CULTURAL

PRACTICES
ON ADLAI
PRODUCTION
• Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) One of the most
promising cereal that is seen as an
alternative to rice and corn.
• Adlai is said to have originated in East Asia
and Southeast Asia
• Grains are soft-shelled forms
( for eating )
• Hard-shelled ones for ornamentation
 Adlai, known internationally as
Job's Tears, is a gluten-free grain which is an
excellent source of protein, dietary fibers, and
minerals helpful in controlling
blood sugar levels, fighting
cancer, and warding off
inflamation.
• Adlai has been grown in our farms for many
years.

• Today, Adlai is known as a

Heirloom grain in the Philippines.
It will be known next
as the Everyday
Filipino grain.
• Produces an average of 30 panicles
per stem.

• Each stem can have 250g of

dry grains ( Unmilled )

• Seed requirement - 10kls/ha

• Average yield- 2-4 tons/ha

• Average yield of 2-4 tons/ha
• Gulian - 2,631.11 kg/ha
• Pulot - 1,795.56 kg/ha
• Ginampay - 3,413.33 kg/ha

• Normally harvested 4-6 months after

sowing.
• Produces ratoon after harvest.
• ADLAI SEEDS - P35.00-50.00/kg
• ADLAI GRITS - P100.00-150/kg
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

MINDANAO AREAS:

1. Region 9 – Ipil, Zamboanga del Sur

2. Region 10 – Malaybalay, Bukidnon

3. Region 11 – Davao City

4. Region 12 – Kidapawan City

5. Region 13 – CARAGA

6. ARMM
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

TOP PRODUCER COUNTRY OF ADLAI

The largest producer of Coix seeds is China, with a

cultivation area of approximately 73000 ha, 32000 of

which are in the province of Guizhou (Diao, 2017). The

grain is marketed as Chinese pearl barley, Coix seeds or

adlay seeds.
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

TOP PRODUCER REGION OF ADLAI IN THE PHILIPPINES

➢ MALAYBALAY CITY, Bukidnon, Nov. 7 – The

agriculture department in Northern Mindanao (DA-10) has been

urged to strengthen its efforts of championing Adlay

➢ Also known as “Job’s tears,” Adlay is produced in about 570

hectares in Region 10, particularly in Bukidnon with major growing

areas in Lantapan, Manolo Fortich, Impasugong, Talakag, and

Malaybalay City.
 MARKET PROSPECTS

The Department of Agriculture, through BAR, in

collaboration with non-governent organizations (NGOs),
Earthkeepers and Masipag; four Regional Integrated
Agricultural Research CentersSTIARC, CVIARC, BIARC
and NOMIARC set to explore the potentials of Adlai.
After the successful inclusion of adlay or
adlai into its mainstream research and development
program, the Department of Agriculture now wants to build
a niche market for the grain by trumpeting its nutritional
value to encourage more eaters and urge farmers to
continue growing the crop.
 MARKET PROSPECTS

• Mainstream market.
Rice-dependent consumers
Weight-conscious people
Export good ( Japan as a possible market
for the grain )
Food, Beverage/Drink companies
ADLAI AS FOOD
ADLAI AS ORNAMENTATION
ADLAI AS MEDICINE
ADLAI AS BEVERAGES
ADLAI AS FEEDSTUFF FOR
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
ADLAY NUTRITIVE VALUE
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

Seed Selection
• Seeds with long panicles
• Fuller grains from neck to head
• With a good tiller stand and
• Free from blackish spot or diseases
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

Site Selection

Adaptability trial on varieties of adlai was

conducted in General Santos city to evaluate its
growth and yield performance under the weather
condition of the city that falls under type I with two
pronounced seasons, dry from November to April
and wet during the rest of the year with maximum
rain period from June to September.
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

Site Selection

Another adaptability trials and seed

production of adlai was mad eat the experimental site
of Bicol Integrated Agricultural. Research Center
(BIARC) in which three indigenous varieties of adlai
were planted, the Gulian, Ginampay and Tapol. The
results of the first trial showed that tapol variety
produces the highest yield.
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

Site Selection

The SANREM – CRSP(2012) has recently tested differen

t varieties of adlai grass for CAPS as a substitute to rice and maize
in the Mindanao region at research site in Claveria. Kiboa hasthe
highest grain yield of 3.5 tons per hectare and a totaldry matter
yield (TDMY) of 8.8 tons per hectare, followed by the ginampay
variety with a grain yield of 3.0 tons per hectare and a TDMY of
7.4 tons per hectare while tapol variety was the poorest performer.
It appeared therefore,that Kiboa was the most adaptive in the area.
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

Site Selection

The study conducted by the Department of

Agriculture claimed that betterg rowth and
development of one adlai variety could not be
presumed that the rest of the varieties will do and
exhibit the same performance since each of them
may have different site requirement
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

Land Preparation
• Apply manure and compost
after farrowing
• Plow and harrow the area

Seed Preparation/Planting
• Soak the seeds in pure water for
8 hours and incubate in 4hours
prior to planting
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

Planting Distance
• Make furrows spaced at 90cm to allow the plant to
produce more productive tillers.Sow 2seeds per hill at a
distance of 60cm between hills.

