made charity essential for every part of body. It can be done to dispense justice
between two opposite individuals or groups. Qur’an says. “Do justice as it near to piety.”
Helping others by mounting them on their escort and helping in loading their luggage is
also charity. Prophet said, “Those we assist others in their work, Allah addresses their
work.” (Hadith)
As such removing obstacle from the path for others is also charity, which is thanksgiving to
Allah for His blessings.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
7 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

b. TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION
We should always do charitable work to remain thankful to Allah for his blessings which He
has bestowed upon us, by helping others, shouldering their burden, deciding matters with
justice and amicably between two parties and even among our relatives. Qur’an says,
“Decide between them in justice.”
a. “Successful are those who do charity.”

Allah has given power, strength and wealth just for our test, we should help others so that
Allah may expand more in our blessings and the deprivation in the society may end. Allah
says, “If you remain thankful We will increase for you.”
HADITH NO: 6

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the hatred of evil which a Muslim notices in his routine life.
Three categories have been mentioned for its curbing down; one by strength and power,
second by speech and third by heart and it the weakest category of Eim’an. Allah does not
like evil spreading; as He says, “Allah does not like the evil doers and transgressors.”
(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION
Having belief in Allah and His Messenger SAW we should stop the evil by force to make
peace in society. As Allah says in Qur’an, “Those who spread disorder in the world will
be punished in the Hell.”
Evil has great attraction due to beautification of Satin having prompt result in this material
world. However the virtue is not a currency which can be used here. It has its value
Hereafter. Therefore we are commanded by Allah to stop evil; it is said, “Speaking Truth
in presence of Tyrant ruler is the best Jihad.” (Hadith)
“Those who do effort to make harmony in society are the best among us.” (Hadith)

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
8 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

HADITH NO: 7

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the struggle in the way of Allah with body and wealth. It is the
duty of Muslim to fight for evil eradication and bring norms in society even at the cost of his
life and property. Allah says in Qur’an, “And strive hard in the way of Allah with your
life and wealth.” The best of the believers is the one who stands upright in front of evil
without caring for his life and property. Qur’an says, “O you who believe! Strive in the
way of Allah with your wealth and body, so that you may become successful.”
(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

The Muslim are taught about the best concept of Jihad, they should fight against the worst
enemy that is evil in self. If someone could get rid of this evil, he can change the world in
accordance with the will of Allah and Messenger. Once returning from a fight the Prophet
said, “We have returned from the minor Jihad towards the greater Jihad and that is
against your own self.” (Hadith)
To accomplish this jihad we should not look for our selves and wealth to bring peace and
justice in society, as the companions of Prophet did in their life; then we will become the
best as per saying of Prophet SAW. Qur’an says, “Those who believed in Allah, migrated
and did Jihad in the way of Allah with their life and property, they are the people of
Paradise.”
HADITH NO: 8

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
9 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

In this Hadith the stages of martyrs are described. Those who killed and died natural death
in the way of Allah, those who died in epidemic disease like plague and cholera also come
within the orbit of martyrs. Epidemics and accidents have vast meanings in it. The Muslims
are blessed with martyrdom on every step of their life. All difficulties in life are trial from
Allah for good if we remain patient. Allah says in Qur’an, “We will definitely try you with
a bit of fear and hunger, loss of wealth, lives and fruits. And (O Muhammad SAW)!
Give good news to those who observe patience.”
In Tafseer-e-Qur’an the scholars have mentioned more than 17 stages of martyrdom in
Islam; the top of the list is the one who died in preaching of Islam.
(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION
The martyrdom is a great award of Allah for Muslim. We should desire for Martyrdom
every time. The Prophet SAW and his companions always prayed to Allah for this high
award. There are certain categories of martyrdom like, accident, epidemic, burning,
drowning, falling, earthquake deaths etc. Prophet SAW has increased the list of martyrs of
Muslims by saying, “Whosoever sincerely desires the rank of martyrdom gets it; even
though he is not killed.” (Hadith)
The precedent of Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed is ready reference, who won the title of Martyr
in the way of Allah even died on his bed in Damascus. The Prophet says, “Everyone who
killed in the battlefield is not martyr; it depends on intention.” (Hadith)
HADITH NO: 9

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
10 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the lawful earnings. Allah encourages those who do act for
their earnings and discourages the idle sitters. Allah likes action as he has created this
world with action and kept in it action as its gist. The workmanship for good earnings lies
with mankind. Allah says in Qur’an, “And that endeavor is of me and the end lies with
Allah.” Believer always rely on Allah and the potential what He has granted to him, and this
is the very key to success.
(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION
In Islamic society idleness is curse. The one who earns by his own hands is the friend of
Allah. Prophet SAW said, “Worker is friend of Allah.” (Hadith)
We should not rely on others for our livelihood when we can earn ourselves. We should do
our hard work and be happy with what He gives us. Hard work is always appreciated by
everyone in every society. The Prophet SAW loved earning by trade because it is the way of
earning which provide many with earnings. We should avoid unlawful earning. Prophet
said, “The Prayers of the one in whom stomach is a grain of unlawful earning is not
accepted.” (Hadith)
HADITH NO: 10

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
11 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the poor and widow’s help. Islam wants a balanced society in
which the rich are helping the poor and the needy ones; and where destitute may not
become a cause of disorder due to their deprivations. The Muslim when spends his time
and money in helping the most helpless cadre like widow and poor, gains the status of
fighting in the way of Allah or of staunch worshipper of Allah. Qur’an says, “Believers are
those in whose wealth there is right of poor and destitute.” The Holy Prophet said,
“The best among you is the one who is a source of benefit for others.” (Hadith)

(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

Islam is a balanced Deen, it advocates for others welfare. We should help others with our
wealth and hands. Qur’an is filled with such verses which relates to the help of poor, needy,
orphan, widow, wayfarer and those who ask for. For instance;
a. “Make charity.”
b. “Look after the affairs of orphans.”
And the curse has been made upon those who restrain from doing such deeds, like;
a. “Curse is on those who push away the needy.”
b. “Those who do not invite the poor to eat.”
We should treat kindly all those who need our help to qualify in the test of Allah. They
Prophet said, “Treat kindly those who are in the earth; the One Who is in the sky will
treat you with kindness.”
HADITH NO: 11

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the help of poor. If a Muslims brings up an orphan in well
manner he would be with Holy Prophet SAW like two fingers, the middle and index in
Paradise. Islam is complete code of life. It uplifts the helpless cadre to play sound role in
society like orphans. Qur’an says, “They ask you about the orphans. Say, “To do good for

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
12 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

them is better.” Allah has promised for such believer a high position in Paradise who
supports morally and financially the orphan with kindness. Allah says, “And be kind to
parents and to near relatives and orphans.”
(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION
The Holy Prophet SAW took great care for orphan as he himself brought up by his uncle
without parents. We should treat them with kindness. It is that helpless class which has no
means to face the world, so we should take them in our custody with love. Those who are
cruel to them are cursed in Qur’an. “Indeed those who eat up the properties of the
orphans unjustly; no doubt they are eating up (filling up) the fire in their bellies. And
they will enter in the Blazing Fire (of Hell) soon.” We should treat them as our own
children in every matter.
HADITH NO: 12

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the ruler’s qualities in Islam. Allah likes that the facilities be
provided to the people in a gentle way, no hard rules are needed. The Prophet SAW said to
Abu Musa and Mu’az bin Jabl for kindness and just rule in Yemen. Qur’an say, “Make ease,
not the hardness and give good news.”
The Prophet SAW was very just in all matters therefore he commanded the rulers to be the
one of them on whom they have been appointed to rule; so that they may be able to have
the pleasure of Allah. Prophet said, “The best rulers are those whom you love and they
love you.” (Hadith)
(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION
Qur’an and the sunnah of the prophet SAW are very clear about the qualities of rulers. They
should be gentle, just and mild with their people, caring for their needs, well mannered,
merciful and the one of them. Prophet SAW said, “The just and people loving ruler will
be in Paradise.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
13 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

The Prophet SAW and his followers had been very kind to their people. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA
used to milk goats of widow even as Caliph. Hazrat Umar RA said, “Even a dog dies in
hunger on the bank of Euphrates, Umar will be responsible on the Day of Judgment.”

HADITH NO: 13

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

Qur’an is a Book of Guidance and a source of all the knowledge of the cosmos. The Holy
Prophet SAW stresses on learning of Qur’an regularly, so that it makes roots in our life.
Qur’an says, “This is the Book (Qur’an), in which there is no doubt at all; Guidance for
those who remain in piety to Allah.”

If we are not regular in recitation and learning of Holy Qur’an then it will be like un-
tethered camels on which none have control. Acting on the teachings of Qur’an keeps us
away from the fire of Hell, and leads us towards success and Paradise.

(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

We should have to make a close connection with Qur’an by reciting, understanding and
acting upon its rules, so that we may be able to get success in all walks of life. Otherwise we
will be like loose camels having no master, away from the blessings of Allah. There are
many rewards of recitation of Qur’an, the best one is that Allah Himself witness it. Allah
says, “Indeed the recitation of Qur’an at Fajr is witnessed.” We should attach ourselves
to Qur’an to make our lives good in this world and to get reward on the Day of Judgment.

HADITH NO: 14

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
14 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the economic dealings in society. Prophet SAW liked selling,
buying and money transaction. He took great care in dealings with others and advised them
to be gentle and truthful in business, do not deceive others and earn proper profit. Qur’an
says, “And give full measure and full weight with justice.”

Debt is curse, but if someone becomes so helpless to take it, than the creditor is advised to
be gentle in his demand. Prophet Said, “Give respite to your debtor or write off, Allah
will put mercy on the Day of Judgment.” (Hadith)

(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

A believer should deal with justice and fairness. He should not deceive others at the time of
selling and buying. Once his servant sold 19 camels to Yemen traders, Muhammad SAW had
to travel day and night on his horse to tell them that ‘one of the camels have a cut of
injury on his leg, either you can return it or take on less price than others.’

One should deal with his debtors politely. The Holy Prophet SAW used to pay off the
debtors money on their death by making contributions. A Muslim should take mercy and
write off the debt of the borrower if he cannot pay back. Prophet said, “The one, who does
not take mercy, will not be taken in mercy.”

HADITH NO: 15

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
15 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the mercifulness and forgiveness of Allah. He is Al-Rehman, Al-
Rahim and no one matches Him in His attributes. Qur’an is filled with this quality of Allah,
a. “Allah is the most-Relenting, All-Merciful.
b. ”The most-Gracious, All-Merciful.
c. “The most-Forgiving, All-Merciful.

Therefore Allah wants his mankind servants to be kind to others. Harsh treatment,
aggression and oppression are disliked by Him. Qur’an says, “Allah does not like the
transgressor.” A cruel one is like a stone having no senses at all; such one is not better for
society.

(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

A Muslim should have a quality of sympathy and mercy to people. He must be lenient and
soft spoken and not rude to others. Allah does not put constraints on mankind even to their
wrongdoing; He has put up all to the Day of Judgment. He likes that His servant here on the
earth should be a source of forgiveness and mercy, so He has attached His forgiveness and
mercy with the same act of mankind on this earth. On the conquest of Makkah the Prophet
said to those who were great enemies, “There is no burden on you Today; you all are
forgiven.” So we should take pity on others if we want to be taken in mercy on the Day of
Judgment.

HADITH NO: 16

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
16 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about unity and fraternity in believers. It gives us an idea of believers
like one body. If a part of body is affected the whole body feels pain. The Prophet said, “A
Muslim is like a building’s brick to another, one strengthens the other.”

The believers are one union at the time of need and pleasure. If a Muslim faces some
problem others come out to help him in solution of his problem. A Muslim cannot become
relax on the pain of other Muslim. His feelings are like brother to brother. The Prophet said,
“The Muslim is brother to Muslim.”

(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

The believers are guided by Allah, Qur’an and led by the Prophet SAW. He taught us unity,
equality and brother-hood among ourselves. We should look after the rights and needs of
one another in society. We should provide them monetary and physical assistance when
they need it. We should not sit isle when others are in pain and agony. Muhammad SAW set
sound examples of his life in this context and the companions followed him. The Prophet
SAW said, “A good in the sight of Allah is the one who is good to his brother.”

HADITH NO: 17

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION: This Hadith describes about modesty. Islam

teaches us ethical values; and modesty is the value on account of which Muslims are

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
17 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

recognized in society. It plays a vital role in character building. Muslims remain shy of evil
doing due to Omnipresence of Allah and even shy of society by keeping them away from
shameful and descent acts. Qur’an mentions about modesty of Mary SA, “And the one she
(Maryam SA ‘Mary’) who protected her chastity (at all cost).”

The Holy Prophet SAW said, “Every religion has a distinctive quality and the distinctive
quality of Islam is modesty.” The modesty is dependent on the moral behavior of
mankind.

(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

Modesty in Islam is very important thing. It is equally useful to male and female. Every one
respects the one who is modest, having shame and shy in his eyes relating to shameful acts.
We should observe modesty that keeps us on a straight path. It is Islam which gives us
belief that we are being observed by Allah at every place and every situation. So we should
be modest towards all especially the opposite sex. The Prophet SAW attached great
importance with modesty by saying, “Modesty is half of Eim’an.”

HADITH NO: 18

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the condition of Eim’an and pride relating to Muslim. Eim’an is
belief and pride is considered disbelief. It stresses that one who has a mustard equal belief
in Allah will never enter the Hell and the one who has a mustard equal pride will never
enter the Paradise. Allah says, “Indeed Allah has promised the Paradise for those who
believe in Him.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
18 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Pride and arrogance has been cursed by Allah. It presents the feelings of supernatural
among others; therefore Allah says, “Allah does not like the one who is proud and stiff-
necked.”

(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

We should have belief in Allah and Prophet SAW and be not boasted in all respect. The
quality of believer is submission and the boaster’s stiffness. Allah likes submission and
dislike proud. We should be perfect in His belief without having little bit sense of
superiority to others, which may not be a cause of displeasure to Allah. There are many
stories of those who were prideful and directed towards Hell, like Pharaoh, Nimarud,
Haman, Abu Jahl and Abu Lahab. Qur’an says,

“Those who disbelieve in Allah and remained on disbelief will enter Jahannam.”

HADITH NO: 19

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about the mortality of this world and eternity of Hereafter. Allah has
created this world to test the one who loves Allah and the one who does not. The believers
are dissatisfied in this world having deep faith of meeting with their Allah in Hereafter;
while disbelievers are satisfied in this world and enjoy. A believer spends his life carefully
abiding by the rules set by Allah and Prophet SAW and believes in his presence before
Allah. As Allah says, “After short life on this earth you will be brought to Allah, and he
will decide between you on the Day of Judgment.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
19 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION

The believer takes steps in this world carefully, keeping in view the boundaries set by Allah
and Messenger SAW. His all actions are to seek the pleasure of Allah. A person set his goal
the betterment of Hereafter which is truth then he becomes discomfort in this world. In
that sense it is called prison. On the other side if someone sets goals of life only in this
world then he loves it. Allah wants that His believer should love Him during stay in it for
better reward in the Hereafter. The Prophet said, “The world is seeding field of
Hereafter.”

HADITH NO: 20

(a) DESCRIPTION / EXPLANATION

This Hadith describes about intention and actions of human beings. Everyone is equal in
the sight of Allah; no one is superior due to color, cast, creed and position. Allah says is
Qur’an, “Indeed the best in piety among you is superior in the sight of Allah.”
Actions with Allah are counted on the basis of intention resulting in piety. Our actions are
good when intention is fair. All other positions do not qualify with Allah.
(b) TEACHINGS IN TO ACTION
We as a Muslims should act keeping our intention fair by adopting piety. We should not be
impressed of anyone’s wealth, social position, cast and creed but should look for the gauge
of Allah what he set for His measurement. The Prophet SAW said, “The poor will enter the
Paradise 40 years before the rich on account of piety.” (Hadith)
We should know well our intention before acting, because sometime many people do well
apparently having hidden purposes behind to deceive others, but they cannot deceive
Allah. He knows well about us to the extent that even we do not know about ourselves. We
should do as directed by Allah with intention of His pleasure. “Actions depend on
intentions indeed.” (Hadith)

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
20 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

MAIN TEACHINGS OF 20 AHADITH YOU HAVE STUDIED ABOUT THE

RESPONSIBILITES OF INDIVIDUAL MUSLIM.
The life of Prophet SAW is a complete role model not only for Muslims but for all mankind.
As Qur’an says, “Indeed the best role model for you is only in the (personality of)
Messenger SAW of Allah.”
There are two types of responsibilities given by Allah and His Prophet SAW to an individual
Muslim to follow.
1. Duties towards Allah (Huquq Allah)
2. Duties towards People (Huquq-al-Ibad).
In Ahadith which we have studied in our syllabus comprises upon both the duties to
mankind. Huquq Allah concern with the personal life of Muslim; while Huquq-al-Ibad
concern with his social life.
PERSONAL LIFE OF MUSLIM
1. HUQUQ ALLAH: In this category the Prophet SAW wants from the believer of Allah
the following:-
a. SINCERE BELIEF: The Prophet of Allah has declared that the personal life of Muslim
should definitely be based on sincerity. As he says, “Religion is sincerity to Allah, His
Book and His Messenger.”
It’s mean that an individual should believe in Allah, His book and Messenger with full of his
sincerity, and makes his life good in accordance with commands of Allah and the teachings
of Prophet SW. He should be of strong faith in all, in what is essential.
b. OBLIGATIONS: The fulfillment of all obligations for the sack of Allah is essential,
like five times Pray, Fasting in Ramadan, Payment of Zakah, Performance of Hajj, and
abiding fully by what is lawful / unlawful.
c. SEEKING KNOWLEDGE AND RECITATION OF QUR’AN: A Muslim should be the
one who recites the Holy Qur’an and abide by its teachings in the light of the teachings of
Prophet SAW. The Messenger of Allah has given an example of “Tethered camels” means
well connected with Qur’an.
d. HARDWORK AND STEADINESS: In these Ahadith it is stressed that believer should
be hard worker and steadfast. This is the quality which is very dear to Allah. “A man who
works and earns his livelihood by his own hands is dear to Allah.”
e. MODESTY: Modesty is that quality which carries great value in the sight of Allah.
The teachings of Prophet SAW are role model in this context; as he said, “Every religion
has a distinctive quality and the distinctive quality of Islam is modesty.”
SOCIAL LIFE OF A MUSLIM
2. HUQUQ-AL-IBAD: As the life of Muslim is a complete devotion to the pleasure of
Allah and His Messenger SAW, but this can only be achieved when he cares for the
betterment of society by sacrificing a share of what Allah has bestowed upon him.
In this category the Prophet SAW wants from the believer of Allah the following golden
rules to follow:-
a. MANNERS OF DIALOGUE: The summaries of Ahadith in our syllabus teach us to
speak the truth and speak well. Telling lie is totally forbidden; even to entertain others or

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
21 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

to get in the good book of others. Our manner of speech should not be a cause of hurting
others.
b. BROTHERHOOD: The Prophet SAW had given us a new solid relation of Islamic
brotherhood. Hence deceiving, hating, giving loss to especially the Muslims and generally to
all mankind is forbidden. As all human beings are equal in the sight of Allah and are the
children of Adam (PBUH).
c. CHARITY: Helping others without discrimination of cast, creed and religion is the
teachings of these Ahadith. This help may be either physical or monetary by Zakah,
Sadaqahh or alms-giving, good advice, talking to other with smiling face, removing the
hurdles from the way etc.
d. MERCY: In these Ahadith the Prophet SAW has put great stress on having mercy to
all the creatures of Allah. It is not expected from a noble believer to take revenge or behave
arrogantly crossing all limits. Allah is All-Merciful and likes those who do mercy to others.
e. HUMAN RIGHTS: The teachings of these Ahadith advocate the importance of human
rights, like rights of parents, orphans, widows, poor, needy, children and spouse on equal
footings. Good believer is the one who devote his life for others welfare. No other religion
of the world can compete with Islam in this matter.
f. JIHAD: In these Ahadith the Prophet SAW teaches us to do Jihad against all
abnormalities of society to make it a beautiful paradise on earth. For this purpose the
oppression, mischief, violence and evils of society should be eradicated. The believers can
do Jihad either by hand, by tongue or by heart.

HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF HADITH. COMPILATION OF HADITH

There are four stages of compilation of Hadith:
1. FIRST STAGE: DURING THE LIFE OF PROPHET SAW
During the life time of Prophet SAW Muslims did not feel the need of writing down the
Hadith as the Holy Prophet SAW was alive. Whenever any difficulty arose they had the
opportunity to consult him directly. As the Qur’an was being revealed, and the Prophet in
the beginning prevented them from writing down Ahadith, but later on when he became
confident that they will be able to distinguish between Qur’an and Hadith, he allowed them.
The Hadith literature was preserved in the memories of the companions; however some of
the traditions were written down. Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar RA was the first one who used
to write the Ahadith of Prophet SAW with his permission. “O Messenger of Allah! I wish
to narrate your traditions, so I intend to write these with my hand.”
There is a list of many companions who used to observe every moment of the life of
Prophet SAW and record it with them. Abu Hurairah RA remained in the company of
Prophet SAW day and night and compiled a Sahifa of traditions. Abdullah bin Amar bin
A’as personally wrote the Ahadith of Prophet SAW. The Prophet tolled to one of his
companion in response to his question for recording of Hadith, “Use your write hand.”
(Hadith)
It is narrated by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA that the Prophet SAW said, “Whoever records some
knowledge or a Hadith from me, reward will not cease being recorded for him as
long as that knowledge or Hadith remains.” (Al-Hakim)

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
22 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

The Prophet SAW gave great importance to his Ahadith when at the last of Farewell
Address he said, “The one who is present here shall carry this message to the one who
is absent,”
Sitting in Masjid-e-Nabavi along with As’hab-e-Suffa he prayed in this manner, “May Allah
give freshness to the one, who hears my saying, keeps it in memory, preserves it and
communicates it.”

