Environment and Nature
Environment and Nature
Read the passages and choose the best answer for each question
Although noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of pollution, it is very
difficult to measure because the discomfort experienced by different individuals is highly subjective and,
therefore, variable. Exposure to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating, whereas exposure to
higher levels may actually cause hearing loss. Particularly in congested urban areas, the noise produced
as a by-product of our advancing technology causes physical and psychological harm, and distracts
from the quality of life for those who are exposed to it.
Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and is, therefore,
always open and vulnerable; noise penetrates without protection.
Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot control and to which the body never becomes accustomed.
Loud noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, including human
beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, the skin pales, and
muscles tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about by the flow of adrenaline
released in response to fear, and some of these responses persist even longer than the noise,
occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased.
Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly responding in a same
way that we would response to danger. Recently, researchers have concluded that noise and our
response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical and
psychological health and well-being, causing damage not only to the ear and brain but also to the heart
and stomach. We have long known that hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem,
but now we are learning that some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be victims of health as well.
Fetuses exposed to noise tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are more sensitive to
gastrointestinal problems after birth. In addition, the psychic effect of noise is very important.
Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest during sleep, and the
efficiency of activities during walking hours, as well as the way that we interact with each other.
Question 1. Which of the following is the author’s main point?
A. Noise may pose a serious threat to our physical and psychological health.
B. Loud noises signal danger.
C. Hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem.
D. The ear is not like the eye.
Question 2. According to the passage, what is noise?
A. Unwanted sound B. A by-product of technology
C. Physical and psychological harm D. Congestion
Question 3. Why is noise difficult to measure?
A. It causes hearing loss.
B. All people do not respond to it in the same way.
C. It is unwanted.
D. People become accustomed to it.
Question 4. The word congested in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. hazardous B. polluted C. crowded D. rushed
Question 5. The word “by-product” as used in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. a necessary product B. a product that is always by your side
C. an unexpected result D. something that is produced by environmental pollution
Question 6. It can be inferred from the passage that the eye
A. responds to fear B. enjoys greater protection than the ear
C. increases functions D. is damaged by noise
Question 7. According to the passage, people respond to loud noise in the same way that they respond to
A. annoyance B. disease C. damage D. danger
Question 8. The word accelerate in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. decrease B. alter C. increase D. release
Question 9. The word it in the first paragraph refers to
A. the noise B. the quality of life C. advancing technology D. a by-product
Question 10. With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
A. Noise is sometimes annoying.
B. Noise is America’s number one problem.
C. Noise is an unavoidable problem in an industrial society.
D. Noise is a complex problem.
PASSAGE 2
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best
answer to each of the following questions.
The response of most animals when suddenly faced with a predator is to flee. Natural selection has acted in
a variety of ways in different species to enhance the efficacy of the behaviors, known as “flight behaviors” or
escape behaviors that are used by prey in fleeing predators. Perhaps the most direct adaptation is enhanced
flight speed and agility.
Adaptations for speed, however, are likely to require sacrificing biter attributes, so we might expect only
some species to adopt a simple fast flight strategy. Another way of enhancing the effectiveness of flight is
to move in an erratic and unpredictable way. Many species, like ptarmigans, snipes, and various antelopes
and gazelles, flee from predators in a characteristic zigzag fashion. Rapid unexpected changes in flight
direction make it difficult for a predator to track prey. In some species, like the European hare, erratic zigzag
flight might be more effective in the presence of predators that are faster than they are and straight flight
more effective against predators that are slower. One observation that supports this suggestion is the
recorded tendency for slow-flying black-headed show frequent changes in flight direction when they spot a
peregrine falcon (peregrines are adept at capturing flying birds).
A quite different way of enhancing escape by flight is to use so-called “flash” behavior. Here, the alarmed
prey flees for a short distance and then “freezes.” Some predators are unexcited by immobile prey, and a
startling flash of activity followed by immobility may confuse them. “Flash” behavior is used in particular by
frogs and orthoptera insects which make conspicuous jumps and then sit immobile. In some species, “flash”
behavior is enhanced by the display of bright body markings. Good examples of insects with the colorful
markings are the red and yellow under-wing moths. At rest, both species are a cryptic brown color. When
they fly, however, brightly colored hind wings are exposed, which render the moths highly conspicuous.
Similarly, some frogs and lizards have brightly colored patches or frills that may serve a “flash” function
when they move quickly. Some species even appear to possess “flash” sounds. The loud buzzing and
clicking noises made by some grasshoppers when they jump may serve to emphasize the movement.
Question 1. The word “enhance” is closest in meaning to .
A. encourage B. resist C. increase D. reveal
Question 2. The description of the prey’s movement as “zigzag” suggests that the movement is
.
A. reliable B. fast C. constant D. unpredictable
Question 3. It can be inferred from the passage that the European hare .
For many people, mushrooms are strange, colorless, incomprehensible plants that should be avoided.
Quaint tales and scary stories surrounding mushrooms become extremely poisonous. In reality, however,
mushrooms are fungi that are simple plants without developed roots, leaves, stems, flowers, or seeds. They
grow in wetlands, grassy meadows, and woods. Certain types of mushrooms are delicious and are included
as ingredients in many recipes and trendy snacks. For example, morels are considered one of the choicest
foods, and truffles, related to morels, are highly prized in Europe. Their shape is tube- like, and they remain
entirely underground, a foot or more below the surface. In the old days, dogs and pigs were specially trained
to hunt them by scent.
Mushrooms stand out among other plants because they have no chlorophyll and cannot generate their
own nourishment. The part of the fungus that rises above the ground is the fruiting body, and the vegetative
part that produces growth is hidden under the ground. It can be usually dug up in the form of dense, white
tangled filaments, which, depending on the food supply and moisture, can live for hundreds of years. In fact,
mushrooms, as well as the rest of the fungus genus species, are one of the few remaining simple plants that
are believed to be among the oldest living organisms. When their environment is not conducive to growth,
filaments stop proliferating and can lie dormant for dozens of years.
Although mushrooms are rich in flavor and texture, they have little food value. Picking mushrooms
requires a thorough knowledge of environments where they are most likely to grow and an ability to tell
between edible and poisonous plants. Most mushrooms thrive in temperatures from 680 to 860 (F) with
plenty of moisture, and nearly complete darkness produces the best crop. The entire mushroom should be
picked, the stem, the cap, and whatever part that is underground. Brightly colored mushroom caps usually
indicate that the plant is not fit for consumption, and the more the mushroom attracts attention, the more
poisonous it is. Mushrooms with beautiful red or orange spotted caps that grow under large trees after a
good rain are particularly poisonous. If milky or white juices seep from a break in the body of the plant,
chances are it should not be picked. Old mushrooms with brown caps are also not very safe.
Question 1. The word “quaint” is closest in meaning to
A. convoluted B. fanciful C. irritating D. perfunctory
Question 2. The word “trendy” is closest meaning to
A. tender B. experimental C. fashionable D. trusted
Question 3. With which of the following statements is the author of the passage most likely to agree?
A. In the old days, when food was scarce, people chose mushrooms as food.
B. Mushrooms should be treated as all other plants.
C. Because they are poisonous, people should stay away from mushrooms.
D. Mushrooms have different forms of roots, stems, and leaves.
Question 4. It can be inferred from the passage that mushrooms multiply mostly by means of
A. moisture B. fruiting bodies C. nourishment D. root systems
Question 5. The word “Their” refers to
A. morels B. foods C. truffles D. morels and truffles
Question 6. The word “tell” is closest in meaning to
A. narrate B. distinguish C. say D. see
Question 7. What does the author of the passage imply about brightly colored mushrooms?
A. They are beautiful. B. They should not be eaten.
C. They attract attention. D. They should be destroyed.
Question 8. The author of the passage implies that mushrooms
A. have been known since ancient times B. are a relatively recent form of plants
C. cannot survive without a good environment D. have been carefully analyzed
Question 6: B
B: tell = distinguish (v) phân biệt, đặt vào ngữ cảnh của câu ta hoàn toàn có thể đoán được nghĩa của từ “tell”:
“tell between edible and poisonous plants – phân biệt giữa thực vật ăn được và thực vật có độc” Chú ý: có
cụm từ sau “tell smb from smb (v) phân biệt ai với ai, vd: I cannot tell Jack from Cody. They are so alike.- tôi
không thể phân biệt được Jack và Cody. Họ giống nhau quá”
Question 7: B
B: tác giả ngụ ý gì về nấm có màu sắc sặc sỡ?: thông tin trong bài “Brightly colored mushroom caps usually
indicate that the plant is not fit for consumption, and the more the mushroom attracts attention, the more
poisonous it is. Mushrooms with beautiful red or orange spotted caps that grow under large trees after a
good rain are particularly poisonous” → nấm có màu sắc sặc sỡ sẽ rất đẹp (A); thu hút sự chú ý
(C) và rất độc → đây đều là các ý đã được chỉ ra trong bài → ngụ ý của tác giả là B – chúng ta không nên
ăn chúng; đáp án D – chúng nên bị tiêu diệt (đây không phải là ngụ ý của tác giả)
Question 8: A
A: tác giả ngụ ý trong đoạn bài đọc rằng nấm … A – được biết đến từ thời kì cổ đại; B – là dạng thực vật mới
phát triển gần đây; C – không thể tồn tại nếu không có môi trường tốt; D – đã được phân tích kỹ lưỡng
Thông tin trong bài “In fact, mushrooms, as well as the rest of the fungus genus species, are one of the few
remaining simple plants that are believed to be among the oldest living organisms.”→ như vậy, ngụ ý của tác
giả là A
PASSAGE 4
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects - an estimated 90 percent of the world's
species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining
patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general
public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues
such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the
striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.
For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he
mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the
British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of
tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical
zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant
groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man
between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin,
tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates, In other
words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation
phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made.
Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness
of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are
the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and
incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
Question 1. The word "consequence" in line 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. result B. explanation C. analysis D. requirement
Question 2. The word "striking" in line 7 is closest in meaning to .
A. physical B. confusing C. noticeable D. successful
Question 3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues
because they .
A. are simple in structure B. are viewed positively by people
C. have been given scientific names D. are found mainly in temperate climates
Question 4. The word “exceed” in line 10 is closest in meaning to .
A. locate B. allow C. go beyond D. come close to
Question 5. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
A. European butterfly habitats
B. Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
C. Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
D. Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups.
Question 6. All of the followings are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity
EXCEPT .
A. differences between temperate and tropical zones
B. patterns of distribution of species in each region
C. migration among temperate and tropical zones
D. variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
Question 7. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Their physical characteristics B. Their adaptation to different habitats
C. Their names D. Their variety
Question 8. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 16 - 17 as an example of a location where .
A. butterfly behavior varies with climate
B. a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
C. butterflies are affected by human populations
D. documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
Question 9. The word "generated" in line 24 is closest in meaning to .
A. requested B. caused C. assisted D. estimate
PASSAGE 5
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions.
In the twentieth century, people demand on unlimited energy to power their everyday lives. A wide range of
energy-run devices and modern conveniences are taken for granted, and although it may seem that we will
never be in danger of living without those conveniences, the fact is that many supplies of energy are
dwindling rapidly. Scientists are constantly searching for new sources of power to keep modern society
running. Whether future populations will continue to enjoy the benefits of abundant energy will depend on the
success of this research.
Coal, oil, and natural gas supply modern civilization with most of its power. However, not only are supplies of
these fuels limited, but they are a major source of pollution. If the energy demands of the future are to be met
without seriously harming the environment, existing alternative energy sources must be improved or further
explored and developed. These include nuclear, water, solar, wind, and geothermal power, as well as energy
from new, non-polluting types of fuels. Each of these alternatives, however, has advantages and
disadvantages.
Nuclear power plants efficiently produce large amounts of electricity without polluting the atmosphere;
however, they are costly to build and maintain, and they pose the daunting problem of what to do with nuclear
wastes. Hydroelectric power is inexpensive and environmentally safe, but impractical for communities
located far from moving water. Harnessing energy from tides and waves has similar drawbacks. Solar power
holds great promise for the future but methods of collecting and concentrating sunlight are as yet inefficient,
as are methods of harnessing wind power.
Every source of energy has its disadvantages. One way to minimize them is to use less energy. Conservation
efforts coupled with renewable energy resources, such as a combination of solar, water, wind, and geothermal
energy and alternative fuels, such as alcohol and hydrogen, will ensure supplies of clean, affordable energy
for humanity’s future.
Question 1. The passage mainly discusses .
A. the current situation of energy demands
B. the way to use less energy
C. the difficulties in finding new sources of energy
D. the advantages and disadvantages of some sources of energy
Question 2. The word “dwindling” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “ .”
A. rocketing B. declining C. doubling D. distributing
Question 3. According to the passage, which of the following is the limitation of natural gas?
A. It is difficult to be collected
B. It is expensive
C. It is polluted
D. It is inaccessible for people who live far away the cities
Question 4. What does the word “its” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. modern civilization B. oil C. natural gas D. coal
Question 5. The word “drawbacks” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “ .’’
A. objections B. methods C. disabilities D. problems
Question 6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Just like coal, nuclear energy is a pollutant to the air.
B. It is hard for people away from the water to use hydroelectric power
C. Scientists are on their way to look for alternative sources of energy.
D. Wind power and solar power have the same problem.
Question 7. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Scientists will not resume their search for new types of energy until they have found a perfect one.
B. Using hydroelectric energy can be harmful to our atmosphere.
C. It is impossible for some groups of people to enjoy water energy.
D. The only way to decrease the disadvantages of sources of energy is to use them less.
Question 8. What does the word “they” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. nuclear power plants
B. amounts of electricity
C. advantages and disadvantages
D. nuclear wastes
Question 9. What can be inferred about wind power?
A. Combining it and solar energy can ensure humanity’s future energy demands.
B. People living away from rivers and oceans cannot benefit from it.
C. It is promising but very expensive.
D. An effective way to harness wind power has not been figured out.
Question 10. The author of this passage is trying to .
A. support scientists in their search for new sources of energy
B. present some new sources of energy
C. explain the benefits and shortcomings of some kinds of energy
D. calculate the energy demands of the future
C – Những khó khăn trong tìm kiếm các nguồn năng lượng mới (không được nêu)
Question 2: B
Từ “dwindling” ở đoạn 1 gần nghĩa nhất với “ ”.
