Resource Book I

NOUNS,
PRONOUNS,
AND
ADJECTIVES

KMHS LATIN
 Chapter 1

NOUNS
Nouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specific
vocabulary entry. It includes the nominative singular
form, the genitive singular, and the gender, as well as
anything that is unusual or specific to that noun.  

Nouns are grouped into five declensions. Each

declension is identified by the ending on the genitive
singular form. Each declension has its own group of
endings. The endings are added to the stem, which is
found by dropping the ending from the genitive singular.
 SECTION 1

The Latin Noun

Nouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specific vocabu-
lary entry. It includes the nominative singular form, the geni-
tive singular, and the gender, as well as anything that is un-
usual or specific to that noun.  

Examples:
puer, puerī, m. boy
urbs, urbis, genitive plural urbium, f. city
vis, ---, f. strength, force, power, violence
canis, canis, m./f. dog

Nouns are grouped into five declensions. Each declension is

identified by the ending on the genitive singular form. Each
declension has its own group of endings. The endings are
added to the stem, which is found by dropping the ending
from the genitive singular.

2
 SECTION 2

The First Declension

The first declension is identified by the -ae ending on the Example:  femina, feminae, f. woman stem: femin-
genitive singular form. Most, but not all, first declension
SINGULAR PLURAL
nouns are feminine.
Nom. femina feminae
SINGULAR PLURAL Gen. feminae feminārum
Nom. -a -ae Dat. feminae feminīs
Gen. -ae -ārum Acc. feminam feminās
Dat. -ae -īs Abl. feminā feminīs
Acc. -am -ās Voc. femina feminae
Abl. -ā -īs
Voc. -a -ae

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 SECTION 3

The Second Declension

The second declension is identified by the ending -ī on the ** When a second declension noun has a nominative form
genitive singular form. Most second declension nouns are ei- that ends in -us, the vocative ending is -e. When it has a vari-
ther masculine or neuter. Masculine and neuter second de- able form, the vocative ending is identical to the nominative.
clension nouns have their own endings. For second declension nouns that have an -i- before the -us
ending, that ending contracts with the -e, giving a vocative
SINGULAR PLURAL
ending of -ī.
Nom. -us (---) * -ī Masculine
Gen. -ī -ōrum Example: servus, -ī, m. stem: serv-
Dat. -ō -īs SINGULAR PLURAL
Acc. -um -ōs Nom. servus servī
Abl. -ō -īs
Gen. servī servōrum
Voc. -e (---)** -ī
Dat. servō servīs
Acc. servum servōs
* Most second declension nouns have a nominative singular
Abl. servō servīs
form that ends in -us. Some have a variable form, often end-
ing in an er. Voc. serve servī

4
Example: raedarius, -ī, m. stem: raedari- Feminine
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. raedarius raedariī Nom. hortus hortī
Gen. raedariī raedariōrum Gen. hortī hortōrum
Dat. raedariō raedariīs Dat. hortō hortīs
Acc. raedarium raedariōs Acc. hortum hortōs
Abl. raedariō raedariīs Abl. hortō hortīs
Voc. raedarī raedariī Voc. horte hortī

SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. puer puerī
Gen. puerī puerōrum
Dat. puerō puerīs
Acc. puerum puerōs
Abl. puerō puerīs
Voc. puer puerī

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 Neuter Example: baculum, -ī, n. - stick stem: bacul-
Neuter nouns of the second declension use slightly differ-
ent endings from those of masculine and feminine nouns.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. -um -a Nom. baculum bacula
Gen. -ī -ōrum Gen. baculī baculōrum
Dat. -ō -īs Dat. baculō baculīs
Acc. -um -a Acc. baculum bacula
Abl. -ō -īs Abl. baculō baculīs
Voc. -um -a Voc. baculum bacula
There are two helpful hints to remember with neuter nouns:
1. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative endings are al-
ways the same.
2. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative plural endings
always end with -a, regardless of the declension.