Hazrat Abu Hurairah RA was one of those who did lot of work in compilation of Ahadith
along with Abdullah bin Umar RA, Abdullah bin Amar bin Al-A’as, Abdullah bin Abbas RA,
Hazrat Ayesha RA and Ans bin Malik RA, as follows:-
a. Sahifa-e-Sadiqa compiled by Abdullah bin Amr bin Al A’as RA.
b. Sahifa-e-Sahiha compiled by Hanan bin Munabah from Abu Hurairah RA.
c. Collection of Ayesha RA compiled by Urwa bin Zubair.
d. Book of Jabir by Jabir bin Adbullah- collection of Abdullah bin Abbas.
e. Sahifa-e-Sa’ad bin Abdullah
f. Collection of Hazrat Ali RARA.
g. Letters, laws and treaties preserved in Prophet’s time.
2. SECOND STAGE

DURING COMPANIONS PERIOD (11-100 AH)

It is narrated by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA that the Prophet SAW said, “Whoever records some
knowledge or a Hadith from me, reward will not cease being recorded for him as
long as that knowledge or Hadith remains.” (Al-Hakim)
It was a period of companions till the rule of Umar bin Abdul Aziz. The companions spread
far and wide and settled in all the cities and countries conquered. There was no such
compilation that could provide the reader entire Hadith in one possession. The alternative
what was left behind was to go to the companion and listen the tradition from him. This
was the very period when the caliph of Ummayad Daynesty Hazrat Umar bin Abdu Aziz
wrote an official letter to the governor of Madinah to arrange for collection of the traditions
of Prophet SAW. During these ninety years the most important works done were:-
a. The works of Shihab Al Zuheri
b. Collection of Abu Bakr Al Hazim

3. THIRD STAGE
DURING THE FOLLOWERS OF THE COMPANIONS / TABBE’YEN PERIOD (101-200 AH)
It is narrated by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA that the Prophet SAW said, “Whoever records some
knowledge or a Hadith from me, reward will not cease being recorded for him as
long as that knowledge or Hadith remains.” (Al-Hakim)
At this stage the followers of the companions of Prophet SAW left no step behind to collect
the traditions from different centers of learning throughout the Islamic state. The
important works done by: Abdullah bin Mubarak at Khurasan, Abu Bakr RAbi Shaiba
at Kufa, Sufyan bin Uyana at Madinah, Imam Makhu at Syria.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
23 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

During this period not only the traditions of the Prophet SAW but the sayings of the house
of Prophet and the followers were also collected. Outstanding works were:-
a. Al-Mauta by Imam Malik
b. Kitab-ul-At’haar by imam Abu Hanifa
c. Kitab-ul-Kharaj by Imam Abu Yusuf
d. Al Musanaf by Imam Razzaq
e. Jami’e Thurai by Imam Sufyan Al-Thura
f. Musnad-e-Ahmad bin Hanbal by Imam Ahmad
g. Al Maghazi by Waqidi

4. FOURTH STAGE
DRING THE FOLLOWERS OF THE FOLLOWERS / TABA TABBE’YEN PERIOD (201-300
AH)
This was a golden period of traditions. The Hadith literature flourished under the critical
research of the traditionists of the time. Six authentic books Saha-e-Sitta were compiled.
1. Sahih Bukhari
2. Sahih Muslim
3. Sunan Abu Daud
4. Jam-e-Tirimzi
5. Sunan Nisai
6. Sunan Ibn-e-Majah
That is the most authentic work on traditions.
Apart from the Sunni side of compilation the authentic work of Fiqh-e-Jafariya was also
done during that glorious period.
7. Al-Kafi by Abu Jafar Muhammad Yaqub Kulainy
8. Al-Istibs’ar & Tehzeeb-ul-Ahkam by Abu Jafar Muhammad bin Al-Hassan
9. Man-La-Yahzar-ul-Fiqh by Abu Jafar Muhammad Ali

AUTHENTICITY OF HADITH
The writers of Sihah-e-Sitta applied a strict criterion in selection of Ahadith for their books.
They did not accept any Hadith until it was confirmed that it was from Holy Prophet SAW.
They took great care for the chain of narrators as well as for the text.
The Hadith consists of two parts:
10. Sanad. The chain of narrators of Hadith of Prophet SAW is called Sanad.
11. Matan. The text of Hadith is called Matan.
For example; Muhammad bin Ali Muthana reported from Abdul Wahab from Ayub from
Abu Qilabah form Malik that the Holy Prophet SAW said, “Pray as you see me praying.” In
this Hadith the first part pertaining to the names of narrators is called Sanad and the

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
24 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

second part belongs to text is called Matan. The authenticity of Hadith was not only based
on the narrator’s chain, actually it was based on the reliability of narrator.

CHARACTER OF SAND AND MATAN: A special biographical study of narrators (Asm-ur-

Rijjal) was carried out to determine about the character of Sanad and Matan.
The following were observed to ensure the Sanad of Hadith:
12. Surety of meeting of narrators.
13. Character, memory of narrators, political or sectarian influence.
14. Age of maturity / non maturity.
The following rules were applied for Matan of Hadith:
a. Rational / irrational on logical basis.
b. Linguistic reflection of the words of Muhammd SAW.
c. Consistency of vocabulary with classic Arabic.
d. Agreement of Matan with Qur’an.
e. Agreement of Matan with other Ahadith of Prophet SAW.
All these points in both the cases of Sanad and Matan were deeply viewed and verified to
announce a Hadith as authentic.

CLLASSIFICATION OF HADITH
During the course of verification different kinds of Ahadith came into existence. They are
divided into two classes.
1. HADITH-E-QUDSI: The sayings of Divine Inspiration, repeated by Prophet SAW but
did not form part of Qur’an is called Hadith-e-Qudsi. For example: “Fasting is for Me and I
am reward of it.”
2. HADITH-E-NABAVI: Allah Says in Qur’an, “He (Muhammad SAW) does not speak
of his own desire. Except the revelation that is revealed (to him).”
The words and sayings of Holy Prophet SAW in explanation to the injunctions of Qur’an
through inspiration from Allah are called Hadith-e-Nabavi. For example: “Actions depend
on intentions indeed.”

VARIOUS KINDS OF AHADITH

1. HADITH-E-SAHIH: When Sanad and Matan fulfill all the conditions laid down for
Hadith is classified as ‘Sahih Hadith of the Prophet SAW. For instance it may not be against
Qur’an and other Ahadith of the Prophet SAW. Sahih Hadith is the assurity of sayings /
doings of Prophet SAW. For example: “Salah is the pillar of Deen.”
2. HADITH-E-HASAN: It is approved like Sahih Hadith except its narrator or some of
its narrators have been found defective in memory in comparison to the narrators of Sahih
Ahadith. For example: “Truth relieves and false destroys.”
3. HADITH-E-ZAEEF: If any of the narrators in the Sanad was known to have been liar,
had bad memory and had not met with the one narrating Hadith from is called Zaeef
Hadith. For example: “The Prophet cursed on one of his follower, said to forget in
Prayer due to intoxication.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
25 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

4. MAUZUO HADITH: When sayings and practices attributed to Holy Prophet SAW
were not proved to be said or did by him in accordance with the set law for this purpose is
called Mauzuo or Fabricated Hadith. For example: “The leaders shall only be from
Quraish.”
5. MUTAWATAR HADITH: When a Hadith is reported by a large number of people in
different times with authenticity and it becomes clear that they were not liars is called
Mutawatar Hadith. For example: “Worker is friend of Allah.”
6. AHAD –HADITH: When there is a single Hadith, the chain of its narrators is broken,
which is not accepted widely, thus became less authentic and rejected on the ground that if
its narrators were truthful and honest, it would have been accepted widely is called Ahad
Hadith. This is divided in further three sections.
a. MASHHUR HADITH: It is well known Hadith narrated by three narrators of every
stage. Although it does not have the characteristics of universality, but has fame in general
public is called Mashhur Hadith.
b. AZEEZ HADITH: A strong Hadith narrated by at least two narrators in all stages is
called Azeez Hadith.
c. GHAREEB HADITH: A weak Hadith relying on the evidence of a single narrator at
any particular time is called Ghareeb Hadith.

MUSNAD AND MUSANNAF COLLECTION OF AHADITH

MUSNAD COLLECION: The successors of companions of Prophet SAW preserved Ahadith
in two categories, Masan’id and Musa’nif (plural of Musnad and Musannaf). In Masan’id
category Ahadith narrated by a certain companion are organized under his name relating
to different topics, whether they are authentic or not. For example all Ahadith narrated by
Hazrat Ali RA are compiled under his name in Masan’id collection.
The Ahadith collectors adopted different method for their works. The preference was given
to the narrator companions on the basis of their tribe, earlier acceptance of Islam,
migration, helping of emigrants, participation in the battles from Badr to onward and the
close relation with Prophet SAW.
Women companions are mostly listed after the men. In some of the Masan’id alphabetic
order is also used. The most famous of the Masan’id are Musnad-e-Ahmad (the founder of
Hanbali school of thought) which has 30,000 Ahadith. Some famous Masan’id are:-
a. Musnad-e-Ahmad bin Hanbal
b. Musnad-e-Tayalisi
c. Musnad-e-Haris
d. Musnad-e-Abu Ya’la
e. Musnad-e-Shafi

1. MUSANNAF COLLECTION: Musa’nif are the collection of Ahadith which are

classified on subject and chapter wise. The reader can easily get guidance from such kind of
collection, because the chapters and topics are properly arranged. For instance we find the
chapters relating to all walks of life like, Purification, Articles of Faith, Worships, Social Life,
Economic, Trade, Lawful and Unlawful, Social Evils, Good Character, Bad Character, Vice
and Virtue etc.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
26 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

The most revered collection of all Musa’nif is Sahih of Imam Bukhari (194-256 AH). It has
7397 Ahadith under 3450 subjects / headings.

SIHAH-E-SITTA (SUNNI COLLECTIONS)

There are six the most authentic collections of Ahadith which are called Sihah-e-Sitta. They
are following:-
1. SAHIH BUKHARI (194-256 AH)
It is considered to be an authority by Muslims second to the Holy Qur’an. During the course
of this valuable collection Imam Bukhari showed great critical ability and accuracy to the
extent that his reputation spread far and wide throughout Islamic world. He devoted about
quarter of his life to compile the valuable work. He chose 7397 out of six hundred
thousand Ahadith and arranged them according to their subjects under separate
headings. He divided his whole work into more than hundred titles which he subdivided
into 3450 subjects, which serves as a key to the contents of various Ahadith.
Imam Muhammad bin Abdullah Isma’el Al Bukhari was born in 194 AH at Bukhara
and died in 256 AH.

2. SAHIH MUSLIM
It is considered to be the second widely recognized collection of Ahadith by Muslims.
During the course of this valuable collection Imam Muslim examined about a million
Ahadith from which he chose about 3400-4000 Ahadith (the number varies due to
repetition). This compilation shares about 1900 Ahadith with Bukhari Sharif. He was
student of Imam Bukhari.
Imam Abul Hassan Muslim bin Hajjaj known as Imam Muslim was born in 206 AH at
Nishpur and died in 261 AH.

3. SUNAN ABU DAWUD

It is considered to be the third authentic collection of Ahadith in the line of Sahihain (the
most authentic books of Ahadith). During the course of his valuable compilation Imam Abu
Dawud examined about five hundred thousand Ahadith and selected 4800 for his
book. He took twenty years to complete his work. It is known an encyclopedia of Ahadith.
He also relied on those Ahadith which were criticized by others. This work is accepted an
important work on Sunnah.
Abu Dawud Sulaiman bin Ash’as was born in 202 AH at Seestan (Afghanistan) and
died in 275 AH.

4. JAM-I-TIRIMZI

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
27 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

It is considered to be the fourth authentic and unique collection of Ahadith in the line of
Sahihain (the most authentic books of Ahadith). This book contains bulk of Ahadith on
law, Judgment, Heaven, Hell, Faith, worship, reward, punishment, good and evil
deeds, character under proper headings etc. He was very impressed by Imam Bukhari.

Abu Isa Muhammad bin Isa At-Trimizi was born in 209 AH at Bugh (Uzbekistan) and
died in 279 AH.

5. SUNAN NISAI

It is considered to be the fifth authentic collection of Ahadith in the line of Sahihain (the
most authentic books of Ahadith). Imam Nisai compiled those legal Ahadith which he
considered to be fairly reliable and authentic. He is known for strictness in selecting
Ahadith which were important. Some of the later scholars estimated him even higher than
Imam Muslim in his knowledge of Ahadith.

Ahmad bin Shuaib Al-Nisai was born in 214 AH at Nasa (Khurassan) and died in 303
AH.

6. SUNAN IBN-E-MAJAH
It is considered to be the sixth authentic collection of Ahadith in th line of Sahihain (the
most authentic books of Ahadith). During the course of compilation of his valuable work he
chose 4341 Ahadith in 32 topics and divided them into 1500 chapters. It is one of the
best book in arrangement of chapters and titles.
Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yazid bin Majah was born in 209 AH at Qazwin (Iran)
and died in 273 AH.

SHIA COLLECTION
There are four valuable Shia collections during that period.
1. KITAB-AL-KAFI: This valuable collection of Ahadith was compiled by Muhammad
Yaqub Kulainy. It is further divided into three parts; Usul-al-Kafi (religion based), Furu-al-
Kafi (law based), Rauzat-al-Kafi (various aspects based). It comprises upon 15,176
Ahadith of Prophet SAW.
2. MAN-LA-YAHZAR-UL –FIQH: This valuable collection of Ahadith was compiled by
Abu Jafar Muhammad bin Ali-Qummi famous by Muhammad Babawayh / Al-Shaikh-
al-Saduq. It comprises upon 9,044 Ahadith.
3. TAHZIB-UL-AHK’AM: This valuable collection of Ahadith was compiled by the
famous Shia Scholar Abu Jafar Muhammad bin Hassan Tusi, known as Shaikh Tusi. It
comprises upon 13,590 Ahadith.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
28 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

4. AL-ISTIBS’AR: This valuable collection of Ahadith was compiled by Abu Jaffar

Muhammad bin Al Hassan. This is the fourth and the last work on Shia Islamic
compilation, but is considerably smaller than others. It comprises upon 5,551 Ahadith.

HADITH AS A SOURCE OF GUIDANCE: The Hadith and Sunnah of the Prophet SAW is a
source of complete guidance for all the people all the times second to Qur’an. Allah says,
“He (Muhammad SAW) does not speak of his own desire. Except the revelation that is
revealed (to him).”
The Allah’s Messenger SAW himself declared in his last sermon, “

a. “I am leaving among you the Book of Allah and my Sunnah, if you stay with
them you will never go astray.” (Hadith)
b. “If anyone testifies there is no God but Allah and Muhammad SAW is the
Messenger of Allah, he will enter in Paradise.” (Hadith)

Muhammad SAW has passed all stages of life with perfection. There is none on the globe
who can match him in good character what he performed during his whole life. He was an
orphan, so he taught us to love and care the orphan to get reward in Paradise, “I and the
one who brings up an orphan will be in Paradise like this; and he pointed with his
two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger.”

His youth life is also a source of light for us all. He never indulged in social vices. He guided
us to respect the parents especially the mother to give honor and respect to female which
was totally ignored during Jihalat period. He said, “The Paradise lies under the feet of
mothers.”

His teachings are source of guidance for us in whatever category we are. He taught us how
to pray to Allah, how to serve parents, how to deal a friend, brother, husband, wife, father,
grandfather, teacher, businessman, leader, General of Armed Forces, common man, rich,
poor, master, servant, debtor, creditor, trader, reformer and administrator etc. He said,

a. “When one of you says Prayers, he holds confidential consultation with

his Rab.”
b. “The Prophet stood up in respect of her foster mother and laid down his sheet
for her sittings.”
c. “May God show mercy to a man who is kindly when sells, when he buys, and
when he demands his money back.”
d. “Do justice to people.”
e. “If a woman asks her husband for divorce without solid reason, the doors of
Paradise will be closed on her.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
29 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Many Ahadith of Prophet SAW guiding us for routine manners, like seeking permission to
enter the house, laughing, avoiding slander, abusing, false promises, jokes, making
friendships and breaking, having mercy and avoiding oppression etc. He said, “Do not
dispute with your brother, do not ridicule him, and do not make a promise which you
break.”

Muhammad SAW never entered straight in anyone’s house without permission. Hazrat
Abdullah bin Umar RA narrates, “Muhammad did not face square the door of anyone,
but faced the right or the left corner and loudly sought permission to say, “Peace be
upon you, peace be upon you.”

In short the Hadith and Sunnah of the Prophet SAW is a complete guidance for all till the
Day of Judgment.

THE USE OF HADITH AND SUNNAH IN LEGAL THINKING

The second most significant and authentic source of Shariah is Hadith. The authority of
Hadith said, did or approved by Prophet SAW comes from the verses of Qur’an, “He
(Muhammad SAW) does not speak of his own desire. Except the revelation that is
revealed (to him).”

Qur’an further instructs to the believers to turn towards Prophet SAW for solution of all the
matters in their life.

a. “And whatever the Messenger (Muhammad SAW) gives you, take it and from
whatever he forbids you, abstain (from it).”
b. “Indeed the best role model for you is only in the (personality of) Messenger
SAW of Allah; for him who has hope in (the meeting with) Allah and the Last
Day and remembers Allah much.”
Turning towards the life of Muhammad for leading a noble and respectable life is essential.
The following examples of Hadith literature show us that it flourishes us with perfect
legislation.
MARRIAGE CELEBRATION: It is reported by Hazrat Ayesha RA that the Holy Prophet SAW
said, “Make the marriage publicly known, solemnize it in the Masjid and play
tambourines in honor of it.”
PAYMENT OF DOWER MONEY AND WEDDING FEAST / VALIMA: Payment of dower
money on husband is essential element of marriage. It is reported by Hazrat Anas bin Malik
RA, “Allah’s Messenger set Hazrat Safiyah RA free and married her, making her
freedom her dower and held a wedding feast / valima for her, which was a dish made
of dates mixed with clarified butter and dried curd, kneaded and mixed together,
sometime flour was also added.”
DIVORCE WITHOUT REASON: It is reported by Hazrat Soban RA that the Holy Prophet
SAW said,

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
30 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

a. “The permitted thing which Allah hates the most is divorce.”

b. “If a woman asks her husband for divorce without solid reason, the doors of
Paradise will be closed on her.”

UNLAWFUL DRINKING: The Messenger of Allah has explained fully regarding intoxication
by saying, “All intoxicants are forbidden.”
USURY / INTEREST: The usury is that curse which has clearly divided the society in two
parts, the oppressor and the oppressed. It is reported by Jabir RA that the Holy Prophet
SAW said, “There is curse of Allah on the one who accepted usury, the one who paid it,
the one who recorded it and on the two witnesses who testified it.”
THEFT SENTENCE: There is no mention in Qur’an to what extent the hand of thief is cut
off. Once a companion asked the Prophet SAW concerning this point; he said, “The right
hand of thief be cut off till wrist.”
UNLAWFUL FOOD: Qur’an clearly defines between lawful and unlawful food, but there are
further clarifications which has been made by Prophet SAW. It is reported by Ibn-e-Umar
RA that Messenger of Allah said, “Prohibited for you is eating the animal or its milk
which feeds on filth.”
After going through the above lines it has become clear that without Hadith and Sunnah of
the Prophet SAW, Islamic Shariat Laws cannot accomplish. Therefore we as Muslim should
follow the whole life of Holy Prophet in truth to become pious in the sight of Allah to
become deserving for reward on the Day of Judgment.

