Mackey
VERBS CONJUGATE: they have PERSON, NUMBER, TENSE, VOICE & MOOD
(a) PERSON: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.
NUMBER: singular and plural.
TENSE: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect.
VOICE: active and passive.
MOOD: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.
(b) Each verb belongs to one of 4 CONJUGATIONS, just as each noun belongs to one of 5 declensions.
Each conjugation is distinguished by its STEM VOWEL as follows:
Conjugation: Stem vowel: Pres. stem: Pres. act. inf. (= pres. stem + -re):
st
1 -â- Ex. vocâ- vocâre
2nd -ê- movê- movêre
rd
3 -e- rege- regere
4th -i- audi- audire
(c) FOUR PRINCIPAL PARTS: A verb's dictionary entry will list four principal parts
of the verb. These four parts tell you all you need to know about the verb. They are:
(1st principal part) (2nd principal part) (3rd principal part) (4th principal part)
1st pers. sg. pres. act. indic. pres. act. inf. 1st pers. sg. perf. act. indic. perf. pass. participle
Ex. vocô vocâre vocâvî vocâtus
"I call" "to call" "I called"/"I have called" "(having been) called"
(d) CONJUGATE a verb by adding PERSONAL ENDINGS.
PERSONAL ENDINGS for present, future, & imperfect TENSE, active VOICE,
indicative MOOD:
Singular Plural
st
1 Person -ô (imperf. -m) -mus
2nd Person -s -tis
rd
3 Person -t -nt
(e) PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in pres. act. indic., add PERSONAL ENDINGS to verb STEM.
I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs
Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move
Stem vocâ- plus personal endings: Stem movê- plus personal endings:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person vocô vocâmus 1st Person moveô movêmus
2nd Person vocâs vocâtis 2nd Person movês movêtis
3rd Person vocat vocant 3rd Person movet movent
1
(f) IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in imperf. act. indic., add IMPERFECT INFIX to verb STEM,
and then add PERSONAL ENDINGS.
IMPERFECT INFIX: -bâ-
Ex. 2nd pers. sg.: vocâ-bâ-s "you were calling"
I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs
Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move
Stem vocâ-, plus imperf. infix, plus Stem movê-, plus imperf. infix, plus
personal endings: personal endings:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
st st
1 Person vocâbam vocâbâmus 1 Person movêbam movêbâmus
2nd Person vocâbâs vocâbâtis 2nd Person movêbâs movêbâtis
3rd Person vocâbat vocâbant 3rd Person movêbat movêbant
(g) FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in fut. act. indic., add FUTURE INFIX to verb STEM,
and then add PERSONAL ENDINGS.
FUTURE INFIX: -bi-
Ex. 2nd pers. sg.: vocâ-bi-s "you will call"
I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs
Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move
Stem vocâ-, plus fut. infix, plus Stem movê-, plus fut. infix, plus personal
personal endings: endings:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
st st
1 Person vocâbô vocâbimus 1 Person movêbô movêbimus
2nd Person vocâbis vocâbitis 2nd Person movêbis movêbitis
3rd Person vocâbit vocâbunt 3rd Person movêbit movêbunt
2
Mackey
VERBS CONJUGATE: they have PERSON, NUMBER, TENSE, VOICE & MOOD
(a) PERSON: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.
NUMBER: singular and plural.
TENSE: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect.
VOICE: active and passive.
MOOD: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.
(b) REVIEW: personal endings for the pres., fut., & imperf. of the active VOICE.
Singular Plural
st
1 Person -ô (imperf. -m) -mus
2nd Person -s -tis
3rd Person -t -nt
(c) NEW: personal endings for the pres., fut., & imperf. of the passive VOICE.
Singular Plural
1st Person -or (imperf. -r) -mur
2nd Person -ris / -re -minî
3rd Person -tur -ntur
(d) Present PASSIVE Indicative conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in pres. PASS. indic., add passive PERSONAL ENDINGS to
verb STEM.
I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs
Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move
Stem vocâ- plus pass. personal endings: Stem movê- plus pass. personal endings:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person vocor vocâmur 1st Person moveor movêmur
2nd Person vocâris vocâminî 2nd Person movêris movêminî
(or: vocâre) (or: movêre)
3rd Person vocâtur vocantur 3rd Person movêtur moventur
3
(e) Imperfect PASSIVE Indicative conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in imperf. PASS. indic., add IMPERFECT INFIX to verb
STEM, and then add passive PERSONAL ENDINGS.