6
 SECTION 4

The Third Declension

Third declension nouns are nouns that share an -is ending in Masculine and Feminine
the genitive singular. All genders share this -is ending in the
genitive singular. When declining a third declension noun, SINGULAR PLURAL
the same endings are used for masculine and feminine nouns. Nom./Voc. --- -ēs
As with the second declension, a slightly different paradigm is
Gen. -is -um
used for the neuter gender.
Dat. -ī -ibus

In the third declension, the nominative and vocative forms Acc. -em -ēs
are always identical. Abl. -e -ibus

Example: pater, patris, m. stem: patr-

There is no one consistent ending for the nominative singular
form. The nominative singular for third declension should be SINGULAR PLURAL
memorized as a variable. Nom./Voc. pater patrēs
Gen. patris patrum
Dat. patrī patribus
Acc. patrem patrēs
Abl. patre patribus

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 Neuter Third Declension I-stem Nouns
Neuter nouns differ from masculine and feminine nouns in There is a subcategory of third declension nouns called I-
two ways. In the accusative singular, instead of having the stem nouns. These nouns have slightly different endings.
-em ending, they once again have the variable. In the nomina- They actually resemble the endings of third declension adjec-
tive and accusative plural endings, they have an -a instead of tives. These nouns will be identified by the vocabulary entry.
-ēs. Dictionaries and books will include either (-ium) or the full
genitive plural form written out.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom./Voc. ---- -a SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.)
Gen. -is -um Nom./Voc. ---- -ēs (-ia)
Dat. -ī -ibus Gen. -is -ium
Acc. -em -a Dat. -ī -ibus
Abl. -e -ibus Acc. -em -ēs (-ia)
Abl. -e (ī) -ibus
Example: tempus, tempōris, n. stem: tempōr- Example: glis, gliris, (-ium) m. stem: glir-
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.)
Nom./Voc. tempus tempōra Nom./Voc. glis glirēs
Gen. tempōris tempōrum Gen. gliris glirium
Dat. tempōrī tempōribus Dat. glirī gliribus
Acc. tempus tempōra Acc. glirem glirēs
Abl. tempōre tempōribus Abl. glire gliribus

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Example: mare, maris, (-ium) n. stem: mar-
SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.)

Nom./Voc. mare maria

Gen. maris marium
Dat. marī maribus
Acc. mare maria
Abl. marī maribus

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 SECTION 5

The Fourth Declension

Fourth Declension nouns can be identified by the -ūs ending Example: manus, manūs, f. stem: man-
on the genitive singular form.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom./Voc. manus manūs
There are two sets of endings for the fourth declension: one
for masculine and feminine nouns and one for neuter nouns. Gen. manūs manuum
Masculine and Feminine Dat. manuī manibus
SINGULAR PLURAL Acc. manum manūs
Nom./Voc. -us -ūs Abl. manūs manibus
Gen. -ūs -uum
Dat. -uī -ibus
Acc. -um -ūs
Abl. -ūs -ibus

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 Neuter
There are three neuter fourth declension nouns:
cornū, cornūs, n. - horn
genū, genūs, n. - knee
verū, verūs, n. - broiling spit
There is a separate set of endings for these three words.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom./Voc. -ū -ua
Gen. -ūs -uum
Dat. -ū -ibus
Acc. -ū -ua
Abl. -ū -ibus

Example: genū, genūs, n. stem: gen-

SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom./Voc. genū genua
Gen. genūs genuum
Dat. genū genibus
Acc. genū genua
Abl. genū genibus

11
 SECTION 6

The Fifth Declension

The fifth declension is identified by the -ei ending on the geni- Example:  res, rei, f. thing, matter, situation stem: r-
tive singular form. Most, but not all, fifth declension nouns
SINGULAR PLURAL
are feminine.
Nom./Voc. rēs rēs
Gen. reī rērum

SINGULAR PLURAL Dat. reī rēbus

Nom./Voc. -ēs -ēs Acc. rem rēs

Gen. -ei -ērum Abl. re rēbus
Dat. -ei -ebus
Acc. -em -ēs
Abl. -e -ebus

12
 Chapter 2

PRONOUNS
 SECTION 1

Personal Pronouns
Personal Pronouns are pronouns that replace a previously First Person
mentioned noun in a sentence. In English the personal pro-
nouns are I, we, you, he, she, it, and they. These words are SINGULAR PLURAL
some of the few examples that we have of words that decline Nominative ego nōs
in English.
Genitive meī nostrī/nostrum
SINGULAR Dative mihi nōbīs
1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON Accusative mē nōs
Subjective I you he/she/it Ablative mē nōbīs
Possessive my/mine your/yours his/her/its
Second Person
Objective me you him/her/it
SINGULAR PLURAL
PLURAL Nominative tū vōs
1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON Genitive tuī vestrī/vestrum
Subjective we you they Dative tibi vōbīs
Possessive our/ours your/yours their/theirs Accusative tē vōs
Objective us you them Ablative tē vōbīs