RELATION OF HADITH WITH QUR’AN AS A SOURCE OF GUIDANCE AND LAW: Hdith

and Sunnah is the second vital source of Islamic Law. It is impossible for even an
unmatched scholar of Islam to get guidance or to make law of Shariat only on the basis of
Qur’an without consulting Hadith and Sunnah of Prophet SAW. The authenticity of sayings
of Prophet SAW has been certified by Allah in Qur’an, “He (Muhammad SAW) does not
speak of his own desire. Except the revelation that is revealed (to him).”
Furthermore the authority of Hadith and Sunnah has also been declared by Allah in Qur’an
in these words. “And whatever the Messenger (Muhammad SAW) gives you take it and
from whatever he forbids you, abstain (from it).”
The above verses clearly establish the truth that the teachings of Qur’an cannot be put into
practice without seeking guidance from Ahadith and Sunnah of Prophet SAW. As Allah has
declared in Qur’an, “Indeed the best role model for you is only in the (personality of)
Messenger SAW of Allah; for him who has hope in (the meeting with) Allah and the
Last Day and remembers Allah much.”
The best explanation of Qur’an is that one which the Prophet SAW himself made during his
life time, because it was revealed to him from Allah. And whosoever could be the best
interpreter of divine book than him. As Qur’an deals with basic principles and Hadith and
Sunnah of the Prophet SAW is the clarification of the basic injunction of Qur’an. There are
many examples which can be quoted. For instance Qur’an commands us to say Prayer and
pay Zakah, “O you who believe! Establish Salah and pay Zakah.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
31 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

How to establish Salah has been clarified by the Prophet SAW by his saying and five times
daily practice, “Pray as you see me praying.”
So far as paying of Zakah is concerned, he himself prescribed the ratio in writing on every
kind of wealth from soil products to animals and precious material.
Same is the case of other worships like, Fasting and Hajj we cannot remain within the limits
in accordance with the will of Allah until and unless we seek guidance from Hadith and
Sunnah. Regarding the Fasting Qur’an mentions, “And eat and drink till the white thread
of the dawn manifests to you from the black thread.”
What is white and black thread, this technical point clarified by Prophet SAW, “The white
thread means the day and the black thread means the night.”
As for theft sentence, the Qur’an states order but prescribe to what extent it should be cut
off. Qur’an says, “And (the sentence of) the male and female thief (is to) cut off the
hands of both as a punishment for what they committed, (being) an exemplary
punishment from Allah.”

It is Hadith which restrict us to the limit by sayings of Prophet SAW. “The right hand of
thief be cut off till wrist.”
Qur’an and Hadith are co-related to each other to the extent that without one the second is
not comprehensible.

THE RELATION OF HADITH WITH IJMA

When any matter does not have direct solution from Qur’an and Hadith then it is made by
Ijma (consensus of opinion).
There are various Ahadith of Prophet SAW for eligibility of Ijma. He said,
a. “Allah has certainly protected my community from agreeing upon error.”
b. “My community shall never agree upon misguidance; you must stay with the
congregation, and Allah’s hand is with the congregation.”
c. “My community shall never agree upon misguidance; if you see divergences,
you must follow the greater mass or the greater group.”
It is narrated by Hazrat Ali RARA, that once he asked the Holy Prophet, “What should we do
if we do not find guidance in Qur’an and Hadith.” Prophet SAW replied, “Get together the
righteous from among my community and decide the matter by their council and do
no decide it by any one’s opinion.”
In the light of above Ahadith and Sunnah of the Prophet SAW the compilation of Qur’an in
proper order was made during the period of Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique RA, even though it
was not done during the Period of Prophet SAW.
The decision of congregation Taraweeh was made on Ijma during the period of Hazrat
Umar RA, even though the Prophet SAW did not lead his companion in Taraweeh Prayers
except thrice.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
32 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Two Azans for Jummah Prayers were prescribed keeping in view the expansion of
population of Madinah on the basis of Ijma during the period of Hazrat Uthman RA, even
though there was a single Azan during the life time of Prophet SAW.

THE RELATION OF HADITH WITH QIYAS (ANALOGY)

The Holy Prophet SAW himself had to resort to reason, so he stressed a lot on the
justification on solid reason and logic which is called analogy. It can be exemplified by
Ahadith and Sunnah.
It is narrated by Hazrat Mua’az bin Jabl RA that when he was sent as governor to Yemen by
Prophet SAW; he asked him how he would judge between the people. He replied according
to Qur’an. He asked what if you could not find in Qur’an. He replied that he would go with
Sunnah. The Prophet SAW again asked what he would do if he could not find guidance in
both the Hadith and Qur’an. He replied, “Then I shall take a decision according to my
opinion in the light of the teaching of Islam.” The Holy Prophet Saw pleased to listen and
thanked Allah.

The Holy Prophet SAW once said to Abdullah bin Masud RA, “Give your ruling according
to Qur’an and Sunnah. If you do not find such provision have recourse to your
opinion.”

The true analogy should be based upon the real cause compatible with the Shariah’s
objectives in harmony of Qur’an and Sunnah. For example:-
a. Khamr is forbidden in Islam. There are various other kinds of intoxicants which in
meanings cannot be called as Khamr. The Prophet SAW was asked about, so he
replied, “Every intoxicant is forbidden.” Now the Qiyas ‘analogy’ has further
declared on the basis of true spirit of Qur’an and Sunnah that those who inject
Marajuana, cocaine, or smoke similar drugs are forbidden.
b. In the similar way the Hajj-e-Badl has been approved even after the death of parents
or other close relatives on the basis of the true evidence that if they had any debt
liable to them during their life has been cleared by children of relatives. The Holy
Prophet SAW replied to one of his follower’s question; whether she could perform
pilgrimage for her mother, “Yes, but after settlement of debts of your mother.”

Qur’an and Sunnah provide full guidance in this rapid changing society of mankind which
can be applied practically by analogy in need. Islam is a complete code of life till the end of
time.

SINGNIFICANE OF HADITH IN THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS IN ISLAM

The Ahadith play very important role for the purification and guidance of Ummah. We can
get honor and reward of Paradise by following the thoughts and actions of Prophet SAW.
We can follow the teachings of the Prophet SAW with the help of various thoughts and
actions. For examples:-
a. “Nothing is better than silence and good mental outlook.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
33 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

b. “The best man of Allah is he, who begins with greeting and departs with
greeting.”
c. “He who deceives is not of me.”
d. “Conduct yourself in this world as you have to stay forever; prepare for
Hereafter as you have to die tomorrow.”
e. “Allah is pure and loves purity.”
f. “Give gifts to one another; for gifts take away malice.”
g. “A Muslim is he, from whose tongue and hand other Muslims are safe.”
h. “He is not a believer who eats his full while his neighbor remains hungry by
his side.”
i. “No father can give his child anything better than good manners. Be careful of
your duty and be fair and just to your children.”
j. “Seeking knowledge is obligatory on every Muslim man and woman.”
k. “Your lives, your property and honor are as sacred to each other as this day,
this month and this city is to you.”
l. “He who believes in Allah and the Last Day should honor his guest.”
In short the whole life of Prophet SAW is full of wise thoughts and actions, if we follow
them it is sure that all ills of society will remove, leaving behind peace, love, protection and
prosperity elsewhere.
“Indeed the best role model for you is only in the (personality of) Messenger SAW of
Allah.”

MARK SCHEME QUESTION# 2

2012 may\june paper 2

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
34 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
2012 October\November paper 21

2012 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
35 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 may\june paper 41

2013 may\june paper 42

2013 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
36 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
37 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 may\june paper 21

2014 may\june paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
38 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
39 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 October\November paper 22

2015 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
40 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 may\june paper 22

2015 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
41 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 October\November paper 22

2016 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
42 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 may\june paper 22

2016 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
43 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
44 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS

The word Khalifa is derived from Qur’an in relating to the creation of Hazrat Adam
(PBUH), when Allah said to his angels that He was going to create a Khalifa the vicegerent
on earth. Khalifa means representative, deputy or vicegerent. Khufa-e-Rashidin were the
first four Rightly Guided Caliphs who succeeded the Holy Prophet SAW after his death in
632 AD on the basis of election. These are Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique RA, Hazrat Umar RA,
Hazrat Uthman RA and Hazrat Ali RARA. Their 28 / 30 years rule has been accorded as the
best rule in accordance with the teachings of Qur’an and Sunnah, which became a role
model for Islamic society for all times.

HAZRAT ABU BAKR SIDDIQUE (11-13 AH / 632-634 AD)

ELECTION TO CALIPHATE: After the death of Prophet SAW the question of leadership
arose and the Ans’ar got together in Saqifa-e- Banu Sa’adia to discuss about the new leader.
Hazrat Abu Bakr RA along with Hazrat Umar RA and Abu Ubaidah bin Al JarRAh RA joined
them too. The Ans’ars due to their sacrifices hoped that the successor would be elected
from amongst them; while the Muhajirin wanted that one of the Quraish should be
appointed to the post.
In accordance with the Arab tradition the leadership of a community was only based on
merit, sincerity and election. Thus by taking oath of allegiance on the hands of Abu Bakr RA
by Hazrat Umar RA he was elected by the majority as first caliph of Ummah with the title of
Khalifa-tul-Rasul-Allah (Successor of the Messenger of Allah). He gave a distinguished
speech after his election. “Even though I have been authority over you but I am not the
best of you. If I do good, help me; if I do wrong, set me right. Obey me as long as I obey
Allah and His Messenger, if I disobey them, do not obey me.”
The short period of Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was marked by troubles and
challenges. The first was to ensure the unity of Ummah by putting down the uprising
started due to death of Prophet SAW and the second was to send the expedition to Syria
planned by Prophet.

THE PROBLEMS FASED BY ABU BAKR RA

EXPEDITION TO SYRIA UNDER USAMA BIN ZAID RA: Before his death the Prophet SAW
had organized a force of 700 men under the command of Usama bin Zaid to take revenge
of battle of Muta in which Zaid bin Haritha was martyred. When the army reached at Zul
Khashub valley the Prophet died and they encamped there. Later on Usama RA came to
Abu Bakr RA and said, “I was sent by Prophet SAW but it is a different situation now,
apostatized should be the first to attack.”
Even thought there was a lot of uprising around Madinah and the disapproval of Majlis-e-
Shura, but Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique RA dispatched 6000 men under Usama bin Zaid by
saying, “Who is Abu Bakr to disapprove the matter for which the Messenger of Allah
himself gave approval?” This expedition came back with success.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
45 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

REFUSAL OF Zakah AND APOSTASY: Some of the tribes refused to pay Zakah and
declared to not accept the authority of Caliph. Hazrat Umar RA and other members of Shura
counseled him not to attack them. But he replied, “By Allah! If they deny me so much as a
camel’s teth or a young which they used to pay to the Prophet of Allah, I will conduct
war against them.”
Ibn-e-Umar RA said, “When Hazrat Abu Bakr RA himself mounted on the camel against
refusals of Zakah. Hazrat Ali RA took hold of its reins and said, “Sheath your sword, if
we caused to grieve because of you, there will be no order in Islam forever.”
(Darqutni)

Then he sent forth a contingent under Hazrat Khalid bin Walid and directed him,
“When they shall have embraced Islam and paid the Zakah, then appoint any among
you as collector and come back.”

Hazrat Khalid bin Walid attacked Banu Asad and Banu Ghatf’an and brought them under
the sway of Islam.

THE FALSE PROPHETS: Many came forward with claim of false prophet-hood after the
death of Prophet SAW. To deal with all such uprising was great challenge for Abu Bakr RA.
He called a meeting of Shura to find out solution, and it was decided to send an army to
crush them.
Aswad Ansi. He was leader of Banu Ans of Yemen. His dark complexion earned him the
title of Al-Aswad (black), he was also known as veiled prophet due to covering on his face
to create mystery. During the last days of Prophet SAW, Al-Aswad claimed prophet-hood by
convincing people that he had received divine inspiration. After collecting a large army he
rose in open conflict to Islam by invading Najran and the most part of Yemen.
An expedition was arranged under the leadership of Firuz-al-Zulaymi (a Persian
Muslim), who killed Al-Aswad and succeeded to curb the uprising. On learning the death
of Prophet SAW the followers of Al-Aswad regrouped under the banner of Qais ibn-e-Abd
Yaghus. They were also defeated, thus they surrendered along with their leader.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Tuleha bin Khawailid. He was a rich leader of Banu Asad and Ghatfan tribes in north
Arabia and a brave warrior. During the last period of Prophet SAW he opposed to Islam, but
he converted to Islam in 630 AD.

After the death of Prophet SAW he also declared his prophet-hood and raised a strong force
against Islam. Hazrat Khalid bin Walid was sent to curb this uprising in Sep 632 AD and at
the battle of Buzakha Tuleha was defeated and managed to escape to Syria. When Syria
was conquered he converted to Islam once again and fought alongside the Muslims in the
battles of Jalula, Qadissiys and Nahawand.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
46 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Sajaha bint-e Harith. She was an Arab Christian belonged to Banu Taghlib. She had a
following as a sooth sayer. After the death of Prophet SAW when many of her tribes
rejected Islam she declared herself a prophetess and collected a force of 4000 to march on
Madinahh; on learning about the defeat of Tuleha she dropped her plans. She entered an
agreement with Musailma by marrying him to face Khalid bin Walid collectively.
Meanwhile Khalid bin Walid came across them, crushed the forces of Sajaha, moved
against Musailma who was killed in the battle of Yamama and Sajaha became Muslim.

Musailma bin Habib-al-Hanafi. He was known as Musailma Kazzab, belonged to

influential tribe of Banu Hanifa in Yamama region of east of Arabian Peninsula. He was
rich and powerful man, who used his influence to misguide the people by declaring himself
prophet during the lifetime of Prophet SAW. He wrote a book in parody order in
comparison to Qur’an. He also wrote a letter to Prophet SAW by demanding his share in
Prophet-hood. The Prophet SAW rebutted his claim and declared him an ‘arch-liar’.
After the death of Prophet SAW he gathered a large army of 40000 followers around him
and challenged the Caliphate of Abu Bakr RA.
Hazrat Abu Bakr RA first sent Ikramah and Shurabil RA and then Khalid bin Walid towards
Yamama. The strength of Muslim forces under Khalid bin Walid was 13000. It was a long
drawn battle with many casualties due to strong resistance of Musailma’s forces. As soon as
Musailma was killed by Wahashi (who had killed Hazrat Hamza in Uhad) his whole army
scattered and many killed in flight. At the time of his death Musailma was 150 years old.
About 360 to 1200 Huffaz of Qur’an also got martyrdom in this battle field. Seventy of
them were prominent companions of Prophet, including Shuja bin Wahab, Zaid bin
Al-Khattab, Abu Dajana and Abdullah bin Sahl RA.
After the victory at battle of Yamama the whole opposition to Islam in Arabia collapsed, the
Muslim power strengthened and the authority of Khalifa established.

COMPILATION OF QUR’AN: During the battle of Yamama lot number of Huffaz-e-Qur’an

got martyrdom which was noticed by Hazrat Umar RA, who insisted the Caliph for
compilation of Qur’an in book form lest it may be lost, forgotten or corrupted. Hazrat Abu
Bakr RA constituted a committee of 25-50 companions of Prophet SAW under the chair
of Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit RA to accomplish the task. They collected the text of verses of
Qur’an from all on what it was written and from the living Huffaz. Then it was compared,
authenticated and compiled in a single volume and presented to Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit RA said, “It would have been so easy for me to displace a
mountain from its place than compilation of Qur’an.”
This authentic copy was handed over to Hazrat Umar RA by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA. During
the last days of injuries of Hazrat Umar RA, he gave this original copy of Qur’an to his
daughter Umm-ul-Mominin Hazrat Hafsa RA for safe custody, which is called Mas’haf-e-
Hafsa RA in the history of Islam. During the days of Hazrat Uthman RA it was the same
Mas’haf from which many copies were made and distributed in Islamic world. Abu Ya’la

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
47 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

RA narrated that Hazrat Ali RAsaid, “The one with the greatest reward for the
written copy of Qur’an is Abu Bakr.”
Syed Ameer Ali said, “Hazrat Abu Bakar is the savior of Islam; if he could not compile
the Qur’an the Ummah was no more.”

EXPEDITIONS TOWARDS SYRIA (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)

BATTLE OF AJNADAIN: The Holy Prophet SAW took initiative by sending a force in the
battle of Muta to teach lesson to Syrian for their killings of Muslim Ambassador. After the
death of Holy Prophet SAW it became incumbent upon Hazrat Abu Bakr RA to respond
them. He sent four groups comprising upon 7000 each to Syria led by Abu Ubaida bin
Jarrah, Amr bin al A’as, Shurabil bin Hasanah and Yazid bin Abi Sufiyan.

On learning about the movements of Muslims the Heraclius dispatched a huge well
organized army of 2,50,000 under his brother Theodorus. When the news reached to
Abu Bakr RA he sent Khalid bin Walid as Commander in Chief of the Syrian borders. He was
leading a campaign in Iraq. Taking his 9000 best warriors he marched so swiftly to reach
in 18 days to Syria. The battle of Ajnadain was a decisive one where Muslim Army uprooted
the large army of Byzantine and got victory.

EXPEDITIONS TOWARDS IRANIAN EMPIRE

BATTLES OF UBALA, MAZAR, WALAJA, ULLEIS, HIRA AND AL-ANB’AR: Chosroes
Pervaiz had insulted the ambassador of Prophet by tearing out the message and ridiculing
the Prophet SAW. The Messenger of Allah had already predicted the fall Persia in the hands
of Muslims.
When Hazrat Abu Bakr RA decided the invasion of Iraq being a part of Persian Empire, the
Arabs were reluctant to move against them due to fear of their military might. To overcome
the fear Hazrat Abu Bakr RA put the whole army under the command of Khalid bin Walid
RA and supported him with other powerful chief Muthna bin Harith from northern
Arabia. In 633 AD Khalid bin Walid entered the Iranian Empire along with his 18000
forces and won one after another four victories at Uballa, Mazar, Walaja and Ulleis and
then laid siege to the provincial capital Hira and captured. He also captured Al-Anb’ar in
July 633.
Anbar was an important town and a commercial centre of western Iraq. Caravans from all
over Persia and Syria came there to trade. It was a protected ditched city. Khalid bin Walid
selected a narrow point to cross the ditch by filling it with slaughtered weak camels and
attacked the fort of Anb’ar and conquered. Within a short span of time almost all of
Euphrates Region came under the control of Muslims.
On returning from the battle of Daumat-ul-Jandal he learnt of the organization of Persian
army against Muslims. He devised a strategy to crush them in three coordinated attacks

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
48 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

and finally in 633 AD, in the battle of Firaz the Muslims defeated the combined forces of
Persians, Byzantines and Christian Arabs to end Persian authority over Iraq.

DEATH OF ABU BAKR RA: In early August 634 AD. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA fell in
prolonged illness. Due to worsening of his condition when he realized that his end was
near, he nominated his successor to avoid the Muslim community falling in confusion after
him.
After discussion with his close companions of Shura he appointed Hazrat Umar RA as his
successor and dictated this decision to Hazrat Uthman RA.
He died in the last week of August 634 AD. His funeral Prayer was led by Hazrat
Umar RA. He was buried by the side of Holy Prophet SAW. Thus the efficient Caliphate of
Abu Bakr RA came to an end. He is remembered for his devotion to faith and Allah, for his
loyalty to Messenger of Allah and for the simplicity of his life. As Syed Amir Ali said, “Abu
Bakr RA was the savior of Islam.”

HAZRAT UMAR BIN AL KHATTAB (13-23 AH / 634-644 AD): On the nomination of

Hazrat Umar RA many close companions of Prophet were not pleased due to his strictness,
for which Hazrat Abu Bakr RA declared. “His strictness is due to my softness; when the
weight of Caliphate will be on his shoulders, he will no longer remain strict. If I will
be asked by Allah as to whom I appointed my successor. I will say that I have
appointed the best among your men.”
He assumed the office of Caliphate on the same day when Hazrat Abu Bakr RA died on
27th of Jamadi-us-Sani 13 AH. He took the title of Amir-ul-Mominin (Commander of
the Faithful). In his first address he praised the contribution of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and
assured of his own best efforts in accordance with the commands of Allah, Sunnah of
Prophet SAW and the examples set by first caliph to strengthen the state and Islam. He said,
“I seek your assistance in this task; if I follow the right path, follow me. If I deviate
from it, correct me, so that we may lead not astray.”

EXPANSION OF ISLAM
Hazrat Umar RA continued the expansion by sustainable glory of Islam and fought against
the powers hostile to Islamic policy. During the period of his Caliphate Muslim armies
conquered Syria, Iraq, Persia and Egypt. The most important battles were Yarmuk
which opened the kingdom of Byzantine, Al-Qadisiya which became the cause of
conquest of Iran. Some of the major battles that led to the victories for Muslims were of
Namaraq, Buwaib, Al-Qadisiya captue of Madain and battle of Nahawand. Syria was
captured after the fall of Damascus and the victory at the battle of Yarmuk opened the way
of conquest of Jerusalem and the end of Byzantine Empire in the region.
The Caliphate period of Hazrat Umar RA is not only famous for the extension of boundaries
of Islamic State but also for reforms and development of infrastructure for stability of

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
49 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Islamic domain. He introduced many administrative reforms for the government of

new added areas. He set up ministries, departments, created administrative posts,
marked the provinces for good governance, set up military cantonments and
garrison towns and held census for all Muslim state

THE BATTLES AGAINST IRAQ

BATTLE OF NAMARAQ: After the loss of Hira the provincial capital of Iraq during
Caliphate of Abu Bakr RA the Persian king sent Rustam to crush the Muslims. As Hazrat
Khalid bin Walid RA had already left for Syria leaving behind Muthna bin Harith alone.
Hazrat Umar RA sent a battalion under Abu Ubaida Saqafi for enforcement. A fierce battle
took place resulted in victory for Mislims.
BATTLE OF JASAR / THE BRIDGE (634 AD): This battle took place in 634 AD and was led
jointly by Abu Ubaidah Saqafi and Muthna Shaibani (the tribal leaders of Iraq). The
Muslim strength was of 8000 men. To take revenge of Namaraq the Persians sent an army
of 4000 seasoned warriors along with war elephants under Bahman. Both armies
camped on the banks of Euphrates. Muslims built a bridge of boats across the river. The
Muslim commander ordered to cross the bridge against the will of other leaders. They had
to face an awkward situation when their horses terrified on seeing elephants and
disorganized. The soldiers dismounted and cut off the Houdas of elephants and killed the
soldiers in them. Meanwhile Abu Ubaidah was trampled by white elephant; his brother
took charge and martyred, his son also met with the same fate. The martyrdom of
commanders lost the heart of Muslims and they rushed towards the bridge but it was cut
off. They reassembled under Muthna; he rearranged the bridge and crossed it. This battle
is also known as the battle of Bridge in history.
In this battle Muslim forces got loss of 6000, two thousand got martyred, two thousand
drowned and two thousand ran away from the battlefield.