Đáp án B – declining
Giải thích: decline = dwindle (v) : giảm, thu nhỏ lại
Các đáp án khác:
A – rocket (v) : tăng vọt
C – double (v) : tăng gấp đôi
D – distribute (v) : phân tán, phân phát
Question 3: C
Theo như bài đọc, điều nào dưới đây là hạn chế của khí tự nhiên?
Đáp án C – Nó gây ô nhiễm
Thông tin:"... Than, dầu, và khí tự nhiên cung cấp cho nền văn minh hiện đại hầu hết nguồn năng lượng của nó.
Tuy nhiên, những nguồn cung nhiên liệu này không chỉ có hạn, mà chúng còn là nguồn gây ô nhiễm chủ yếu…”
Question 4: A
Từ “its” ở đoạn 2 đề cập đến điều gì?
Đáp án A – nền văn minh hiện đại
Giải thích: Chỉ có modern civilization là danh từ số ít mà its có thể thay thế, còn các danh từ kia đi với
nhau cùng làm chủ ngữ. Ngoài ra dựa vào văn cảnh và nghĩa câu thì chỉ có đáp án A là hợp lí.
Question 5: D
Từ “drawbacks” ở đoạn 3 gần nghĩa nhất với “ ”.
Đáp án D – problem (n) : vấn đề, khó khăn ~ drawback (n) : điểm hạn chế, bất lợi
Question 6: A
Theo bài đọc, điều nào dưới đây không đúng?
Đáp án A – Giống như than, năng lượng hạt nhân là một nguồn ô nhiễm đối với không khí.
Thông tin:"... Các nhà máy điện hạt nhân sản xuất hiệu quả một lượng lớn điện năng mà không làm ô
nhiễm không khí, …”
Question 7: C
Có thể suy ra điều gì từ bài đọc?
Đáp án C – Nhiều người không thể được sử dụng nguồn năng lượng từ nước. Thông tin:"... Năng lượng thủy
điện không đắt và an toàn cho môi trường nhưng lại không khả thi với những cộng đồng dân cư sống xa
nguồn nước chảy…” => những người này sẽ không thể dùng nguồn năng lượng từ nước.
Question 8: A
Từ “they” ở đoạn 3 đề cập đến điều gì?
Đáp án A – các nhà máy điện hạt nhân
Giải thích: they chỉ có thể thay thế cho danh từ nuclear power plants là danh từ số nhiều hợp lí nhất đứng đằng
trước, và chỉ có đáp án A thì câu mới có nghĩa.
Question 9: D
Có thể suy ra điều gì về năng lượng gió?
Đáp án D – Một cách hiệu quả để khai thác năng lượng vẫn chưa được tìm ra.
Thông tin:"... Năng lượng mặt trời rất hứa hẹn trong tương lai nhưng phương pháp để thu và tập trung ánh sáng
mặt trời thì vẫn chưa hiệu quả và phương pháp khai thác năng lượng gió cũng vậy…”
Question 10: C
Tác giả của bài đọc đang cố để .
Đáp án C – giải thích lợi ích và những bất lợi của một số loại năng lượng.
Bài dịch:
Ở thế kỉ 20, con người cần nguồn năng lượng vô hạn để cung cấp cho cuộc sống hàng ngày của họ. Rất
nhiều thiết bị chạy bằng năng lượng và các đồ dùng hiện đại được cho là đương nhiên, và dù rằng dường như
là chúng ta sẽ không bao giờ bị đe dọa bởi việc sống thiếu những đồ dùng tiện nghi này, thì sự thật là rất nhiều
nguồn cung năng lượng đang thu nhỏ lại một cách nhanh chóng. Các nhà khoa học liên tục tìm kiếm những
nguồn năng lượng mới để duy trì sự vận hành của xã hội hiện đại. Liệu người dân trong tương lai có tiếp tục
được thụ hưởng những lợi ích của nguồn năng lượng dồi dào hay không sẽ phụ thuộc vào thành công của việc
nghiên cứu này.
Than, dầu, và khí tự nhiên cung cấp cho nền văn minh hiện đại hầu hết nguồn năng lượng của nó. Tuy
nhiên, những nguồn cung nhiên liệu này không chỉ có hạn, mà chúng còn là nguồn gây ô nhiễm chủ yếu. Nếu
nhu cầu về năng lượng trong tương lai được đáp ứng mà không làm hại nghiêm trọng tới môi trường thì những
nguồn năng lượng thay thế hiện tại phải được cải thiện hoặc khám phá và phát triển hơn nữa. Những nguồn
này bao gồm năng lượng hạt nhân, nước, mặt trời, gió và địa nhiệt, cũng như năng lượng từ các loại nhiên liệu
mới không gây ô nhiễm. Tuy nhiên, mỗi loại thay thế này lại có cả điểm thuận lợi và không thuận lợi.
Các nhà máy điện hạt nhân sản xuất hiệu quả một lượng lớn điện năng mà không làm ô nhiễm không
khí, tuy nhiên, chúng rất tốn kém để xây dựng và duy trì, và chúng đặt ra một vấn đề gây nản lòng là phải làm
gì với rác thải hạt nhân. Năng lượng thủy điện không đắt và an toàn cho môi trường nhưng lại không khả thi
với những cộng đồng dân cư sống xa nguồn nước chảy. Năng lượng khai thác từ thủy triều và sóng biển có
hạn chế tương tự. Năng lượng mặt trời rất hứa hẹn trong tương lai nhưng phương pháp để thu và tập trung
ánh sáng mặt trời thì vẫn chưa hiệu quả và phương pháp khai thác năng lượng gió cũng vậy.
Mỗi nguồn năng lượng đều có những mặt không thuận lợi của nó. Một cách để giảm thiểu tối đa chúng
là sử dụng ít năng lượng đi. Những nỗ lực bảo tồn cùng với các năng lượng có thể tái tạo, như sự kết hợp của
năng lượng từ mặt trời, nước, gió, địa nhiệt và các nhiên liệu thay thế, hay như cồn và hidro sẽ đảm bảo cho
nguồn cung năng lượng sạch có thể chi trả được cho tương lai nhân loại.
PASSAGE 6
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Algae is a primitive form of life, a single-celled or simple multiple-celled organism that is able to conduct
the process of photosynthesis. It is generally found in water but can also be found elsewhere, growing on
such surfaces as rocks or trees. The various types of algae are classified according to pigment.
Blue-green algae, or Cyanophyta, can grow at very high temperatures and under high-intensity light. This
is a microscopic type of algae, and some species consist of only one cell. Blue-green algae is the oldest form
of life with photosynthetic capabilities, and fossilized remains of this type of algae more than
3.4 billion years old have been found in parts of Africa.
Green algae, or Chlorophyta, is generally found in freshwater. It reproduces on the surfaces of enclosed
bodies of water such as ponds or lakes and has the appearance of a fuzzy green coating on the water. In
large quantities, this type of algae may reproduce enough to give a green color to an entire lake.
Brown algae, or Phaeophyta, grows in shallow, temperate water. This type of algae is the largest in size
and is most recognizable as a type of seaweed; kelp is a type of brown algae that has grown to lengths of up
to 200 feet. Its long stalks can be enmeshed on the ocean floor, or it can float freely on the ocean’s surface.
Red algae, or Rhodophyta, is a small, delicate organism found in the deep waters of the subtropics,
where it often grows with coral. This type of algae has an essential role in the formation of coral reefs: it
secretes lime from the seawater to foster the formation of limestone deposits.
(Source: TOEFL Reading)
Question 1. What is the author’s main purpose?
A. To show what color algae is
B. To differentiate the various classifications of algae
C. To describe where algae is found
D. To clarify the appearance of different types of algae
Question 2. Which of the following is NOT true about algae?
A. All types have only one cell. B. It can be found out of water.
C. It can use photosynthesis. D. It is not a relatively new form of life.
Question 3. The word “pigment” in the passage means .
A. size B. composition C. shape D. color
Question 4. The word “microscopic” in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. visual B. mechanical C. tiny D. bacterial
Question 5. Algae remnants found in Africa are .
A. still flourishing B. extremely old C. photogenic D. red in color
Question 6. Green algae is generally found .
A. on the ocean floor B. in freshwater
C. throughout ponds and lakes D. surrounding enclosed bodies of water
Question 7. According to the passage, red algae is .
A. sturdy B. fragile C. huge D. found in shallow water
Question 8. This passage would most probably be assigned reading in a course on .
A. chemistry B. botany C. physics D. zoology
Bài dịch:
Tảo là một dạng nguyên thuỷ của sự sống, là một sinh vật đơn bào hoặc đa bào đơn giản , chúng có khả
năng tiến hành quá trình quang hợp. Nó thường được tìm thấy trong nước nhưng cũng có thể được tìm thấy ở
nơi khác , phát triển trên những bề mặt như đá hoặc cây . Các loại khác nhau của tảo được phân chia theo sắc
tố.
Tảo lam, hay còn gọi là Cyanophyta, có thể phát triển ở nhiệt độ rất cao hoặc là dưới cường độ ánh sáng
mạnh. Đây là một loại vi tảo, và có một số loại chỉ bao gồm một tế bào. Tảo lam là dạng lâu đời nhất của sự
sống có khả năng quang hợp, và hoá thạch của tảo hơn 3.4 tỷ năm tuổi được tìm thấy ở các vùng thuộc Châu
Phi.
Tảo lục , hay còn gọi là Chlorophyta, thường được tìm thấy ở vùng nước ngọt. Nó tái tạo trên các bề mặt
của các vùng nước trũng như là ao hoặc hồ và xuất hiện dưới dạng một lớp phủ xanh lá cây nổi trên mặt nước.
Với một số lượng lớn thì loại tảo này có thể tái tạo đủ để phủ xanh toàn bộ một cái hồ.
Tảo nâu, hay còn gọi là Phaeophyta, phát triển ở nước nông và ở chỗ nước có nhiệt độ thông thường. Đây
là loại tảo có kích thước lớn nhất và hầu hết dễ nhận biết như một loại rong biển; tảo bẹ là một loại tảo nâu, nó
phát triển đến độ dài đạt mức 200 feet. Cái cuống dài của nó có thể bị giữ lại ở đáy đại dương, hoặc là nó có
thể trôi nổi tự do trên bề mặt của đại dương.
Tảo đỏ , hay còn gọi là Rhodophyta, là một loại sinh vật nhỏ có màu nhạt được tìm thấy ở trong những
vùng nước sâu của vùng cận nhiệt đới, nơi những rạn san hô phát triển khá nhiều. Loại tảo này có vai trò thiết
yếu trong việc hình thành của các rạn san hô : nó tiết ra vôi từ nước biển để nuôi dưỡng sự hình thành của đá
vôi trầm tích.
(Nguồn: TOEFL Reading )
PASSAGE 7
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions
Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of
living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the
sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth
century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now
another type of microscope, one that utilizes x-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of
examining tiny details, it should extend human perception even farther into the natural worlD.
The dream of building an x-ray microscope dates to 1895, its development, however, was virtually halted in
the 1940's because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940's
electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope,
while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in x-ray
microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of x-ray
illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of x-ray tubes, which, for most
of the century, were the only available sources of soft x-rays.
The new x-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They
can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely
short time, others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three dimensional imaging. Unlike
conventional electron microscopy, x-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which
means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination
used, so-called soft x-rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one
ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in many cases.
Because of the wavelength of the x-rays used, soft x-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution
possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will
complement those performed with light- and electron-based instruments.
Question 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The detail seen through a microscope B. Sources of illumination for microscopes
C. A new kind of microscope D. Outdated microscopic technique
Question 2. According to the passage, the invention of the visible-light microscope allowed scientists to
.
A. see viruses directly
B. develop the electron microscope later on
C. understand more about the distribution of the chemical elements
D. discover single celled plants and animals they had never seen before.
Question 3. The word "minuscule" in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. circular B. dangerous C. complex D. tiny
Question 4. Why does the author mention the visible light microscope in the first paragraph?
A. To begin a discussion of sixteenth century discoveries.
B. To put the x-ray microscope in historical perspective
C. To show how limited its uses are
D. To explain how it functioned
Question 5. Why did it take so long to develop the x-ray microscope?
A. Funds for research were insufficient.
B. The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently.
C. Materials used to manufacture x-ray tubes were difficult to obtain.
D. X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate.
Question 6. Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about x-ray microscopes in the
future?
A. They will probably replace electron microscopes altogether.
B. They will eventually be much cheaper to produce than they are now.
C. They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes.
D. They will eventually change the illumination range that they now use.
Question 7. The word "those" in the passage refers to .
A. properties B. investigations C. microscopes D. x-rays
PASSAGE 8
Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate
the correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 8.
Quite different from storm surges are the giant sea waves called tsunamis, which derive their name from the
Japanese expression for “high water in a harbor.” These waves are also referred to by the general public as
tidal waves, although they have relatively little to do with tides. Scientists often referred to them as seismic
sea waves, far more appropriate in that they do result from undersea seismic activity.
Tsunamis are caused when the sea bottom suddenly moves, during an underwater earthquake or volcano for
example, and the water above the moving earth is suddenly displaced. This sudden shift of water sets off a
series of waves. These waves can travel great distances at speeds close to 700 kilometers per hour. In the
open ocean, tsunamis have little noticeable amplitude, often no more than one or two meters. It is when they
hit the shallow waters near the coast that they increase in height, possibly up to 40 meters.
Tsunamis often occur in the Pacific because the Pacific is an area of heavy seismic activity. Two areas of the
Pacific well accustomed to the threat of tsunamis are Japan and Hawaii. Because the seismic activity that
causes tsunamis in Japan often occurs on the ocean bottom quite close to the islands, the tsunamis that hit
Japan often come with little warning and can, therefore, prove disastrous. Most of the tsunamis that hit the
Hawaiian Islands, however, originate thousands of miles away near the coast of Alaska, so these tsunamis
have a much greater distance to travel and the inhabitants of Hawaii generally have time for warning of their
imminent arrival.
Tsunamis are certainly not limited to Japan and Hawaii. In 1755, Europe experienced a calamitous tsunami,
when movement along the fault lines near the Azores caused a massive tsunami to sweep onto the
Portuguese coast and flood the heavily populated area around Lisbon. The greatest tsunami on record
occurred on the other side of the world in 1883 when the Krakatoa volcano underwent a massive explosion,
sending waves more than 30 meters high onto nearby Indonesian islands; the tsunami from this volcano
actually traveled around the world and was witnessed as far away as the English Channel.