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 Third Person

SINGULAR
M. F. N.
Nominative is ea id
Genitive eius eius eius
Dative eī eī eī
Accusative eum eam id
Ablative eō eā eō

SINGULAR
M. F. N.
Nominative eī eae ea
Genitive eōrum eārum eōrum
Dative eīs eīs eīs
Accusative eōs eās ea
Ablative eīs eīs eīs

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 SECTION 2

Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used when an object in the predicate First Person Reflexive Pronouns
refers to the same person or thing as the subject.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative --- ---
In the first and second person, the reflexive pronoun uses the
same forms as the personal pronoun, except that it does not Genitive meī nostrī
exist in the nominative case. Dative mihi nōbīs
Accusative mē nōs
Ablative mē nōbīs
Second Person Reflexive Pronouns
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative --- ---
Genitive tuī vestrī
Dative tibi vōbīs
Accusative tē vōs
Ablative tē vōbīs

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 Third Person Reflexive Pronouns
In the third person, a different set of forms is used. The same
forms are used for all three genders in both the singular and
plural. The gender and number of the object can be deter-
mined by the gender and the number of the subject.

Nominative ---
Genitive suī
Dative sibi
Accusative sē
Ablative sē

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 SECTION 3

Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives

A demonstrative is something that indicates, or points out a
SINGULAR
particular item or person. It can be used as an adjective, in
which case it modifies a noun and agrees with it in gender, M. F. N.
number, and case. It can also be used as a pronoun. As a pro- Nominative hic haec hoc
noun it would agree in gender and number with its antece-
dent, which is the noun that it replaces. Genitive huius huius huius
Dative huic huic huic
Hic, Haec, Hoc and Ille, Illa, Illud Accusative hunc hanc hoc
Hic, haec, hoc means “this,” or in the plural, “these.” Ille, Ablative hōc hāc hōc
illa, illud means “that”, or in the plural, “those.”
SINGULAR

Hic is used to point out a noun that is nearby.  Ille is used to M. F. N.

point out a noun that is far away or distant. They can also be Nominative hī hae haec
translated as “the latter” and “the former.”
Genitive hōrum hārum hōrum
Dative hīs hīs hīs
Accusative hōs hās haec
Ablative hīs hīs hīs

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 Iste, Ista, Istud
SINGULAR
Iste also means “that” or “those”, but it has an additional
M. F. N.
meaning of “that thing of yours”, “that thing near you”. It
Nominative ille illa illud sometimes carries a negative connotation.
Genitive illius illius illius SINGULAR
Dative illī illī illī M. F. N.
Accusative illum illam illud Nominative iste ista istud
Ablative illō illā illō Genitive istius istius istius
Dative istī istī istī
PLURAL Accusative istum istam istud
M. F. N. Ablative istō istā istō
Nominative illī illae illa
PLURAL
Genitive illōrum illārum illōrum M. F. N.
Dative illīs illīs illīs Nominative istī istae ista
Accusative illōs illās illa Genitive istōrum istārum istōrum
Ablative illīs illīs illīs Dative istīs istīs istīs
Accusative istōs istās ista
Ablative istīs istīs istīss

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 Is, Ea, Id
In addition to being the forms of the third person personal
pronoun, is, ea, id can also be used as a demonstrative adjec-
tive. In that case it is translated as “that” or “those.” You can
identify this use because it will agree with an accompanying
noun in gender, number, and case.

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 SECTION 4

The Relative Pronoun

The relative pronoun is used to begin a relative, or adjective,
clause. The relative pronoun in all cases whether singular or PLURAL
plural is translated as “who,” “which,” or “that.” In the geni- M. F. N.
tive the relative pronoun is translated as “whose” or “of
Nominative quī quae quae
which/whom.” In the dative it is translated as “to/for which/
whom.” Some of the forms of the relative pronoun are simi- Genitive quōrum quārum quōrum
lar to those of the demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc. Dative quibus quibus quibus
The relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gen-
Accusative quōs quās quae
der and number, but not necessarily case.
Ablative quibus quibus quibus
Qui, Quae, Quod

SINGULAR
M. F. N.
Nominative quī quae quod
Genitive cuius cuius cuius
Dative cui cui cui
Accusative quem quam quod
Ablative quō quā quō

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 SECTION 5

Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives

Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question. PLURAL
It is translated as “who, whom, or what.” The vocabulary en-
M. F. N.
try for the interrogative adjective is quis, quis, quid. Many of
the singular forms of the interrogative pronoun are similar to Nominative quī quae quae
those of the relative pronoun, qui, quae, quod. In the plural Genitive quōrum quārum quōrum
quis and quī are indentical.
Dative quibus quibus quibus
Accusative quōs quās quae
SINGULAR Ablative quibus quibus quibus
M. F. N.
Nominative quis quis quid
Interrogative Adjectives
Genitive cuius cuius cuius
An interrogative adjective is an adjective that asks a question.
Dative cui cui cui It is translated as “which” or “what.” As an adjective, it
Accusative quem quem quid agrees with a noun in gender, number, and case.
Ablative quō quō quō
The forms are identical to those of the relative pronoun, qui,
quae, quod.

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 Chapter 3

ADJECTIVES
 SECTION 1

The Latin Adjective

Latin adjectives are declined in a very similar way to Latin
nouns. Like nouns there are different categories of adjectives,
each with different endings for the six cases. Unlike nouns,
each word has different forms for the three different genders.

A Latin adjective must agree with the noun in modifies in

gender, number, and case. It does not need to agree in declen-
sion.

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 SECTION 2

First-Second Declension Adjectives

First-second declension adjectives, sometimes called 2-1-2 ad-
jectives, follow the same paradigm as first and second declen- SINGULAR
sion nouns. Masculine adjectives use the endings of second M. F. N.
declension masculine nouns, feminine adjectives use the first Nominative -us/--- -a -um
declension endings, and neuter ones use the endings of sec-
Genitive -ī -ae -ī
ond declension neuter adjectives.
Dative -ō -ae -ō
Accusative -um -am -um
First-second declension adjectives can be identified by the -a
ending on the feminine nominative singular. This ending is Ablative -ō -ā -ō
removed to form the stem used for declining the adjective. Vocative -e/--- -a -um

PLURAL
Most first-second declension adjectives have masculine nomi-
native singular forms that end in -us, like bonus, a, um, M. F. N.
“good.” There are some, like miser, misera, miserum, “un- Nominative -ī -ae -a
happy, miserable,” that have a variable ending for the mascu- Genitive -ōrum -ārum -ōrum
line nominative singular instead.
Dative -īs -īs -īs
Accusative -ōs -ās -a
Ablative -īs -īs -īs

25
Example: bonus, a, um, good stem: bon Example: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful
SINGULAR stem: pulchr-
M. F. N. SINGULAR
Nominative bonus bona bonum M. F. N.
Genitive bonī bonae bonī Nominative pulcher pulchra pulchrum
Dative bonō bonae bonō Genitive pulchrī pulchrae pulchrī
Accusative bonum bonam bonum Dative pulchrō pulchrae pulchrō
Ablative bonō bonā bonō Accusative pulchrum pulchram pulchrum
Vocative bone bona bonum Ablative pulchrō pulchrā pulchrō
Vocative pulcher pulchra pulchrum
PLURAL
M. F. N. PLURAL
M. F. N.
Nominative bonī bonae bona
Nominative pulchrī pulchrae pulchra
Genitive bonōrum bonārum bonōrum
Genitive pulchrōrum pulchrārum pulchrōrum
Dative bonīs bonīs bonīs
Dative pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs
Accusative bonōs bonās bona
Accusative pulchrōs pulchrās pulchra
Ablative bonīs bonīs bonīs
Ablative pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs
Vocative bonī bonae bona
Vocative pulchrī pulchrae pulchra

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 SECTION 3

Third Declension Adjectives

Third declension adjectives are adjectives that use third de- Third Declension Adjectives of Two Terminations
clension noun endings. There are three types of vocabulary These adjective share nominative singular endings between
entries for third declension adjectives. the masculine and feminine genders, with a separate ending
for the neuter. The stem for these adjectives can be found by
Third Declension Adjectives of Three Terminations dropping the -is from either the masculine or feminine nomi-
native singular form.
These adjectives have different nominative singular forms for
each gender. The stem can be found by dropping the -is end-
ing from the feminine nominative singular. Examples:
incolumis, incolumis, incolume unhurt, safe and sound
Examples: omnis, omnis, omne all, the whole, every, each
celer, celeris, celere swift, fast
celeber, celebris, celebre famous Because the stem stays the same for all three genders, the vo-
cabulary entries for these adjectives may be abbreviated as fol-
lows:
incolumis, -is, -e
omnis, -is, -e

27
 Third Declension Adjectives of One Termination SINGULAR
These adjectives use the same nominative singular form for M. F. N.
all three genders. The vocabulary entry for these adjectives
Nominative ---/-is ---/-is ---/-e
includes the nominative and genitive singular forms, like a
noun. The stem is found by removing the -is ending from the Genitive -is -is -is
genitive singular form. Dative -ī -ī -ī
Accusative -em -em ---/-e
Examples: Ablative -ī -ī -ī
ingens, ingentis huge
audax, audacis bold
PLURAL
M. F. N.
The third declension adjective endings are almost identical to
the third declension noun endings.  There are a few excep- Nominative -ēs -ēs -ia
tions: Genitive -ium -ium -ium
Dative -ibus -ibus -ibus
1. The blative singular of 3rd declension ends in letter -i (not Accusative -ēs -ēs -ia
e).
Ablative -ibus -ibus -ibus
2. The genitive plural of 3rd declension adjectives ends in
-ium.
3. The neuter nominative and accusative plural end in -ia.

28
Example:   incolumis, incolumis, incolume  unhurt, safe
stem = incolum- Example: ingēns, ingentis, huge stem: ingent-
SINGULAR SINGULAR
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nominative incolumis incolumis incolume Nominative ingēns ingēns ingēns
Genitive incolumis incolumis incolumis Genitive ingentis ingentis ingentis
Dative incolumī incolumī incolumī Dative ingentī ingentī ingentī
Accusative incolumem incolumem incolume Accusative ingentem ingentem ingēns
Ablative incolumī incolumī incolumī Ablative ingentī ingentī ingentī

PLURAL PLURAL
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nominative incolumēs incolumēs incolumia Nominative ingentēs ingentēs ingentia
Genitive incolumium incolumium incolumium Genitive ingentium ingentium ingentium
Dative incolumibus incolumibus incolumibus Dative ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus
Accusative incolumēs incolumēs incolumia Accusative ingentēs ingentēs ingentia
Ablative incolumibus incolumibus incolumibus Ablative ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus

29
Example: celer, celeris, celere, swift stem: celer-
SINGULAR
M. F. N.
Nominative celer celeris celere
Genitive celeris celeris celeris
Dative celerī celerī celerī
Accusative celerem celerem celere
Ablative celerī celerī celerī

PLURAL
M. F. N.
Nominative celerēs celerēs celeria
Genitive celerium celerium celerium
Dative celeribus celeribus celeribus
Accusative celerēs celerēs celeria
Ablative celeribus celeribus celeribus

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 SECTION 4

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

As in English, Latin adjectives are found in 3 different de- Comparative Degree
grees: positive (stultus- silly), comparative (stultior- sillier), The comparative degree of an adjective is formed from the
and superlative (stultissimus- silliest).  The positive degree is positive adjective.
the base form (happy, interesting, fun, etc.).  The comparative
degree considers two nouns (happier, more interesting, rather
fun, somewhat boring, etc.); the superlative degree compares The same stem used to decline an adjective is also used to
three or more nouns (happiest, most interesting, very fun, change its degree. For first-second declension adjectives, this
etc.).   is done by dropping the -a ending from the nominative singu-
The positive degree form of the adjective is found in the dic- lar form. For third declension adjectives this is done either by
tionary entry of the word, but the comparative and superla- dropping the -is from the feminine nominative singular form,
tive degree words are formed from the positive form. or from the genitive singular form.

Example:
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchr-
stultus, -a, -um stult-
celeber, celebris, celebre celebr-
fortis, -is, -e fort-
audax, audacis audac-

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To form the vocabulary entry for the comparative adjective, The comparative form of any adjective is declined like a
add -ior to the stem for the masculine and feminine nomina- third declension noun, using the following endings:
tive ending and add -ius to the stem for the neuter. SINGULAR
M. F. N.
pulcher, pulchra, pulcrum pulchrior, pulchrius prettier Nominative --- --- ---
stultus, -a, -um stultior, stultius more foolish Genitive -is -is -is
celeber, celebris, celebre celebrior, celebrius more famous Dative -ī -ī -ī
fortis, -is, -e fortior, fortius braver Accusative -em -em ---
audax, audacis audacior, audacius bolder Ablative -e -e -e

The stem for the comparative form is the masculine and femi-
nine nominative singular form. Except in the neuter nomina- PLURAL
tive and accusative singular, the endings are added directly to M. F. N.
this form.
Nominative -ēs -ēs -a
Genitive -um -um -um
Dative -ibus -ibus -ibus
Accusative -ēs -ēs -a
Ablative -ibus -ibus -ibus

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Example: stultior, stultius Superlative Degree
To form the vocabulary entry for a superlative adjective, find
the same stem from the positive adjective that you used to
SINGULAR
form the comparative degree, then add -issimus, a, um.
M. F. N.
Nominative stultior stultior stultius
Examples:
Genitive stultioris stultioris stultioris
stultus, -a, -um stultissimus, -a, -um most foolish
Dative stultiorī stultiorī stultiorī fortis, -is, -e fortissimus, -a, -um bravest
Accusative stultiorem stultiorem stultius audax, audacis audacissimus, -a, -um boldest
Ablative stultiore stultiore stultiore

PLURAL
M. F. N.
Nominative stultiorēs stultiorēs stultiora
Genitive stultiorum stultiorum stultiorum
Dative stultioribus stultioribus stultioribus
Accusative stultiorēs stultiorēs stultiora
Ablative stultioribus stultioribus stultioribus

33
The superlative form of any adjective is declined like a first & Exceptions
second declension adjective. There are a few groups of positive adjectives that do not fol-
Example: stultissimus, -a, -um low the regular rules for the formation of the superlative vo-
cabulary entry. These adjectives fall into two different catego-
SINGULAR
ries. Once the vocabulary entry is formed, these adjective use
M. F. N. the same first-second declension adjective endings.
Nominative stultissimus stultissima stultissimum
Genitive stultissimī stultissimae stultissimī “Er” Adjectives
Dative stultissimō stultissimae stultissimō All adjectives that end in -er in the masculine nominative sin-
Accusative stultissimum stultissimam stultissimum
gular of the positive degree follow a different rule for form-
ing the superlative.
Ablative stultissimō stultiore stultissimō

Instead of using the stem found from the feminine nomina-

PLURAL tive singular, the masculine nominative singular will be used
as the stem. The endings  –rimus, a, um to that form to cre-
M. F. N. ate the superlative vocabulary entry.
Nominative stultissimī stultissimae stultissima
Genitive stultissimōrum stultissimārum stultissimōrum Ex:  
Dative stultissimīs stultissimīs stultissimīs pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulcherrimus, -a, -um prettiest
Accusative stultissimōs stultissimās stultissima miser, misera, miserum miserrimus, -a, -um most unhappy
Ablative stultissimīs stultissimīs stultissimīs celer, celeris, celere celerrimus, -a, -um swiftest
celeber, celebris, celebre celeberrimus, -a, -um most famous

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 “Lis” Adjectives Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
There are six third declension adjectives that end in –lis that
have a special superlative: The following is a list of adjectives that do not follow any par-
ticular pattern for the formation of comparative and superla-
facilis (easy) facillimus, a, um tive adjectives. These forms must be memorized.

difficilis (difficult) difficillimus, a, um

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
similis (similar) simillimus, a, um
dissimilis (different, dissimilar)   dissimillimus, a, um magnus, a, um maior, maius maximus, a, um
big, great bigger biggest
gracilis (thin, slender)   gracillimus, a, um
parvus, a, um minor, minus minimus, a, um
humilis (humble)   humillimus, a, um
small smaller smallest
bonus, a, um melior, melioris optimus, a, um
Note that these six adjectives are the only “lis” adjectives that good better best
form their superlatives in this way. Words like fidelis and nobi-
lis that are not on this list follow the regular pattern. malus, a, um peior, peius pessimus, a, um
bad worse worst
multus, a, um plus* plurimus, a, um
Example:
much more most
nobilis, -is, -e nobilissimus, -a, -um
multi, ae, a plures, plura plurimī, ae, a
fidelis, -is, -e fidelissimus, -a, -um many more most

*plus does not decline but is followed by a noun in the parti-

tive genitive.