BATTLE OF BUWAIB (635 AD): On learning the defeat in the battle of Jasar Hazrat Umar
RA motivated the Muslims to organize a new force including Arab Christians as well.
Although Muthna was seriously wounded but he was given command and he encouraged
his men effectively. The Muslim army encamped on the western bank of Euphrates.
Persians sent 12000 seasoned army under their brave commander Mahran; who was
considered very expert in Arab warfare. He crossed the river with his army to the Muslim
side; a fierce fight took place. Muslims were slow in the beginning but when Mahran was
killed by a young man of Banu Taghlib, the tide of war was turned at once. Muslims took
hold of bridge and majority of Persians killed in this battle.

BATTLE OF AL-QADISIYA (636 AD): This battle is called a turning point in the conquest
of whole Iraq. On learning that the Persians are gathering a huge army to avenge the
defeat of Buwaib, Hazrat Umar RA mobilized his forces by appealing to participate in war

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
50 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

against Persians. Tribes responded to his call and sent their men for this decisive war.
Hazrat Umar RA himself decided to lead this war along with 1070 notable
personalities comprising upon Badr, Hudaibiya and others of tribal leaders, but he was
stopped by the Majlis-e-Shura. As veteran commander Khalid bin Walid and Abu
Ubaidah bin Jarrah were engaged on in the Syrian border. Therefore he handed over
command of Qadisiya to Hazrat Sa’ad bin abi Waqas RA a renowned companion of
Prophet SAW. 30000 Muslims camped at Al-Qadisiya a small town near Kufa by the orders
of Hazrat Umar RA. The number of Persian army was 60000 in addition to elephant and
cavalry battalions. The ambassadors’ delegation of 14 was sent to the court of
Yazdgard the Persian king inviting him to accept Islam, pay Jiziya or face the battle. But
the arrogant behavior of king rose the temper high and this endeavour ended by no result.
The standoff continued for three months with skirmishes on the borders in which Muslims
became victorious.
Eventually the Persian commander Raustam blocked the channel overnight and crossed
over to attack the Muslim army. The war continued for three days. When Hazrat Umar RA
learnt about the situation in the battle field he sent 6000 reinforcement of Muslim forces
from Syrian border. Even though Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas was ill but he employed the best
strategies of using the archers to overcome the elephant corps and distort the Persians. On
third day of the battle Rustam was caught and killed while trying to escape by swim.
His forces killed massively and others fled from battlefield and took shelter in Babal city.
40000 soldiers of Persians were killed and Muslims loss of life was only 7000. The
rest of the population came to the terms of and peace was declared throughout the land.

CAPTURE OF MADAIN, JALULA AND BATTLE OF NAHAWAND: The Muslims crossed

the River Tigris and captured the capital Madain. The emperor with his family and
nobles fled away leaving everything deserted behind. They took refuge in Jalula a fortified
city, Muslims laid siege to the city under Qa’ka for seven months. At last the Persians
came out from the fort and attacked aggressively, the Muslim forces pulled back and
brought them in open field. At afternoon the windstorm began on the face of Persians and
Muslims attacked them fiercely and won. Thus peace prevailed all over Persia.
After few months the Persians again rose to revolt in Nahawand under the king Yazdgard.
They were 60000 in numbers and the Muslim forces were 30000. A fierce fight took
place for two days without gain. On third day the Persians took refuge in forts and they
were compelled to come out in open field. In a hand to hand fight the Persians were
destroyed completely; Yazdgard the Persian king had to run away towards Isfahan,
then towards Kirman and afterwards to Balkh. This decisive war of Nahawand the
Muslim became undisputed power of the region and peace prevailed.

BATTLES AGAINST SYRIA

FALL OF DAMASCUS: During the war against Persian Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah
and Khalid bin Walid were engaged on the Syrian front. Hazrat Khalid bin Walid put
siege to the city of Damascus, known as the city of wealth and culture. During the siege

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
51 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

period the Syrians were waiting for reinforcements from Heraclius and the winter season
to break the Muslim resolve, which did not happen. The Muslim forces under Khalid bin
Walid RA crossed the moat, scaled the walls of fort and entered the city. This unexpected
action of Muslims created panic in them and they opened the gates to escape. The waiting
on forces rushed inside and occupied the city.

THE BATTLE OF YARMUK: When the news of fall of Damascus reached to Heraclius he
became furious and planned to attack Muslims to regain his lost glory. He mobilized
260,000 men from all corners of Byzantine Empire for the battle. On learning about the
venture Khalid bin Walid started to organize his 40000 men along the River of
Yarmuk, a tributary of River Jordan, south of Galilee Sea. Hazrat Umar RA encouraged
them with his advice through his contact.
During the negotiations the Byzantine commander tried to buy Khalid bin Walid for heavy
amount for leaving Syria which was turned down forthwith. The Muslim commander
offered them usual terms; to accept Islam, pay Jiziya or ready to war. They turned down the
first two and accepted the third. He returned back to prepare his army for decisive battle.
The battle carried on for six days. Muslim got loss of 3000 lives while on the other
side two third of their men killed and remaining fled away.
The battle of Yarmuk proved to have lasting results in changing the history of
Southern Mediterranean region. The Muslims thanked Allah and the Heraclius
withdrew from Syria forever and shifted his capital to Constantinople.

SIEGE AND CONQUEST OF JERUSALEM: After the victory at Yarmuk the Muslim army
spread out all around and captured the towns one after another to reach Jerusalem. Being
a sacred city to both Jews and Christians it was fortified from all sides. The Muslims laid
siege for several months under the command of Hazrat Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas. Meanwhile
when they learnt about the reinforcement of Muslims from Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah, they
lost heart and accepted the surrender on the condition that the Khalifa himself come to sign
the treaty. Hazrat Umar RA left for Jerusalem leaving behind Hazrat Ali RA as his
deputy in Madinah. He and his slave shared a single camel on ride by turn and when they
reached to Jerusalem the slave was enjoying the ride and the Khalifa was walking by
holding the string of camel. The deputation from Jerusalem asked Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas
about Khalifa and he replied that the one who was holding the string was Umar Faruq RA.
They became satisfied to find the sign of the conqueror as was in their books and said,
“Verily Islam has excelled all other religions.” Then they handed over keys of the city
to Hazrat Umar RA.
Thus the treaty was signed which ensured the safety of life and property of citizens, safety
of their churches and other religious places, on payment of Jiziya.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
52 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

CONQUEST OF EGYPT: After conquest of Jerusalem Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas entered Egypt
with his 4000 men on the permission of Hazrat Umar RA and conquered some towns and
laid siege to Fustat for seven months and it was surrendered.
CONQUEST OF ALEXANDRIA (635 AD): During the siege of Fustat reinforcement came
from Madinah under Zubair bin Awam RA. The governor of Fustat made his way to
Alexanderia after surrendering. Alexandria was ancient well established port city, having
large population and well defended city. Despite of long siege and continuous attacks
Muslims earned a little success.
Hazrat Umar RA wrote a strong worded letter to sa’ad bin Abi Waqas RA expressing
his displeasure at the pace of events. He read out the Caliph’s letter to his troops along
with Zubair bin Awam, Ubaida bin Al-Samit, and Musalma bin Mukhallad. The enthusiasm
filled in troops due to strong words of Umar RA and they stormed the city and captured
after a tough fight. With the conquest of Alexandria the whole Egypt came under the
sway of Islam.

ADMINISTRATION OF HAZRAT UMAR FARUQ RA: Hazrat Umar RA is known as the best
administrator throughout the world. The policies what he adopted, the approaches what he
made, the achievements what he earned have no match in the annals of history. He had
maintained the welfare policy for all in the land in the light of the teachings of Prophet SAW
and in the guidelines of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
He had promoted the importance of consultation and divided the consultancy department
into two bodies.
1. MAJLIS-E-SHURA: This committee comprised upon the chosen companions of
Prophet SAW who were essentially consulted in all important matters.
2. MAJLIS-E-A’AM: This committee was consisted upon Muhajirin and Ans’ars in
Madinah and upon the elders of tribes in every province, and it was consulted on
only for a particular matter. Both the committees had a privilege of independent
counseling either in favor or against any matter or person.
3. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: He had divided the Muslim Empire into eight provinces.
Each province was governed by Amil / Governor, Superintendent of
Vernacular Office (Meer Munshi), Superintendent of Army Offices (Katib-e-
Diwan), Collector (Sabib-al-Khaira), IG Police (Sahib-al-Ahdath), Treasurer
(Sahib Bait-ul-Mall) and a Provincial Chief Justice, Divisional and Sub-
Divisional Judges (Qazi-ul-Quzat and Qazis). These are counted as ministries in
present day; and there was a complete set up of offices / departments network
throughout the province.
4. ACCOUNTABILITY: He considered accountability above family status and personal
importance. On appointment of any high post like Governor / Administrator he used
to take oath on the following conditions after measuring his wealth and worth.
a. He would never ride on Turkish horse (being symbol of status).
b. He would never wear silken cloth (being luxury).

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
53 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

c. He would never use sifted flour (being symbol of aristocracy).

d. He would keep his doors open and never appoint guard on it (being a symbol
of highness).

5. DEPARTMENT OF POLICE: For welfare of the masses he established the

department of police which kept law and order smooth, checked the price, weight
and measurement, kept the highways safe, and for promulgation of civil laws.
6. BAIT-UL-MALL: He re-established the Bait-ul-Mall in Madinah along with sub
offices in Province and branch offices at Divisional and Sub-Divisional levels on solid
grounds of reforms in accordance with the guidance of Prophet SAW and Abu Bakr
RA. He got constructed proper buildings, and appointed Financial
Administrators. The wealth collected at provincial level was used by the provinces
to meet their expanses and remaining was sent to the central Bait-ul-Mall.
7. ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMETNS: He constructed new buildings to
accommodate the government offices along with Safe Highways with marking post
at every staying place with all provision, bridges, Masajid, and Military
Cantonments, water reservoirs, canals, Bait-ul-Mall buildings, inns for travelers and
new cities like Kufa, Basra, Fustat and Musal etc.
8. STRONG DEFENCE: He had established cantonments and Military Selection and
Recruitment centers throughout Islamic State. He had developed a strong
recruitment system in every cantonment. There were cantonments in Madinah,
Basra, Kufa, Mosal, Egypt, Fustat, Northern Iraq and Jordan. Thirty thousand
people were enrolled and trained every year in every cantonment who got all kind
of warfare trainings, their salaries were fixed and pension was granted on
retirement not only to soldiers but to their families as well. Every soldier was
granted with leave after 4 months. In every cantonment there was one million
soldier’s standing army ever ready to deal with any situation in the country.
9. INTELLIGENCE AND SPY NETWORK: He had maintained a perfect intelligent
system throughout Islamic state along with their perfect training system.
10. LAW AND ORDER: His strong feature which is remembered for all was a perfect
Law and Order system. He never forgave any mischief and law broker even though
he belonged to whatever class and creed.
11. JUDICIARY: He had established effective Judiciary system by separating executive
powers and appointed judges of good repute not only in capital but also in
provinces, at Divisional and sub-Divisional levels as well. Disputes were decided
without delay on merit.
12. IRRIGATION DEPARTMETN: He made proper arrangements to fulfill the
requirements of irrigation throughout the land by constructing water reservoirs and
canal system. The canal of Abu Musa, Maagil, Sa’ad and canal of Amir-ul-
Mominin were very famous among others.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
54 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

13. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT: According to Allama Shibli he had constructed 50000

Masajid to dispense the knowledge of Qur’an, of Maths and others throughout the
Islamic Empire.
14. MINORITY’S RIGHTS: Any system is to be judged by the conduct of ruler towards
the minorities. He had provided complete safety of life, property and honor to them.
Once on seeing a Jew beggar he sanctioned stipend for him. He gave security of life,
property, honor to all the Christians of Bait-ul-Maqdas, along with the security of
churches and cross.

Other measures associated with Hazrat Umar RA are; the introduction of Muslim Calander,
observance of Taraveeh in Ramadan and many more.
DEATH OF HAZRAT UMAR RA: On cancellation of his appeal for reduction of tax Abu
Lu’Lu Feroze had planned to kill Umar RA. When Umar RA was leading Prayers in Masjid-e-
Nabavi he attacked him from behind with poisoned tempered dagger. He remained
afflicted in his injuries for three days and died in 23 AH / 644 AD. He buried at the
side of Prophet SAW.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
HAZRAT UTHMAN BIN AFFAN RA (23-35 AH / 644-656 AD): On his death bed Hazrat
Umar RA appointed a panel of six including; Hazrat Uthman, Hazrat Ali, Hazrat
Zubair, Hazrat Talha, Hazrat Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas and Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA for
selection among them as next Caliph.
Hazrat Uthman RA selected to the post of Caliph and adopted the title of Kalifat Allah. He
continued the policies of expansion of Islam and brought Armenia, North Africa and
Mediterranean under Islamic Empire during his rule.
He let his nephew Amir Muawiyah RA to continue with his post as governor of Syria
granting more powers to control over more territories. He appointed some of his relatives
his close advisors and others as governors of Kufa, Basra and southern Iraq and Egypt.
He pleaded this act as accordance with Sunnah of Prophet SAW because he had given
preference to his clan. But the reason behind this act was considered by others to ensure
their loyalty towards caliph to secure the unity of empire. But to many believers it was
unfair favor to his family ‘Banu Ummayah’.
CONQUESTS IN THE EAST AND WEST: The Persians and Byzantines were trying to regain
the territories conquered during the days of Umar RA. On learning this Hazrat Uthman
RA took quick action against them to send a Muslim Army to North Africa and
conquered Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Islands of Cyprus and added them
into Islamic state. According to famous historian Al-Zahravi, “Several victories were
gained during his Caliphate and the Islamic State extended from Morocco to
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.”
CAUSES OF REVOLT AGAINST HAZART UTHMAN RA: After six years of his Caliphate the
problems erupted one after another. The criticism to his nepotism grew stronger which
alienated him from his people. He had to face strong opposition when he tried to allocate
the booty of war to his governors instead of fighting men, particularly the one fifth of
booty to his cousin Marwan bin Hakam by favoring him. Marwan bin Hakam had been a
controversial and negative figure throughout his Caliphate. The matter of booty

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
55 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

distribution resulted in uprising in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt. The troops from all the three
provinces advanced to Madinah for addressing their complaints. Egyptians besieged the
house of Caliph; got approval of their demands, returned and found that it was trick played
with them.
The Caliphate came under open criticism when after collection of Qur’an by Zaid bin Sabit
RA, he ordered to burn the copies of Qur’an sent from different parts of empire in capital
and also directed the governors to do the same in their provinces. Although it was
understood that his intention was not dishonor the sacred Book of Allah; rather he wanted
to ensure the reading of correct version of Qur’an. He was also blamed by the people that
he had been surrounded by the opportunists due to his leniency and old age.
Muhammad bin Abu Bakr RA was granted an appointment letter as a governor of Egypt;
when he was on his way along with his escort, they were overtaken by a messenger
Abdullah bin Saba Yemeni riding at high speed. He was carrying a letter from caliph to
the governor of Egypt ordering him to put him along with the leaders of the force to death
on their arrival. They read this letter and realized that they had been betrayed. They
returned back in fury to take the vengeance of this treachery. Hazrat Uthman RA denied the
issuance of such letter, and protested that someone else unknown had forged it.
MURDER OF HAZRAT UTHMAN RA: They put siege to the house of Uthman RA, during
which some leading Muslims tried to help him but prevented by the seigers. At last some
rebels led by Muhammad bin Abu Bakr RA entered the house and murdered the Caliph
when he was reciting Qur’an early in the morning. His blood was shed on the pages of
Qur’an and his wife Na’ila’s fingers cut down when she was trying to protect him.
Hazrat Muawiyah RA had sent some troops from Syria to support him but it was too late
to save his life. His murder has terrible consequences throughout Islamic history. He was
martyred in 656 AD and buried in Janat-ul-BaqI.
HAZRAT ALI RABIN ABI TALIB RA (35-40 AH / 656-661 AD): Hazrat Ali RA became
caliph after the murder of Hazrat Uthman RA in troubled period, when Muawiyah RA was a
serious opponent to challenge his rule. On third day of Hazrat Uthman’s murder Hazrat
Talha and Hazrat Zubair RA approached to Hazrat Ali RA and took oath of allegiance
to him as fourth Caliph.
HIS PROBLEMS: This election was widely supported by the rebels from the provinces and
the Ans’ars; but it also made division in Muslim Ummah like; supporters of Hazrat Ali,
supporters of Muawaiyah and the supporters of the standard of Caliphate of Abu
Bakr and Umar RA.
This conflict remained alive during the whole period of Hazrat Ali’s Caliphate. After taking
over charge of Khilafat he decided to remove many of governors appointed during the
period of Uthman RA. All obeyed the orders of new caliph except Hazrat Muawiyah
RA; he demanded the revenge upon the killers of Uthman. Meanwhile the Quraish including
those who had sworn allegiance to Ali RA left Madinah for Makkah which became their
power center.
Hazrat Ali RA took some quick decision to calm down the situation by distributing the
wealth among the rebel forces of Egypt, Kufa and Basra, who revolted against Uthman for
injustice of their share. But his slow response against the murderers of Uthman RA
provoked strong reaction especially from Muawiyah who gave air to the fire by accusing
him taking their side.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
56 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

THE BATTLE OF CAMEL / JAMAL (656 AD): Hazrat Ali RAwas facing lot of criticism due
to non conviction of Uthman’s murderers. Hazrat Ayesh RA also denounced him openly
during her stay in Makkah. Hazrat Talha and Zubair RA defected to him, reached
Makkah, joined Ayesha RA and demanded the conviction of murderers and reformations in
the community. Makkah was in hot revolt against Ali RA to the extent that they refused to
swear allegiance to his appointed governor for the city.
After the pilgrimage they set out to Iraq under the leadership of Hazrat Ayesha to find some
more supporters against Hazrat Ali. On learning their intention he was forced to pursue
them and both the parties met near Basra and settled their differences by dialogue.
As the matter was dissolved peacefully, the extremist supporters among them
provoked the fight. They put fire to the camps on both sides at night and started to
kill people by blaming one another. The situation grew into battle round the camel of
Ayesha RA. Hazrat Talha and Zubair were killed by the extremists on the leaving the
battlefield for Madinah. Hazrat Ayesha RA was honorably escorted to Madinah after defeat.
By appointing new governor for Basra he moved his capital from Madinah to Kufa where he
had a powerful support and to avoid bloodshed in Madinah.

THE BATTLE OF SIFFIN (657 AD): The opposition of Muawiyah crossed all limits. He
refused to vacate the office of governor, stopped his officer from taking oath of allegiance in
favor of Ali and instigated them against him. He displayed the blood stained clothes of
Uthman RA and Qur’an along with fingers of Na’ila in the Masjid of Damascus to flare
up the sentiments of people against Ali. He also criticized Hazrat Ali RA for the ill
treatment of Hazrat Ayesah RA. His propaganda spread out throughout Arabia.
After gaining enough strength within year Hazrat Muawiyah moved against Ali with
100000 men towards Siffin in 37 AH / 657 AD. Hazrat Ali RA also managed to collect
80000 men and approached to him for peace but Muawiyah RA was on the same footings
of punishment of Uthman RA assassins. On the fourth day of war when Muawiyah’s defeat
was evident; he on the advice of Amar bin Al-A’as RA ordered the front line soldiers to
hoist the parchments of Qur’an on lances as a sign of ending the war and the decision in
accordance with Allah’s word. The Ali’s side fell in trap and the war ended undecided.
Thereafter the matter was referred to arbitration, which Ali accepted unwillingly.
Abu Musa Ash’ari represented Ali and Amr bin Al-A’as came from Muawaiya’s side. It
was decided that this arbitration will decide the legibility or illegibility of Hazrat
Uthman’s murder. It will also decide about the Caliphate.