Question 1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses .
A. tides B. underwater earthquakes
C. storm surges D. tidal waves
Question 2. According to the passage, all of the following are true about tidal waves except that .
A. they are the same as tsunamis
B. they refer to the same phenomenon as seismic sea waves
C. they are caused by sudden changes in high and low tides
D. this terminology is not used by the scientific community
Question 3. The word “displaced” in line 6 is closest in meaning to .
A. located B. moved C. filtered D. not pleased
PASSAGE 9
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions from 1 to 8.
Experts in climatology and other scientists are becoming extremely concerned about the changes to our
climate which are taking place. Admittedly, climate changes have occurred on our planet before. For example,
there have been several ice ages or glacial periods. These climatic changes, however, were different from the
modern ones in that they occurred gradually and, as far as we know, naturally. The changes currently being
monitored are said to be the result not of natural causes, but of human activity. Furthermore, the rate of
change is becoming alarmingly rapid.
The major problem is that the planet appears to be warming up. According to some experts, this warming
process, known as global warming, is occurring at a rate unprecedented in the last 10,000 years. The
implications for the planet are very serious. Rising global temperatures could give rise to such ecological
disasters as extremely high increases in the incidence of flooding and droughts. These in turn could have a
harmful effect on agriculture.
It is thought that this unusual warming of the Earth has been caused by so-called greenhouse gases, such
as carbon dioxide, being emitted into the atmosphere by car engines and modern industrial processes, for
example. Such gases not only add to the pollution of the atmosphere, but also create a greenhouse effect, by
which the heat of the sun is trapped. This leads to the warming up of the planet.
Politicians are also concerned about climate change and there are now regular summits on the subject,
attended by representatives from around 180 of the world’s industrialized countries. Of these summits, the
most important took place in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. There it was agreed that the most industrialized countries
would try to reduce the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and were given targets for this reduction of
emissions.
It was also suggested that more forests should be planted to create so-called sinks to absorb greenhouse
gases. At least part of the problem of rapid climate change has been caused by too drastic deforestation.
Sadly, the targets are not being met. Even more sadly, global warnings about climate changes are often still
being regarded as scaremongering.
Question 1. According to the passage, in what way did the climate changes in the ice ages differ from the
modern ones
A. They occurred naturally over a long period of time
B. They were partly intended.
C. They were wholly the result of human activity.
D. They were fully monitored by humans.
Question 2. The word “alarmingly” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. disapprovingly B. disappointingly C. surprisingly D. worryingly
Question 3. According to the passage, agriculture could .
A. make the global warming more serious
B. be indirectly affected by the global temperature rises
C. give rise to many ecological disasters
D. be directly damaged by the rises in global temperature
Question 4. Greenhouse gases cause the warming up of the Earth because they
A. are emitted by car engines B. trap heat from the sun
C. do not add to atmosphere pollution D. are unusual gases
Question 5. According to the passage, 1997 witnessed .
A. the largest number of summits on the subject of climate change
B. the most important summit on climate change taking place in Kyoto, Japan
C. the highest attendance by representatives from 180 industrialised countries
D. widespread concern about climate change
Question 6. It can be inferred from the passage that the countries which are mainly responsible for global
warming are .
A. countries with the warmest climate B. developing countries
C. developed countries D. the most industrialized countries
Question 7. The word “There” in paragraph 5 refers to .
A. the world’s industrialized countries B. regular summits on climate change
C. the most industrialized countries D. the 1997 summit in Kyoto, Japan
Question 8. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?
A. Carbon dioxide is one of the gases that may cause the so-called greenhouse effect.
B. The so-called sinks created by forests can absorb greenhouse gases.
C. The problem of rapid climate change has been caused mainly by deforestation
D. Politicians are among those who are concerned about climate change
Dịch bài:
Các chuyên gia về khí hậu học và các nhà khoa học khác đang rất quan tâm đến những thay đổi khí hậu
đang diễn ra. Phải thừa nhận, thay đổi khí hậu đã xảy ra trên hành tinh chúng ta trước đây rồi. Ví dụ, đã có một
số băng đá hoặc thời kỳ băng hà.
Tuy nhiên, những thay đổi khí hậu này khác với những điều hiện đại do chúng đã xảy ra và dần dần
chúng ta biết một cách tự nhiên. Những thay đổi hiện đang được theo dõi được cho là kết quả không phải do
các nguyên nhân tự nhiên, mà là do hoạt động của con người. Hơn nữa, tỷ lệ thay đổi đang trở nên nhanh
chóng đáng báo động.
Vấn đề chính là hành tinh dường như đang nóng lên. Theo một số chuyên gia, quá trình nóng lên này,
được gọi là việc nóng lên toàn cầu, đang diễn ra ở mức chưa từng thấy trong 10.000 năm qua. Ý nghĩa của
hành tinh là rất nghiêm trọng. Nhiệt độ toàn cầu tăng có thể làm gia tăng những thảm hoạ sinh thái như sự
gia tăng rất cao về tỷ lệ lũ lụt và hạn hán. Điều này lần lượt có thể có tác động xấu đến nông nghiệp.
Người ta cho rằng sự nóng lên bất thường này của trái đất đã gây ra bởi các khí nhà kính gọi là khí nhà
kính, ví dụ như khí carbon dioxide, được thải ra từ động cơ ô tô và các quá trình công nghiệp hiện đại. Các loại
khí này không chỉ làm tăng thêm sự ô nhiễm của khí quyển mà còn tạo ra hiệu ứng nhà kính, do đó nhiệt của
mặt trời bị mắc kẹt. Điều này dẫn đến sự nóng lên của hành tinh.
Các chính trị gia cũng quan tâm đến biến đổi khí hậu và hiện nay có các hội nghị thượng đỉnh thường
xuyên về vấn đề này, với sự tham dự của đại diện từ khoảng 180 nước công nghiệp hoá trên thế giới. Trong số
những hội nghị thượng đỉnh này, quan trọng nhất là hội nghị Kyoto ,Japanin năm 1997. Tại đó, các nước công
nghiệp hoá nhất đã cố gắng giảm lượng phát thải khí nhà kính và đã đưa ra các mục tiêu cho việc giảm phát
thải này.
Người ta cũng gợi ý rằng nên trồng nhiều rừng hơn để tạo ra các bồn chứa được gọi là hấp thụ các khí
nhà kính. Ít nhất một phần của vấn đề biến đổi khí hậu nhanh chóng là do nạn phá rừng nghiêm trọng. Đáng
buồn thay, các mục tiêu không được đáp ứng. Thậm chí còn đáng buồn hơn nữa, các cảnh báo toàn cầu về
thay đổi khí hậu thường vẫn được coi là hành hung.
PASSAGE 10
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions.
Fungi are a group of organisms that, despite being plants, have no leaves or flowers. In fact, fungi do not
even share the green colour that most other plants display. Scientists estimate that there are over 1.5 million
different species of fungi in the world. Though, to date, only 100.000 have been identified, leaving many more
that have not been found. One interesting feature of fungi is that they often interact with oilier organisms in
order to survive. These relationships are at times beneficial to both organisms. Other times, the fungus
benefits without causing harm to the other organism.
Many types of fungus have beneficial relationships with plants. Initially many gardeners would be
concerned to know that their plants were colonised by a fungus. This is because some fungi can cause plants
to die. In fact, the Irish potato famine was caused by a fungus that killed entire crops of potatoes. However,
many plants actually depend on certain types of fungi to help them stay healthy. Fungi are important to plants
because they help plants absorb more minerals from the soil than they could on their own. The reason for this
has to do with how fungi obtain food. Unlike green plants, fungi cannot make their own food. They must
absorb their food. When the fungi absorb minerals from the soil, they draw the nutrients closer to the roots of
the plants, so the plant is able to use them as well. The fungus also benefits from this relationship. Using the
minerals from the soil, as well as sunlight, the plants are able to produce sugars and other nutrients. Then the
fungus absorbs the nutrients from plant roots and uses them to survive.
Not all relationships are beneficial for both organisms: in some interactions, only the fungus benefits. Still,
for some fungus species, contact with other organisms is essential. And though the fungi do not provide any
benefits for the other organism, they do not harm it either. One example of this is a species called Pilobolus.
This fungus relies on other animals to help it reproduce. The Pilobolus grows in animal dung. When it
becomes mature, it shoots its spores away from the dung pile. The spores land in the grass where cows
graze. The spores are consumed by the animal but do not grow while inside the stomach. They travel through
the body of the animal until they are passed and deposited in another area, where they continue to grow.
Question 1. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that
A. Many species of fungi have yet to be discovered
B. Fungi do harm to the organism they interact with
C. Fungi can have green or dull brown colors
D. There are 100,000 species of fungi left no identity
Question 2. The word "absorb" in the passage 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. consume B. get in C. deprive D. take in
Question 3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is not true about fungus growing on or near
plants?
A. It can help maintain in the plant’s health B. It neither benefits nor harms the plant
. C. It is sometimes dangerous for plants. D. It grows near the roots of the plant.
Question 4. The word "them" in the passage 2 refers to .
A. minerals B. plant roots C. fungi D. nutrients
Question 5. The author discusses cows and horses in paragraph 3 in order to
A. illustrate how fungus can be harmful B. explain how a type of fungus reproduces
C. give examples of animals that eat fungi D. show that fungus can be found anywhere
Question 6. According to the passage 3, Pilobolus fungus
A. doesn’t benefit from its relationship with animals
B. needs other organisms in order to reproduce
C. matures inside the stomachs of cows and horses
D. causes horses and cows to become ill
Question 7. The word "graze" in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. eat B. live C. view D. grow
Bài dịch:
Những con chim trong đàn thường rút về ngủ cùng nhau trong các tổ. Những lý do cho việc đậu ngủ cùng
nhau không phải lúc nào cũng rõ ràng, nhưng có một số lợi ích. Đặc biệt vào mùa đông, điều quan trọng
là chim giữ ấm vào ban đêm và bảo tồn được các kho dự trữ lương thực quý báu. Một cách để làm điều
này là tìm một nơi trú ẩn, nơi để ngủ. Những con gà trống đơn độc trú trong những bụi cây rậm rạp hoặc
vào một hốc tường – nơi mà những còn chào mào đào lỗ trong đất và những con gà gô trắng xám chôn
sâu trong bãi mùn - những ảnh hưởng của việc trú ẩn được phóng to lên bởi một số con chim ngồi xếp
chồng lên nhau trong chuồng, như chim hồng tước, chim én, chim nâu, chim xanh, và chim cu đen làm.
Tiếp xúc với cơ thể làm giảm diện tích bề mặt tiếp xúc với không khí lạnh, do đó chim giữ cho nhau ấm.
Hai con chim tước túm tụm cùng nhau được tìm thấy để giảm tổn thất nhiệt của chúng một phần tư, và
ba con cùng nhau tiết kiệm một phần ba nhiệt của chúng.
Lợi ích thứ hai có thể có của các chỗ trú ẩn là chúng hoạt động như "các trung tâm thông tin". Trong
ngày, các bữa ăn của chim sẻ truyền ra ngoài để cho ăn trong một khu vực rất rộng. Khi chúng trở về vào
buổi tối một số sẽ ăn uống tốt, nhưng những con khác có thể thấy ít đồ ăn. Một số nhà nghiên cứu đã
quan sát thấy rằng khi những con chim bắt đầu lại vào sáng hôm sau, những con chim không ăn thức ăn
tốt vào ngày hôm trước sẽ theo sau những con đã ăn nhiều. Hành vi của những con chim ưng thường
thấy và nhỏ hơn có thể minh họa cho những cách ăn khác nhau của những con chim tương tự với những
thói quen trú ngụ.
Những con chim ưng thường săn bắt động vật có xương sống ở một vùng đất nhỏ quen thuộc, trong khi
đó một con chim ưng ít biết đến tương tự lại ăn những côn trùng trên vùng đất rộng. Những con chim
phổ biến trú ẩn và săn bắt một mình, nhưng những con chim ưng nhỏ hơn thì trú ẩn và săn mồi trong đàn,
có khả năng một con chim có thể học hỏi từ những người khác để tìm côn trùng sâu bọ.
Cuối cùng, có sự an toàn trong những con số ở những chỗ trú ẩn chung vì sẽ có một vài con chim thức
dậy vào bất kỳ thời điểm nào để đưa ra báo động. Tuy nhiên, việc bảo vệ tăng lên này phần nào bị phản
tác dụng bởi thực tế là nơi trú ẩn to sẽ thu hút các loài săn mồi và đặc biệt dễ bị xâm hại nếu chúng nằm
trên mặt đất. Ngay cả những chỗ trên cây cũng có thể bị tấn công bởi những con chim săn mồi. Những
con chim ở rìa có nguy cơ lớn nhất kể từ khi những kẻ săn mồi thấy dễ bắt hơn những con chim nhỏ đang
trú ngụ ở rìa hang.
PASSAGE 12
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 8
The atmosphere that originally surrounded Earth was probably much different from the air we breathe
today. Earth's first atmosphere (some 4.6 billion years ago) was most likely hydrogen and helium--.the
two most abundant gasses found in the universe--as well as hydrogen compounds, such as methane and
ammonia. Most scientists feel that this early atmosphere escaped into space from the Earth's hot
surface.
A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually enveloped Earth as gasses from molten rocks
within its hot interior escaped through volcanoes and steam vents. We assume that volcanoes spewed
out the same gasses then as they do today: mostly water vapor (about 80 percent), carbon dioxide
(about ten percent), and up to a few percent nitrogen. These same gasses probably created Earth's
second atmosphere.
As millions of years passed, the constant outpouring of gasses from the hot interior--known as
outgassing provided a rich supply of water vapor, which formed into clouds. Rain fell upon Earth for many
thousands or years, forming the rivers, lakes, and oceans of the world. During this time, large amounts of
carbon dioxide were dissolved in the oceans. Through chemical and biological processes, much of the
carbon dioxide becomes locked up in carbon sedimentary rocks, such as limestone. With much of the
water vapor already condensed into water and the concentration of carbon dioxide dwindling, the
atmosphere gradually became rich in nitrogen.