Basal Fertilizer Application

• Adlai is more productive when animal manure
and compost are applied before plowing at the
rate of 2tons/ha.
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

Cultivation and Maintenance

• Thinning
- At 2weeks after planting,pull-out excess plants to
maintain at most two plants per hill.
• Off-barring
- At 3-4weeks after planting,cultivate between
rows to remove weeds.
• Hilling-up
- 45days after planting,hill-up within rows.
Control subsequent weed growth by hand
weeding.
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

HARVESTING AND POSTHARVEST OPERATION

• The crop can be harvested by cutting its branches and stems at

one foot from ground level at 120 days after planting.

• Grains can be separated from panicle by threshing and/or

smashing (lambos).
• Dry grains to 14% moisture content (MC).

• Adlai can be milled through rice and corn mills. It has a 60%
milling recovery
• Ratooning can be done 2-3 times after harvest of the main crop

• Harvesting is done when grains is about 80% brown in color.

 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

PROPER STAGE SYSTEM OF ADLAI

At farm level grain is often stored in bulk in small

outside granaries or in woven baskets or containers made
from wood, metal or concrete, which are located under or
inside the house. These storages vary in capacity from
200−1000 kg.

Losses from insects, rodents, birds and moisture

uptake are usually high in traditional bulk storage systems.
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

When using bag storage consideration needs to be given to

the following:

➢ Jute bags should not be stacked higher than 4 m and

plastic bags 3 m. Plastic bags are more slippery and the
stacks will be less stable.
➢ Bags should be stacked under cover e.g. under a roof, in a
shed or granary or under water proof tarpaulins.
➢ A one meter gap should be left between and around
stacks and 1.5 m clearance between the top of the stack
and the roof.
 Cultural practices
(Seed selection, preparation and varieties.)

➢ Bags should be stacked on pallets or on an above ground

structure to avoid the possibility of absorbing moisture
from the floor.
➢ Bags should not be stacked on a bed of husks or bags
filled with adlai husks, as these are difficult to keep free
from insect infestation.
➢ Bags should be stacked so that fumigation can be
undertaken easily. The dimensions of the stacks should
be set to facilitate sealing with a single fumigation sheet.
Some farmers use bag storage in outside granaries, which
have been constructed from timber or mud/cement or large
woven bamboo or palm leaves.
ADLAY MILLING MACHINE
 ADLAI VARITIES
The adlai has 11 types of varieties these are Gulian,
Kinampay (ginampay), Pulot (tapol), Linay, Mataslai, Bagelai, Agle,
Gestakyan, NOMIARC dwarf, Jalayhay, and Ag-gey.

➢ The Kinampay (brown) and Gulian (white) is a varieties

that is most popular due to its bigger size of grains, good
quality, and higher yields.

➢ The Pulot or Tapol (red or purple-glutinous) and Linay

(gold) variety is use for food such as ginger, gabi, squash,
forest tree, and banana.
 ADLAI VARITIES

➢ The Metaslai and Bagelai is an upland rice.

➢ The Mestaslai variety is used for native wine and as
substitute for rice.
➢ The Bagelai variety is used as monocrop in small patches
of land.
➢ The Gestakyan variety is used for food and cooked it like
a rice.
➢ The Agle variety is the leaves is used for the organic
fertilizer and its grains for making a rosary and
necklace.
 ADLAI VARITIES

➢ The Ag-gey variety is used for food like roasted for

coffee and sinaing na rice and in a small patches in the

backyard and border plants for vegetables and also the

grains is used as feeds for cow.

➢ The Jalayhay and NOMIARC variety is used for wine

and snacks such as camote, gabi, and banana.

 ADLAI VARITIES
(Three commonly grown and found in the country)

• GULIAN

• PULOT
( or TAPOL )

• GINAMPAY
While many of us have not even heard of adlai, this tall-grain bearing tropical
plant from Poaceae (grass family), the same family to which wheat, corn, and
rice belong, has been abundantly growing in the country and is being

cultivated since ancient times as staple food. In Midsalip, Zamboanga Del Sur,
adlai is extensively cultivated synanymous to rice.