After an year’s consultation the committee decided that Hazrat Uthman RA was killed
unjustly and they also decided the deposition of both Hazrat Ali RA and Hazrat
Muawiyah, and a new caliph should be elected. Hazrat Abu Musa Ash’ari announced the
deposition of Ali while Hazrat Amar bin Al-A’as changed his version and declared the
confirmation of Muawiyah’s Caliphate in his place. Majority of Muslims condemned it as a
bad trick and arbitration failed.
BATTLE OF NAHARWAN AGAINST KHAWARIJ: A group of people disagreed with the
decision of arbitration. They thought that there are clear injunctions of Qur’an to treat the

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
57 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

excess makers in Surah Al-Hujrat, “And if two groups of the believers fight each other,
reconcile between them both. And if one of them makes excess against the other,
then fight all against the excess making group till it comes back to the Command of
Allah.”
Therefore it was totally unacceptable even to consider that Muawiyah has any claim
against the ruler of people. They cried ‘no to arbitration’ and about three to four thousand
of them detached themselves from Ali RA and took the way towards Naharwan. They
became known Khawarij (means separatist). They gathered around them about 12000
fugitives; started to make rebellion by looting and plundering the innocent peoples.
In the year 37 AH / 658 AD, Hazrat Ali RAhad to fight against them. A few of them managed
to escape out of 12000 Khawarij from the battlefield of Naharwan and rest of them killed.

DEATH OF HAZRAT ALI RA (40 AH / 661AD): The Khawarij decided to kill both Hazrat
Ali RA and Muawiyah. So they made a plan and sent Abdur Rehman bin Muljam for Ali to
Kufa. Early in the morning when he was entering the Masjid-e-Kufa to lead the Prayers,
attacked by killer and he received fatal injuries. Three days later he died and buried in
secret some miles away from Kufa in 40 AH. In later years his tomb was identified
and a memorial erected over it. The Holy town of Najaf for Shia Muslims grew up
around his mausoleum.

EXAMPLES TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIONS OF RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS WITH NON

MUSLIMS AND OTHER STATES
The policy of Prophet SAW towards the non Muslims and other states continued during the
period of rightly guided caliphs. They carried out the policy of friendship, fraternity,
justice and equality without fault for the establishment of peace and security. Hazrat
Bu Bakr RA not only renewed the treaty with the Christians of Najran made by the
Prophet SAW but also consolidated it.
When the Caliphs had to take any military action against any state to protect the Muslim
state from threats, they used to offer the enemy three alternatives which became the code
of conduct of Muslim army before fight; like either to accept Islam, pay Jiziya or fight.
The instructions of Prophet SAW were inscribed in the mind of every officer and soldier all
the time in the battlefield: “Do not kill women and children and those who surrender,
do not cut the fruit bearing trees; do not burn crops and do not kill animals.”
When Hira the Iraq capital came under sway of Islam, at that time Khalid bin Walid RA sent
them written assurance in the light of the teachings of Prophet SAW that none of your
right would be undermined by the Muslims. He also protected the farmers against the
Persian’s tax Collectors, and their rights as cultivators and ownership of the land was
honored by the Muslims.
After the conquest of Damascus a treaty was made between Hazrat Khalid bin Walid
and the Christians in which the protection of their life, property and churches was
guaranteed. And further to that it was also assured that Muslim army would not enter in
their houses and the city wall would not be demolished.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
58 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Due to this policy of justice peace and tolerance many Christians of Syria who were
persecuted by Byzantine authorities welcomed the coming of Islam as an end to
oppression. Same was the situation in Egypt after conquest when the Coptic Christians not
only welcomed but also supported them.
On surrender of Jerusalem Hazrat Umar RA himself reached there and signed a treaty for
protection of their life, property, honor, churches and freedom to practice their religion
was granted. On return they had to pay Jiziya for protection. There is a glorious example
regarding the Jiziya that when Muslim Army had to withdraw from a Syrian town during
Umar RA Caliphate, they paid back the amount of Jiziya to the inhabitants by saying that
they could no longer offer the security of life and property.
During the stay of Umar RA in a Church of Jerusalem he heard Azan for Prayers. The priests
offered him to pray in Church, but he declined and went outside in open land and offered
his Prayers there. When he asked about it he said,
“I do not want that coming nations may violate the sanctity of worship places of other
religions by converting them to their religion.”
When the Christians of Najran were exiled from Hijaz due to violation of treaty by Hazrat
Umar, he ordered the measurement of their land for compensation in Iraq and Syria for
cultivation; and they were given exemption from Jiziya tax for two years. This clearly
shows the leniency of Caliphs towards Non Muslims.
On imposition of growth tax on Iraq after conquest, Hazrat Umar RA was much worried
about and shown his intention to reduce being abnormal tax.

MARKING SCHEME QUESTION# 3

2012 may\june paper 2

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
59 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2012 October\November paper 21

2012 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
60 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 may\june paper 2

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
61 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 may\june paper 41

2013 may\june paper 42

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
62 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 October\November paper 21

2013 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
63 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
64 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 may\june paper 22

2014 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
65 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 October\November paper22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
66 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 may\june paper 21

2015 may\june paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
67 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 October\November paper 21

2015 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
68 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
69 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 may\june paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
70 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
71 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 October\November paper 22

ARTICLES OF FAITH

To become a Muslim there are certain faiths which are essential to believe in as mentioned
in Qur’an,
a. “The Messenger (Muhammad SAW) has believed in what has been sent down
to him from his Rabb (Lord) and so do the believers. All they have believed in
Allah, His angels, His Books and His Messengers PBUT. We make no distinction
between any of His Messengers PBUT.”
b. “Those who believe in Allah and Last Day, they are successful.”

1. ONENESS OF ALLAH ‘TAUHEED: Belief in Oneness of Allah has been the first ever
teaching of every Messenger of Allah for the community to which he sent. In Deen-e-
Muhammadi none can become Muslim without having belief in Allah with all his
Qualities in unseen. Qur’an says, “The believers are those who believe in Allah.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
72 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

“O you who believe! Worship Allah and do not associate with him in anything.”
Allah is One, He has created all cosmos and He is not created by anyone. Surah Ikhlas is
complete description of Allah. “Say (O Prophet SAW!), “He, Allah is the One. Allah is
Self-Sufficient. He begets not, nor was He begotten! And no one is equal to Him.”
None can match Him at any level. He has no partners; He is Alone Master, All-Controlling,
All-Sustaining, All-Nourishing, the Most-Beneficent, All-Gracious and the Most-Forgiving.
He is unique in His characteristics. He does not forgive anyone who makes Shirk ‘ascribing
partners with Him’. He says in Qur’an, “Indeed Allah does not forgive that an associate
is made with Him (in worship) and He forgives anything except that to whom He
Wills. And whosoever made an associate in worship with Allah, indeed he has
devised a tremendous sin.”
Faith in Allah inducts great confidence in believer. He is not afraid of anyone / anything
except Him. It leads him to bravery, broadmindedness, humbleness and modesty. He needs
not to afraid from anyone other than Allah. He does not bend down for his needs before
anyone than Allah. He is always hopeful of His blessings and Mercy. He becomes contented
and satisfied throughout his life. Allah certifies the success of believers in these words in
Qur’an, “They are on (complete) Guidance from their Rabb (Lord) and they are ever
successful.”

2. BELIEF IN ANGELS: Malaika are made of noor in creation order. They are messengers
of Allah to implement His commands in His created worlds to His will. Before Islam
angels were considered as daughters of Allah by Quraish, Greek and Egyptian
philosophers considered them the first wisdom who advised Allah to create the world.
Jews called them ‘Wabeem’, Christians named them Gabriel and Ruh-ul-Quds etc.
Qur’an says,
a. “And they have made the angels who are Servants of the Most-Gracious
(Allah), females. Have they witness their Creation?”
b. “So ask them (O Muhammad SAW!), “Are there daughters for your Rabb (Lord)
and for them sons? Or have We created the angels as female while they were
present?
Islam being the last Deen of Allah has perfected the belief in Angels as the creation of Allah,
same as His other creations. Angels are free from all kinds of needs and sins as compared to
mankind and jinni. They are near to Allah but not superior to mankind; as Allah has
stamped the superiority of mankind at the time of first creation of Adam by submitting
angels in prostration to him. “And recall (O Muhammad SAW)! When We said to the
angels, “Prostrate yourself before Adam (PBUH).” So they prostrated themselves
except Iblis (Satan).”
The angels are created in different forms with different powers. There are four arch angels
like, Gabriel, Michael, Izra’iel and Israfeil. Gabriel is torch bearer of all of them, having close
contact with Allah all the times. He is the most trustable messenger of Allah by whom He
has sent down His revelations to all Prophets on the earth. He has escorted Muhammad
SAW to the Heavens on the night of Ma’iraj. His main duty is to convey the commands of

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
73 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Allah to all others. Michael is chief of provision, Izra’iel is chief of deaths and Israfeil is chief
of blowing flute on the Doomsday. There is a full ministry and thousands of angels under
them to fulfill the commands of Allah.
Angels have been designated with various duties by Allah to perform. Kiraman Katibeen,
two writer angels posted with every individual. Munkir Nakir are the angels of grave. The
angels are sent in help of mankind on earth as in the battle of Badr, Ahzab and Hunain.
The angels are sent to destroy the peoples of Messengers like the peoples of A’ad, Thamud,
Shuaib and Lot. The angels are praying for forgiveness of mankind. They are supervisors
of Hell and Heaven like, Malik and Rizwan. They will carry the throne of Allah on the
Doomsday.
They are celebrating the praises of Allah and sending blessings and salutation to the
Prophet SAW. “Those (angels) who are bearing the Throne and those around it,
glorify the praises of their Rabb (Lord) and believe in Him and Pray for the
Forgiveness of those who believe.”

3. BELIEF IN REVEALED BOOKS: It is incumbent upon the Muslim to believe in the Book
sent down to Prophet SAW and in all the Books revealed to other Prophets before him.
As Allah says in Qur’an, “O you who believe! Believe in Allah and His Messenger
(Muhammad SAW) and in the Book He has sent down to His Messenger SAW and
in the Book which has sent down before.”
There are two types of books revealed to Prophets and Messengers by Allah.
1. Kitab: A complete shariat sent down to any Messenger for his people.
2. Sahifa: A set of commandments sent down to any Prophet for his people.

The Saha’if (Scriptures) mentioned in Qur’an are; “The Scriptures of Ibrahim (PBUH)
(Abraham) and Musa (PBUH) (Moses).”
There is detail of Saha’if (Scriptures) revealed to various Prophets in Qur’an (Surah Al-Nisa
verse: 163) like, Nuh, Ibrahim, Isma’il, Is’haq, Ya’qub, Ayyub, Yunus, Harun and
Sulayman PBUT.
The books mentioned in Qur’an are four.
a. Taurat (Torah) revealed to Messenger Musa (PBUH). Qur’an says,

“Indeed We have sent down the Taurat (Torah) in which there is a Guidance and the
Light.”
b. Zabur (Psalm) revealed to Prophet Daud (PBUH). Note: it is addition of Taurat.
Allah says in Qur’an,
“We have given Zabur (Psalms) to Dawud (PBUH) (David).”
c. Injil (Gospel or Bible) revealed to Messenger Jesus (PBUH). It is a new
testament. Allah says in Qur’an,
“And We bestowed upon him Injil (Gospel) having Guidance and Light therein
and confirming the Taurat (Torah) which was (revealed) before it.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
74 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

d. Qur’an is the last Book of Allah revealed to the last Messenger Muhammad
SAW. It is the last message of Allah for the whole universe till the Day of
Resurrection.
All revealed Books have one common concept of belief in Allah, His Messengers, the Last
Day, reward and punishment. The revealed books of Allah before Qur’an were amended
and distorted by the people of that Messenger, therefore they are not found in original
order. However the responsibility of protection of Qur’an for all times has been taken by
Allah himself by saying, “Indeed We have sent down this Zikr (Qur’an), and definitely
We are protector of it.”
So this Book of Allah is safe from any kind of distortion till the Day of Resurrection. It is a
universal and comprehensive Book sent down to universal Messenger; dealing with every
aspect of life including, religion, social, economical, science and technology and all
what is needed by mankind for all times. It testifies the truthfulness of previous
Prophets and Books.

4. BELIEF IN PROPHETS: Belief in all Messengers is essential to become a Muslim. The

Prophets and the Messengers are the chosen personalities from among the mankind to
convey the message of Allah to their peoples. They are rightly guided to receive direct
orders from Allah through His angels to implement on their peoples. Allah says in
Qur’an’ “And for every nation there is a guide (Prophet).”
In accordance with the Ahadith of Prophet SAW there are about 124,000 Prophets.
Islam is a perfect and last Deen of Allah. During the period of previous Messengers the
followers of one opposed to another and rejected his position. The Jews rejects not only the
Jesus but they also disbelieve in about all others except Musa (PBUH). On the other hand
Islam teaches us that all Messengers and Prophets of Allah are from Him and we should not
make any distinction among them. “We make no distinction between any of His
Messengers PBUT.”
All the Prophets had a perfect character, protected from the influence of Satan and sins.
They were among the men and led very simple life. Allah has not sent any women and angel
as Prophet. Qur’an says, “That is the Grace of Allah, He grants to whomsoever He wills.”
a. “We have made only male as Messengers.”
Muhammad SAW is the last Prophet for all the people, for all the times to come; he brought
universal message of Islam. His message is preserved in Qur’an, Hadith and his sunnah.
There is not a single moment of his life which is hindered from the sight of believers.
Muhammad SAW was Bashir (giver of glad tiding) and Nazir (warner) for all. Allah says in
Qur’an, “(O Muhammad SAW)! Indeed We have sent you with Truth as a bearer of
glad tidings and a warner.”

5. BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH: The most typical argument in line of beliefs which had
been continuously rejected throughout the periods of Messengers is Yom-ul-Akhira

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
75 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

(the Last Day). It is opposite to the word Duniya (world). It has been essential part of
beliefs in the teachings of all Messengers and especially of Muhammad SAW. Allah says
in Qur;an, “whosoever believes in Allah and the Last Day (of Judgment) and do
good; they have their reward with their Rabb (Lord).”
Whenever it was said to the people by the Prophets of their time to believe in Allah and do
good otherwise on the Day of Judgment they will be punished. The reply of disbelievers had
been the same as of Quraish when Prophet SAW invited them to Islam and warned them
about Hereafter they said, “Resurrect our forefather if you are true.”
While Allah puts forth an example of dry earth in his claim of Life after Death and says,
“Do you not see the barren land, when I send down water from sky; it stirs and brings
vegetation of all kind as a provision for you and your animals. In the same way We
will raise up the death on the Day of Resurrection.”
The life of this world is transitory while the Life after Death is everlasting. The world will
come to end on the Doomsday, those in the graves will be raised up on the Day of
Resurrection, then they will be asked about what they have done in their worldly life and
reward thereof or punishment will be granted to them accordingly. Allah says in Qur’an,
“Anyone who did a bit of good will see there; and anyone who did a bit of bad will see
there.”
The belief in the Hereafter is a vital component of Muslim in the line of faith. When he
believes that he will be asked about everything of this worldly life in Hereafter, then he
does the right and avoids the wrong. So the peace and harmony prevails in this world, the
rights of all are served and no one left helpless.
The life after death will be either a permanent life of Paradise where all facilities will be at
the wish of the resident; or a permanent life of Hell where all punishments will be executed.
Everyone will have to cross the bridge of SIRA’AT stretched over the top of Hell. It would be
very tough time for all. At last those who will be favored by His forgiveness and grace will
enter the Paradise.
This belief of Hereafter helps the believer to keep balance in his life and hence in society as
well, so that he may not be repented on the Day of Judgment in presence of Allah.

6. PREDESTINATION AND DECREE OF ALLAH: Predestination is a concept of religion

which discusses the strong relation between Allah and His creation. This belief
confirms that the destinies have already been decided before creation. The human
beings have only intention and authority with them to choice between right and wrong,
and thus are responsible for their deeds. Allah says in Qur’an, “O Muhammad SAW!
Your responsibility is only to convey the message; it is up to Us to whom We give
guidance and to whom We let go astray.”
Muslim believes that it is the blessings and grace of Allah that he does good in his life
otherwise it was not possible for a man to do any good at his own. On the other hand if we
do wrong that is due to instigation of Satin and our own intention, for which we are
responsible.
Basically the concept of this belief needs comprehension. It does not mean that Allah has
predestined a group of people for doing wrong and the other for doing good. If it was so

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
76 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

than what was need of sending Prophets for guidance of people? Actually the predestined
decree of Allah means that he has predestined two ends for mankind and jinni the Paradise
and Hell. Now to give glad tidings of Paradise to those who believe and to warn those who
disbelieve, Allah has sent His Prophets regularly to every people and area, so that they may
not have any excuse on the Day of Judgment that we were not guided by anyone regarding
the truth. And after knowing fully about right and wrong the people should opt for a better
choice on the basis of intention and authority what Allah has predestined for them.
Allah has managed such a perfect system for his creation that nothing is happening in the
whole cosmos without His knowledge. He says in Qur’an, “Even a leaf falls and He knows
it.”
The goal of Islam is to lead a peaceful life leaving behind all transgressions for the
countenance of Allah. If he remains on the Straight Path as guided by the Messengers and
Prophets he would definitely enter the predestined Paradise. On the other hand if someone
chooses wrong way which cause to earn the wrath of Allah he would definitely enter the
predestined Hell.
Muslim believes that everything is ordained by Allah. He determines for a person three
things when he is in the womb of mother. For instance his birth, death and luck; other than
these all what he acts has been given free will, therefore he is responsible of his deeds. Free
will and intention provides an opportunity to a man to thank Allah for all His blessings and
mercies what He has bestowed upon mankind to create this world in so predestined
perfect order that none could find a flaw in it so far. Qur’an says, “Look at the earth and
sky how flawless He has created; your sight will return disappointed again and again
but you will find no crookedness in it.”

FIVE PILLERS OF ISLAM

1. SHAHADA-TAUHEED AND RISALAH: The Islamic building is erected high on the five
pillars; Shahada is the one among them.
Shahada is declaration of faith in Oneness of Allah and the Prophet-hood of Muhammad
SAW. “I bear witness that there is no god except Allah and I bear witness that
Muhammad SAW is the Messenger of Allah.”
There are two parts of Shahada. First deals with the Oneness of Allah, in which we witness
in unseen by our heart that Allah is our Rabb and Creator and Sovereign of all that exists in
the worlds, we pray to Him and seek His help at any difficulty. Qur’an says, “You (Allah)
alone we worship and from You alone we seek help.”
There are various verses in Qur’an which highlight the concept of Tauheed with all the
characteristics of Allah.
a. “And worship Allah and do not associate with Him anything (in worship).”
b. “O people! Worship Allah who has created you.”

We believe and accept that all good names and attributes belong to Allah. Qur’an says, “And
for Him are all beautiful names.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
77 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

All Messengers and Prophets of Allah from Adam (PBUH) to Muhammad SAW have
conveyed only one message to their peoples, “O people! Worship Allah; there is not one
worthy to worship except Him.”
The most concise expression of Tauheed has been made in Surah-e-Ikhalas. “Say (O
Prophet SAW!), “He, Allah is the One. Allah is Self-Sufficient. He begets not, nor was
He begotten! And no one is equal to Him.”

The second part of this Shahada deals with the Prophet-hood of Muhammad SAW. He is the
last Messenger of Allah and the seal of all Prophets. Qur’an says, “Muhammad SAW is not
the father of anyone of your men, but he is the Messenger SAW of Allah and the last of
the Prophets PBUT.”
He is the most respectable and honorable one after Allah. He brought the last and universal
message of Allah for whole mankind. Muslims follow and obey none after Allah but
Muhammad SAW. Actually the obedience of Muhammad is the obedience of Allah. As
Qur’an says, “Whosoever obeys the Messenger (Muhammad SAW), obeys Allah
indeed.”
Love of Allah and forgiveness of sins lies in following the footsteps of Prophet SAW. Qur’an
says, “Say (O Muhammad SAW!), “If you really love Allah then follow me, Allah will
love you and will forgive you your sins.” And Allah is the Most-Forgiving, All-Merciful.
When someone declares Shahada he becomes Muslim. Then he never becomes desperate
throughout his life, because he knows that Allah lives in his heart and nearer to him. Allah
says, “We are near to him than the jugular vein.”
He believes that Allah is the most-Beneficent, All-Merciful to his creation, His favors are
boundless. He is the only One worthy to worship. So the believer tries to win His will by
obeying His orders. Thus he becomes pious and fearless and free from all kind of suspicions
in his life. He becomes dutiful to Allah and His Messenger, fully satisfied with his life and
the share in this world, of the belief that one day he will have to appear before his Rabb and
He will grant him reward of Paradise. The Holy Prophet SAW said, “If anyone testifies that
there is not god except Allah and that Muhammad SAW is the Messenger of Allah; he
will enter in Paradise.”