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 SECTION 5

Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives

Aliqui, Aliqua, Aliquod PLURAL
The indefinite adjective aliqui, aliqua, aliquod is translated M. F. N.
“some” or “any.”
Nominative aliquī aliquae aliqua
SINGULAR Genitive aliquōrum aliquārum aliquōrum
M. F. N. Dative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Nominative aliquī aliqua aliquod Accusative aliquōs aliquās aliqua
Genitive alicuius alicuius alicuius Ablative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Dative alicui alicui alicui
Accusative aliquem aliquam aliquod
Ablative aliquō aliquā aliquō

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 Aliquis, Alqiuis, Aliquid Quīcumque, Quaecumque, Quodcumque
The indefinite pronoun aliquis, aliquis, aliquid means “some- The indefinite adjective quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcum-
one, anyone” or “something, anything.” It is the prefix “ali” que is translated “whichever, whatever.”
plus the interrogative adjective quis, quis, quid.
SINGULAR
SINGULAR M. F. N.
M. F. N.
Nominative quīcumque quaecumque quodcumque
Nominative aliquis aliquis aliquid Genitive cuiuscumque cuiuscumque cuiuscumque
Genitive alicuius alicuius alicuius Dative cuicumque cuicumque cuicumque
Dative alicui alicui alicui Accusative quemcumque quamcumque quodcumque
Accusative aliquem aliquem aliquid Ablative quōcumque quācumque quōcumque
Ablative aliquō aliquō aliquō
PLURAL
PLURAL M. F. N.
M. F. N. Nominative quīcumque quaecumque quaecumque
Nominative aliquī aliquae aliqua Genitive quōrumcumque quārumcumque quōrumcumque
Genitive aliquōrum aliquārum aliquōrum Dative quibuscumque quibuscumque quibuscumque
Dative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus Accusative quōscumque quāscumque quaecumque
Accusative aliquōs aliquās aliqua Ablative quibuscumque quibuscumque quibuscumque

Ablative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus

When a form of aliquis or aliqui is preceded by the words si,
nisi, or ne, the prefix “ali” is dropped, leaving only a form of
qui, quae, quod or quis, quis, quid. It is still translated as an
indefinite adjective or pronoun.

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 Quīdam, Quaedam, Quoddam Quisquam, Quisquam, Quidquam
The indefinite adjective “quidam, quaedam, quoddam” is Like aliquis, quisquam means “someone, anyone” or “some-
translated “someone, a certain person, something, a certain thing, anything,” but it is used in negative sentences, for ex-
thing, some, certain.” ample those that begin include nisi, ne, non, or the verb ne-
gare. It is declined like the forms of quis, quis, quid with the
SINGULAR
suffix “quam”
M. F. N.
SINGULAR
Nominative quīdam quaedam quoddam
M. F. N.
Genitive cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam
quidquam
Dative cuidam cuidam cuidam Nominative quisquam quisquam
(quicquam)
Accusative quendam quandam quoddam Genitive cuiusquam cuiusquam cuiusquam
Ablative quōdam quādam quōdam Dative cuiquam cuiquam cuiquam
quidquam
Accusative quemquam quemquam
(quicquam)
PLURAL
Ablative quōquam quāquam quōquam
M. F. N.
PLURAL
Nominative quīdam quaedam quaedam
M. F. N.
Genitive quōrundam quārundam quōrundam
Nominative quīquam quaequam quaequam
Dative quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
Genitive quōrumquam quārumquam quōrumquam
Accusative quōsdam quāsdam quaedam
Dative quibusquam quibusquam quibusquam
Ablative quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
Accusative quōsquam quāsquam quaequam
Ablative quibusquam quibusquam quibusquam

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 Quisque, Quisque, Quicque Quīque, Quaeque, Quodque
The pronoun quisque, quisque, quicque is translated “each The adjective quīque, quaeque, quodque means “each” or
one, every one” or “each thing, every thing.” The forms for “every.” The forms of this adjective are those of qui, quae,
this pronoun are quis, quis, quid with the suffix “que.” quod with the suffix “que.”
SINGULAR SINGULAR
M. F. N. M. F. N.
quicque Nominative quīque quaeque quodque
Nominative quisque quisque
(quidque) Genitive cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque
Genitive cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque Dative cuique cuique cuique
Dative cuique cuique cuique Accusative quemque quamque quodque
quicque
Accusative quemque quemque Ablative quōque quāque quōque
(quidque)
PLURAL
Ablative quōque quōque quōque
M. F. N.
PLURAL
Nominative quīque quaeque quaeque
M. F. N.
Genitive quōrumque quārumque quōrumque
Nominative quīque quaeque quaeque
Dative quibusque quibusque quibusque
Genitive quōrumque quārumque quōrumque
Accusative quōsque quāsque quaeque
Dative quibusque quibusque quibusque
Ablative quibusque quibusque quibusque
Accusative quōsque quāsque quaeque
Ablative quibusque quibusque quibusque