IMPERFECT INFIX: -bâ-
Ex. 2nd pers. sg.: vocâ-bâ-ris "you were being called/you used to be called"
I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs
Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move
Stem vocâ-, plus imperf. infix, plus Stem movê-, plus imperf. infix, plus
passive personal endings: passive personal endings:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person vocâbar vocâbâmur 1st Person movêbar movêbâmur
2nd Person vocâbâris vocâbâminî 2nd Person movêbâris movêbâminî
(or: vocâbâre) (or: movêbâre)
3rd Person vocâbâtur vocâbantur 3rd Person movêbâtur movêbantur
(f) Future PASSIVE Indicative conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in fut. PASS. indic., add FUTURE INFIX to verb STEM,
and then add passive PERSONAL ENDINGS.
FUTURE INFIX: -bi-
Ex. 2nd pers. sg.: vocâ-bi-tur "s/he/it will be called"
I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs
Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move
Stem vocâ-, plus fut. infix, plus Stem movê-, plus fut. infix, plus passive
passive personal endings: personal endings:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person vocâbor vocâbimur 1st Person movêbor movêbimur
2nd Person vocâberis vocâbiminî 2nd Person movêberis movêbiminî
(or: vocâbere) (or: movêbere)
3rd Person vocâbitur vocâbuntur 3rd Person movêbitur movêbuntur
4
VERBS: THIRD, THIRD i-STEM, and FOURTH CONJUGATIONS
NEW:
3rd conjugation: inf. -ere, stem vowel -e- (E.g., dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus)
3rd conj. i-stem: inf: -ere, stem vowel -e- (E.g., capiô, capere, cêpî, captus)
4th conjugation: inf. -îre, stem vowel -î- (E.g., audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus)
*PRESENT TENSE*
(1) In 3RD CONJ. & 3RD I-STEM CONJ. verbs, the stem vowel -e- changes to -i- in the
PRESENT Active & Passive Indicative
dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus capiô, capere, cêpî, captus
Active Passive Active Passive
dîcô dîcimus dîcor dîcimur capiô capimus capior capimur
dîcis dîcitis dîceris/re dîciminî capis capitis caperis/re capiminî
dîcit dîcunt dîcitur dîcuntur capit capiunt capitur capiuntur
N.B.: in the pass. 2nd pers. sg. of both 3rd conj. & 3rd i-stem conj., the stem vowel is -e-.
N.B.: in the 3rd person pl. of 3rd conj. verbs, the -i- is replaced by -u-.
N.B.: in 3rd person pl. of 3rd i-stem conj. verbs, a -u- is added between the stem vowel -i-
and the personal ending.
N.B.: in the pres. tense, the 3rd i-stem conj. verbs are distinguished from 3rd conj. verbs
by an -i- in the stem of the 1st person sg. and 3rd person pl.
(2) In 4TH CONJ. verbs, the stem vowel -î- remains -î- in the
PRESENT Active & Passive Indicative
audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus
Active Passive
audiô audîmus audior audîmur
audîs audîtis audîris/re audîminî
audit audiunt audîtur audiuntur
N.B.: the 4th conj. has the usual pattern of stem vowel shortening before final -t & -nt.
N.B.: in the 4th conj., the pass. 2nd person sg., uniquely, retains stem vowel -î- (cf. 3rd
conj. & 3rd i-stem conj.).
N.B.: in the 3rd person pl. of 4th conj. verbs, a -u- is added between the stem vowel -i- and
the personal ending.
5
*IMPERFECT*
(1) 3RD CONJ.: stem vowel -e- changes to -ê- in the IMPERFECT Act. & Pass. Indic.
dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus
dîcê-
Active Passive
dîcêbam dîcêbâmus dîcêbar dîcêbâmur
dîcêbâs dîcêbâtis dîcêbâris/re dîcêbâminî
dîcêbat dîcêbant dîcêbâtur dîcêbantur
(2) 3RD I-STEM CONJ.: stem vowel -e- ➔ -iê- in the IMPERFECT Act. & Pass. Indic.
capiô, capere, cêpî, captus
capiê-
Active Passive
capiêbam capiêbâmus capiêbar capiêbâmur
capiêbâs capiêbâtis capiêbâris/re capiêbâminî
capiêbat capiêbant capiêbâtur capiêbantur
(3) 4TH CONJ.: stem vowel -î- ➔ -iê- in the IMPERFECT Act. & Pass. Indic.
audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus
audiê-
Active Passive
audiêbam audiêbâmus audiêbar audiêbâmur
audiêbâs audiêbâtis audiêbâris/re audiêbâminî
audiêbat audiêbant audiêbâtur audiêbantur
N.B.: the imperf. stems of the 3rd i-stem conj. and 4th conj. verbs both end in -iê-.