2. SALAH-PRAYERS: All five times regular Prayers including Jummh and Eidain are
congregational Prayers. Salah is the second and the formidable pillar of Islamic
building. Literally the word Salah means, Prayer, supplication, imploring, blessing,
honor and submitting petition. Salah has been obligatory on all the peoples of
Messengers from Adam (PBUH) to Muhammad SAW having difference in nature of
performance. It was made five times obligatory at appointed times in a day at the time
of Ma’iraj in the tenth year of Prophet-hood. Its importance can be known from the fact
that it has been mentioned 83 times in Qur’an directly. “And establish Salah
(Prayers).”
It’s a main difference between Muslim and Non-Muslim. The Prophet said, “A difference
between believer and disbeliever is Salah indeed.”
It is the main pillar of Deen-e-Islam. The Prophet said, “Salah is the pillar of Deen.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
78 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

The Salah is a direct link of believer with Allah five times a day. In Prayers a believer makes
direct conversation with his Lord in a spiritual ascension, put up his demands and seeks his
blessings and mercies and earns satisfaction. The Prophet said, “Salah is coolness of my
eyes.”
The five times Salah; Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib and Isha have been made obligatory by Allah
for Muslim in a day on a prescribed times. Qur’an says, “Indeed the Salah is enjoined on
the believers on prescribed timings.”
Salah is not excused for anyone at any cost except when someone becomes unconscious or
mad. If he cannot stand to perform Salah, he can do it by sitting, by laying and even by
signaling. Ablution and purification is essential for Salah. Qur’an say, “O you who believe!
When you rise up for Salah (Prayer), wash your faces and your hands up to elbows
and wipe (by wet hands) your heads and (wash) your feet up to ankles.”
There are four categories of Salah; Fard, Wajib, Sunnah and Nafl. The method of Prayers is
described as; Niyat, Takbir-e-Tehrima (Allah-o-Akbar), Qiyam (standing position towards
Qibla), Sana (glories to Allah), Tauz and Tasmiya (Auzu billah…and Bismilla…), recitation of
Surah Faitha as Prophet SAW said, “There is no Salah without Fatiha.”
Addition of any Surah of Qur’an or at least 3 verses, Takbir for Ruku and Tasbeehat-e-Ruku,
Qama for Sami-Allah-o-Liman Hamida and Rabbana Lakal Hamd, Takbir-e-Sajda, and
Tasbihat-e-Sajda, Takbir, Jalsa, Takbir, Tasbihat-e-Sajda. After the completion of first Rakat
the second Rakat starts from Surah Fatiha till Qaida-e-Tashahud, reciting of Al-Tahiyyat,
Tashahud, Darud Ibrahimi, Dua and Salam.
If Salah is of 4 Rakat Fard then after reciting Tashahud of second the performer stands up
for third Rakat. Third and fourth Rakat will be the same except adding any Sura after
Fatiha.

If Salah is of 3 Rakat Fard then performer will sit after two Rakats till Qaida-e-Tashahud
and stands for the third one and then sit in Qaids-e-Tashahud and go for Salam after doing
the needful.

For three Rakat Witr Wajib the following method is applied. Two Rakats are same like two
Fard. On third Rakat after Qiyam before bending down to Ruku, hands are raised, Takbir is
said, hands are folded and Dua-e-Qanut is recited.

For all Sunnah and Nawafil in all Rakats any Surah of Qur’an or at least 3 verses are added
while all other things remaining the same.

Apart from daily Prayers the Muslims are encouraged to call upon Allah any time for his
blessings, guidance, fulfillment of needs and seeking forgiveness. Allah says in Qur’an, “And
when My (obedient) Servants ask you (O Muhammad SAW!) about Me, I am near
indeed (present there). Responding to the Prays of one when he calls Me.”
The Prophet SAW said, “Dua is the very essence of worship.” Therefore Muslims usually
call their Rabb at the time of trial, despair and need. The Prophet SAW said, “Allah dislikes
the one who does not call Him in Dua.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
79 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

JUMMA / FRIDAY PRAYERS: Jumma Prayers is performed in Jamiya Masjid once a week in
congregation. This Salah cannot be performed individually. There is no difference between
the way of performance of five times Prayers and Jumma Prayers. There are two Azans and
a Khutba by Imam on Friday extra to normal Prayers.
It is a replacement of Zuhr Prayer on every Friday. There is a Surah of Qur’an named by
Allah as Surah Al-Jummah. In this Surah Allah says in Qur’an, “O you who believe! When
the call for Salah on Jum’ah (the congregation Prayer on Friday) is proclaimed,
hasten to the Remembrance of Allah and leave off business. That is better for you, if
you know!”

After the first Azan the performers leave for Masjid. On arriving at the Masjid the
performers offer four Rakats Sunnah of Jummah. Then another Azan is recited and Sermon
starts. On completion of Sermon Aqamat is recited and Imam leads two Rakat Salat-ul-
Jummah.
After congregation Prayer of Jummah four plus two Rakats of Sunnah are performed
individually. It is obligatory for men and for women it is optional. One who misses the
Friday Prayers cannot perform it as Qaza; however he can perform the regular Zuhar
Prayers. The Prophet SAW gave great importance to the Jummah Prayers. He said, “Those
who sit in homes after listening Azan of Jummah, I wish to put them on fire.”
The Friday Prayers and sermon is mean to peace and cleanse the soul and bring about the
qualities of obedience, humility and patience which are required to lead an ideal life.
MAIN FEATURES OF FRIDAY PRAYERS: Islam is a religion of sanctity, purity of meanings
and logic. These simple rituals of worships carry a vast meaning in them. They inculcate
dutifulness, obedience, punctuality; encourage cleanliness, respect for religion and Creator
as well. The main features of Friday Prayers are appended below.
a. Friday Prayers is the replacement of Zuhr on that day.
b. It has two Azans and a Khutba / Sermon by Khateeb.
c. It is incumbent on Muslims to make hurry to Masjid on listening the first Azan.
d. Khutba / Sermon has two parts. The first part consists upon the recitation and
explanation of Qur’an while the other addresses the general welfare of the
Muslim community.
e. During deliverance of Khutba / Sermon no talk and other activity is allowed.
f. It is performed in congregation, it cannot be offered individually.
g. Friday Prayer has no Qaza, once missed cannot be recompensed.
h. Performers make full preparation on that day; they take bath and put on clean
clothes.
i. Aqamat is called after Sermon, performers arrange themselves in rows. Two
Rakat of Friday Prayers are offered in congregation after Imam.
j. Four plus two Sunnah are offered individually by the Muslims.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
80 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

EID PRAYERS: There are two Eids for Muslims; Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha. Eid-ul-Fitr
comes after Ramadan and Eid-ul-Adha after performance of Hajj. Muslims perform two
Rakats in congregation to pay gratitude to Allah for His blessings and Mercy.
There is no Azan and no Aqamat in Eidain Prayers. Other than that the only difference
between Jumma and Eidain Prayers is six extra Takbirat; three in first Rakat and three in
second Rakat followed by Imam. After performance of two Rakat Prayers Imam stands up
and delivers Khutba / Sermon in two parts. The first part consists upon the recitation and
explanation of Qur’an while the other addresses the general welfare of the Muslim
community. On completion of Khutba / Sermon congregational Dua is sought and all hug
one another in pleasure of Eid.
Islam is a religion of sanctity, purity of meanings and logic. These simple rituals of worships
carry a vast meaning in them. They inculcate dutifulness, obedience, punctuality, encourage
cleanliness, respect for religion and Creator as well.

METHODS AND IMPORTANCE OF CONGREGATION PRAYERS: Congregation Prayer is

highly recommended in Islam. We can judge it by the fact that the Prophet SAW not even
left once in his life time the congregation Prayer. All five times Prayers including Friday and
Eidain are congregation. The Holy Prophet SAW said, “The merit of congregational
Prayers is surpasses that of individual Prayer by twenty seven degree.”
To take place the congregation Prayer two adults must be present. One of whom is Imam
(leader) and the other is Muqtadi (follower). The Imam must be a male of good reputation
and educated in Islamic knowledge. The Holy Prophet said, “Imam should be well versed
in Qur’an and Shariat.”
The congregational Prayer is not obligatory on women while it is optional on them. Women
cannot lead the congregational Prayer. In Masjid-e-Nabavi Sahabiyat of Prophet used to
pray in congregation behind the Imamat of Prophet SAW. When men, children and women
are present in congregation then the standing arrangement would be alike:-

Men should be in front after Imam.

Children will stand behind the men.
The women will stand in the last row.
There will be no gape in the rows.
Women will stand behind the children. Or the women will be allotted a separate place by
partition with curtain in the Masjid.
All will follow the Imam in congregation Salah. The Prophet said, “It is incumbent upon
the followers to obey and follow the Imam in Salah.”
If anyone joins the congregation after the Prayer has started, he must follow the Imam in
the stage in which he is at that time, and complete the rest of his Prayers after the Imam
has finished the Prayers with Salam. Prophet said, “He who joins the Imam at any stage
gets the reward of whole congregation Prayers.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
81 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

METHODS OF WUDU (ABLUTION): Wudu (Ablution) is essential for Salah. Ablution is

mean to cleanliness and purity of body before submitting someone to Allah in Prayers.
Muslim cannot perform Salah without doing ablution. Allah says in Qur’an, “O you who
believe! When you rise up for Salah (Prayer), wash your faces and your hands up to
elbows and wipe (by wet hands) your heads and (wash) your feet up to ankles.”
There are two kinds of ablution:

1. Ablution by water (Wudu)

2. Ablution by pure dust (Tayammam)

ABLUTION (WUDU): The following method is adopted by believer to make ablution.

a. Dua is recited, “I begin with the will of Allah and all praises are due to Him.”
b. Washing of hands up to the wrist thrice.
c. Use of miswak or gargle thrice.
d. Take water up to the nostrils thrice by right hand and clean the nose with left
hand.
e. Wash your mouth thrice from hairy part to below the chin and from one earlobe
to another.
f. Wash the right arm and then left till elbow thrice.
g. Perform Masah of head (wiping of head with wet hands at least ¼ part).
h. Wash both feet till ankles thrice.

TAYAMUM: If water is not available to make ablution than the Muslim seeks purity by
doing Tayamum in accordance with the instruction of Qur’an,
“And you find no water: then take yourself to highly clean place and wipe your faces
and hands with some of its dust (Tayamum). Allah does not want to fix you in
difficulty, rather He likes to clean you and to complete His Blessing upon you so that
you may become thankful.”
The following method is adopted by believer to make Tayamum:
a. Dua is recited, “I intend to do Tayamum so that all kind of impurities vanish and
purity prevails.”
b. Take clean dust from clean earth.
c. Strike your both hand on the dust so that the particles may attach with your
hands, wipe it on your hands in washing method once.
d. Strike again your both hands on the dust and wipe on your face in washing way
from top to bottom once.
e. Strike again your both hand on the dust and wipe on your both arms till elbow
once.

WHAT IS SATAR (GARMENT) AND TAHARAT (PURITY) AND QIBLA

Satar and purity is most essential for worship of Allah. Satar means the parts of body which
are essential to be covered during Salah; which is different for male and female. Taharat

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
82 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

means the cleanliness and purity of certain parts of body before performing Salah. The
Prophet SAW said, “Allah is pure and likes purity.
SATAR (GARMENT)
a. Male is restricted to cover his body from naval to knee.
b. Female is restricted to cover her body from head to ankle.
Note: both male and female Muslim can put on garments of their choice and custom on the
condition of covering of their private parts fully as laid down by Shariat. Allah says in
Qur’an, “O children of Adam! Take your adornment (by wearing clean and proper
clothing) for every Masjid.”
TAHARAT (PURITY): For both male and female there is only one criterion that their
garments and body should be clean and pure in all respect. If any stain of filth or dirt takes
place on garments to the size of about 1x1 inch it must be washed out before performing
Salah. The Prophet said, “It is not compulsory to put on new clothes every time, at least
keep them clean and wash.”
QIBLA-DIRECTION IN WORSHIP: There has been a Qibla or direction of Prayers for every
community, like Jews and Christians. The Qibla for Muslims is Masjid-al-Haram (Ka’bah).
The Muslims must keep their direction towards it during their Prayers. As Allah says in
Qur’an’ “Wherever you are, turn your face towards Masjid-al-Haram.”

VARIOUS KINDS OF SALAH

REGULAR SALAH: It is performed during the prescribed timings of a day and night in a
prescribed manner. Five times Salah in a day is mandatory on every adult Muslim. Allah
says in Qur’an,
a. “(O Muhammad SAW)! Establish Al-Salah (Prayer) between the decline of the
sun (mid-day) till the darkness of the night (i.e. the Prayers of Zuhr, Asr,
Maghrib and Isha); and recite the Qur’an at early dawn (i.e. the establishment of
Fajr Prayer and the recitation of Qur’an).”

It is obligatory on prescribed timings. Allah says in Qur’an, “Indeed Salah is obligatory on

believers in prescribed timings.”

The first question which will be asked on the Day of Judgment from believer will be about
Salah. The Prophet SAW said, “Certainly the first thing which will be asked on the Day
of Judgment will be Salah.”

Salah is a source of direct conversation between Allah and His Servant. The content of Salah
has been determined by Allah and communicated to mankind through Muhammad SAW.
The intention is the initiation of Salah and Salam is conclusion of it. The Prophet SAW said,
“Pray as you see me praying.”
Regular Salah can be performed both in congregation in Masjid or at any place individually
too. At any case one cannot leave Salah, its performance is obligatory since the age of

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
83 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

puberty to death. No one is excused from it except when someone is unconscious or

mentally retarded. If one cannot stand he can perform by sitting, if cannot sit can perform
by laying and even by signaling. The Prophet said, “Salah is the key to Paradise.”

SALAT-UL-JAM’A-COMBINED PRAYERS: In case of bad weather the Salah in Masjid may

be combined. It relates to the time when there was no other method of calculation for time
except sun. Now there is perfect calculation of time through watches; therefore it does not
apply except where there is needed.
Due to sickness of a nature when someone cannot purify himself or herself or for the fear of
life property or family the Prayers can be combined. There are two ways to combine the
Prayers:-
1. JAM’A-E-TAQDEEM (ADVANCE COMBINATION)
It is done when the Salah of Asr is combined to perform with Zuhr and Isha with Maghrib
due to the reasons stated above.

2. JAM’A-E-TAKHEER (DELAYED COMBINATION)

It is done when the Salah of Zuhr is delayed to combine with Asr and Maghrib with Isha due
to the reasons stated above.
DUA-PRIVATE PRAYERS: It can be offered at any time, any place and in any posture. It is
supplication to Allah for his forgiveness, solution of problems and betterment in every
sphere of life. It is not compulsory, even though a person will not be asked about it on the
Day of Judgment. However the Prophet said, “Dua is essence of worship.”

Therefore a Muslim should supplicate himself for his demands to Allah for fulfillment. The
content of Dua is determined by the person. No intention is needed, just recitation of
praises of Allah and Darud on Prophet at the beginning and the Darud at the end as well.
There is no Salam at the conclusion of Dua as in regular Prayers. The Prophet SAW said,
“Relying on Dua without action is useless, and relying on action without Dua is
arrogance.”

QADA SALAH-DELAYED PRAYERS: If one misses the performance of Salah due to

forgetfulness, sleep or some other unavoidable reasons he can perform the left over Salah
as Qada. The Prophet SAW said, “If someone of you forgets the Prayers or sleeps
through its time, there is no sin on him. He should perform the Salah when he recalls
it.”
The missed Salah has to be offered at the earliest possible time. If several Prayers of a day
are missed, the Qada of all these should be offered in the prescribed order, like first Qada of
Fajr and so on. The Qada is only to be offered of Farz and Wajib not of sunnah.
QASR-SHORTENED PRAYERS: The Qasr or shortened Prayer is performed when someone
is travelling. Allah has given a concession to the travelers as He says in Qur’an, “When you
travel through the earth there is no sin on you if you shorten your Prayers.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
84 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

In Qasr Prayers only four Rakat of Fara’id like, Zuhr, Asr and Isha are shortened to two
Rakat and Sunnah are dropped, while Fard or Wajib of three Rakat will not be shorten like
of Maghrib and Isha. The traveler with the intention of stay for 15 days may shorten his
Salah; more than 15 days of traveler’s intention does not come within an orbit of Qasr
Prayers. However if he feels that within few more days he will be able to come back then
the same principle of Qasr applies, it may continue for whole year. But if he has intention to
stay for more than fifteen days then he will have to perform full Salah. It all depends on
intention. The Prophet said, “Actions depend on intention indeed.”

3. SAUM-FASTING: According to Shariah, Saum means abstinence from food, drink and
marital relation from dawn till sunset. Fasting was prescribed upon other peoples of
the Prophets as well. Qur’an says, “O you who believe! Fasting have been prescribed
upon you, as have been prescribed upon those before you; so that you may
become pious (self restraint).”
For Muslims the Fasting is obligatory only in the month of Ramadan once a year for 29 or
30 days. It is obligatory on all except the wayfarer and ill. They will have to observe Fasting
for the days left on other days of the year. The Fasting method in Islam as taught by
Prophet SAW is as under:-
SEHRI: It’s a technical name of eating food before dawn at night which is compulsory
followed by intention, “I intend to keep tomorrow’s fast of Ramadan.”
Now the Fasting observer is subject to observe the restrictions of eating, drinking, smoking,
oral intake of anything, injecting, intentional vomiting and marital relations till setting sun.
If a person intentionally breaks Fasting after making intention he will have to offer Kaffara
of sixty days continuous Fasting or giving food / cash (equal to one time food) to sixty poor
for one day fast he left.
IFTAR: After sun set the Iftar is made which means the breaking of fast. It is recommended
by Prophet SAW to break the fast immediately on sun set on reciting Dua, “O Allah! I have
observed the fast for you and I believed in you, and I put my trust in you and broken
it with the provision you have bestowed upon me.”
The Fasting is the worship which is mean to piety. All other worships are observable but it
is the kind of worship which is not practically observable. All other worships like Salah,
Zakah, Hajj have prescribed rewards but its reward is Allah himself. Therefore Allah said
through his Messenger in a Hadith Qudsi, “The Fasting is for Me and I am reward of it.”
During this month of Ramadan the Muslims gives alms and charities, sit in A’itikaf in the
last ten days from 19th evening till observance of Shawal moon. Shab-e-Qadr which is equal
to thousand months worship is also observed during odd nights of last Ashra, when Allah
Himself descend on the first heaven and angels are descended with His permission for
forgiveness and showering blessings of Allah the whole night till dawn. The Holy Qur’an
was revealed in that night too. Allah says in Qur’an, “Indeed We have sent down it (the
Qur’an) in the night of Al-Qadr (Power, Decree, Fate etc).”
SIGNIFICANCE OF FASTING: Fasting creates piety in Muslims by patience and endurance.
Fasting is not bound to be observed in one season of the year only. The month of Ramadan
rotates in every season throughout life. Therefore the Muslim learns the lesson of patience
by self restriction in presence of all provision just for the sake of Allah. He also tastes the

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
85 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

high level of thirst in summer days and hunger in all the seasons. On learning the severity
of hunger and thirst by himself he takes care of needy around himself. That is the very thing
which Allah wants from his best creation.
The Fasting also teaches us to control our passion and needs and cleans our minds and
thoughts for remembrance of Allah, strengthens our faith, brings regularity in our Prayers,
creates mercy and forgiveness in our behavior. It teaches us seeking the blessings of Allah
by submitting before Him. It is a source of unity between Muslims all over the world.
Abstention from eating and drinking provides lot of good to a person’s health by giving rest
to stomach; due to which the whole system of body is overhauled and gets rid of all
undesirable quantity of cholesterol and toxic matters etc.
Fasting brings a man closer to Allah. The Holy Prophet says, “When the month of
Ramadan starts, the gates of Paradise are opened, the gates of Hell are closed and
devils are chained.”
The Muslims give up all evils and catch up all virtues. It is of no value if someone abstains
from food and drink the whole day without avoiding from evils. The Prophet said, “Many
who fast gets nothing from his Fasting except thirst and hunger.”
At the time of breaking fast all provision is set up to eat but the fast observer waits for the
order of Allah. At that time Allah says to His angels look at My Servant how he is observing
patience. The Prophet recommended to hurry for Iftar and delay in Sehri. “The people of
my Ummah will continue to prosper as long as they hasten the breaking of fast and
delaying in Sehri.”
The main significance of Fasting is care for poor and needy. We should give food to hungry
to fulfill the needs of destitute.