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 SECTION 6

Special “-ius”Adjectives
There is a category of nine irregular adjectives that generally SINGULAR
follow the rules of the first-second declension adjectives with
a few exceptions. These nine words are: M. F. N.

unus, -a, -um - one Nominative unus una unum

nullus, -a, -um - no, none Genitive unius unius unius
ullus, -a, -um - any Dative unī unī unī
solus, -a, -um - only, alone Accusative unum unam unum
neuter, neutra, neutrum - neither Ablative unō unā unō
alius, alia, aliud - another, other
PLURAL
uter, utra, utrum - either, which (of two)
M. F. N.
totus, -a, -um - the whole, all, entire
alter, altera, alterum - the other (of two) Nominative unī unae una
Genitive unōrum unārum unōrum
These words are declined as follows: Dative unīs unīs unīs
Accusative unōs unās una
Ablative unīs unīs unīs

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One exception to be aware of is the word alius, alia, aliud.
This adjective does not have a genitive singular form of its
own and therefore uses the genitive singular form of alter, al-
tera, alterum. Everywhere else this word declines normally
like unus.
SINGULAR
M. F. N.
Nominative alius alia aliud
Genitive alterius alterius alterius
Dative aliī aliī aliī
Accusative alium aliam aliud
Ablative aliō aliā aliō

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 Chapter 4

ADVERBS
 SECTION 1

Positive Adverbs
Latin adverbs come in three different degrees, just like adjec- Positive Adverbs from Third Declension Adjectives
tives: positive, comparative, and superlative. Many positive ad- An adverb can be formed from a third declension adjective
verbs come from positive adjectives, although some do not. by finding the stem and adding “-iter.”

Positive Adverbs from First-Second Declension Adjectives Examples:

An adverb can be formed from a first-second declension ad- fortis, fortis, forte brave fortiter bravely
jective by finding the stem and adding to it “-ē.”
celer, celeris, celere swift celeriter swiftly
brevis, brevis, breve brief breviter briefly
Examples:
gravis, gravis, grave serious graviter seriously
stultus, -a, -um foolish stultē foolishly
miser, misera, miserum unhappy miserē unhappily
When the stem of a third declension adjective ends in “nt”
lentus, -a, -um slow lentē slowly only an “-er” is added for change it from an adjective to an
laetus, -a, -um happy laetē happily adverb.

Example:
prudens, prudentis wise prudenter wisely

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 SECTION 2

Comparative Adverbs
Comparative adverbs are formed from comparative adjec-
tives. The comparative adverb is identical to the neuter nomi-
native singular of the comparative adjective. Context is essen-
tial to determining whether the word is being used as a com-
parative adjective or adverb. An adjective will modify a noun
with which it agrees in gender, number, and case. An adverbs
will modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It does
not decline.

Examples:
laetior, laetius happier laetius more happily
stultior, stultius more foolish stultius more foolishly
lentior, lentius slower lentius more slowly
gravior, gravius more serious gravius more seriously

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 SECTION 3

Superlative Adverbs
Superlative adverbs are formed from superlative adjectives.
Superlative adjectives are first-second declension adjectives,
so they follow the same rules for the formation of adverbs.
The stem is found by dropping the -a from the feminine
nominative singular and “-ē” is added.

Examples:
stultissimus, -a, -um stultissimē
most foolish most foolishly
laetissimus, -a, -um laetissimē
happiest most happily
fortissimus, -a, -um fortissimē
bravest most bravely

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 SECTION 4

Irregular Adverbs
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
There are some adverbs that do not follow the regular rules. diu diutius diutissimē
These are often the same words that are formed irregularly for a long time for a longer time for the longest time
for comparative and superlative adjectives. It is important to
saepe saepius saepissimē
memorize the following chart.
often more often most often
sērō sērius sērissimē
late later latest
bene melius optimē
well better best
male peius pessimē
badly worse worst
facile facilius facillimē
easily more easily most easily
magnopere magis maximē
greatly more most, very much
paulum minus minimē
little less least
multum plūs plūrimum
much more most

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