N.B.: same familiar imperf. infix -bâ- in all the conjugations.
N.B.: same familiar active and passive personal endings in all the conjugations.
6
*FUTURE*
(1) 3RD CONJ.: stem vowel -e- changes to -ê- in the FUTURE Act. & Pass. Indic.
dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus
dîcê-
Active Passive
dîcam dîcêmus dîcar dîcêmur
dîcês dîcêtis dîcêris/re dîcêminî
dîcet dîcent dîcêtur dîcentur
(2) 3RD I-STEM CONJ.: stem vowel -e- ➔ -iê- in the FUTURE Act. & Pass. Indic.
capiô, capere, cêpî, captus
capiê-
Active Passive
capiam capiêmus capiar capiêmur
capiês capiêtis capiêris/re capiêminî
capiet capient capiêtur capientur
(3) 4TH CONJ.: stem vowel -î- ➔ -iê- in the FUTURE Act. & Pass. Indic.
audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus
audiê-
Active Passive
audiam audiêmus audiar audiêmur
audiês audiêtis audiêris/re audiêminî
audiet audient audiêtur audientur
N.B.: the fut. stems of 3rd i-stem conj. and 4th conj. verbs both end in -iê-.
N.B.: same familiar active and passive personal endings in all the conjugations.
N.B.: the fut. infix -bi- does NOT appear in the fut. of 3rd, 3rd i-stem, or 4th conj. verbs.
N.B.: the fut. stems of 3rd, 3rd i-stem, and 4th conj. verbs by themselves, with no infix,
signal the future tense.
7
Mackey
VERBS CONJUGATE: they have PERSON, NUMBER, TENSE, VOICE & MOOD
(I) REVIEW: personal endings of the present system:
pres., fut., & imperf., ACTIVE VOICE pres., fut., & imperf., PASSIVE VOICE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
st
1 Person -ô (-m) -mus -or (-r) -mur
2nd Person -s -tis -ris / -re -minî
rd
3 Person -t -nt -tur -ntur
(II) NEW: Perfect Active Indicative personal endings:
Singular Plural
1st Person -î -imus
nd
2 Person -istî -istis
3rd Person -it -êrunt or -êre
(III) Forming the Perf. Act. Indic.
(i) Find the Perf. Act. Indic. stem by dropping the -î from the 3rd principle part:
vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: vocâv-
moveô, movêre, môvî, môtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: môv-
regô, regere, rêxî, rêctus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: rêx-
capiô, capere, cêpî, captus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: cêp-
audiô, audîre, audîvî, auditus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: audîv-
sum, esse, fuî, futûrus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: fu-
possum, posse, potuî, — Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: potu-
(ii) Then add Perf. Act. Indic. personal endings:
vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: vocâv-
vocâvî vocâvimus
vocâvistî vocâvistis
vocâvit vocâvêrunt / vocâvêre
8
(IV) The Pluperfect Active Indicative is formed from the Perf. Act. Indic. stem, plus
the infix -erâ-, plus the active personal endings of the present system.
vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: vocâv-
vocâv-erâ-m —> vocâveram vocâv-erâ-mus —> vocâverâmus
vocâv-erâ-s —> vocâverâs vocâv-erâ-tis —> vocâverâtis
vocâv-erâ-t —> vocâverat vocâv-erâ-nt —> vocâverant
N.B.: The result of adding the active personal endings to the infix -erâ- is effectively to
produce the following personal endings for the Plup. Act. Indic.:
Singular Plural
1st Person -eram -erâmus
2nd Person -erâs -erâtis
3rd Person -erat -erant
N.B.: These endings look identical to, but are not to be confused with, the Imperf. Act.
Indic. of sum, esse.
(V) The Future Perfect Active Indicative is formed from the Perf. Act. Indic. stem, plus
the infix -eri-, plus the active personal endings of the present system.
vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: vocâv-
vocâv-eri-o —> vocâverô vocâv-eri-mus —> vocâverimus
vocâv-eri-s —> vocâveris vocâv-eri-tis —> vocâveritis
vocâv-eri-t —> vocâverit vocâv-eri-nt —> vocâverint
N.B.: The result of adding the active personal endings to the infix -eri- is effectively to
produce the following personal endings for the Fut. Perf. Act. Indic.:
Singular Plural
st
1 Person -erô -erimus
2nd Person -eris -eritis
3rd Person -erit -erint
N.B.: These endings look identical to, but are not to be confused with, the Fut. Act. Indic.
of sum, esse (except that -erint differs from erunt).