But what distinguishes adlai from rice is that it can tolerate poor soil

condition, grows well in sloping areas and is resistant to pests and diseases. It
can stand heavy rains as well as long drought, problems which are commonly
associated with climate change.
Adlai leaves were mainly used as organic fertilizers. The

production of Adlai is still traditional. In terms of cropping

system, it was found out that most of the farmers grow Adlai as
mono-crop; others grow Adlai with root crops, forest trees, cash
crops and fruit crops. Harvesting of Adlai works out

traditionally, shredding first the panicles with their hands after

which they are milled and winnowed. It also follows the

traditional process of rice before it reaches the dining table.

For a developing country like the Philippines, nationals would

tend to eat rice as the staple food, but suffers on the shortage of

it that leads to its price hike, and that the calorie intake must be
in form of carbohydrates and the kind of carbohydrates would

affect the health of the person, Adlai itself is one of the best

calorie source that is abundant in the country due to its

versatility and components that beats rice and corn. Definitely,

Philippines is rich, it only takes appreciation of the natural

resources and the sustainable use of it.

1. It is more nutritious than rice and corn, for it is high in
protein and also contains calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vitamin A,

thiamine, riboflavin and niacin

2. It helps enhance/increase food biodiversity

3. It is tolerant to pest and diseases

4. Minimal cost of production as it can ratoon. It only

requires a single land preparation and planting but you can

harvest 3-5 times, and there is no need for irrigation. It is

resilient to drought and flood. One round of weeding is enough

and does not require chemical synthetic fertilizer application

5. Farmers will be empowered with the introduction of a

new low input-requiring crop. Pioneering farmers would have

technologies and seeds are in their control since, as of now, there

are only a few farmers who cultivate this plant.
• Adlai is not abundant as of this time.

• There are certain difficulties in the production

of Adlai products regarding to the equipment
that can be used.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
POSSIBLE PESTS OF ADLAI
Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis

ATTACK:
- all parts of the plant

DAMAGE & SYMPTOMS:

- Wilting
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

CONTROL: (These controls are for Rice. However,

serves as a guide for Adlai)
1.Shred and plow under cornstalks in or near fields
where borers overwinter.
2.Use pheromone traps to determine main flight
period for moths, then release trichogramma
wasps to destroy eggs.
3.Beneficial insects, such as ladybugs and lacewing
larvae, will consume a large number of borer
eggs.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
Asiatic rice borer( Chilo suppressalis)

ATTACK:
-leaves
- stem

DAMAGE & SYMPTOMS:

- wilting of young leaves
-dying-off of the growing points
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

CONTROL:
1. Use resistant varieties
2. At seedbed and transplanting, handpick and destroy
egg masses
3. Raise level of irrigation water periodically to
submerge the eggs deposited on the lower parts
of the plant
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
Rice skipper (Pelopidas mathias)

ATTACK:
-leaves
-Stem

DAMAGE &SYMPTOMS:
-Defoliation
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
CONTROL:
(Biological control)
-Parasites and predators usually control the population
density of rice skippers in the field.
-The eggs of rice skippers are parasitized by small wasps.
Big wasps and tachinid flies parasitize the larvae.
They are preyed upon by reduviid bugs and
earwigs. The orb-web spiders feed on the adults
during flight.
-A nuclear polyhedrosis virus also infects skipper larvae
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
Anthurium thrips (Chaetanaphothrips orchidii)

ATTACK:
-Seedlings
-leaves (above ground parts of the plant)
-buds
-flowers and fruits.

DAMAGE & SYMPTOMS

- bronzing, flecking, silvering, curling
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
CONTROL:
-Thrips are difficult to control. If management is
necessary, use an integrated program that combines the
use of good cultural practices, natural enemies, and the
most selective or least-toxic insecticides that are effective
in that situation.
1.Monitoring
2.Biological control
3.Cultural control
4.Pruning
5.Row covers
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
The corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis)

ATTACK:
- All parts of plants
DAMAGE & SYMPTOMS:
- wilting
- curling
- show yellow patches of discoloration
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
CONTROL: (These controls are for Corn. However,
serves as a guide for Adlai)
-Cover the corn especially the tassels and upper leaves with the oil
mixture, hitting all sides of the plant.
-Examine your plants for aphids once the tassels emerge
-Water the corn deeply if it needs it
-Mix the horticultural oil with the recommended amount of water in a
garden sprayer following the manufacturer’s instructions.
-Cover the corn especially the tassels and upper leaves with the oil
mixture, hitting all sides of the plant.
-Check the corn in four to five days and repeat the application process
if the aphid population is still not under control.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
Sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera)

ATTACK: leaves

DAMAGE &
SYMPTOMS:
-foliage to twist
-curling
-yellowing and die
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
CONTROL:
1. Monitor the fields especially areas under shade where the colony
establishes first.
2. Avoid transport of the plant for crushing from SWA infested area.
3. If seed material is to be moved, treat setts in malathion 0.1%
solution for 15 minutes, pack in gunny bags and transport
without using green or dry leaves as packing or cushion
material.
4. Practice wide-row/paired-row planting and de-trashing that allow
greater aeration and light.
5.Avoid late application of nitrogenous fertilizer and excessive
irrigation.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

POSSIBLE DISEASES OF ADLAI

Smut
Caused: Ustilago coicis
ATTACK:
- stem
- flowers
- anthersor ovules of their hosts and no other part and no other host
DAMAGE & SYMPTOMS:
-blister-like lesions
- leaves to curve downward.
-Streaks may develop within the leaves, leaf sheaths and bulbs.
- Mature lesions contain a black, powdery mass of spores
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

CONTROL: (These controls are for Onions. However,

serves as a guide for Adlai)
(Chemical Control)
-Chemical seed treatments can protect seedlings through the
susceptible stage. In addition, any cultural practice that is favorable
for rapid growth can shorten the susceptible stage of the onions.
Healthy onion sets and transplants that are planted into infested soil
may escape infection. A crop rotation out of onions for three or more
years also reduces disease.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
Tar leaf spot

Caused by Phyllachora coicis

ATTACK:
- leaves
DAMAGE:
-damage to leaves and yield
SYMPTOMS:
- small, yellow-brown spots on either side of the leaf.
- The raised glossy black clypeus covering the ascomata, surrounded
by a narrow chlorotic border, develops in the spot.
- Spots are circular, oval, sometimes angular or irregular, and may
coalesce to form stripes up to 10 mm long.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
CONTROL:
- Isolate the pot immediately to prevent the fungus from spreading.
Remove any leaf that has been affected. Stop misting.
- Read more at Gardening Know How: Plants With Spotted Leaves:
Fungal Leaf Spot Treatments
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/disease/plant-
leaf-spots.htm For organic treatment, there are several safe and
convenient treatments available. Most contain
sulfur or copper octanate.
-Or you can try a more traditional treatment by spraying with a mild
solution of bicarbonate of soda (baking soda),
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
Rust (Puccinia operta)

- Rusts are types of plant diseases that are caused by a

fungus in the Pucciniales order. These diseases affect
plants and flowers, and gardeners will notice the telltale
signs of speckled masses that surface on the leaves.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
ATTACK: leaves, stem, fruit and tender shoots.

DAMAGE: leaves, twigs, branches, and the trunk.

SYMPTOMS: circular or oval, orange pustules on the

upper surface of infected leaves. The spores within these
pustules are easily dislodged and cover hands and clothing
with an orange dust
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
CONTROL:
-Remove all infected parts and destroy them. For bramble fruits,
remove and destroy all the infected plants and replant the area with
resistant varieties.
- Clean away all debris in between plants to prevent rust from
spreading.
-Avoid splashing water onto the leaves, as this can help spread rust.

Rust Prevention
-Dust your plants with sulfur early in the season to prevent infection
or to keep mild infections from spreading.
-Space your plants properly to encourage good air circulation.
-Avoid wetting the leaves when watering plants.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
Adlay leaf blight
Caused: Bipolaris coicis

ATTACK:
- leaves
- seeds

DAMAGE:
-Leaves turn grayish green and roll up.

SYMPTOMS:
-wilting
- yellowing of leaves
-wilting of seedlings
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
CONTROL: (These controls are for Rice. However,
serves as a guide for Adlai)
-Planting resistant varieties has been proven to be the most efficient,
most reliable, and cheapest way to control bacterial blight.
Other disease control options include:
-Use balanced amounts of plant nutrients, especially nitrogen.
-Ensure good drainage of fields (in conventionally flooded crops) and
nurseries.
-Keep fields clean. Remove weed hosts and plow under rice stubble,
straw, rice ratoons and volunteer seedlings, which can serve as hosts
of bacteria.
-Allow fallow fields to dry in order to suppress disease agents in the
soil and plant residues.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
NON FUNGAL