THOSE WHO ARE EXAMPTED FROM FASTING: Those who are sick or on a journey are
exempted from Fasting for the period in which their sickness or journey prevails. But they
would have to fast the same number of days on other days of the year. Qur’an says,
“(Observing of Fasting is) for fixed number of days. If anyone of you is sick or on a
journey, then (he should observe the Fast that he has left due to sickness and
journey) the same numbers from later days.”
1. Those on whom the Fasting is hard-some and their condition worsens even though
they are not chronically ill. They should make compensation to feed a poor to his fill
for one time as fidya.
2. The permanently sick or the elderly who are too weak to fast for long period are
exempted from Fasting. They should pay fidya of one meal to the poor, for each fast
they have missed. As Qur’an says, “And upon those (the Fasting) becomes hard
enough (to observe) there is a Fidya (ransom), a feeding of a poor person.”
3. A woman on her monthly course, during the days of pregnancy if desired, especially
before and after some days of child birth must not observe the fast and should make
up the days later on. Hazrat Ayesha said, “We were ordered to make up for the fast
left during the menstruation by the Prophet SAW.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
86 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

WHAT MAKES FASTING VOID: During the month of Ramadan the following make Fasting
void between sunrise and sunset, these are:-
a. Food and drink
b. Sexual intercourse
c. Smoking / intoxication
d. Mouthful vomiting
e. Menstruation
f. Bleeding in child bed
Note: Forgetful eating and drinking does not break the fast and it remains valid. The
Prophet SAW said, “If someone eats or drink forgetfully in fast is as his Allah has fed
and drunk him.”
VOLUNTARY FASTING: Fasting in Ramadan is obligatory but Islam also prescribes certain
days for voluntary Fasting, like:
a. Each Monday or Thursday of a week.
b. 13th, 14th and 15th of each lunar month.
c. Six days after Eid-ul-Fitr.
d. 9th of Zul-Hajjah the day of Arafat.
e. 9th and 10th of Muharram-ul-Haram.
Once a companion of Prophet SAW asked him that how much he can fast voluntarily other
than obligatory Fasting of Ramadan? The Prophet SAW replied, “Not more than once in a
week because you have other rights to fulfill as well of your family and your’s own.”

4. ZAKAH-POOR DUE / SADAQAHT

The word is derived from Zakah which mean to purify, to increase or to bless. It is an act of
worship in which those Muslims who have a specific amount in cash / equivalent, yield or
cattle are bound to pay a prescribed percentage to fulfill the needs of the poor once a year.
The payment of Zakah became obligatory on 8 AH. It is so important that it is attached with
Salah and Allah has mentioned 34 times in Qur’an for its payment. Qur’an says, “And
establish Salah and pay Zakah.”
Zakah is not only prescribed to Muslims, it was equally obligatory to all peoples of the Book
like Jews and Christians. It is the best economic system formulated by Allah for the
betterment of mankind. If it is observed fully than the outcome is not less than the
insurance of economic justice in society. The Qur’an says, ”Take Sadaqaht (charity, poor
due, alms) from their property in order to purify and sanctify them.”
Zakah is safety from fire of Hell as the holy Prophet SAW said, “Save yourself from the fire
of Hell, even by paying a half date fruit in Charity.”
Qur’an mentions about the rights of your kinsmen, poor and needy in these words, “And in
their wealth there is a right of those who ask for and the destitute.”
The Prophet SAW further clarified it by saying, “The best charity is that which is
practiced by a wealthy person for his kinsmen.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
87 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Zakah is so important state institution that Hazrat Abu Bakr RA had to fight for against
those who declined to pay it after the death of Prophet SAW by saying, “By Allah! If they
deny me so much as a camel’s teth or a young which they used to pay to the Prophet
of Allah, I will conduct war against them.”
BENEFITS OF ZAKAH
The foremost benefit of Zakah is circulation of money in society. It is not dumped in one
place / one hand to create distortion in societical structure. It ensures the flow of wealth
from rich to the poor and helps in making good the economic condition of all the peoples.
Allah says in Qur’an, “Allah has blighted usury and made Sadaqaht giving fruitful.”
The Zakah givers are encouraged to invest their wealth in profitable ventures, which
involves the earning of many workers and discourages hoarding because Zakah is
applicable on the hoarding money and cattle, for which the Prophet SAW said, “Do not
shorten your money and wealth to none by paying Zakah every year, better to invest
in trade to increase it.”
Zakah fosters goodwill brotherhood and equality by fulfilling the needs of poor and they
become grateful to the rich on one hand and protector of his wealth on the other. Zakah
and Charities are given for the love of Allah alone and they are believers in truth. Allah
says,“And those, in whose wealth there is an acknowledged right, for those who ask
and the destitute one.”

NISAB-E-ZAKAH: The wealth has many categories therefore Zakah is implemented on

every category except buildings, shops, non-irrigated soil or a capital in circulation. It is
payable on wealth owns by a believer and remains in his possession for whole year without
interruption having certain level of value. A person having such category is called Sahib-e-
Nisab. The percentage of Zakah on wealth as prescribed by Muhammad SAW is 2.5%, 5%,
10%, 20%. The detail follows.

WEALTH QUANTITY PERCENTAGE

GOLD 7.5 Tola (90gm) 1/40=2.5%

SILVER 52.5 Tola (630gm) 1/40=2.5%

equivalent to the price of

CURRENCY AND
7.5 Tola gold or 52.5 Tola
COMMERCIAL GOODS 1/40=2.5%
silver or minimum 200
DUMPED
dirham

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
88 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

MINES PRODUCTION OR
Whatever Quantity 1/5=20%
TREASURE FOUND

RAINY LAND 5 camel load=2000kg or 1/10=10%

PRODUCTION above

IRRIGATED LAND 5 camel load=2000kg or

1/20=5%
PRODUCTION above

All such food grains and fruits come within an orbit of Zakah which can sustain for whole
year. Zakah on all vegetable and fruit production which is perishable shortly is not
applicable.
DETAIL OF Zakah ON CATTLE

ANIMALS QUANTITY PERCENTAGE

5-9 One goat
10-14 Two goats
15-19 Three goats
CAMEL 20-24 Four goats
25-35 One year’s camel
On every further 10 Two year’s camel vice
camels versa
Two year’s calf
30-39
Three year’s calf
COW AND BUFFALO 40-49
Two calfs of two years vice
50-59
versa
40-120 One goat
121-200 Two goats
GOAT AND SHEEP
For further on every one Increase of one goat on
hundred increase every one hundred

Sadqah-e-Fitr or Fitra is obligatory at the rate of minimum 2.5kg food grains or its
price on completion of month of Ramadan before Eid-ul-Fitr.

ON WHOM ZAKAH IS NOT APPLICABLE

a. Food grains and fruits less than 5 camels load.
b. Camels less than five in numbers.
c. Cow and buffalo family less than 30 in numbers.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
89 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

d. Goat and sheep less than 40 in numbers.

e. Gold less than 7.5 Tola (90gm).
f. Silver less than 52.5 Tola (630gm).
g. Hard currency as prescribed by government on yearly basis not less than 200
Dirhams.

TO WHOM Zakah CAN BE GIVEN / PAID: There are eight categories to which Zakah can
be given / paid. Qur’an says in Surah Tauba V60,
“The Sadaqaht (prescribed Zakah ‘Poor Due’) are only for the poor, the needy and for
those who are employed to collect them and for the conciliation of those whose
hearts have been attracted (towards Islam) and for the freedom of the captives and
for the debtors and in the Way of Allah and the wayfarer. This is prescribed
obligation by Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.
Zakah can be given / paid to:-
1. The poor.
2. And the needy who lack the basic necessities of life.
3. The officials of Zakah department.
4. For conciliation of newly converts to Islam.
5. For the freedom of captives.
6. For clearance of debt of poor
7. In the way of Allah
8. To help the travelers
SADQAT-UL-FITR: It is a kind of charity which is compulsory to pay in cash or kind
equivalent to 2.5 to 3kg food grains to poor on every male or female, minor or adult if he
has means to pay. The head of the household is responsible to pay the said amount of Fitra
before performance of Eid-ul-Fitr. It is a Sadaqah at the part of Fasting observers and their
dependents to provide the poor with means by which they can celebrate the festival of Eid-
ul-Fitr with the rest of Muslims.
It is reported by Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbas RA that Holy Prophet SAW made Sadqat-ul-Fitr
compulsory, so that those who observed fasting may purify of their idle deeds and
shameful talks during Ramadan and so that the poor may be fed. Whosoever pays it before
Salah will be accepted as Zakah at his part and whosoever pays it after Salah will be
accepted as Sadaqahh at his part.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ZAKAH, SADAQAH, AND CHARITY / ALM

Zakah is compulsory on Sahib-e-Nisab at prescribed rate on all kinds of wealth listed in
that category after a year of its possession during the month of Ramadan. Zakah can also be
given throughout year by calculation of worth of wealth. For instance the growers use to
pay at the time of harvesting.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
90 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Sadaqah is given as cash or kind to pay for the safety of property and life at any time
without prescription of specific amount. It is given to poor Muslim for his help. Zakah is
also called Sadaqah in Qur’an.
Charity / Alm is given at any time of day and month for the sack of Allah. It can be in any
kind of cash or food to help the poor and needy to prevail a balance in society. It helps to
increase in the provision of the giver according to Qur’an and Sunnah. It can be given in
open or hidden as Qur’an says, “If you give Charities in open, better in it, but if you give
it in hidden to the poor, it the best for you.”

5. HAJJ-PILGRIMAGE: Allah says in Qur’an, “And it is incumbent upon the Mankind to

perform Hajj (Pilgrimage) of the House (Ka’bah at Makkah) for (the Will of)
Allah, on that everyone who can afford the way to it.”
It is the fifth and the last pillar of Islam. Literally it means to set out with a definite purpose.
In Deen-e-Islam it means to set out to visit Ka’bah to worship as taught by the Prophet
SAW. It is performed during 8th to 13th Zul-Hajj. It is comprehensive worship of Islam.
During this worship one practices discipline, sacrifices and learns patience and self control.
THE RITES OF PILGRIMAGE / HOW PILGRIMAGE IS PERFORMED: The following is
essential to perform the Hajj (Pilgrimage):-
AHRAM: A Haji must put on Ahram at a fixed point outside Makkah called Meeqat before
seeing Ka’bah. It is a pilgrim’s dress. It comprises upon two unsown pieces of cloth in
white; while women wear plain, loose, full length dress and a head veil. The object of
Ahram is purity, equality and self sacrifice. When pilgrim passes the Meeqat they offer two
Rakat nawafil. As the mode of travel in present age has been changed therefore those who
travel by air are advised to put on Ahram before boarding in plane. It is called intention of
Hajj. After putting on Ahram certain things which were permitted to him in his normal life
become forbidden, like wearing of sewn cloths, prey, killing of anything, copulation
with wife etc.
TALBIYA: On putting on Ahram a pilgrim starts to recite Talbiya till the end of the day of
Arafat. It a kind of showing attendance and giving response to the call of Allah, which is:-“I
respond to You! I respond to Your call O Allah! Indeed all the praises and blessings
are for You and the Sovereignty. There is no partner with You.
TAWAF: Tawaf is remembrance of the worship of Hazrat Ibrahim (PBUH) what he used to
do in circumambulation. The Haji has to fulfill seven circles in anti clockwise around the
Ka’bah reciting Talbiya loudly along with Dua at the end of every circle. Qur’an says, “And
so that they circumambulate the Ancient House (the Ka’bah).”
The best Dua as said by Prophet at the time of Tawaf is, “O our Rabb! Give us the best in
this world and the best in the Hereafter.”

ISTILA’AM (KISSING OF HAJR-E-ASWAD): At the end of every circle the Haji kisses,
touches by hand or any stick or signaling beyond just to fulfill the ritual. Hazrat Umar RA
said, “O Black Stone! You have no worth to be given such an honor except that I saw
the Messenger of Allah practicing this.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
91 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

PRAYER AT THE STATION OF IBRAHIM: At the end of Tawaf the Haji goes to the Station
of Ibrahim (PBUH) to perform two Rakat of Prayer. As Allah says in Qur’an, “So take you
(all Muslims) the Maqa’m (station) of Ibrahim PBUH (Abraham) a place of Prayer.”
SA’IE: Running or walking briskly seven times between Safa and Marwa is called Sa’ie. As a
part of this ritual a Haji drinks water from Zam Zam. This is remembrance of Hazrat Hajira
SA efforts to find out water for her son Hazrat Isma’el and of Hazrat Ibrahim (PBUH), when
he dismounted on the Safa hill and took his son to sacrifice on Marwa. Allah says in
Qur’an,“Indeed Safa and Marwa (two mountains in Makkah) are among the symbols
of Allah. So it is not a sin on anyone to walk round between the two when he
performs Hajj (Pilgrimage) or Umra (Visit) of the House (Ka’bah).”
WAQUF-E-ARAFA (STAY AT ARAFAT): On performance of Sa’ie a Haji moves towards
Arafat 10km away from Makkah by reciting Talbiya. Khutba-e-Hajj is delivered from Jabl-
ur-Rehmat. He stays at Arafat on 9th of Zul-Hajj. He supplicates Prayers to Allah till noon to
sun set. It is interpreted as a Day of Judgment.
The Holy Prophet said, “No Hajj is accomplished without listening Khutba at Arafat.”

STAY AT MUZDALFA: It is situated between Arafat and Mina. Here is a famous Masjid
which is called Mashar-il-Haram, which is important place of worship. On returning from
Arafat a Haji becomes tired, therefore he takes rest at Muzdalfa before reaching to Mina.
Qur’an says, “So when you set forth from Arafat remember to recite the Praises of
Allah near Al-Mash’ar-il-Haram (the Sacred Monument).”
MINA AND SACRIFICE: After performing Fajr at Muzdalfa a Haji moves towards Mina,
where he stays for three days, slaughters the animal to sacrifice in remembrance of Hazrat
Ibrahim (PBUH). He eats from it and also gives it to others for eating. Allah says, “And
recite the name of Allah (reciting of Takbir at the time of slaughtering of animals
during Hajj) during the specified days (10th, 11th, 12th and 13th day of Zul-Hajj) over
the provision that He (Allah) gave them from cattle. So eat thereof and feed the poor
too who have a hard time.”
HALQ-UR-RA’AS (SHAVING OF HEAD): A Haji gets his head shaven after slaughtering the
animal in sacrifice. It is a symbol of freedom. A Haji cannot shave his head before sacrifice.
Qur’an says, “And do not shave your heads until the offering (animal) reaches its
place of sacrifice.”

PUTTING OFF AHRAM: After the head shaven of Haji, he can put off his Ahram.

TAWAF-E-ZIYARAT: Haji makes a final Tawaf called Tawaf-e-Ziyarat. It is obligatory on

10th before leaving Ka’bah. The Haji spent the 10th night back at Mina.

EID-UL-ADHA: The Eid-ul-Adha starts on 10th of Zul-Hajj. Haji says his Eid Prayers and
commemorates the festival of Sunnat-e-Ibrrahim (PBUH).

RAMMY-AL-JAMARAT: It is a ritual of throwing pebbles at the stone pillars symbolizing

Satan. This is in remembrances of Hazrat Ibrahim’s curse on Satan on the day sacrifice of
Isma’el. There are three pillars known as Jamara-e-Sughra, Wusta and Uqba. The Haji hurls

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
92 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

seven pebbles on each Jamara on 11th and 12th of Zul Hajjah and with this the Hajj rituals
over.

TAWAF-E-WIDA: On leaving Makkah on 13th of Zul-Hajj a Haji usually perform Tawaf-e-

Wid’a. Even though it is not compulsory but it is recommended.

OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS OF HAJJ

a. Hajj is complete scene of the Day of Judgment.
b. The Muslims are reminded of their journey to Allah after their death and
Hereafter.
c. Muslims turn to Allah with full sincerity and call on Him hoping for His
Forgiveness during Hajj.
d. Muslims witness the excellent example of equality, submissiveness and
brotherhood.
e. All artificial boundaries established by regional, national and racial superiority
become invalid to Muslims during Hajj.
f. The Hajj causes to stimulate economic development between the Muslims of
various regions.
g. Haji goes to perform Hajj only for the pleasure of Allah and comes back with all
his sins forgiven. As Prophet SAW said, “The one who performs Hajj only for the
sack of Allah, he comes back as he is newly born.”
h. One Prayer in Masjid-al-Haram is equal to a hundred thousand Prayers
elsewhere on the earth.
i. The Hajj provides opportunity to Muslims to become known with many social
and political problems of the Muslims throughout the world.

WHAT IS FORBIDDEN IN HAJJ: Since putting on Ahram till it’s putting off, a Haji is
required to be symbol of peace and piety. As Qur’an says, “So whosoever intends to
perform Hajj (Pilgrimage) in them there should be no lewdness (even the sexual
relations with wife are forbidden too), no sin and no quarrelsome behavior during
the Hajj (Pilgrimage).”
a. Sexual relations even with wife are also forbidden.
b. Quarrel.
c. Creating disorder.
d. Killing game animal.
e. Killings of any creature. Note: Kaffara / Damm or observance of Fasting equally
will be levied against the killings of any creature.
f. Stealing.
g. Looting.
h. Abusing.
i. Makeup, decorating with jewelry or looking into mirror.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
93 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

j. Removing hairs from body.

k. Uprooting shrubs or trees in the vicinity of Haram-e-Ka’bah.
l. Use of gloves or socks.
m. Sewn clothes.
n. Perfume or powder.
o. Covering of face by both male and female.
p. Cutting nails.
q. Taking bath during Hajj days.

KINDS OF HAJJ: There are three kinds of Hajj:

HAJJ-E-IFRAD: Putting on Ahram by forming one’s intention exclusively for Hajj since the
start of his journey is called Hajj-e-Ifrad and its performer is named Mufrid.

HAJJ-E-QIRAN: Putting on Ahram by forming one’s intention for both Hajj and Umra
together since the start of his journey is called Hajj-e-Qiran and its performer is named
Muqrin.

HAJJ-E-TAMATTU: Putting on Ahram at Miqat only for Umra without intention of Hajj and
on 8th of Zul-Hajj, then putting on a new Ahram from Masjid-al-Haram with the intention of
Hajj is called Hajj-e-Tamattu and its performer is named Mutamatte.

THE IMPORTANCE OF RITES OF HAJJ

AHRAM: It is an expression of one’s intention to perform Hajj or Umrah. In the state of
Ahram pilgrims have to refrain from certain acts which otherwise are permitted. Qur’an
says, “So whosoever intends to perform Hajj (Pilgrimage) in them there should be no
lewdness (even the sexual relations with wife are forbidden too), no sin and no
quarrelsome behavior during the Hajj (Pilgrimage).”
Strict observance of such a moral code helps to train Muslims for leading an ideal life in
society. It is a symbol of equality, uniformity and brotherhood among the Muslims.
TAWAF: It is a kind of worship which is performed in commemoration of Hazrat Ibrahm
(PBUH) which he used to do on construction of Ka’bah and making sacrifice by making
circumambulation with true devotion to Allah. It creates in a man a deep sense of humility
and inclines him to his Creator. The Prophet SAW said, “It a worship in which you can
talk, but you should talk good.”
SA’IE: It a kind of worship in commemoration of tension of Hazrat Hajira SA when she was
running between Safa and Marwa in search of water for her son Hazrat Isma’el by leaving
him on the ground. Allah had let a spring gushed out when he rubbed his heels against the
ground. And it is also observed in memory of Hazrat Ibrahim (PBUH) when he left his
luggage and animals on the hill of Safa and took his son Isma’el to the hill of Marwa for
sacrifice in the way of Allah. The Sa’ie is not incumbent upon pilgrim but if he does so there
is no sin on him. Qur’an says, “Indeed Safa and Marwa (two mountains in Makkah) are
among the symbols of Allah. So it is not a sin on anyone to walk round between the
two when he performs Hajj (Pilgrimage) or Umra (Visit) of the House (Ka’bah).”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
94 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

ARAFAT: The Holy Prophet said, “There is no other day than Yaum-e-Arafat on which
Allah sets free more of His Servants from the Fire of Hell.”
The plain of Arafat is so important in history because Hazrat Adam PBUH and Hazrat Eve
reunited in the very place after expulsion from Paradise. The Prophet SAW delivered his
last sermon in Arafat. It is the plain on which Allah will conduct the Day of Judgment.
Therefore the stay in this plain is of great significance for Muslims.

MUZDALFAH: The blessed of night is the one which is spent in Muzdalfah by worshipping
and remembering Allah; which infuses great spiritual development in Muslim. Allah says in
Qur’an, “When you fulfill the rites; then recite the name of Allah in remembrance, as
you used to remember your forefathers or even more than that.”
SALUGHTERING OF ANIMAL IN SACRIFICE TO ALLAH: It is also deeply connected with
the determination of Hazrat Ibrahim (PBUH) to sacrifice his beloved son Isma’el in the way
of Allah. It infuses deep spirit of sacrifice even the dearest thing in the way of Allah. It is an
ideal expression of gratitude for the blessings showered by Allah. Qur’an says, “Therefore
offer Salah (Prayer) to your Rabb (Lord) and sacrifice (to Him).”
The sacrificed meat is distributed among the poor and needy to feed them, to earn the
pleasure of Allah.
HALQ-UR-RASS: After sacrifice the pilgrim has to cut his hair or shave his head. The
women can cut a lock of their hair or some of it. It is symbol of freedom and Muslims feel
free from all kinds of sins they have committed in their life.
TAWAF-E-ZIARAT: On fulfilling sacrifice it is compulsory to do Tawaf-e-Ziarat otherwise
Hajj will become invalid. It is the Sunnah of Prophet SAW.
RAMI JAMARAT: It is in remembrance of Sunnah of Hazrat Ibrahim (PBUH) when he
stoned Satan by cursing him on his misleading at the time of sacrifice of Isma’el in the way
of Allah. It is a way of expression of curse and hatred for Satan and determination of not
following him anyway except the commands of Allah which guides us to Right Way.
MAQAM-E-IBRAHIM: It refers to a stone on which Hazrat Ibrahim (PBUH) used to stand
along with other material during the construction of Ka’bah. The foot prints of Hazrat
Ibrahim are engraved on this stone. Allah became so pleased with him that he has made
Maqam-e-Ibrahim praying place for pilgrims. Allah says, “So take you (all Muslims) the
Maqa’m (station) of Ibrahim (PBUH) (Abraham) a place of Prayer.”
HAJR-E-ASWAD: It is located at the eastern corner of Ka’bah which is protected by a metal
frame. It was white on its descent. The Prophet Said, “When this stone was sent down
from the heavens it was even whiter than milk but the sins of the people blackened
it.”
Haji use to kiss it on every round of Tawaf as Sunnah of Prophet.

KA’BAH: The original foundation of Ka’bah was laid down by angels and constructed it
after the creation of earth. As Allah says in Qur’an, “Indeed the first ever house which
was built for the people (to worship) is in Makkah.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
95 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

During the period of Hazrat Adam it was again constructed and thus several times it was
demolished and rebuilt. It was rebuilt by Hazrat Ibrahim by the will of Allah and during the
life of Muhammad SAW it was rebuilt again when he was 35 years old.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAJJ AND UMRAH

a. For Hajj there are prescribed days and dates while Umarah can be performed at
any time of the year.
b. Talbiya stops in Umarah at Arafat while it ends at Rami in Hajj.
c. Sacrifice is compulsory after Hajj while not after Umrah.
d. Waquf-e-Arrafat, Muzdalffah and Rami Jamarat is compulsory in Hajj while not
in Umarah.
e. Hajj is compulsory on Sahib-e-Ma’al Muslim while Umrah is not compulsory.
6. JIHAD-STRUGGLE IN THE WAY OF ALLAH
JIHAD: Allah says in Qur’an, “Strive hard for (the pleasure of) Allah as He deserves to
be strived for.”
The literal meaning of Jihad is an effort, struggle and strife. It does not necessarily mean to
fight or war. The Arabic word for fight and war is Herb or Qital. The opposite word for
Jihad in Qur’an is Qu’oud which means sitting. Qur’an says, “And Allah has granted
preference to those who strive hard over those who sit back by a great reward.”
So Jihad is an effort and struggle to practice the religion in face of persecution. The effort
may be against ones own self to fight the evil or the dictators; as the Prophet SAW made his
effort against the infidels of Makkah. There is a possibility of military option as a last resort
only for protection of state and Islam; as the Prophet SAW had undertook during the life in
Madinah against those who attacked them.
Qur’an uses the term Jihad in context with the struggle in the way of Allah by performing
good conduct as He likes to achieve worthy objective for peoples development. Allah says
in Qur’an, “And whosoever strives, strives only for his own benefit.”
Jihad is to purify oneself from sins to get guidance towards Allah. It is to stand up for what
is right and to struggle against what is wrong, to help the weak and needy and to face the
oppression boldly to prevail peace and harmony in society. The concept of Jihad only for
war is prevailed throughout the world is unfortunate and misconception of the true spirit
of Jihad. For physical combat and killings Qur’an uses the word Qital which is limited by
certain conditions. For example when all other options to maintain peace have been
exhausted and the very existence of Muslim state is at stake, the cruelty and oppression
against Muslims is not ending then the war for the protection becomes essential. As Allah
says in Qur’an, “What happened to you that you do not fight in the Way of Allah and
for the weak and oppressed among men and women and the children?”

KINDS OF JIHAD
In accordance with the Islamic Shariat there are four kinds of Jihad:-
1. JIHAD BIN NAFS (struggle against oneself)

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
96 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2. JIHAD BIL ILAM (struggle to spread knowledge)

3. JIHAD BIL MA’AL (struggle with wealth)
4. JIHAD BIL JAAN WAS-SAIF (struggle with body and sword / Physical jihad)
Muslims use the following terms to describe Jihad.
JIHAD BIN NAFS. The hard work and struggle against evil in favor of virtue is called Jihad
bin Nafs. It is called Jihad-e-Akbar (greater Jihad). It is narrated by Hazrat Abu Zar Ghaffari
RA that the Prophet SAW said, “The best Jihad is the one which is carried out against
one’s evil wishes.”
It is narrated by Hazrat Jabir RA that on returning from war to Madinah the Prophet SAW
said to his companions, “You have returned from lesser Jihad (Jihad bil Jaan) to
greater Jihad (Jihad bin Nafs).”
Once the companions of Prophet SAW asked him, “Who is Mujahid?” He replied,
“Mujahid is the one who carries out Jihad against his self.” (Tirmizi)
It is a ceaseless struggle throughout the life of man for the will of Allah. It is a permanent
Jihad in favor of Deen-e-Islam and against all evils, in help of poor and against oppressors,
in establishment of justice and against injustice. One should be constant in this category of
Jihad till last breath so that Allah may shower upon him his Mercy and Forgiveness for ever
in the world and Hereafter. Companions asked the Prophet SAW, “What Jihad could be
greater than struggling against the unbelievers with the sword?” He replied,
“Struggle against the enemy in your own breast.”

JIHAD BIL ILM: Ilm (knowledge) is opposite of ignorance. The darkness of evil prevailed in
the world due to shortage of knowledge. All the Messengers of Allah came to finish this
Jihalat (ignorance) with the knowledge provided by Allah. They carried out Jihad-bil-Ilm
throughout their life. The Prophet SAW invited the people towards Islam on the basis of
solid arguments in accordance with the knowledge of Qur’an. “(O Muhammad SAW)!
Invite the Mankind towards the Way of your Rabb (Lord) with Wisdom and beautiful
counseling; and if the argument (for preaching) takes place, it should be in the best
manner.”
To dispense Jihad-bil-Ilm the Qur’an is complete guidance and knowledge forever. The
scholar of Islam does not need to go out from Qur’an to convince the people for Islam. It
deals with every kind of knowledge of this cosmos. Muhammad SAW was fully decorated
with this equipment of Qur’an and was directed to carry out Jihad all the time against
disbelievers. Allah says, “So do not follow the disbelievers and carry out Jihad against
them with Qur’an, which is a greater Jihad.”
Jihad-bil-Ilm have certain sub sections:-
a. Jihad bil Yad (by hand): It is a kind of Jihad which is carried out to encourage
good and discourage evil by combating by hand the injustice in according with
the teachings of Islam.
b. Jihad bil Lisan (by tongue): It is a kind of Jihad which is carried out by tongue to
spread the word of Allah to uphold the truth by speaking against wrongdoing
and evil.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
97 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

c. Jihad bil Qalb (by heart): It is a kind of Jihad which is carried out by heart
against all evils when someone does not have powers to discourage wrongdoing
by hand or by tongue. These all three categories are in accordance with the
teachings of the Prophet SAW.

“Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his hand; and I he is not
able to do so then with his tongue; and if he is not able to do so then with his heart;
and it is the weakest of faith.”

Jihad-bil-Zehn (mental Jihad): Making use of mental abilities for guiding others to
the straight path is called Jihad-bil-Zehn. In this way one works for the promotion of
moral, ethical, social and cultural values with one’s mental ability by pen or tongue.
The concept of Jihad-bil-Zehn is very wide; it overcomes all teachings and learning
during the life of mankind. The ideal Muslim society is peaceful, united, prosperous and
trouble less; it bids for good and forbids the wrong. Allah says, “Definitely there should
be a group of people from among you, inviting to good, bidding the fair conduct and
forbidding the unfair. And these are those who are ever successful.”
JIHAD-BIL-MAAL: Allah has granted mankind with wealth and property, in which He has
prescribed a share for Himself to be consumed among the poor and needy for the sack of
His will. Every one cannot participate physically in the way of Allah, but he can make his
participation by spending his money to provide means in the way of Allah. Jihad-bil-Maal is
the foremost in reference to Jihad bil Jaan. Allah says,
a. “And strive hard in the way of Allah with your wealth and self.”
b. “Indeed those who believed and migrated and strived hard with their wealth
and self in the way of Allah have preference on others.”

Their reward is not less than those who are taking part in physical Jihad for spreading
Islam, getting and dispensing knowledge, taking part in fight against transgression. There
are many examples of Jihad-bil-Maal conducted by the companions of Prophet SAW. During
the battle of Hunain they have put up all and the Sahabiyat made donation of their
ornaments in the way of Allah.
JIHAD BIL JAAN WA SAIF (QITAL / PHYSICAL JIHAD): When there is a lot of oppression
and the enemy attacks on the state to uproot Islam Jihad bil Jaan becomes obligatory.
Where the faith and followers are threatened with violence and bloodshed the Muslims are
instructed to fight in self defense. This type of Jihad with the consumption of body is called
Qital in Islam. Allah says in Qur’an,“Permission to fight is granted to those (believers
against whom fighting is launched) because they have been offended. And Allah is
the Most-Powerful indeed to give them victory.”
During the whole life of Makkah the Prophet SAW and the believers were persecuted
constantly but he did not fight against them. But when they attacked Madinah to uproot
Islam and the Muslims then the Prophet SAW fought against them with full strength. Allah
says in Qur’an, “Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you.”
Although Islam is totally in favor of peace and harmony, security and smooth running of
societical structure, but it cannot allow injustice and wrongdoing, and this is where the
military and physical Jihad is sometimes the only answer. It is cowardice to ignore

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
98 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

oppression. Allah says in Qur’an, “If some people had not been repelled by Allah by
means of some others, then the Monasteries, the Churches, the Synagogues and the
Masajid (places of worship for Muslims), where Allah’s name is abundantly recited
would have been demolished. Allah definitely helps those who help Him (by
defending His Religion). Allah is All-Strong, All-Mighty indeed.”

CONDITIONS FOR QITAL (PHYSICAL JIHAD): Islam is against random violence and
senseless killings. Qur’an says, “The one, who killed a life, certainly killed a whole
mankind.”
In accordance with Islam Qital (Physical Jihad) can only be initiated on the following
grounds.
a. Only in the way of Allah. As Qur’an says, “And fight in the way (cause) of Allah
against those who fight you and do not cross the limit. Indeed Allah does not
like the transgressors.”
b. To eliminate the evil force.
c. To eliminate the oppression and injustice.
d. To protect the freedom of Muslims.
e. To protect the Islamic state from enemy.
f. Punishing the enemy who breaks the treaty.
g. Not for self ego, fame and riches. During the battle of Khyber when Hazrat Ali RA
was near to kill the Jew when he spit on his mouth. Hazrat Ali RA drew his
sword back. The Jew asked, “Why.” He replied, “After your spitting my personal
anger and ego came in the way of Allah, therefore I cannot kill you for my
personal cause.”
h. Not for spoils of war. It is narrated by Abu Musa Ash’ari that the Prophet SAW
said, “Only that person fights in the way of Allah who sets foot in the battlefield
to raise high the name of Allah.”
We should know well that Islam is not a religion of violence and that we are peace loving
people who do not advocate oppression.
RULES FOR QITAL (PHYSICAL JIHAD): Jihad does not mean every single battle fought by
an individual soldier, a group or jihadi organization, and if killed is not to be called a martyr
for Allah. Therefore many battles have nothing to do with Islam and the sacred concept of
Jihad. A Qital (Physical Jihad) must follow very strict rules in order to be called legitimate.
a. It must be launched by Amir or Head of the State.
b. It must be fought in the way of Allah to bring about good in society and not for
conquest.
c. Every other way of solving the problem like negotiation, arbitration must be
taken in operation and exhausted.
d. It must be made to restore peace and freedom of worship.
e. Churches, Synagogues, monasteries and Masajid must not be demolished.
f. Contamination and poisoning of water resources is forbidden.
g. Initiative must not be taken; it should be in self defense.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
99 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

h. Crops, animals, fruit trees must not be damaged.

i. Old, female and children must not be hurt or killed.
j. Those who lay arms must not be killed.
k. Those who recite Kalma Tayyiba must not be killed.
l. Wounded enemy soldiers must be given treatment equal to Muslim soldiers.
m. Enemies must be treated with justice.
n. Innocent ones must not be killed.
o. Those killed must not be mutilated.
p. Ambassadors must not be killed.

SIGNIFICANCE OF JIHAD IN THE LIGHT OF QUR’AN AND HADITH: The main duty of
Muslim is to obey and carry out the commands of Allah to urge others to follow the same.
This is the duty which has been given by Allah and His Messenger in accordance with the
injunctions of Qur’an and Sunnah. Allah says in Qur’an,
a. “And those who strived for Our sake, We will definitely guide them to Our Paths.
And Allah is with the good doers indeed.”
b. “And do not follow the disbelievers and strive hard against them with this
Qur’an which is a greater Jihad.”
c. ““And strive hard in the way of Allah with your wealth and self.”
d. “Those who believed and emigrated and strived hard in the Way of Allah with
their wealth and lives are higher in rank in the Sight of Allah. And they are ever
successful.”

JIHAD AND AHADITH: The Ahadith of Prophet SAW have exhaustive study of Jihad, some
of them are appended below.

a. “Only that person fights in the way of Allah who sets foot in the battlefield to
raise high the name of Allah.”
b. “Being stationed on the frontier to protect the state in the way of Allah for a
night is better than hundred years of worship.”
c. “None of those whose feet became dusty in the Path of Allah will be touched by
Hell.”

RIGHTS OF NON MUSLIMS

RIGHTS OF NON MUSLIMS IN ISLAM: Islam is a religion of love, peace and tolerance. It
respects the freedom of belief and faith of Non-Muslims and recognizes their rights. The
Non-Muslims who live in Islamic state are called Zimmies mean fully protected people. The
Prophet SAW practiced religious tolerance and did not compel them to join Islam. Qur’an
says, “Let there be no compulsion in Deen.”
The preaching of Islam is based on logic and argument for guidance. Qur’an advocates for
just and kind treatment to Non-Muslims to the extent that asylum must be given to them if
they ask for.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
100 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Muslims believe in Oneness of Allah, in all the Messengers of Allah without discrimination.
The followers of those Messengers are called the people of Book. The Prophet SAW had
given them freedom of religion and showed immense good will towards them. Their
Scriptures and places of worship were respected and protected. They enjoyed complete
security, protection of their lives property and civil rights. Their civil cases were decided in
accordance to their own judicial system. They were also permitted to seek justice in
Muslim’s courts if so desired. The Muslim authorities were not allowed to interfere in their
personal laws. Some prominent rights are given below:-
a. Personal and civil rights.
b. Right of life, property and religion practice.
c. Rights of protection.
d. Rights of protection of worship places.
e. Rights of maintenance, repair of their worship places and erection of the new
one.
f. Rights of judicial autonomy.
g. Rights to seek justice in Muslim courts at their will.
h. Rights to manufacture, import, sell and consume of alcohol.
i. Rights to deal in usury.
j. Equal rights of progress.
The instructions of Prophet SAW regarding the rights of Non-Muslims are also ever living
and exemplary in present times to follow. Hazrat Umar RA was so careful about the rights
of non Muslims that he issued decree for allowance of old aged among them. Even on his
death bed he issued instructions that non-Muslims must be treated justly.

CHAPTER 15 MUSLIM STATE RELATIONS WITH OTHERS

MUSLIM STATE RELATIONS WITH OTHER STATES: In accordance with Islamic thought
the world is divided into three types of states.
a. DAR-UL-ISLAM: Comprises upon Muslim states having friendly relations
between them.
b. DAR-UL-SULH: Comprising upon non Muslim states having interest based good
relation by treaty.
c. DAR-UL-HARB: Comprising upon enemy states having relations based on their
attitude towards Islamic country.
Islam is a religion of love, peace and tolerance; it does not follow the policy of territorial
expansion and unprovoked aggression. The foreign policy of Muslim state is based on
equality, tranquility and fraternity. It should be for the advancement of the cause of Islam
to achieve the moral, cultural and political objectives and to protect its territorial integrity.
The teachings of Qur’an and Prophet SAW provide us sufficient guidance to frame our
foreign policy. Allah says, “O Mankind! Be in piety to your Rabb (Lord), Who has
created you from a single soul and created its mate from it and from both of them He
spread countless men and women.”

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
101 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

The rules of international conduct do not comprise only on internal legislation, but also on
treaties, agreements and relations with other states. The terms and conditions of treaties
should be fulfilled. Muslims should not be the first to break them. The Holy Prophet SAW
established the first Islamic state in Madinah after his migration, which was perfect
confederation comprised upon the villages inhabited by Muslims, Jews, Christians and
Pagans of Arab. With the expansion of Islam Muslims came into contact with different
people, languages and customs and integrated them in Islam. Islam teaches to abide by all
promises, treaties and pacts signed between Muslims and others. For which Qur’an says,
“And fulfill your promise; for the promise you will be asked indeed.”
International relations of Prophet SAW were based on the principles of peace, equality,
cordiality and co-operation. Islam does not allow its followers to kill anyone mere on the
basis of different faith. Disputes of such natures which lead to war must be averted. If they
guarantee peace and do not fight, you have no right to fight. Qur’an says, “If they withdraw
and fight you not; and send upon you peace, then Allah has opened no way for you
against them.”
International relations of Muslim State are based on Divine Guidance in accordance with
the following principles of Qur’an.
a. Having belief in unity, status, origin and aims of mankind.
b. Respect for rights to life, interests, honor and property of mankind as long as
they do not snatch the rights of Muslims.
c. Maintenance of peaceful relations on equality.
d. Tranquility with right of self defense.
e. Fulfillment and honoring the treaties concluded between Islamic State and
others.
The root of foreign relation of Islamic state is justice and equality both in peace and war.
The laws of war in Islam are very strict by avoiding aggression, innocent killings, torture to
war prisoners, destruction of orchards and crops etc.
Islam seeks to establish a global community, with complete equality and security among
the people without distinction of race, class and country.

CHAPTER 16 RELATIONS WITH CONTEMPORARY WORLD

MUSLIM STATE RELATION IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: In accordance to the
Islamic point of view the contemporary world is divided in to two categories of states:
1. MUSLIM STATES
2. OTHERS
RELATIONS WITH MUSLIM STATES: All Muslims without discrimination of cast, color and
creed are one Ummah. So they form one community on the basis of brotherhood even
though separated geographically. Qur’an says, “Believers are brothers indeed.”
The Prophet SAW said, “Muslim is to brother to Muslim.” Therefore they are bound to
establish brother-hood and solidarity among them. This concept makes all Muslims equal
in rights and obligations.

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
102 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

Muslim states should promote good relations on the basis of teachings of Qur’an and
Sunnah among themselves. They should resolve their disputes amicably and peacefully all
the time. If there is a war due to misunderstanding between any of them, then it is the duty
of all other Muslim states to arrange peace between them. In case of non coming to peace
by the aggressor, the Muslim states should help the aggressed one. Allah says in Qur’an,
“And if two groups of the believers fight each other, reconcile between them both.
And if one of them makes excess against the other, then fight all against the excess
making group till it comes back to the Command of Allah. So if it comes back then
reconcile between them both with justice and fair order. Indeed Allah loves those
who maintain fair order.”
RELATIONS WITH NON MUSLIM STATES: The relations between Islamic and non Islamic
state would be governed by the terms of treaties and alliances concluded between them.
The terms would be fulfilled at all cost, even though the pledge of protection from foreign
interference would also be accomplished. Allah says in Qur’an, “And fulfill your promise;
for the promise you will be asked indeed.”
The Islamic state would carry on its relations with non Muslim countries on the friendship,
co-operation, equality and justice. It would never co-operate with that country which is
involved in aggression and spreading disorder. Allah says in Qur’an, “And help each other
in virtue and piety and do not help each other in sin and transgression.”
Abiding by the rules of Qur’an and Sunnah the Islamic state should always help in
education, social sector, promotion of science and technology, economic development and
elimination of poverty indiscrimination of any religion.
If the Muslims are oppressed in any allied or non allied non Muslim countries, the Islamic
state should pressurize them by adopting various means to stop them extending such ill
treatment which is against humanity. But if that country is still not halting then the treaty
or alliance with them be forfeited.
MARK SCHEME QUESTION# 4
2012 may\june paper 2

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
103 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2012 October\November paper 21

2012 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
104 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 may\june paper 2

2013 may\june paper 41

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
105 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 October\November paper 42

2013 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
106 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
107 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
2014 may\june paper 21

2014 may\june paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
108 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 October\November paper 21

2014 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
109 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
110 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 may\june paper 22

2015 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
111 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 October\November paper 22

2016 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
112 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 may\june paper 22

2016 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
113 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
114 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

MARK SCHEME QUESTION# 5

2012 may\june paper 2

2012 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
115 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2012 October\November paper 22

2013 may\june paper 2

2013 may\june paper 41

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
116 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 may\june paper 42

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
117 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
118 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2013 October\November paper 22

2014 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
119 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 may\june paper 22

2014 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
120 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2014 October\November paper 22

2015 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
121 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 may\june paper 22

2015 October\November paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
122 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2015 October\November paper 22

2016 may\june paper 21

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
123 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 may\june paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
124 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

2016 October\November paper 21

2016 October\November paper 22

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF
125 PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

THE END

PROFESSORRIAZMUHAMMADARIF