9
Perfect, Future Perfect, and Pluperfect PASSIVE
1. Select the 4th principal part (= the Perf. Pass. Participle)
amô, amâre, amâvî, amâtus
habeô, habêre, habuî, habitus
dicô, dicere, dixî, dictus
capiô, capere, cepî, captus
audiô, audîre, audîvî, auditus
2. Determine gender & number of verb’s subject; adjust participle’s ending accordingly:
amâtus: m. sg. amatus; f. sg. amata; n. sg. amatum
m. pl. amatî; f. pl. amatae; n. pl. amata
habitus m. sg. habitus; f. sg. habita; n. sg. habitum
m. pl. habitî; f. pl. habitae; n. pl. habita
dictus m. sg. dictus; f. sg. dicta; n. sg. dictum
m. pl. dictî; f. pl. dictae; n. pl. dicta
captus m. sg. captus; f. sg. capta; n. sg. captum
m. pl. captî; f. pl. captae; n. pl. capta
auditus m. sg. auditus; f. sg. audita; n. sg. auditum
m. pl. auditî; f. pl. auditae; n. pl. audita
3. Determine person & tense and add the appropriate form of the verb sum, esse:
For example, if we have masculine subjects throughout and we’re using amô, amâre:
Perf.
amâtus sum amâtî sumus
amâtus es amâtî estis
amâtus est amâtî sunt
Fut. Perf.
amâtus erô amâtî erimus
amâtus eris amâtî eritis
amâtus erit amâtî erunt
Plup.
amâtus eram amâtî erâmus
amâtus erâs amâtî erâtis
amâtus erat amâtî erant
Morphology of the Subjunctive Mackey
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
✱ The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in only 4 TENSES—PRES., IMPERF., PERF. & PLUPERF. (never
in the FUT. or FUT. PERF.)—and in both VOICES—ACTIVE & PASSIVE.
✱ The SUBJUNCTIVE employs only the PERSONAL ENDINGS of the PRESENT SYSTEM:
_____ACTIVE______ ______PASSIVE_____
-ô (-m) -mus -or (-r) -mur
-s -tis -ris/-re -minî
-t -nt -tur -ntur
1) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE & PASSIVE
a) Change STEM VOWEL of PRES. STEM: b) Add personal endings to form ACTIVE
vocâ- ⇒ você- (-ê-) or PASSIVE forms, as required.
movê- ⇒ moveâ- (-eâ-)
rege- ⇒ regâ- (-â-)
cape- ⇒ capiâ- (-iâ-)
audî- ⇒ audiâ- (-iâ-)
2) IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE & PASSIVE
a) Take PRES. ACT. INF. & lengthen final -e: b) Add personal endings to form ACTIVE
vocâre ⇒ vocârê- or PASSIVE forms, as required.
movêre ⇒ movêrê-
regere ⇒ regerê-
capere ⇒ caperê-
audîre ⇒ audîrê-
3A) PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE only
a) Take PERF. ACT. STEM: b) Add infix -eri- N.B. resulting endings:
vocâv- -erim -erimus
môv- c) Add personal endings to -eris -eritis
rêx- create ACTIVE forms only. -erit -erint
cêp-
audîv-
3B) PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, PASSIVE only
a) Take PERF. PASS. PARTICIPLE, properly declined to reflex the subject's number & gender.
E.g., vocâtus, môta, rêctî, captae, auditus, etc.
b) Team it up with PRES. SUBJUNCTIVE of sum, esse: sim sîmus
sîs sîtis
sit sint
11
4A) PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE only
a) Take PERF. ACT. STEM: b) Add infix -issê- N.B. resulting endings:
vocâv- (N.B. the perf. act. stem plus -issem -issêmus
môv- -isse is the PERF. ACT. INF.) -issês -issêtis
rêx- -isset -issent
cêp- c) Add personal endings to
audîv- create ACTIVE forms only.
4B) PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, PASSIVE only
a) Take PERF. PASS. PARTICIPLE, properly declined to reflex the subject's number & gender.
E.g., vocâtus, môta, rêctî, captae, auditus, etc.
b) Team it up with IMPERF. SUBJUNCTIVE of sum, esse: essem essêmus
essês essêtis
esset essent
12