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus

ATTACK: upper parts of plants, and up-growing rootlets

SYMPTOMS:
-dwarfism
-stunting and withering after transplanting
- Small streaked white or black waxy galls
on the stems of an infected plant.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
CONTROL:
- Do not plant susceptible Adlai varieties. Use hopper resistant Adlai
varieties.
- Use balanced fertilizer and do not over use nitrogen fertiliser.
Apply “3 increase, 3 reduce” principles or System of Rice
Intensification (SRI) method.
- Crop rotation with other crops to break the lifecycle of the
hopper
- Remove weeds that could be alternate hosts for the hoppers
- Use chemical thiamethoxam or imidaclopid for seed treatment
to improve seedlings’ vigour and to prevent hopper attack at
seedling stage
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus

ATTACK:
-leaves
-leaf sheaths
-stalk
-outer husks

DAMAGE:
- Leaves cannot function normally, so plants stop gaining
size and die during stressful weather.
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

SYMPTOMS:
-stunting
- shortening of upper internodes
- leaf reddening or yellowing,
leaf twisting and tearinga
- chlorosis or clearing of the smallest visible leaf veins
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

CONTROL:
- Apply herbicide
- The use of foliar insecticides to control the vector is not
recommended. Seed treatment with systemic insecticide
produces optimum efficacy against the leafhopper and
other pests.
- Select resistant hybrids. Destroying nearby Johnsongrass
is more effective than controlling leafhoppers
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

Bacteria Xanthomonas albilineans

Caused: leaf scald of sugarcane

ATTACK:
- leaves
- stem
DAMAGE:
- leaves turn a dull blue-green color before dense browning

SYMPTOMS:
- Mosaic (causes mottling or spotting of foliage)
- Curling
- Dwarfing
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

CONTROL: (These controls are for Sugarcane. However,

serves as a guide for Adlai)
-Introduce only disease-free plant material.
- control the distribution and exchange of plant materials,
especially when cutting
- eliminate susceptible varieties during the sugarcane
selection process
-remove alternative host
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

Gumming disease of sugarcane

Caused: Xanthonomas axonopodis pv. vasculorum

ATTACK:
- leaves
DAMAGE:
- leaf scar
SYMPTOMS:
-brownish red streaks on leaves with
apical chlorosis.
- Streaks become necrotic with time. Plants
are stunted with reddening of vascular bundles
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

CONTROL:
- The first thing to do if your plants shows signs of
gummosis is to correct any drainage problems.
- removing the diseased bark.
- remove the darkened area of bark from the tree, plus a
strip of the healthy bark until the wound is surrounded by
a margin of healthy bark.
- let the area dry.
- Systemic fungicides can prevent against some types of
gummosis
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

ATTACK: roots

DAMAGE: crop losses

SYMPTOMS:
-stanting
-wilting
-chlorosis (Yellowing)
-galls
-dwarfing
 Major Pests and Diseases
of Adlai

CONTROL:
-Do not locate seedbeds where vegetables have been
grown previously. After preparation of the seedbed, burn
the topsoil using dry leaves or other waste plant material.
-Use biofumigation
- While incorporated plant parts are decomposing in a
moist soil, nematicidal compounds of this decomposing
process do kill nematodes. Two weeks after incorporating
plant material into the soil a new crop can be planted or
sown.
 References
ADLAI: A Never Heard Of Crop That Resembles, Tastes Like Rice. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14,
2020, from https://businessdiary.com.ph/10000/adlai-never-heard-crop-resembles-
-like-rice/?amp
Adlai PH. (n.d.). Adlai: The Everyday Filipino Grain. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://ad
laiph.com/?fbclid=IwAR07wTuuRTESsiaDN-x0XrPifTPTZ5qTBg_-K54o_Q3kJJq7V
29opdI
Cruz, R. (n.d.). Niche market for adlay pushed. Retrieved November 15, 2020, from https://www.ba
r.gov.ph/index.php/news-and-events/5529-2014-09-adlai-niche-market
Gaitan, K., Gaitan, K., & 1, A. (2017, June 26). ADLAI: A RICE-LIKE VERSATILITY.
Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://devcomconvergence.wordpress.com/2013/
08/31/adlai-a-rice-like-versatility/
Newworldphil. (2014, September 03). Tabi-Masbate promotes climate-smart crop called adlai as alt
ernative crop for food security in this time of climate change. Retrieved November 14,
2020, from https://newworldphil.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/tabi-masbate-promotes-cli
mate-smart-crop-called-adlai-as-alternative-crop-for-food-security-in-this-time-of-clim
ate-change/
Wee, M. (n.d.). Pinoys may live on adlai, too. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.phil
star.com/business/agriculture/2011/09/11/725534/pinoys-may-live-adlai-too?fbclid=Iw
AR3b2qtoD46kI-gyMmON_ i4dbl7qB2y-TiL8crGyiGK_p5RYqlHNX_02Nsc
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS