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com 55

____________________________________________________________Research Article

Analysis of Curcumin Content of Turmeric Samples from

Various States of India
Geethanjali A, Lalitha P* and Jannathul Firdhouse M
Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education
for Women, Coimbatore -641 043, Tamil Nadu, India.
_________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Turmeric samples were collected from various states of India and analysed for its curcumin content. The results of the
study disclose turmeric samples from Odisha and Andra Pradesh to have comparatively higher percentage of
curcumin than the other samples. The quality of curcumin and hence the activity of turmeric depends on the quantity
of curcumin in it. The findings reveal the curcumin content to depend on geographical variation which influences the
soil, environment, climatic conditions etc.

Keywords: Turmeric, Curcumin, spectrophotometric, geographical distribution.

INTRODUCTION
Turmeric is widely used popular Indian medicinal having highest total curcuminoids (Thaikert and
plant which belongs to the family of Paisooksantivatana, 2009).
Zingiberaceae. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Phytonutrients play an crucial role in many of the
rhizome is the commonly used additive which chronic diseases due to their pharmacological
gives flavour, colour and add spices to food and biological properties (Rajalakshmi and
preparation in south east Asian countries is the Narasimhan, 1996). Curcumin, derived from the
turmeric. It is a traditional medicine used in rhizome of Curcuma longa is a linear
Ayurvedha, Unani and Siddha medicine for diarylheptanoid possessing excellent medicinal
various diseases (Selvi et al., 2015). Turmeric properties (Manju et al., 2008). It is a small
and its active component curcumin have received molecular weight polyphenolic compound (1,7-
considerable attention due to their many bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-
recognized biological activities. Turmeric is used 3,5-dione) lipophilic in nature. It is one of the
in India in herbal remedies leading to a high primary ingredients in turmeric and curry powders
consumption rate of curcumin in this region. (Tayyem et al., 2006). Generally, the
Turmeric is known for its antidiabetic, antiseptic, commercially produced curcumin is a mixture of
antibacterial, anti-asthmatic, antiulcer drug, insect curcumin, demethoxy curcurnin and bis-
repellant and wound healing properties (Ammon demethoxy curcumin with curcumin as the main
and Wahl, 1991). It is also used as a ceremonial constituent.
dye during functions (Wilson, 2005). Indian Synthetically prepared curcumin and natural
turmeric is preferred due to its high Curcumin curcumin are reported to be equal in their activity.
content as compared to other countries. (Ruby et al., 1995). Curcumin is a free radical
However, the raw materials if not standardized scavenger with rich antioxidant activity, binds
and uniform may result in lesser active metals, particularly iron and copper, and can
compounds than required for the said activity. A function as an iron chelator. It is remarkably non-
study conducted to reveal the genetic diversity toxic and exhibits limited bioavailability.
and variation in active compounds and the Curcumin exhibits great promise as a
bioactivity of turmeric collected from different therapeutic agent and is currently in human
parts of Thailand revealed variation in clinical trials for a variety of conditions,
curcuminoid content of 67 samples of Curcuma including cancer, myelodysplastic syndromes,
longa L. with samples from the central region colon cancer, psoriasis and Alzheimers disease

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ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 56

(Hatcher et al., 2008). It is reported to exhibit of curcumin by thin layer chromatographic

several pharmacological, microbial and other method the content of curcumin was found to
medicinal properties (Nagabhushan et al., vary significantly in different geographical
1981; Kelloff et al., 2000, Elizabeth and Rao regions. The highest concentration of curcumin in
1990, Ruby et al., 1998, Allen et al., 1998, turmeric was found to be in Erode and Surat
Donatus et al., 1990, Srivastava et al., 1986; respectively inferring the superior quality of
Ramirez-Tortosa et al., 1999, Tayyem et al., turmeric in Erode (TamilNadu) (Ashraf et al.,
2006, Lekshmi et al., 2013, Bhutani et al., 2012).
2009, Jang et al., 2008). The antidiabetic effect Among the turmeric cultivars of different growing
of 3.0% curcumin and its effects on diabetes- regions in Meghalaya, Lakadong turmeric is
induced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation reported to have the highest curcumin content
in type- 1 Diabetes mellitus is reported (Abdel- (6.8%-7.3%) in a study conducted by Kanjilal et
Aziz et al., 2012). al., (2002) and Chandra et al., (2005). The
In order to achieve the beneficial health effects variations m Curcuma longa cultivars namely
of curcumin, however, high consumption of Rashmi, Krishna, Roma, CL-315, CEL-6, CL-70,
curcumin is necessary, although the required CL-13 and CL-16 collected from various locations
dose may vary depending on disease in India revealed Rashmi to have highest
conditions. Nearly 1.5 to 4 g/day of curcumin curcumin content (Dixit et al., 2002). The quality
are required for the effective treatment of of turmeric also depends on different sprouting
cancer like lung and pancreatic cancers. Less stages (Shanmugam and Bhavani 2014).
than 0.5 g of curcumin is effective in treating Muthuswamy and Shah (1982) have reported
some inflammatory conditions. No toxicity has Salem turmeric to show 4.75% curcumin content
been observed during the long history of high compared to 3.9% of Erode.
curcumin intake in the diet and also at high Muralidharan and Ramankutty (1976) have
doses (4-8 g/day). Oral intake of (8 g) curcumin reported Alleppy turmeric among the selected 20
daily for several months is well-tolerated in clones of turmeric (Curcuma spp.) in Wynad,
treated patients (Youngjoo, 2014). Spent Kerala for the highest curcumin content (6.2%).
turmeric, the left over residue of curcumin Mathai (1976) reported the 2.5% to 8.1 %
extracted turmeric has beneficial effects on variability in curcumin in freshly harvested mature
various diabetic parameters and also rhizomes of 38 varieties representing C. longa
ameliorated intestinal disaccharidase activities and C. aromatica. Kotoky et al., (1999) reported
(Kumar et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2006). Tamenglong turmeric to have the highest
All the aforesaid activities of turmeric depend on curcumin content (7.3%) among the 7 Curcuma
the amount of curcumin. The amount of curcumin longa cultivars grown in Manipur. Garg et al.,
in turn depends on various factors. The curcumin (1999) reported the variation in the rhizome
content varies from fresh to stored rhizomes essential oil and curcumin contents and oil quality
(Ganapati et al., 2011). It has been observed in the land races of turmeric of North Indian
that the chemical composition of most of the plains for twenty-seven accessions of C. longa.
herbs changes with geographical region which Curcumin content was found to vary from 0.61%
may be due to climatic conditions and to 1.45%. Satish et al., (1997) investigated the
biochemical variations (Pawar, 2014). Previous growth and yield of twelve C. dornestica C. longa
reports have indicated that the curcumin content cultivars in the southern dry region of Karnataka.
varies between the different lines of this species. The highest curcumin content (8.08%) was
These results suggest that the difference of observed in rhizomes of PCT-8. Rakhunde et al.,
curcumin content among the various lines of C. (1998) estimated the curcumin and essential oil
longa was caused by hybridization and contents of some commonly grown turmeric
introgression with other Curcuma species (Curcuma longa L.) cultivars of Maharashtra and
(Hayakawa et al., 2011). found that the curcumin contents in mother
The performance of 21 varieties of turmeric for rhizomes of all cultivars were comparatively
curcumin content studied at Konkan region higher than those in the fingers, except in the
revealed Salem to be the best variety with case of cv. Rajapuri. Mother rhizomes of Mydukur
significantly higher curcumin content (4.87%) . and fingers of Salem exhibited the highest
The phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of curcumin content.
variation, heritability and genetic advance on Cooray et al., (1988) studied the effects of
mean basis were appreciably high for yield and maturity on rhizome yield on the content and
curcumin content (Sinkar, 2005). In the analysis composition of essential oils and curcumins.

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Contents of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and separated and quantified in less than 5 min using
bis-demethoxycurcumin monitored by TLC a capillary zone electrophoresis method with
coupled initially with UV spectrophotometry and standard fused-silica capillaries and photodiode
UV densitometry showed difference in content of array detection.
mother and finger rhizomes; the ratio hardly All the aforesaid literature reports portray the
changed with maturity. Maximum curcumin per need for superior quality of medicinal plants for
bush was reached after about 9 months and high metabolic content and yield. In this context,
declined thereafter. Nadgauda and it was felt pertinent to analyze the variation in the
Mascarenhas (1986) determined the curcumin curcumin content of samples of turmeric collected
concentration in the swollen rhizome-like portions from various states of India.
of the base of in vitro grown shoots of plantlets
(cultivars Tekurpeta and Duggirala) derived from METHODS AND MATERIALS
callus was positively correlated (r = 0.87) with The turmeric samples were collected from Kerala
curcumin concentration in rhizomes of callus- (KT), Karnataka (KAH), Maharashtra (MU),
derived plantlets grown to maturity in the field. Manipur (MA), Tamil Nadu (TA), Uttar Pradesh
There are reports on several methods of isolation (UP), Kolkata (KOL), Andhra Pradesh (AN) and
of curcumins from the rhizomes of C. longa like Odhisa (OT). The rhizome was collected from
solvent extraction of the rhizome (Verghese, different areas in a state and pooled together to
1993), thin layer chromatography based on the get a representative sample of one state.
absorption maxima of the compounds at 428, 423 Standard Curcumin sample was purchased and
and 418 nm (Chempakam et al., 2000), High used as such without purification.
performance liquid chromatographic separation of
curcumin (He et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 1999) Preparation of solution
and spectrophotometric method (Taylor and About 1g of the sample was refluxed with 75ml
McDowell, 1992). Most of them are acetone for 1 hour after which it was filtered
spectrophotometric methods (BP, 1973; Ministry and made up to 200ml. From this further 1ml
of Public Health, 1990; ASTA Method, 1985). was taken and made up to 100ml in a standard
Jayaprakash et al., (2002) developed an flask. The flasks were wrapped with dark
improved HPLC method for the determination of coloured paper and dark conditions maintained
curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and since curcumin is light sensitive. The UV
bisdemethoxycurcumin. Four different spectral reading for this solution was recorded
commercially available varieties of turmeric, under 420nm. A UV spectrum was recorded for
namely, Salem, Erode, Balasore and local market standard curcumin. The obtained absorption of
samples, analyzed to detect the percentage of samples was compared with the standard value
curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and and percentage curcumin in samples calculated
bisdemethoxycurcumin revealed 1.06 +/- 0.061 to using the formula:
5.65 +/- 0.040, 0.83 +/- 0.047 to 3.36 +/- 0.040
and 0.42 +/- 0.036 to 2.16 +/- 0.06, respectively, Curcumin (%) = [Ds*As/100*Ws*1650] *100
in four different samples.
Kita et al., (2002) developed a method of where, Ds - dilution volume of the sample (ie.,
micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) 200*100 = 20000ml)
for the analysis of curcuminoids in turmeric Ws - weight of the sample taken in
samples. The authors have reported ethanol to grams
be the best solvent for curcuminoid extraction As - absorbance of the sample
and separation by HPLC. The detection limits for 1650 - standard value calculated by
curcuminoids by HPLC and MEKC were 0.02 and experts
0.1 J.Lg/ml, respectively. Lechtenberg et al.,
(2004) developed a method for quantitative RESULT AND DISCUSSION
determination of curcuminoids in Curcuma The samples collected in triplicate from 9 states
rhizomes and rapid differentiation of Curcuma were analyzed for its curcumin content by UV-
domestica Val. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Visible spectrophotometry. The UV-Visible
by capillary electrophoresis. The three major spectra recorded for all the samples were
curcuminoids viz., curcumin, demethoxycurcurnin compared with that of UV spectrum of standard
and bis-demethoxycurcumin from Curcuma curcumin (Figure 1). The absorption band at
domestica Val. (Curcuma longa L.) and Curcuma 420nm is characteristic of curcumin.
xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) were fully

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The UV visible spectrum gives a relation between The curcumin content of turmeric varies from
the absorbance and wavelength of the sample sample to sample and the quality also with
taken. It was observed from the results (Figures various other factors like seasonal, variation in
2, 3 and 4) that curcumin extracted from turmeric soil, geographic variation etc. It is well-known that
samples from Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu was geographic indicators in protection of intellectual
similar and Andhra Pradesh and Odisha were property rights play an important role in research.
similar (Figure 1). Curcumin in turmeric samples Turmeric of Assam which is also known as
from Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Lakadong and Megha Turmeric-1, is known for its
Manipur were found to vary. The percentage of superior quality. The Lakadong turmeric mostly
curcumin calculated for various samples is produced in Jaintia hills is reported best quality
tabulated (Table 1). turmeric, the reason owing to its high curcumin
The results reveal highest curcumin content of content (Jha and Deka, 2012).
turmeric samples from Odisha and Andhra The present study also reveals that geographical
Pradesh. All samples showed the same variation apart from other factors like soil, climate,
observation. The quality of turmeric is related to method of cultivation, rainfall, etc. drastically
its phytochemical composition and hence its affects the curcumin content in turmeric samples
activity. The curcumin percentage present in and that UV method offers a facile method of
turmeric can be correlated to the inhibitory estimation of curcumin content compared to
potential over Glucosidase, Antiglycation effects, expensive chromatographic methods.
Antioxidant activity, Radical scavenging capacity,
Cellular oxidative stress reduction potential,
Inhibition of human LDL oxidation etc.

Table 1: Percentage of curcumin extracted from turmeric samples from different states

S. No Name of states Labelled as % of curcumin

1. Uttar Pradesh UP 0.6888
2. Tamil Nadu TA 0.6888
3. Kolkata KOL 2.1670
4. Andhra Pradesh AN 2.3536
5. Odisha OT 2.3536
6. Kerala KT 0.1212
7. Karnataka KAH 2.0422
8. Maharashtra MU 2.0823
9. Manipur MA 2.0422

Fig. 1: UV-Visible spectrum of standard curcumin

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ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 59

Fig. 2: Comparison of UV-Visible spectra of curcumin extracted from turmeric samples

from 5 different states (UP, TA, KOL, AN and OT)

Fig. 3: Comparison of UV-Visible spectra of curcumin extracted from turmeric samples

from Kerala and Manipur states

Fig. 4: UV-Visible spectra of curcumin extracted from turmeric samples

from Maharashtra and Karnataka states

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ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 60

CONCLUSION 6. Manju M., Sherin T.G., Rajasekharan

Curcumin, the main bioactive component of K.N. (2009) Curcumin analogue inhibit
turmeric has been shown to have a wide slipidper oxidation in a freshwater
spectrum of biological actions viz. anti- teleost, Anabas testudineus (Bloch)—an
inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, in vitro and in vivo study. Fish Physiol
antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities. The Biochem, 35: 413–420.
quantity and quality of curcumin vary due to the 7. Tayyem R.F., Heath D.D., Al-Delaimy
changes in ecological factors in different states. W.K., Rock, C.L. (2006) Curcumin
Hence, in order to increase the quality of Content of Turmeric and Curry Powders.
turmeric, it is essential to domesticate and Nutr Cancer, 55(2): 126–131.
systematically cultivate these plants on a large 8. Ruby J.A., Kuttan G., Dinesh Babu K.V.,
scale. The curcumin percentage present in Rajasekharan K.N., Kuttan R., (1995)
turmeric can be correlated to the inhibitory Anti-tumour and free radical scavenging
potential of many diseases and further analysis activity of synthetic curcuminoids. Int J
can be carried out to find the need for planting Pharm, 131: 1–7.
turmeric with higher quality of curcumin, which 9. Hatcher H., Planalp R., Cho J., Tortia
possesses tremendous medicinal properties. F.M., Torti S.V., (2008) Curcumin: From
ancient medicine to current clinical trials.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Cell. Mol. Life Sci, 65: 1631-1652.
The authors thank the Avinashilingam Institute 10. Nagabhushan M., Amonker A.J., Bhide
for Home Science and Higher Education for S., (1981) In vitro antimutagenicity of
Women, Coimbatore for the encouragement and curcumin against environmental
generous help in providing laboratory facilities mutagens. Food Chem Toxicol, 25:
during the work. 545–547.
11. Kelloff G.J, Crowell J.A., Steele V.E.,
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