It appears that oxygen, the second most abundant gas in today's atmosphere, probably began an
extremely slow increase in concentration as energetic rays from the sun split water vapor into hydrogen
and oxygen during a process called photodissociation. The hydrogen, being lighter, probably rose and
escaped into space, while the oxygen remained in the atmosphere.
This slow increase in oxygen may have provided enough of this gas for primitive plants to evolve,
perhaps two to three billion years ago. Or the plants may have evolved in an almost oxygen-free
(anaerobic) environment. At any rate, plant growth greatly enriched our atmosphere with oxygen. The
reason for this enrichment is that plants, in the presence of sunlight, process carbon dioxide and water to
produce oxygen.
Question 1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The original atmosphere on Earth was unstable.
B. The atmosphere on Earth has changed over time.
C. Hot underground gasses created clouds, which formed the Earth's atmosphere.
D. Plant growth depended on oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.
Question 2. The word "enveloped" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. escaped B. changed C. surrounded D. characterized
Question 3. According to the passage, outgassing eventually led to all of the following EXCEPT
PASSAGE 13
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C ,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer for each of the questions.
Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these
activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow. As a worker ant
returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route by intermittently touching its stinger to the
ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail pheromone – a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse
messages as the context changes. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be
followed by other ants in either direction.
Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept
secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use a wide variety of
compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals. Investigators working
with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance
would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.
The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the ant
detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest
concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant
moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one
and then the other antenna into the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in
the vapor space. The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new
course until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so weaves
back and forth down the trail.
Question 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The mass migration of ants B. How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
C. Different species of ants around the world D. The information contained in pheromones
Question 2. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to
A. periodically B. incorrectly C. rapidly D. roughly
Question 3. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single
A. message B. dead ant C. food trail D. species
Question 4. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones?
A. To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals B. To attract different types of ants
C. To protect their trail from other species D. To indicate how far away the food is
Question 5. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out
A. how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail
B. the different types of pheromones ants can produce
C. a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world
D. that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone
Question 6. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?
A. They concentrate on the smell of food.
B. They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail
C. They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.
D. They sense the vapor through their antennae.
Question 7. The word “oscillating“ in line 17 is closest in meaning to
A. falling B. depositing C. swinging D. starting
Question 8. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found
A. in the receptors of the ants B. just above the trail
C. in the source of food D. under the soil along the trail
PASSAGE 14
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions.
There are a number of natural disasters that can strike across the globe. Two that are frequently
linked to one another are earthquakes and tsunamis. Both of them can cause a great amount of
devastation when hit. However, tsunamis are the direct result of earthquakes and cannot happen without
them.
The Earth has three main parts. They are the crust, the mantle, and core. The crust is the outer layer of
the Earth. It is not a single piece of land. Istead, it consists of a plate. There are a few enormous plates
and many smaller ones. These plates essentially rest upon the mantle, which is fluid. As a result, the
plates are in constant – yet slow – motion. The plates may move away from or to word other plates. In
some cases, they collide violently with the plates adjoining them. The movement of the plates causes
tension in the rock. Over a long time, this tension may build up. When it is released, an earthquake
happens.
Tens of thousands of earthquakes happen every year. The vast majority are so small that only
scientific instruments can perceive them. Others are powerful enough that people can feel them, yet they
cause little harm or damage. More powerful earthquakes, however, can cause buildings, bridges, and
other structures to collapse. They may additionally injure and kill thousands of people and might even
cause the land to change its appearance. Since most of the Earth’s surface is water, numerous
earthquakes happen beneath the planet’s oceans. Underwater earthquakes can cause the seafloor to
move. This results in the displacement of water in the ocean. When this occurs, a tsunami may form.
This is a wave that forms on the surface and moves in all directions from the place where the earthquake
happened. Tsunamis move extremely quickly and can travel thousands of kilometers. As it approaches
land, the water near the coast gets sucked out to sea. This causes the tsunami to increase in height.
Minutes later, the tsunami arrives. A large tsunami – one more than ten meters in height – can travel far
inland. As it does that, it can flood the land, destroy human settlements, and kill large numbers of people.
Question 1. Which of the following statements does paragraph I support?
A. Earthquakes cause more destruction than tsunamis.
B. A tsunami happens in tandem with an earthquake.
C. The most severe type of natural disaster is an earthquake.
D. Earthquakes frequently take place after tsunamis.
Question 2. The word ‘it’ in bold in paragraph 2 refers to
A. the earth. B. the core C. the crust D. the mantle.
Question 3. What is the passage mainly about?
A. How do earthquakes and tsunamis occur?
B. When are earthquakes the most likely to happen?
C. What kind of damage can a natural disaster can cause?
D. Why are tsunamis deadlier than earthquakes?
Question 4. The word “adjoining” in bold in paragraph 2 is close in meaning to
A. bordering B. redding C. approaching D. appearing
Question 5. The word “perceive” in bold in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. comprehend B. detect C. prevent D. locate
Question 6. Which of the following is true regarding the passage?
A. There are many separate pieces that make it up.
B. It is the smallest of the Earth of the three layers.
C. It is thicker on land than it is under the water crust.
D. The mantle beneath it keeps it from moving too much.
Question 7. Based on the passage, what is probably true about tsunamis?
A. They kill more people each year than earthquakes.
B. They are able to move as fast as the speed of the sound.
C. They can damage ships sailing on the ocean
. D. They can be deadly to people standing near the shore.
Question 8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 about earthquakes?
A. How severe the majority of them are. B. What kind of damage they can cause.
C. How often powerful ones take place. D. How many people they kill.
Question 1: B
Đoạn 1 ủng hộ ý nào sau đây?
A. Động đất gây nhiều phá hủy hơn sóng thần.
B. Sóng thần xảy ra là kết quả của động đất.
C. Loại thảm họa tự nhiên dữ dội nhất là động đất
D. Động đất thường xảy ra sau khi diễn ra sóng thần.
Đoạn thứ nhất, dòng cuối cùng: “... tsunamis are the direct result of earthquakes and cannot happen
without them.” (Sóng thần là kết quả trực tiếp của động đất và không thể xảy ra nếu không có động đất.)
Question 2: C
Từ “it” ở đoạn 2 ám chỉ đến
A. The Earth: Trái đất
B. The core: Lõi Trái đất
C. The crust: vỏ Trái đất
D. The mantle: Lớp trung gian Trái đất
Ở đây, “It” đứng đầu câu, đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ của câu. Do đó ta đọc câu trước đó.
“The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is not a single piece of land. Instead, it is comprised of a
number of plates.
Chỉ có danh từ “the crust” được nhắc đến nên từ “it” đang ám chỉ đến “the crust”
Dịch: Vỏ trái đất là lớp ngoài cùng của Trái đất. Vỏ Trái đất không phải là một mảnh đất đơn lẻ.
Question 3: A
Đáp án A
Bài đọc chủ yếu nói về điều gì?
A. Động đất và sóng thần xảy ra như thế nào.
B. Khi nào động đất có khả năng xảy ra nhất.
C. Loại phá hủy nào mà thảm họa tự nhiên có thể gây ra.
D. Tại sao sóng thần nguy hiểm chết người hơn
động đất. Đối với câu hỏi này, ta sẽ xem nội dung chính
của cả bài.
Đoạn thứ nhất nói về “However, tsunamis are the direct result of earthquakes and cannot happen without
them.” (sóng thần là kết quả trực tiếp của động đất và không thể xảy ra mà không có động đất).
Đoạn thứ hai nói rằng: “The movement of the plates causes tension in the rock. Over a long time, this
tension may build up. When it is released, an earthquake happens.” (Sự di chuyển của các phiến đá gây ra
sự căng thẳng trong đá. Trong một thời gian dài, căng thẳng này có thể tăng lên. Khi nó được giải phóng,
một trận động đất sẽ xảy ra.)
Đoạn thứ ba nói về các thiệt hại mà động đất và sóng thần gây ra.
Do đó, bài đọc chủ yếu nói về “Động đất và sóng thần xảy ra như thế nào.” => đáp án A
Question 5: B
Từ “perceive” được in đậm ở đoạn 3 gần nghĩa nhất với ……..
A. Comprehend: hiểu, lĩnh hội
B. Detect: phát hiện, khám phá ra
C. Prevent: ngăn chặn
D. Locate: xác định vị trí
=> Perceive = detect (phát hiện, khám phá ra)
Dịch nghĩa: Phần lớn là quá nhỏ mà chỉ có các công cụ khoa học mới có thể cảm nhận được chúng
Question 6: A .Câu nào sau đây liên quan đến vỏ Trái Đất là đúng?
A. Có nhiều mảnh tạo thành nó
B. Nó là nhỏ nhất trong 3 lớp của Trái đất.
C. Nó dày hơn ở mặt đất so với ở đại dương.
D. Lớp trung gian bên dưới nó giữ cho nó không chuyển động nhiều.
Thông tin ở dòng thứ 2 đoạn 2: “It is not a single piece of land. Instead, it is comprised of a number of
plates.” (Vỏ ngoài không phải là một mảnh đất đơn lẻ. Thay vào đó, nó là tổng hợp của một số phiến đá)
Question 7: D
Theo bài đọc, điều nào đúng về sóng thần?
A. Chúng giết nhiều người mỗi năm hơn động đất.
B. Chúng có thể di chuyển nhanh với vận tốc âm thanh.
C. Chúng có thể phá hủy những con tàu ngoài khơi.
D. Chúng có thể gây chết người với những người ở gần bờ.
Thông tin ở đoạn cuối cùng: “Minutes later, the tsunami arrives. A large tsunami - one more than ten
meters in height - can travel far inland. As it does that, it can flood the land, destroy human settlements,
and kill large numbers of people.” (Vài phút sau, con sóng thần đến. Một con sóng thần lớn, có thể cao
hơn 10 mét, có thể vào rất sâu trong bờ. Và khi điều đó xảy ra, nó sẽ cuốn trôi đất đai, phá hủy nhà cửa
công trình và giết rất nhiều người.)
Question 8: C
Câu nào sau đây nói về động đất không được đề cập ở đoạn 3?
A. Mức độ tàn phá của phần lớn động đất như thế nào.
B. Chúng có thể gây ra những dạng tàn phá nào.
C. Những cơn động đất mạnh diễn ra với tần suất như thế nào.
D. Chúng thường giết bao nhiêu người,
Phương án A được nhắc đến trong câu: “The vast majority are so small that only scientific instruments
can perceive them” (Nhỏ, chỉ có thể quan sát bằng thiết bị khoa học.)
Phương án B được thể hiện trong câu: “. More powerful earthquakes, however, can cause buildings,
bridges, and other structures to collapse.They may additionally injure and kill thousands of people and
might even cause the land to change its appearance.” (Phá hủy công trình, cầu và những công trình khác,
giết hàng nghìn người và gây biến dạng mặt đất.)
Phương án D được thể hiện trong câu: “They may additionally injure and kill thousands of people and
might even cause the land to change its appearance.” (hàng nghìn người.)
=> Đoạn 3 không đề cập đến “Những cơn động đất mạnh diễn ra với tần suất như thế nào.”
BÀI DỊCH
Có một số thiên tai có thể xảy ra trên toàn cầu. Hai thiên tai mà thường xuyên gắn liền với nhau là
động đất và sóng thần. Cả hai thiên tai có thể gây ra một số lượng tàn phá lớn khi chúng nhấn. Tuy nhiên,
sóng thần là kết quả trực tiếp của động đất và không thể xảy ra mà không có chúng.
Trái đất có ba phần chính. Chúng là lớp vỏ, lớp phủ và lõi. Lớp vỏ là lớp bên ngoài của trái đất. Nó
không phải là một mảnh đất đơn lẻ. Thay vào đó, nó là tổng hợp của một số phiến đá. Có một vài phiến
đá lớn và nhiều phiến đá nhỏ hơn. Những phiến đá này chủ yếu nằm trên lớp phủ, đó là chất lỏng. Kết quả
là, các phiến đá này luôn chuyển động liên tục nhưng chậm. Các phiến đá có thể di chuyển ra khỏi hoặc
đến các phiến đá khác. Trong một số trường hợp, chúng va chạm dữ dội với các phiến đá nối liền chúng.
Sự di chuyển của các phiến đá gây ra sự căng thẳng trong đá. Trong một thời gian dài, căng thẳng này có
thể tăng lên. Khi nó được giải phóng, một trận động đất sẽ xảy ra.
Hàng chục nghìn trận động đất xảy ra mỗi năm. Phần lớn là quá nhỏ mà chỉ có các công cụ khoa
học mới có thể cảm nhận được chúng. Những trận khác thì đủ mạnh để mọi người có thể cảm nhận được
chúng, tuy nhiên chúng ít gây tác hại hoặc thiệt hại. Tuy nhiên, các trận động đất mạnh hơn có thể khiến
các tòa nhà, cầu cống, và các cấu trúc khác sụp đổ. Chúng có thể gây ra thêm những thiệt hại và giết
hàng ngàn người và thậm chí có thể khiến đất thay đổi hình dạng của nó. Vì hầu hết bề mặt trái đất là
nước, rất nhiều trận động đất xảy ra dưới đại dương của hành tinh. Động đất dưới nước có thể làm cho
đáy biển di chuyển. Điều này dẫn đến sự dịch chuyển của nước trong đại dương. Khi điều này xảy ra, một
cơn sóng thần có thể hình thành. Đây là một làn sóng hình thành trên bề mặt và di chuyển theo mọi
hướng từ nơi diễn ra trận động đất. Sóng thần di chuyển rất nhanh và có thể di chuyển hàng ngàn cây số.
Khi tiếp cận đất, nước gần bờ biển bị hút ra biển. Điều này làm cho sóng thần tăng chiều cao. Vài phút
sau, cơn sóng thần đến. Một cơn sóng thần lớn - cao hơn mười mét - có thể đi sâu vào nội địa. Khi đó, nó
có thể làm ngập đất, phá hủy các khu định cư của con người, và giết chết một số lượng lớn người.
PASSAGE 15
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions.
Dinosaurs were reptiles that lived during a period of earth’s history called the Mesozoic Era, which is
known as the Age of Reptiles. The first dinosaurs appeared more than 200 million years ago. For many
millions of years, they dominated the land with their huge size and strength. Then about 65 million years
ago, they died out rather suddenly, never to reemerge.
The word dinosaur comes from two Greek words meaning “terrible lizard”. Dinosaurs were not lizards,
but their appearance could be truly terrifying. The biggest ones weighed more than ten times as much as
a mature elephant and nearly equaled the size of most modern—day whales. The famous kinds of
dinosaurs, including the brontosaurus and tyrannosaurus, reached 80 to 90 feet in length. Not all
dinosaurs were giants, however, some were actually no larger than a chicken.
Scientists still do not know what caused the dinosaurs to disappear. One theory involves a change in
the earth’s climate. It is believed that temperature dropped significantly towards the end of the
Cretaceous Period. Too large to hibernate and not having fur or feathers for protection, it is possible that
the climate became too chilly for dinosaurs. In contrast, other species having protection, such as the
mammals and birds, were able to survive.
Question 1. The word “ones” in the passage refers to
A. dinosaurs B. millions C. lizards D. whales
Question 2. The word “chilly” in the passage refers to
A. very hot B. extremely cold C. very cold D. humid
Question 3. What is the best title for this passage?
A. The Domination of the Land B. The Metabolism of Dinosaurs
C. Earth’s Largest Reptiles D. The History of Earth
Question 4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Age of Reptiles lasted about
A. 200 million years B. 135 million years C. 80 million years D. 65 million years
Question 5. The author uses the phrase “never to reemerge” to indicate the dinosaurs
A. became extinct B. went into hiding C. never died out D. lost their way
Question 6. According to the passage, what is true about the size of dinosaurs?
A. It made them the largest creatures ever on earth.
B. It varied quite greatly.
C. It guaranteed their survival.
D. It was rather uniform.
Question 7. Which of the following can be inferred about mammals and birds?
A. Most have either fur or feathers over their bodies.
B. They preceded the dinosaurs.
C. They were too large to hibernate.
D. They could not survive the chilly temperatures.
LỜI GIẢI CHI TIẾT
Question 1: A
Từ “ones” trong đoạn nói đến
A. khủng long
B. hàng triệu
C. thằn lằn
D. cá voi
Ta đọc lại 2 câu trước đó, đều là nói về khủng long. Ones ở đây được sử dụng để thay thế khủng long
nhằm tránh lặp.
Question 2: C
Từ “chilly” trong đoạn có nghĩa
A. rất nóng
B. cực lạnh
C. rất lạnh
D. ẩm
Question 3: B
Câu hỏi: Đâu là tiêu đề tôt nhất cho bài?
Đáp án B: Chuyển biến của loài Khủng Long.
Các đáp án khác:
A: Sự thống trị mặt đất.
C: Những loài bò sát lớn nhất trái đất.
D: Lịch sử của trái đất.
Question 4: B
“The first dinosaurs appeared more than 200 million years ago. For many millions of years, they
dominated the land with their huge size and strength. Then about 65 million years ago, they died out
rather suddenly, never to re-emerge.”
Như vậy kỷ nguyên của loài bò sát kéo dài: 200 – 65 = 135 triệu năm.
Question 5: A
Tác giả dùng cụm “never to reemerge” để chỉ rằng loài khủng long
A. đã tuyệt chủng
B. đi trốn
D. không bao giờ chết mòn
D. lạc đường
Never to reemerge: không bao giờ xuất hiện lại nữa = tuyệt chủng
Question 6: B
Câu hỏi: Theo đoạn văn, điều nào sau đây đúng về kích cỡ của khủng long?
Đáp án B: Nó khác nhau khá nhiều.
Thông tin trong đoạn: “Con khủng long to nhất nặng gấp mười lần một con voi trưởng thành và gần
ngang bằng với kích cỡ của hầu hết cá voi thời hiện đại… Tuy nhiên, không phải tất cả các loài khủng long
đều to lớn, một số trong chúng thực tế còn không lớn hơn một chú gà”.
Các đáp án khác:
A: Nó khiến chúng là sinh vật to lớn nhất từng ở trên trái đất.
C: Nó đảm bảo cho sự sống của
chúng. D: Nó khá đồng nhất.
Question 7: A
Điều nào có thể suy ra về động vật có vú và chim?
A. Chúng phần lớn có da và lông trên cơ thể.
B. Chúng tồn tại trước khủng long.
C. Chúng quá lớn để ngủ đông.
D. Chúng không thể sống sót qua thời tiết lạnh.
Nói về sự tuyệt chủng của khủng long, giả thuyết đưa đưa ra: “Too large to hibernate and not having fur
or feathers for protection, it is possible that the climate became too chilly for dinosaurs. In contrast,
other species having protection, such as the mammals and birds, were able to survive.”
(Khủng long quá khổng lồ để ngủ đông, không có da lông bảo vệ, có khả năng khí hậu quá lạnh đối với
chúng. Ngược lại, các loài khác có lớp bảo vệ, như động vật có vú hay chim, thì có thể sống sót)
Từ đó ta thấy ĐV có vú và chim có lớp da lông bảo vệ.
DỊCH BÀI
Khủng long là loài bò sát sống trong thời kì Đại trung sinh của lịch sử trái đất, được biết đến như Kỉ
nguyên của Loài bò sát. Con khủng long đầu tiên xuất hiện từ khoảng hơn 200 triệu năm trước. Suốt hàng
triệu năm, chúng thống trị vùng đất với kích thước và sức mạnh khổng lồ. Và khoảng 65 triệu năm sau,
chúng đột nhiên tuyệt chủng, và không bao giờ tái sinh nữa.
Khái niệm “khủng long” bắt nguồn từ 2 từ Hy lạp mang nghĩa “con thằn lằn khủng”. Khủng long không
phải thằn lằn, nhưng ngoại hình chúng thật sự rất đáng sợ. Con lớn nhất nặng khoảng gấp mười lần một
con voi trưởng thành và gần bằng kích cỡ cá voi ngày nay. Chủng loại được biết đến nhiều nhất là
Brontosaur (Thằn lằn sấm) và Tyrannosaurus (Khủng long bạo chúa), có thể dài tới 80 đến 90 feet. Tuy
nhiên, không hẳn tất cả khủng long đều khổng lồ, có nhiều loài thực chất chỉ bé cỡ con gà.
Các nhà khoa học vẫn chưa tìm ra nguyên nhân khiến khủng long tuyệt chủng. Một giả thuyết cho rằng là
do sự biến đổi khí hậu Trái Đất. Người ta tin rằng do nhiệt độ đã giảm cực độ khi dần về cuối Kỉ Krêta.
Quá khổng lồ để ngủ đông và không có lớp da hay lông bảo vệ, có khả năng thời tiết đã quá lạnh cho
khủng long. Ngược lại, các loài khác có lớp bảo vệ, như động vật có vú và chim, lại có thể sống sót.
PASSAGE 16
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions.
The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders. The
most abundant particles - sand, silt, and clay - are the focus of examination in studies of soil texture.
Texture is the term used to describe the line composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically
several representative handfuls. To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out
by size and weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample weight.
In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod and squeezing the damp soil
into three basic shapes; cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; thread, a pencil
shape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small
sample between the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into
each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a general textural classification.
The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles
are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a
sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.
Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves,
screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered through a group of sieves, each with a
different mesh size, the particles become grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can
be weighed to make a textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger
particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately; therefore, in
soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocity
when suspended in water. Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The
water can be drawn off and evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.
Question 1. The author mentions “several representative handfuls” in the passage in order to show
.
A. how small soil particles are B. the requirements for an adequate soil farm
C. the process by which soil is weighed D. the range of soil samples
Question 2. It can be inferred that the names of the three basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect
.
A. the results of squeezing the soil B. the way the soil is extracted
C. the need to check more than one handful D. the difficulty of forming different shapes
Question 3. The word “dampened” in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. examined B. stretched C. moistened D. damaged
Question 4. It can be inferred from the passage that a soil sample with little or no clay in it .
A. may not hold its shape when molded B. does not have a classifiable texture
C. is not very heavy D. does not have a durable shape
Question 5. The word “they” in the passage refers to .
A. categories B. sieves C. clay particles D. larger particles
Question 6. The word “fine” in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. various B. tiny C. excellent D. many
Question 7. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they
__________.
A. dissolve quickly B. separate into different sizes
C. take some time to sink to the bottom D. stick to the sides of the water container
Question 8. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand
test in determining soil texture because .
A. less training is required to use the sieve B. the sieve allows for a more exact measure
C. the sieve can measure clay D. using the sieve takes less time
LỜI GIẢI CHI TIẾT
Question 1: D
Tác giả đề cập “several representative handfuls” trong bài nhằm trình bày .
A. phần tử đất nhỏ ra sao
B. yêu cầu đối với một mảnh đất đầy đủ
C. quá trình đo trọng lượng đất
D. các loại mẫu đất
Ta có thể tìm thấy câu trả lời qua câu sau trong bài: “Texture is the term used to describe the line
composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.”
(Kết cấu là thuật ngữ dùng để mô tả các quy mô hỗn hợp theo hàng của các hạt trong một mẫu đất, điển
hình là một vài nắm đất đại diện làm mẫu.) Như vậy cụm từ “several representative handfuls” được tác
giả đề cập trong bài để chỉ các loại mẫu đất (the range of soil samples)
Lưu ý: range = a variety of things of a particular type (nhóm hay một loạt các vật cùng loại)
Question 2: A
Có thể suy ra rằng tên 3 hình dáng được đề cập đến trong đoạn 2 nói đến .
A. kết quả của việc nhào nặn đất
B. cách chiết tách đất
C. sự cần thiết của việc kiểm tra hơn một nắm đất
D. sự khó khăn trong việc nhào nặn dáng khác nhau
“In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod and squeezing the damp soil
into three basic shapes” (Ở đồng ruộng, kết cấu đất được đánh giá bằng cách chọn lấy một nắm đất ở bề
mặt rồi vắt nắm đất ẩm này thành 3 hình dạng cơ bản)
Từ đây ta suy ra được rằng 3 tên gọi được đề cập là kết quả của việc nhào nắn đất nhằm xác định kết cấu
của chúng.
Question 3: C
Từ “dampened” trong bài gần nghĩa nhất với
A.kiểm tra
B.giãn cách
C. làm ẩm
D.huỷ hoại
(to) dampen = (to) moisten: làm ẩm, ướt
Question 4: A
Có thể suy ra từ đoạn văn rằng một mẫu đất có ít hoặc không có chất sét thì .
A. không thể giữ nguyên hình dạng khi được nặn
B. không có kết cấu định dạng được
C. không quá nặng
D. không có hình dạng bền nhất định
“The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample. Clay
particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay
content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.”
(Trạng thái của đất qua thử nghiệm bằng tay được xác định qua lượng chất sét có trong mẫu. Các hạt
đất sét có tính kết dính rất cao, và khi được làm ẩm thì có đặc tính như chất dẻo. Vì vậy, lượng đất sét có
trong mẫu càng cao thì ta có thể nặn nó thành những hình dạng trau chuốt và giữ được lâu hơn.)
Từ đây ta có thể suy ra mẫu đất ít hoặc không có chất sét sẽ không giữ được hình dạng khi được vắt, nặn.
Không thể kết luận liệu nó nhẹ hay nặng, hình dạng bền hay không và kết cấu phân loại được hay không.
Question 5: C
Từ “they” trong đoạn chỉ .
A. các hạng mục, phân loại
B. các màng lọc
C. phân tử đất sét
D. các phần tử lớn hơn
“Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt.”
(Do đất sét lắng xuống rất chậm, chúng có thể được tách biệt dễ dàng khỏi cát và bùn.)
Dễ thấy they là thay thế cho clays (clays particles).
Question 6: B
Từ “fine” trong bài gần nghĩa nhất với .
A. phong phú
B. tí hon, cực tiểu
C. xuất sắc
D. rất nhiều
Ta thấy tính từ “fine” được dùng trong bài mang nghĩa là in small grains, pieces, or drops (ở dạng những
hạt, viên hay giọt nhỏ bé).
Fine (adj) ≈ tiny (adj): nhỏ xíu
Question 7: C
Trong quá trình được mô tả ở đoạn 3, khi đất sét được cho vào nước, chúng
A.phân huỷ nhanh chóng
A. tách ra thành các kích cỡ khác nhau
B. mất một thời gian để lắng xuống
C. bám vào thành ống nước
Dựa vào câu: “Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt.” (Do đất sét khá
lâu lắng xuống, chúng có thể được tách biệt dễ dàng khỏi cát và bùn.) có thể kết luận khi cho đất sét vào
nước, chúng mất một thời gian mới lắng xuống đáy.
Question 8: B
Có thể suy ra từ bài đọc rằng dùng màng lọc có lợi hơn thí nghiệm bằng tay trong việc xác định kết cấu
đất là do .
A. cần ít tập huấn hơn để sử dụng được màng lọc
B. màng lọc cho ra kết quả chính xác hơn
C. màng lọc có thể đo đất sét
D. dùng màng lọc tốn ít thời gian hơn
Đọc kĩ cả bài ta rút ra kết luận: việc xác định kết cấu đất qua thử nghiệm bằng tay chỉ cho ta sự phân loại
kết cấu thông thường, trong khi đó việc sử dụng màng lọc để xác định kết cấu đất có lợi thế hơn ở chỗ nó
cho phép những kết quả đo lường chính xác hơn.
BÀI DỊCH
Các mẫu khoáng chất được tìm thấy trong đất đá đa dạng về kích thước từ đất sét cực nhỏ đến
các mảng đã cuội lớn. Các mẩu có nhiều nhất – cát, bùn và đất sét – là vật thí nghiệm chủ yếu trong
nghiên cứu kết cấu đá. Kết cấu là thuật ngữ dùng để mô tả các quy mô hỗn hợp theo hàng của các hạt
trong một mẫu đất, điển hình là một vài nắm đất đại diện làm mẫu. Để đo kết cấu đá, cát, bùn và các mẩu
đất sét được chia ra theo kích cỡ và trọng lượng. Trọng lượng đo theo kích cỡ sau đó được biểu thị thành
phần trăm trọng lượng của mẫu vật.
Ở đồng ruộng, kết cấu đất được đánh giá bằng cách chọn lấy một nắm đất ở bề mặt rồi vắt nắm
đất ẩm này thành 3 hình dạng cơ bản; khối, một nắm được hình thành bằng cách vắt mẫu đất với nắm
tay; sợi, dạng bút chì được hình thành bằng cách lăn mẫu đất giữa hai lòng bàn tay; và dải, dạng cá bẹt
được hình thành bằng cách ép mẫu đất giữa ngón cái và ngón trỏ. Đặc tính của đất khi được nặn thành
những dạng này, nếu thành dạng chính xác, có thể cung cấp nền tảng cho việc phân chia kết cấu tổng
quát. Trạng thái của đất qua thử nghiệm bằng tay được xác định qua lượng chất sét có trong mẫu. Các
hạt đất sét có tính kết dính rất cao, và khi được làm ẩm thì có đặc tính như chất dẻo. Vì vậy, lượng đất sét
có trong mẫu càng cao thì ta có thể nặn nó thành những hình dạng trau chuốt và giữ được lâu hơn.
Một phương pháp khác để xác định kết cấu đất cần dùng đến các thiết bị như máy lọc sạn, màng
ngăn được thiết kế với kích cỡ chuẩn xác. Khi đất thấm qua nhiều lớp lọc, mỗi lớp có một màng ngăn với
kích cỡ khớp nó, các phần được chia vào loại kích cỡ tương ứng. Mỗi loại có thể được cân để xác định
kết cấu. Tuy máy lọc rất hiệu quả với bùn, cát và các phân tử lớn hơn, chúng không tương thích lắm với
đất sét. Đất sét quá nhỏ để có thể lọc một cách chính xác; vì thế, trong các mẫu đất với lượng đất sét lớn,
phần đất cực nhỏ được đo dựa trên tốc độ lắng xuống khi cho vào nước. Do đất sét khá lâu lắng xuống,
chúng có thể được tách biệt dễ dàng khỏi cát và bùn. Nước có thể bị rút hết, chừa lại đất sét để cân.
PASSAGE 17
Read the passage and mark A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet and is fifth in order of distance from the sun. It is well
placed for observation for several months every year and on average is the brightest of the planets apart
from Venus, though for relatively brief periods Mars may outshine it. Jupiter’s less than 10 hour rotation
period gives it the shortest day in the solar system in so far as the principal planets are concerned. There
are no true seasons on Jupiter because the axial inclination to the perpendicular of the orbital plane is
only just over 3°- lesser than that for any other planet.
The most famous mark on Jupiter is the Great Red Spot. It has shown variations in both intensity and
color, and at times it has been invisible, but it always returns after a few years. At its greatest extent it
may be 40,000 kilometers long and 14,000 kilometers wide, so its surface area is greater than that of
Earth. Though the latitude of the Red Spot varies little, it drifts about in longitude. Over the past century
the total longitudinal drift has amounted to approximately 1200°. The latitude is generally very close to -
22°. It was once thought that the Red Spot might be a solid or semisolid body floating in Jupiter’s outer
gas. However, the Pioneer and Voyager results have refuted that idea and proven the Red Spot to be a
phenomenon of Jovian meteorology. Its longevity may be due to its exceptional size, but there are signs
that it is decreasing in size, and it may not be permanent. Several smaller red spots have been seen
occasionally but have not lasted.
Question 1. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. a day on Earth is shorter than a day on Jupiter.
B. There are other structures on Jupiter that have the same size as the Great Red Spot.
C. There are times when the Great Red Spot cannot be observed from the earth.
D. The Great Red Spot is the only structure on Jupiter.
Question 2. According to the passage, which planet typically shines the most brightly?
A. Earth B. Jupiter C. Venus D. Mars
Question 3. According to the passage, the Great Red Spot .
A. has different colors B. is as big as the earth
C. is a solid structure floating in the air D. has increased its size over the years
Question 4. The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to .
A. Jupiter B. The Great Red Spot C. intensity D. color
Question 5. The word “exceptional” in paragraph 2 mostly means .
A. extreme B. sustainable C. temporary D. infrequent
Question 6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Jupiter is bigger than all the other planets in the solar system.
B. A day in Jupiter is nearly 10 hours long.
C. The Red Great Spot moves more vertically than horizontally.
D. Scientists have proof showing that smaller red spots are increasing their size to become other
Great Red Spots.
Question 7. The passage was probably taken from .
A. an art journal B. a geology magazine C. a high school textbook D. an archeology book
PASSAGE 18
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best
answer to each of the following questions.
Since the world has become industrialized, there has been an increase in the number of animal
species that have either become extinct or have neared extinction. Bengal tigers, for instance, which
once roamed the jungles in vast numbers, now number only about 2300 and by the year 2025, their
population is estimated to be down to zero. What is alarming about the case of the Bengal tiger is that
this extinction will have been caused almost entirely by poachers who, according to some sources, are
not interested in material gain but in personal gratification. This is an example of the callousness that is
part of what is causing the problem of extinction. Animals like the Bengal tiger, as well as other
endangered species, are a valuable part of the world’s ecosystem. International laws protecting these
animals must be enacted to ensure their survival, and the survival of our planet.
Countries around the world have begun to deal with the problem in various ways. Some countries, in
order to circumvent the problem, have allocated large amounts of land to animal reserves. They then
charge admission to help defray the costs of maintaining the parks, and they often must also depend on
world organizations for support. With the money they get, they can invest in equipment and patrols to
protect the animals. Another solution that is an attempt to stem the tide of animal extinction is an
international boycott of products made from endangered species. This seems fairly effective, but will not
by itself, prevent animals from being hunted and killed.
Question 1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. problems with industrialization B. international boycotts
C. the Bengal tiger D. endangered species
Question 2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “alarming” in the first paragraph?
A. distressing B. gripping C. serious D. dangerous
Question 3. The above passage is divided into two paragraphs in order to contrast .
A. a comparison and a contrast B. a statement and an illustration
C. a problem and a solution D. a specific and general information
Question 4. What does the word “This” in the first paragraph refer to?
A. poachers who seek personal gratification B. sources that may not be accurate
C. Bengal tigers that are decreasing D. endangered species that are increasing
Question 5. The word “defray” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. raise B. lower
C. make an investment toward D. make a payment on
Question 6. The author uses the phrase “stem the tide” in the second paragraph to mean .
A. stop B. save C. tax D. touch
Question 7. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude?
A. vindictive B. forgiving C. concerned D. surprised
PASSAGE 19
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions
Since water is the basis of life, composing the greater part of the tissues of all living things, the crucial
problem of desert animals is to survive in a world where sources of flowing water are rare. And since
man’s inexorable necessity is to absorb large quantities of water at frequent intervals, he can scarcely
comprehend that many creatures of the desert pass their entire lives without a single drop.
Uncompromising as it is, the desert has not eliminated life but only those forms unable to withstand
its desiccating effects. No moist- skinned, water-loving animals can exist there. Few large animals are
found. The giants of the North American desert are the deer, the coyote, and the bobcat. Since desert
country is open, it holds more swift-footed running and leaping creatures than the tangled forest. Its
population is largely nocturnal, silent, filled with reticence, and ruled by stealth. Yet they are not
emaciated. Having adapted to their austere environment, they are as healthy as animals anywhere else in
the word. The secret of their adjustment lies in the combination of behavior and physiology. None could
survive if, like mad dogs and Englishmen, they went out in the midday sun; many would die in a matter of
minutes. So most of them pass the burning hours asleep in cool, humid burrows underneath the ground,
emerging to hunt only by night. The surface of the sun-baked desert averages around 150 degrees, but
18 inches down the temperature is only 60 degrees.
Question 1. The author mentions all the following as examples of the behavior of desert animals
EXCEPT .
A. They are watchful and quiet. B. they sleep during the day.
C. they dig home underground. D. they are noisy anad aggressive.
Question 2. We can infer from the passage that .
A. healthy animals live longer lives. B. living things adjust to their environment.
C. desert life is colorful and diverse. D. water is the basis of desert life.
Question 3. According to the passage, creatures in the desert .
A. are smaller and fleeter than forest animals.
B. are more active during the day than those in the tangled forest.
C. live in an accommodating environment.
D. are not as healthy as those anywhere else in the world.
Question 4. The phrase “those forms” in the passage refers to all of the following EXCEPT .
A. moist-skinned animals. B. many large animals.
C. water-loving animals. D. the coyote and the bobcat.
Question 5. The word “them” means .
A. animals B. minutes C. people D. water
Question 6. The word “emaciated” in the passage mostly means .
A. wild B. unmanageable C. cunning D. unhealthy
Question 7. Man can hardly understand why many animals live their whole life in the desert, as .
A. water is an essential part of his existence.
B. Very few large animals are found in the desert
C. sources of flowing water are rare in a desert.
D. water composes the greater part of the tissues of living things.
Question 8. The title for this passage could be .
A. “Man’s Life in a Desert Environment” B. “Desert Plants”
C. “Animal Life in a Desert Environment” D. “Life Underground”
PASSAGE 21
Twenty-three million years ago, a giant carnivore larger than any modern-day lion or polar bear stalked
sub-Saharan Africa, according to the fossils of a previously undiscovered species that spent decades in a
museum drawer at the National Museums of Kenya. The fossils were originally found in Kenya decades
ago, but at that time researchers were searching for ancient apes, so the fossils were put aside.
The skull of the fossil is comparable to that of a rhinoceros, and given its size and giant sharp teeth, the
carnivore was at the head of its food chain. Researchers estimate that it weighed 1.6 tons and could prey
on large herbivores akin to today’s elephant and hippopotamus. Its canine teeth and molars would have
been able to tear flesh and crack bones easily.
The researchers dubbed the newly discovered species SimbaKubwa Kubwa kutoka afrika, which is
Swahili for “big lion coming from Africa.” But it’s not a close relative of lions, other big cats or even
mammalian carnivores that roam the Earth today. Instead, Simbakubwa was part of the hyaenodonts, an
extinct group of mammalian carnivores that lived in Africa.
After the extinction of dinosaurs, they enjoyed a 45 million-year reign as the key predators. Additionally,
tectonic plates shifted, allowing Simbakubwa to cross a land bridge into Eurasia and flourish on other
continents, as well. And even though they lived for millions of years, they went extinct between 15 million
and 18 million years ago.
“We don’t know exactly what drove hyaenodons to extinction, but ecosystems were changing quickly as
the global climate became drier. The gigantic relatives of Simbakubwa were among the last hyaenodons
on the planet,” said Matthew Borths, study author and curator of the Division of Fossil Primates at Duke
University. Nancy Stevens, study co-author and professor in the Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine at Ohio University, noted in a statement that “This is a pivotal fossil, demonstrating the
significance of museum collections for understanding evolutionary history. Simbakubwa is a window into
a bygone era. As ecosystems shifted, a key predator disappeared, heralding Cenozoic faunal transitions
that eventually led to the evolution of the modern African fauna.”
(Adapted from https://edition.cnn.com)
Question 1. The passage primarily concerns which of the following?
A. The characteristics of an ancient species called hyaenodonts.
B. The study of fossils and ancient dinosaurs in Kenya.
C. The largest and oldest living carnivore.
D. The discovery of an ancient carnivore’s fossils in Africa.
Question 2. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?
A. The fossils did not attract scientists or reasearcher’s attention for years.
B. Reasearchers in Kenya ignored the fossils because they were incompetent.
C. The fossils are a relatively recent discovery.
D. Ancient apes lived in Kenya in the distant past, along with the fossils.
Question 3. The word “akin” in the second paragraph most likely means .
A. hostile B. dangerous C. similar D. independent
Question 4. The word “it” in the second paragraph refers to .
A. A rhinoceros B. The skull C. Food chain D. The carnivore
Question 5. It can be inferred from what Matthew Borths said in the last paragraph that .
A. Drier global climate had almost no effect on ecosystems.
B. The gigantic relatives of Simbakubwa were last seen in Africa.
C. Researchers have determined the exact reason why hyaenodonts went extinct.
D. Shifting ecosystems probably contributed to the extinction of hyaenodonts.
Question 6. The word “flourish” in the fourth paragraph most likely means .
A. dominate B. thrive C. evolve D. bloom
Question 7. Which of the following is TRUE about Simbakubwa?
A. They originated in areas outside the continent of Africa
B. They reigned over many species, including dinosaurs, for 45 million years.
C. They bear little relation to modern-day big cats or mammalian carnivores.
D. They suffered from negative effects caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
Question 8. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?
A. The species that the newly discovered fossils in Kenya belong to, which is a close relative of
modern-day lions, was one of the largest carnivores ever to walk the Earth.
B. The fossils found in Kenya play an instrumental role in helping researchers understand more about
the evolution of species.
C. Thanks to the discovery of the fossils, researchers at Kenya can now work on determining how
hyaenodons went extinct.
D. It is possible that the true ancestor of modern-day big cats may never be found due to the rapid
changes of global climate and ecosystems.
ĐÁP ÁN
PASSAGE 23
One million of the planet's eight million species are threatened with extinction by humans, scientists
warned Monday in what is described as the most comprehensive assessment of global nature loss ever.
Their report paints a bleak picture of a planet ravaged by an ever-growing human population, whose
insatiable consumption is destroying the natural world.
Shrinking habitat, exploitation of natural resources, climate change and pollution are the main drivers
of species loss and are threatening more than 40% of amphibians, 33% of coral reefs and over a third of
all marine mammals with extinction, according to the report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy
Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), a U.N committee. This report comes six
months after the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned that the world has less
than 12 years to avoid catastrophic levels of global warming. In the same way that the IPCC report turned
the climate crisis into a political concern, the authors of the IPBES report hope that it will thrust nature
loss into the global spotlight.
Just as with climate change, humans are the main culprits of biodiversity damage, altering 75% of
Earth's land and 66% of marine ecosystems since pre-industrial times and using more than a third of the
world's land and 75% of freshwater supplies for crop or livestock production, according to the report.
Additionally, it also pointed out that in 2015, a third of marine stocks were being fished at unsustainable
levels and the amount of raw timber being harvested has increased by almost half since 1970, with up to
15% of it cut illegally. Moreover, marine plastic pollution has increased tenfold since 1980. Pollution
entering coastal ecosystems has produced more than 400 ocean "dead zones," totaling an area bigger
than the United Kingdom. These areas are so starved of oxygen they can barely support marine life.
However, "it is not too late to make a difference, but only if we start now at every level from local to
global," said Sir Robert Watson, IPBES chair, adding that this would require a complete change of
economic systems and a shift in political and social mindsets. Several recommendations were made in
the report, including improving sustainability in farming by planning landscapes so that they provide food
while supporting the species that live there at the same time, reforming supply chains and reducing food
waste. When it comes to healthy oceans, the report recommends effective fishing quotas, designated
protected areas and reducing the pollution that runs off from the land into the sea, among other actions.
(Adapted from https://edition.cnn.com)
Question 1. Which of the following is the passage’s main concern?
A. How governments can save species from extinction.
B. Marine life is under threat due to increasing pollution.
C. The impending great loss of biodiversity due to human activities.
D. The negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity.
Question 2. What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A. A catastrophe will happen in 12 years if global warming continues.
B. Authors of the IPBES report want to increase awareness about nature loss.
C. The IPCC report drew the attention of politicians to the extinction of species.
D. Climate change is the biggest contributor to species loss, according to IPBES.
Question 3. The word “bleak” in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by .
A. dangerous B. unpromising C. cruel D. severe
Question 4. The word “it” in the second paragraph refers to .
A. political concern B. IPCC’s report C. IPBES’s report D. climate crisis
Question 5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .
A. International agencies are entirely responsible for preventing nature loss.
B. Changing economic systems will lead to a shift in political and social mindsets.
C. Landscapes can be altered in ways that benefit species in the area.
D. By minimizing pollutants from land, polluted oceans can be cleaned up.
Question 6. The word “support” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to .
A. assist B. provide C. hold D. sustain
Question 7. Which of the following is TRUE, according to the passage?
A. More than a quarter of Earth’s species are on the verge of extinction.
B. Pollution levels in ocean “dead zones” are far greater than those in the United Kingdom.
C. Humans are to blame for both climate change and loss of biodiversity.
D. Amphibians account for 40% of the species that are under threat.
Question 8. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?
A. Marine life is suffering the greatest impact from human activities.
B. The exploitation of resources is a threat for animals as well as plants.
C. We can only stop biodiversity loss by making farming more sustainable.
D. 75% of Earth’s land was altered as a consequence of industrial activities.
PASSAGE 24
Weekly Reader News heads down under to find out what scientists are doing to save Australia’s
koalas.
Koalas are pictured everywhere in Australia – on cleaning products, on boxes of chocolate, on sports
team jerseys.
Yet the animals live only in pockets along the east coast. The marsupials once inhabited the entire
coastline. (A marsupial is a mammal that typically carries its young in a pouch.)
The koala’s population dropped after farmers cut down many of the forests where koalas lived and
hunters killed the animals for their fur. By the early 1900s, “koalas were basically shot out of south
Australia,” says ecologist Bill Ellis. An ecologist is a scientist who studies the relationships among living
things and their environments.
I recently joined Ellis and his team in a forest on St. Bees Island, 19 miles off the northeastern coast of
Australia, with eight other volunteers. The island is a natural laboratory, yielding findings that may help
protect koalas elsewhere on the continent.
Trees Tags
The volunteers combed the island for koalas in the blue gum trees. When we found a koala, we
gathered information about the trees in the area.
Blue gum is a species of eucalyptus tree in which the furry leaf eaters spend most of their time.
Eucalyptus trees are native to Australia, and their leaves are the main food source for koalas. Although
koalas can walk on the ground, they are better suited for life in the canopy, the high cover of branches
and leaves in a forest.
Goat Trouble?
What has Ellis’s research told him so far? The St. Bees population seems to be healthy. Yet Ellis
wonders whether the koalas might be heading for hard times. The island is overrun with wild goats, and
Ellis thinks the goats are eating the small blue gum trees.
Without those trees, the koalas will run out of food in the future. Ellis hopes more research will help
him understand how to protect the blue gums – and the koalas that depend on them. “I think that’s what
everyone is trying to do – to make a difference,” Ellis says.
(Weekly Reader 2007)
Question 1. Though koalas can walk on the ground, they are better suited for life .
A. on island off the northeastern coast
B. in the high cover of branches and leaves in the forest
C. by the coastline
D. inside of the blue gum tree
Question 2. Why do you think the koalas no longer inhabit the entire coastline?
A. The koalas have moved to a drier environment.
B. Koalas have been killed by hunters.
C. Koalas have been moved to zoos for protection
D. Disease has caused the koalas to decrease in population.
Question 3. How does the author organize the information in this passage?
A. The author provides details about the unusual nature and habitat of koalas.
B. The author compares the arguments for and against koalas rescue.
C.The author describes a current problem and investigates research on solutions.
D.The author combines fiction and nonfiction information about koalas to explain their popularity in
Australian society.
Question 4. What can be inferred from the information in the second paragraph regarding koalas being
“pictured everywhere” in Australian?
A. Koalas have been found to be good advertisements for products.
B. Koalas are dying out, so pictures are difficult to find.
C. Koalas are well-liked across Australian.
D. Many ecologists are trying to save the koalas.
Question 5. What words could best replace the phrase “yielding findings” in the paragraph 4?
A. producing discoveries B. giving treasures
C. giving away materials D. making way for discoveries
Question 6. How do you think goats cause trouble for the koalas?
A. Koalas catch diseases from the goats.
B. Goats and koalas fight over living space.
C. Goats are meat eaters and koalas are food goats.
D. Goats eat the small trees that the koalas depend on for food.
Question 7. Since koalas are better suited to life in the canopy than to walking on the ground, we may
assume they have .
A. extra big feet B. floppy pouches C. strong arms D. beautiful fur
Question 8. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Bill Ellis studies marsupials and their habitats in order to ensure that koalas and wild goats can live
harmoniously.
B. Koalas are very unusual, carrying their young in a pouch and inhabiting only the east coast of
Australia.
C. Koalas are an Australian treasure, pictured on items in the grocery store and on sports team jerseys.
D. Researchers and volunteers are researching koala habitats, many of which have been destroyed
PASSAGE 25
Coral reefs are the most diverse of all marine ecosystems. They are full of life, with perhaps one
quarter of all ocean species depending on reefs for food and shelter. This is a remarkable statistic when
you consider that reefs cover just a tiny fraction of the earth’s surface and less than two per cent of the
ocean bottom. Because they are so diverse, coral reefs are often called the rainforests of the ocean.
Coral reefs are very important to people. They even provide seventy per cent of the food demands for
some marine species, protection of shorelines, jobs based on tourism (nine out of twelve activities for
tourists in Nha Trang, for example, involve the coral reefs), and even medicines.
Unfortunately, climate change is the greatest global threat to coral reef ecosystems. Scientific
evidence now clearly indicates that the Earth’s atmosphere and ocean are warming, and that these
changes are primarily due to greenhouse gases derived from human activities.
As temperatures rise, mass coral bleaching events and infectious disease outbreaks are becoming
more frequent. Additionally, carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere has already
begun to reduce to calcification rates in reef- building and reef- associated organisms by altering
seawater chemistry through decrease in PH. This process is called ocean acidification.
Climate change will affect coral reef ecosystems, through sea level rise, changes to the frequency and
intensity of tropical storms, and altered ocean circulation patterns. When combined, all of these impacts
dramatically after ecosystem function, as well as the goods and services coral reef ecosystems provide
to people around the globe.
There are so many things you can do to ensure that you are environmentally conscious when you visit
coral reefs or coastal areas. These include things such as hiring local guides to support the economy,
removing all trash from an area, never touching or harassing wildlife in reef areas, and avoiding dropping
your boat anchor or chain near a coral reef.
Finally, stay informed and spread the word! Educate yourself about why healthy coral reefs are
valuable to the people, fish, plants, and animals that depend on them. Your excitement will help others
get involved.
(Source: Adapted from Study Skills: Managing Your Learning — NUI Galway)
Question 1. Though the coverage of coral reefs on the sea bed is , its vital role is undeniable.
A. remarkable B. small C. diverse D. huge
Question 2. of all the ocean species find food and home in the coral reefs.
A. Two per cent B. Seventy per cent C. Twenty- five per cent D. Nine per cent
Question 3. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere directly caused .
A. infectious disease outbreaks B. reef- building
C. sea level rise D. ocean acidification
Question 4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Coral reefs can be compared to rainforests due to its diversity.
B. The effects of global warming are only on the ecosystems themselves.
C. You can help the coral reefs by educating not only yourself but people around you.
D. Human activities which cause greenhouse gases are major reasons for climate change.
Question 5. The word “conscious” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A. knowledgeable B. curious C. aware D. acknowledgeable
ĐÁP ÁN
PASSAGE 26
Pollution is the degradation of the natural environment by external substances introduced directly or
indirectly. Human health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be affected and
altered permanently by pollution.
Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot get rid of substances introduced into the environment. The
critical threshold of its ability to naturally eliminate substances is compromised and the balance of the
ecosystem is broken.
The sources of pollution are numerous. The identification of these different pollutants and their
effects on ecosystems is complex. They can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity,
such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents... These can have terrible consequences on people
and the planet where they live: destruction of the biodiversity, increased mortality of the human and
animal species, destruction of natural habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil, water and air...
Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of
sustainable development. We have to consider satisfying the needs of today without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means that we should remedy existing pollution,
but also anticipate and prevent future pollution sources in order to protect the environment and public
health. Any environmental damage must be punishable by law and polluters should pay compensation
for the damage caused to the environment.
Question 1. What is the topic of the passage?
A. Pollution: causes, effects and solutions. B. Pollution - a big problem.
C. What is pollution? D. What should we do to protect the environment?
Question 2. The phrase "get rid of" in paragraph 2 is closest meaning to:
A. remove B. replace C. reuse D. recycle
Question 3. According to the passage, these are sources of pollution, EXCEPT
A. natural disasters B. oil spills C. killing animals D. nuclear accidents
Question 4. Which sentence is TRUE?
A. Human race is the only species affected by pollution.
B. It is not easy to identify the pollutants and their effects on ecosystem.
C. Pollution is harmless to natural habitat.
D. Human activity doesn't cause pollution.
Question 5. The pronoun “they" in paragraph 3 refers to
A. natural disasters B. people C. consequences D. nuclear accidents
Question 6. According to the passage, what should be done to protect the environment?
A. We should try our best to meet our needs today.
B. We should not care for the existing pollution.
C. People who damage the environment should be rewarded.
D. People should be made to pay compensation if they damage the environment.
Question 7. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
A. We cannot prevent the sources that may cause pollution in the future.
B. Future generations may not meet their needs because of pollution we cause today
C. We can do nothing to remedy pollution.
D. Biodiversity will not be influenced if animals are killed.
LỜI GIẢI CHI TIẾT
Question 1: A
Chủ đề của đoạn văn là gì?
A. Ô nhiễm: nguyên nhân, ảnh hưởng và giải pháp.
B. Ô nhiễm - một vấn đề lớn.
C. Ô nhiễm là gì ?.
D. Chúng ta nên làm gì để bảo vệ môi trường?
=> Dẫn chứng: Pollution is the degradation of natural environment by external substances introduced
directly or indirectly. Human health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be
affected and altered permanently by pollution.
Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot get rid of substances introduced into the environment.
Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of
sustainable development.
Dịch: Ô nhiễm là sự xuống cấp của môi trường tự nhiên bởi các chất bên ngoài được giới thiệu trực tiếp
hoặc gián tiếp. Sức khỏe con người, chất lượng hệ sinh thái và đa dạng sinh học dưới nước và trên cạn có
thể bị ảnh hưởng và thay đổi vĩnh viễn do ô nhiễm.
Ô nhiễm xảy ra khi hệ sinh thái không thể loại bỏ các chất được đưa vào môi trường.
Ngăn chặn ô nhiễm và bảo vệ môi trường đòi hỏi phải áp dụng các nguyên tắc phát triển bền vững.
Question 2: A
Cụm từ "bỏ" trong đoạn 2 có nghĩa gần nhất với:
A. loại bỏ B. thay thế C. tái sử dụng D. tái chế
=> Đáp án A
Question 3: C
Theo đoạn văn, đây là những nguồn gây ô nhiễm, NGOẠI TRỪ
A. thiên tai B. sự cố tràn dầu
C. giết động vật D. tai nạn hạt nhân
=> Dẫn chứng: They can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity, such as oil spills,
chemical spills, nuclear accidents...
Dịch: Chúng có thể đến từ các thảm họa tự nhiên hoặc kết quả của hoạt động của con người, như sự cố
tràn dầu, sự cố tràn hóa chất, tai nạn hạt nhân ...
Question 4: B
Câu nào là đúng ?
A. Loài người là loài duy nhất bị ảnh hưởng bởi ô nhiễm
B. Không dễ để xác định các chất ô nhiễm và ảnh hưởng của chúng đối với hệ sinh thái.
C. Ô nhiễm là vô hại đối với môi trường sống tự nhiên.
D. Hoạt động của con người không gây ô nhiễm.
=> Dẫn chứng: The identification of these different pollutants and their effects on ecosystems is
complex.
Dịch: Việc xác định các chất ô nhiễm khác nhau này và ảnh hưởng của chúng đối với các hệ sinh thái là
phức tạp
Question 5: B
Đại từ “they "trong đoạn 3 đề cập đến
A. thiên tai B. con người
C. hậu quả D. tai nạn hạt nhân
=> Dẫn chứng: These can have terrible consequences on people and the planet where they live:
destruction of the biodiversity, increased mortality of the human and animal species, destruction of
natural habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil, water and air...
Dich: Những điều này có thể gây ra hậu quả khủng khiếp đối với con người và hành tinh nơi họ sinh sống:
phá hủy đa dạng sinh học, tăng tỷ lệ tử vong của loài người và động vật, hủy hoại môi trường sống tự
nhiên, thiệt hại gây ra cho chất lượng đất, nước và không khí ...
Question 6: D
Theo đoạn văn, cần làm gì để bảo vệ môi trường?
A. Chúng ta nên cố gắng hết sức để đáp ứng nhu cầu của chúng ta ngày hôm nay.
B. Chúng ta không nên quan tâm đến ô nhiễm hiện có
C. Những người làm hỏng môi trường nên được khen thưởng.
D. Mọi người nên được thực hiện để bồi thường nếu họ làm hỏng môi trường.
=> Dẫn chứng: Any environmental damage must be punishable by law and polluters should pay
compensation for the damage caused to the environment.
Dịch: Bất kỳ thiệt hại môi trường phải bị trừng phạt theo pháp luật và người gây ô nhiễm phải bồi thường
thiệt hại cho môi trường.
Question 7: B
Có thể suy ra từ đoạn cuối
A. Chúng tôi không thể ngăn chặn các nguồn có thể gây ô nhiễm trong tương lai.
B. Các thế hệ tương lai có thể không đáp ứng nhu cầu của họ vì ô nhiễm mà chúng ta gây ra ngày nay.
C. Chúng ta không thể làm gì để khắc phục ô nhiễm.
D. Đa dạng sinh học sẽ không bị ảnh hưởng nếu động vật bị giết
=> Dẫn chứng: This means that we should remedy existing pollution, but also anticipate and prevent
future pollution sources in order to protect the environment and public health.
Dịch: Điều này có nghĩa là chúng ta nên khắc phục ô nhiễm hiện có, nhưng cũng dự đoán và ngăn chặn
các nguồn ô nhiễm trong tương lai để bảo vệ môi trường và sức khỏe cộng đồng.
PASSAGE 27
With 13,000 floral species and over 15,000 faunal species, three newly discovered big animal species,
and a ratio of country/world species of 6.3%, Vietnam has enormous tourism-particularly ecotourism-
potential. In fact, since 1986, when renovation reforms began the shift from a centrally planned to a
socialist-oriented market, or multi-sectoral, economy, tourism has been a sector of primary concern to
the government. In May 1995, the prime minister of Vietnam approved a master plan of tourism
development for the period 1995-2010. In February 1999, the state decree on tourism was part of the
socio-economic development strategy for the period 2001-2010 approved at the IX National Congress of
the Party: “Tourism development has become a spearhead economic industry indeed. It is necessary to
improve the quality and effectiveness of tourism activities, bringing into full play the natural conditions,
and cultural and historical tradition to meet the domestic and international demand for tourism and to
catch up with tourism development in the region” (Document of the IX National Congress 2001).
Tourism has so far brought great benefits to the economy, but it has also contributed to environmental
degradation, especially biodiversity deterioration. Thus, the concept of “sustainable development”—
development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs—must be factored into tourism development. This consideration is
reflected in the term “ecotourism,” which is referred to variously as ecological or environmental tourism,
nature or green tourism, sustainable or responsible tourism.
Ecotourism involves travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas with the specific object of studying,
admiring, and enjoying scenery, plants, and animals, as well as any cultural features found in these areas.
It is distinguished from mass or resort tourism by its lower impact on the environment, lower
infrastructure requirements, and its role in educating tourists about natural environments and cultural
values.
Fully aware of its significance, the government of Vietnam has prioritized ecotourism in its strategy for
tourism development to ensure both sustainability and economic benefits. Though ecotourism in
Vietnam is at a beginning stage of development, it is expected to grow strongly through support from
government and international organizations.
Question 1. How many types of plants does Vietnam have?
A. Thirteen thousand B. Fifteen thousand C. Sixty three D. Three
Question 2. When has tourism officially contributed to socio-economic development?
A. Since 2010 B. Since 1995 C. Since 1999 D. Since 2001
th
Question 3. It can be inferred that in the late 20 century Vietnam’s tourism .
A. has never been a spearhead economic industry
B. was not as developed as that in other Asian countries
C. has always been effective and necessary for economy
D. did not need natural conditions or cultural traditions
Question 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as “ecotourism”?
A. Environmental tourism B. Green tourism
C. Responsible tourism D. Resort tourism
Question 5. Ecotourism is mainly for purposes.
A. entertaining B. educational C. relaxing D. advertising
Question 6. What is the word “degradation” closest in meaning to?
A. Creation B. Pollution C. Protection D. Decline
Question 7. What does the word “It” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Tourism B. Ecotourism C. Environment D. Requirement
Question 8. According to the passage, who helped ecotourism develop in Vietnam?
A. Vietnam’s government and international organisations.
B. Business people and environmental conservationists.
C. Foreign tourists and local Vietnamese people.
D. Business corporations and non-government organisations.
PASSAGE 28
Pollutants in the air aren’t always visible and come from many different sources. Smog hanging over
cities is the most familiar and obvious form of air pollution. But there are different kinds of pollution –
some visible, some invisible – that contribute to global warming. Generally any substance that people
introduce into the atmosphere that has damaging effects on living things and the environment is
considered air pollution.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Though living things
emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, carbon dioxide is widely considered to be a pollutant when
associated with cars, planes, power plants, and other human activities that involve the burning of fossil
fuels such as gasoline and natural gas. In the past 150 years, such activities have pumped enough
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to raise its levels higher than they have been for hundreds of
thousands of years.
Other greenhouse gases include methane – which comes from such sources as swamps and gas
emitted by livestock – and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were used in refrigerants and aerosol
propellants until they were banned because of their deteriorating effect on Earth's ozone layer.
Another pollutant associated with climate change is sulfur dioxide, a component of smog. Sulfur
dioxide and closely related chemicals are known primarily as a cause of acid rain. But they also reflect
light when released in the atmosphere, which keeps sunlight out and causes Earth to cool. Volcanic
eruptions can spew massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, sometimes causing cooling
that lasts for years. In fact, volcanoes used to be the main sources of atmospheric sulfur dioxide; today
people are.
Industrialized countries have worked to reduce levels of sulfur dioxide, smog, and smoke in order to
improve people’s health. But a result, not predicted until recently, is that the lower sulfur dioxide levels
may actually make global warming worse. Just as sulfur dioxide from volcanoes can cool the planet by
blocking sunlight, cutting the amount of the compound in the atmosphere lets more sunlight through,
warming the Earth. This effect is exaggerated when elevated levels of other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere trap the additional heat.
Question 1. According to the passage, some kind of air pollution .
A. are not introduced into the atmosphere B. do not damage the environment
C. cannot be seen with our naked eyes D. do not affect living things seriously
Question 2. What is the main origin of carbon dioxide in the air?
A. Living things' breathing B. Manufacturing cars
C. Building power plants D. Burning coals and petrol
Question 3. What were banned because of their damaging the ozone layer?
A. Chlorofluorocarbons B. Methane and gas
C. Refrigerants D. Aerosol propellants
Question 4. What is NOT mentioned as a feature of sulfur dioxide?
A. Creating smog B. Causing acid rain C. Reflecting light D. Warming the Earth up
Question 5. What has been the main source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide recently?
A. Human activities B. Volcanic eruptions C. Forest fires D. Earthquakes
Question 6. What does the word “the compound” in the last paragraph refer to?
A. carbon dioxide B. methane C. chlorofluorocarbons D. sulfur dioxide
Question 7. What is the word “exaggerated” in the last sentence closest in meaning to?
A. overdone B. understated C. overestimated D. over-invested
Question 8. What is the text about?
A. Ocean pollution B. Air pollutants
C. Tropical environment D. How to reduce pollution
PASSAGE 29
Every summer, three billion birds of 300 species migrate from northern Africa to Europe and Asia. In
the winter, they return to Africa’s warmer shores. The bird’s migration is long and difficult, and some of
the animals inevitably die during each trip. However, it is not this twice-a-year journey that poses the
greatest risk to these animals. The main threat to the birds’ survival comes from human hunters.
All over the Mediterranean millions of migrating birds are killed for food profit, and sport every year. As
a result, bird populations are dropping all over the region. In nations along the Mediterranean, many
migratory birds are illegally trapped or shot. In addition to traps, hunters also use electronic calls to catch
birds. This tool, which a hunter can operate from a cell phone, mimics bird sounds and is so effective in
attracting the animals that in some countries, bird populations have plummeted. Some hunters also use
nets to capture birds as they fly close to the sea. The nets are high-going from ground level to just over 3
meters – and invisible to the birds, allowing hunters to trap hundred birds at a time.
Countries all over the Mediterranean are aware that bird populations are susceptible, and many are
working to address this problem by making migratory hunting illegal in some countries or strictly
controlling it in others. More nature-protection groups are also making sure that laws are obeyed. The
organization WWF Italy, for example, works with volunteers to stop poachers and destroy birdsong
devices that attract birds.
Question 1. What is the passage mainly about?
A. problems caused by migrating birds
B. how birds are being hunted worldwide
C. how tourism is causing a drop in bird population
D. dangers to migrating birds in the Mediterranean
Question 2. The purpose of the first paragraph is to describe .
A. how many birds travel large distances to and from Africa
B. why some birds migrate while others do not
C. why bird numbers are starting to drop in the Mediterranean
D. how some migrating birds cannot endure the journeys
Question 3. What is the biggest danger to migrating birds?
A. crossing the Sahara Desert B. lack of food
C. being hunted by humans D. storms in the Mediterranean
Question 4. Which of these is NOT mentioned as a way of attracting and catching birds?
A. traps B. food offering C. nets D. bird calls
Question 5. The word “susceptible” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .
A. rescued B. vulnerable C. crowded D. preserved
PASSAGE 30
ROGUE WAVES
Rogue waves are extremely large waves that are more than double the average height of most waves.
According to mathematical calculations and various personal accounts, rogue waves can reach
remarkable heights. They appear unexpectedly in calm waters and can do major damage, even to large
ships. Unlike tsunamis, which are practically undetectable in deep water, rogue waves only occur far out
at sea. Stories about rogue waves have circulated amongst sailors for centuries, but it was not until
recently that scientists confirmed they actually exist. What they still are not sure of, however, is what
causes them.
Some instances of rogue waves have been explained by the interactions of normal wave patterns with
ocean currents. Scientists believe that it is possible for waves to reach the heights described when they
come into contact with strong ocean currents. The wave heights increase significantly when a normal
wave reaches a current head on. In other words, the wave is built up by the power of the current. This
explanation was first proposed after scientists observed a high incidence of rogue waves in the ocean
surrounding the southern tip of Africa. In fact, since 1990, at least twenty ships have encountered the
waves, which reportedly reached up to 190 feet. The waves are thought to be caused by wave
interactions with the strong Agulhas Current, which runs southbound along the east coast of the
continent.
Ocean currents may be responsible for rogue waves in some parts of the world, but scientists have
confirmed their existence even in areas that are not affected by strong currents. In those cases,
scientists think that the waves are caused by wave reinforcement. Wave reinforcement is when two or
more waves join together to form one massive wave. When the waves are joined, each height is added to
the others. For example, if a ten-foot wave comes into contact with a fifteen-foot wave, the resulting
wave will be twenty-five feet tall. According to some evidence, it is possible that many waves can join
together, which would create rogue waves. Scientists still do not understand which circumstances cause
wave reinforcement, but many propose that the reason rogue waves appear suddenly is because they are
formed by multiple smaller waves randomly.
Question 1. The passage mainly discusses .
A. the theories of how rogue waves are formed
B. instances of rogue waves that have been explained
C. the increasingly high waves
D. the circumstances causing wave reinforcement
Question 2. Why does the author mention tsunamis?
A. To explain why rogue waves cannot be predicted
B. To describe the similar mechanism that causes rogue waves
C. To note that rogue waves and tsunamis are unrelated
D. To show that rogue waves are comparable to tsunamis
Question 3. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?
A. Rogue waves can appear unexpectedly in calm waters.
B. Scientists confirmed that rogue waves actually exist only recently.
C. Rogue waves and tsunamis are mostly undetectable in deep water.
D. Rogue waves can reach remarkable heights.
Question 4. The author uses the Agulhas Current as an example of .
A. how currents become stronger through their contact with ocean waves
B. how multiple waves are built up by ocean currents
C. a current that flows in the northern region of Africa
D. a current that does not affect the wave height in the region
Question 5. The phrase “come into contact with” in the second paragraph mostly means .
A. come in B. enter C. meet D. make up
Question 6. The author discusses wave reinforcement in order to .
A. propose another theory for what causes rogue waves
B. suggest that ocean currents cannot be responsible for rogue waves
C. demonstrate how rogue waves are created closer to land
D. explain how multiple waves are able to interact at sea
Question 7. The word “which” in the third paragraph refers to .
A. some evidence B. many waves joining together
C. creating rogue waves D. wave reinforcement
Question 8. Which of the following is given definition in the passage?
A. Rogue waves B. Personal accounts C. Wave patterns D. Ocean currents
PASSAGE 33
Amphibians are an animal group that includes frogs, toads, salamanders and newts. The animals live
in and out of the water. The number of amphibians on our planet is declining rapidly in both local mass
extinctions and population crashes. This is a cause for concern as many scientists believe that humans
are responsible.
Since the 1980s, scientists have noticed a decline in amphibian populations. Although many animals
are affected by humans, amphibians have been hit particularly hard. Some scientists believe this is
because of their two-stage life cycle. Unlike most animals, amphibians live their lives in two distinct
stages. The first is aquatic and the second is terrestrial. This means amphibians are sensitive to
environmental changes in the water and on land. They also have permeable skin, which means that
toxins and chemicals can easily get into their bodies.
At first, some scientists did not believe that human pollution was the cause for changes in amphibian
populations. These scientists believed that every species on Earth goes through natural cycles and
changes and that there was not enough long-term data to prove that humans were the problem. In recent
years, this has changed. Almost all biologists are concerned about the decline in amphibian populations.
They are worried not only because many amphibians may go extinct, but also because these extinctions
will affect other plants and animals in ecosystems. They believe that the decline in amphibian
populations is a warning to humans to stop polluting and clean up Earth.
Question 1. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A. Endangered reptiles B. Endangered amphibians
C. Amphibian life cycle D. Amphibians and reptiles
Question 2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. The number of amphibians is decreasing rapidly.
B. The number of amphibians is increasing.
C. The number of amphibians is going up.
D. The number of amphibians staying constant.
Question 3. In paragraph 2, the word noticed is closest in meaning to
A. studied B. analysed C. become aware of D. started to work on
Question 4. In paragraph 2, the word they refers to
A. scientists B. humans C. animals D. amphibians
Question 5. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about amphibians?
A. First they live on land, then in the water. B. First they live in the water, then on land.
C. They mainly live in water. D. They mainly live on land.
Question 6. In paragraph 2, the word toxins is closest in meaning to
A. poisonous substances B. tonic substances
C. essential minerals D. essential vitamins
Question 7. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Amphibians contribute greatly to biodiversity.
B. All amphibians will go extinct in the near future.
C. A clean environment may help to protect amphibians from extinction
D. Protecting amphibians is the responsibility of all people on Earth.