St. Augustine’s School of Iba Inc.
Iba, Zambales
SY 2020-2021
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
MODULE 1
THE WORLD OF THE CELL
NAME: ________________________________________________________________________
GRADE AND SECTION: ____________________________________________________________
Prepared by: Clarinda A. Bautista
CURRICULUM CONNECTION
LIFE PERFORMANCE OUTCOME
LPO 1 : Mindful, Self-directed Learners and Role Models
LPO 4 : Conscientious, Adept Performers and Achievers
PROGRAM OUTCOME
All St. Augustine’s School, Inc. graduates can accurately apply and
integrate sound concepts, skills, processes, technologies, and information from
the major scientific disciplines to develop and implement workable strategies
that have a direct bearing on their daily lives and decisions.
ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE OUTCOME
EPO4 : Describe and explain the new Scientific abilities they have developed as
the result of self-initiated learning experiences and projects
EPO3 : Explain the factors that generally affect their decisions and actions, and
assess the consequences they produce.
EPO6 : Consistently seek feedback from informed, credible individuals on the
accuracy, clarity, authenticity, and scientific techniques and practice revising
and restating them until they are well received.
EPO10 : Openly demonstrate their basic and advanced Science Process skills as
experienced individuals and improve them according to the feedback they
receive.
CONTENT STANDARDS
The learners demonstrate understanding of cell theory, cell structure and
functions, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, cell types and cell modifications.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The learners should be able to construct a 3D model of a plant/animal/
bacterial cell using recyclable materials.
APPLICATION COMMITMENT
Initiate and sustain efforts that draw attention to environmental issues
and propose workable measures to reduce and eventually eliminate them.
UNIT 1 : THE WORLD OF THE CELL
Learning competencies
At the end of the lesson, you
should be able to:
1. Explain the postulate of the cell
theory.
2. Describe the structure and
function of major and subcellular
organelles.
3. Distinguish prokaryotic from
eukaryotic cells according to their
distinctive features
Figure 1. An electron micrograph scans of gram-positive Mycobacterium
4. Classify different cell types and
tuberculosis bacteria that cause tuberculosis.
specify the functions of each.
5. Describe some cell
Introduction to Cell Biology modifications that lead to
adaptation to carry out specialized
There are more than 350 000 species of known plants and function
more is to be discovered and name. Their fascinating morphology
and their ability to regulate and maintain homeostasis are studied by
botanist.
What do paramecium and whales have in common? Why is
the shape of a neuron different from that of a red blood cell even if
it carries the same genetic code? What do cancerous cells mean?
Understanding the basics of cell structure will lead us to the
answer to these questions. As a student, you will be able to
understand the basic structure among all organisms, that is, the cell. Figure 2: Plant cell’s chloroplast.
Cellular Structure
Your body has many kinds of cells each specialized for a
specific purpose. Human body is like a house made from a variety
of building materials constructed from many cell types. For
example, an epithelial cell protects the surface of the body and
covers the organ and body cavities within. Bone cells produce
substances to support and protect the body. Cells of the immune
system fight invading bacteria. Blood and blood cells carry nutrients
and oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide.
Figure 3: Animal’s red blood cells.
Each of these cell types plays a vital role during the growth, development and day-to-day
maintenance of the body. In spite of their enormous variety, however, cells from all organism even ones as
diverse as bacterium, onion and human share certain fundamental characteristics.
The Cell Theory
Prior to the invention of the very first microscope, everything
that could not be seen by the naked eye was unexplained. In 1665,
Robert Hooke was able to observe in a piece of cork specimen structure
which appear as tiny compartments similar to small rooms that are fitted
to each other ( Figure 4). Hook coined the word “cell” to describe these
Activity 1: The Discovery and Binding Mechanisms of Life
Directions: Carefully read, analyze and answer the activity below. Watch a video or make research about
the “Cell Theory” which tells about the story of the discovery of cell. Identify the scientist by their work
statement and explain how they discover it. Choose from the box which scientist gave the following. Write
your answer in the table.
Rudolf Virchow Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann SCIENTIST
STATEMENT Robert Hooke EXPLAINATION
Thousands of tiny empty chambers Cell Organelles
in cork are called cell (1665)
Tiny living organisms are observed
(1676)
All plants are made up of cells
(1838)
All animals are made up of cells
(1839)
All cells come from pre-existing
cells (1858)
REFLECTION:
In your own words, why is the discovery of cell so important?
______________________________________________________________________________________
All living organelles are composed of one or many cells. The cell is the building block of life,
______________________________________________________________________________________
which is able to control and execute several functions in all types of organisms. The cell is generally
______________________________________________________________________________________
microscopic, but its size varies from one organism to another and also from the parts of the organism itself.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Cell structures can only be observed under high magnification electron microscope and are separated
______________________________________________________________________________________
internally into numerous membranous compartment called organelles (little organs).
Activity 2: Organelles Nicknames
Directions: Complete the table. Write the name of each organelle in the blanks. In the second column,
indicate
Figuresit 5is and
found in animal cell,Plant
6: Respectively, plantand
cellanimal
or both.organelles
Create a nickname for each organelle that is connected
3D structure.
to its function. Write its function and comparison in the last column and answer the guide questions below.
Animal/
Organelle plant/ Nickname Function In the same way…
both
The security guard controls
Plasma Security Cell membrane controls what
Both that comes in and goes out of
Membrane Guard comes into and out of the cell
the school premises.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi
Apparatus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cilia
Flagella
Guide Questions:
1. Organelles work together to sustain the overall function of the cell and maintain homeostasis. Predict
what would happen if one of the organelles was removed. How would that affect the survival and
efficiency of the cell?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Among the cellular structures described in the activity, which organelles do you think is the most
important?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Cell Types
Every living organism falls into
one of two groups: eukaryotes or
prokaryotes. Cellular structure
determines which group an organism
belongs to.
The difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms is
said to be the most important distinction
among the groups of living things.
Deriving from the name itself, “eu”
means “true” while “karyon” means
“nucleus.”
The main difference is that the
eukaryotic cells’ chromosomes are
enclosed inside the nucleus while the
prokaryotes’ DNA (“pro” means
“before”) is found in region called
“nucleoid” that has no membrane.
However, both types of cells possess
cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, aside from
not having a true nucleus, a semi –rigid
cell wall is present and membrane-
bound organelles with specialized
functions are absent.
Figure 7: This figure shows the generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell. All prokaryotes have chromosomal
DNA localized in a nucleoid, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and a cell wall.
Figure 8: Examples of microbial cell shape.
All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular (single-celled) which include the members of Kingdom
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. They are much simpler in unicellular structure (Figure 7) and may occur
singly,
Figure 9: in
Thepairs, chains,
figure showsclusters, aggregates
relative sizes or colonies.
of microbes Prokaryoticscale
on a logarithmic organisms are each
(recall that extremely
unit ofmicroscopic
increase in
ranging from
logarithmic scale1-10 micrometers
represents a 10-foldinincrease
diameters compared
in quantity to measured).
being eukaryotic cells that are bigger with 10-100
micrometer in diameter. Some species are rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), spiral, etc.
All multicellular organisms including humans, which are composed of complex or many cells, are
examples of eukaryotic cells. Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia are the members of eukaryotes’
cellular structures perform variety of functions. Plasma membrane and cell wall are found in both cell types;
however, their composition and structure are highly dissimilar. Different eukaryotic organisms have varying
features in terms of the composition, structure, and function of the cell organelles. For instance, fungi cell is
different to plant cell in many aspects.
Activity 3: Present or Absent?
Directions: Complete the table. Write in the table “Present” if the organelle is present to prokaryotic or
eukaryotic and if not write “absent” and answer the guide questions below.
Organelle
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Vesicles and Vacuoles
Guide Questions:
1. Are all prokaryotes unicellular? Can they be multicellular? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the significant of compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Let’s Review
• Cells are the smallest functional unit that makes up all living things.
• The cell membrane is a dynamic barrier that is semi-permeable and fluid, composed of a
phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
• The endomembrane system is composed of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes;
transport vesicle, vacuoles and other membrane bound components.
• Unicellular organisms have different cell structures than multicellular organism; plant cells have
different structures from animal cells so as the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Congratulations, you had just finished your module 1! After studying our lesson, kindly write the
things you learned, found interesting and question as your learning summaries
Congratulations, you have finished your lessons in module 1! After studying our lesson, kindly
write the things you learned, found interesting and question as your learning summaries.
My Reflection:
1. What points do I learned while doing the activities? ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What difficulties have I encountered in doing the activities? _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
Book References:
Dequillo, Ma. Rea, M.,et al, 2017, General Biology 1, Rex Book Store, Inc.
M. Ayassar, et al, 2017, General Biology 1, Vibal Publishimg
Digital/Internet References:
Robert Hooke’s drawing of cork
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html
Animal cell organelles 3D
https://stock.adobe.com/ph/images/animal-cell-3d-rendering-isolated-on-white-with-the-organelles-labeled/250912083
Plant cell organelles 3D
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/363173157426532105/
Picture: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftextbookofbacteriology.net%2Ftuberculosis.html&psig=AOv
Vaw3bHhX-
fXqhvxIVCERYxbxI&ust=1599153273034000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLDWzKn8yusCFQ
AAAAAdAAAAABAD
Picture: Plant cell chloroplast
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F540150549037636494%2F&
psig=AOvVaw1gyIlc4ZZSvK8F6AYvYgfc&ust=1599153533484000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwo
TCNjHmKX9yusCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
Microbial cell shape
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miraclesregenerative.com%2Fanti-
bacteria%2F&psig=AOvVaw0DPvdksPIoYCmqqfPtE4MW&ust=1599155804279000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=
0CAIQjRxqFwoTCNCdmuCFy-sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI
