MODERN'SS "} abc. BIOLOGY CLASS-XII 1 & tl ‘STRICTLY ACCORDING TO THE NEW SYLLABUS Nvtre Dr. B.B. Arora INDIA'S FIRST SMART BOOK YY AK. SabharwalDigital Revolution - An MBD Initiative The first augmented reality app for K-12 Education ‘Aveitable on MODERNS. Modern's abc+ of Physics IX to XII Modern's abc+ of Chemistry IX to XII, Mathematics IX to XII, Biology IX to XI NVipels ; Cee cot ee to Benefits Wy J © User-friendly app pales 2 © Makes coficepts easier to eee understand ’ © Extensive use of apitfiation, es graphics and voice over CRU pet © Nytra app enables you to engage with the textbooks © Available free of cost @ Study at your own pac and time Sea) Be Me St ane ey‘According to new syilabus prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi and State Boards of Uttarakhand, Kamataka (IInd Year PUC), Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, Kerala, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Assem, Manipur and other States following CBSE & ISC curriculum, MODERNS abc-+ BIOLOGY INDIA'S FIRST SMART BOOK Class XIl icy accordance PART-I By Dr. B. B. Arora MSc, PhD,, Dip. in French Formerly Head, Deptt of Botany, Dyal Singh College, Kamal A. K. Sabharwal MSc. MPhil. (Gold-Medalist), Formerly Head, Deptt. of Zoology, SD.College, Panipat (GeNerAL EDITORS Dr Ruchi Arora ‘Raj Sabharwal Shreya Le e474 “] MODERN PUBLISHERS (Producers of Quality Textbooks)OUR ADDRESSES IN INDIA (F New Delhi: HBD House, Gulab Bhawan, 8, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg ‘Ph. 23917951, 23348907 |B. Mumbal:A$83, TTC. Indust! Ares, MLLD.C. Of. Thane-Belpur Road, Naw Mumba Ph. 32006410, 27780821, 8691053365 2. Chennai No. 26 8/2 SIDCO Estate, Noth Phase, Pataravakkam Anbattur Insta Estat, Ambator Ph, 26359578, 26242360 |. Chena: Plot No. 3018, OY Block, Sré Soot, 12tn Main Road, Anna Nagar West, Chennai Ph. 29761471 2 Kotkats: Satyam Bulding, 46-D, Raf Ahmed Kidwal Marg Ph, 22296863, 22161670, |. Jalandhar City: MBD House, away Road Ph. 2458388, 2450048, 2455663, |B Bengaluru: 12431, 1st Mai, Instat Town (Near Chowdeshwar Kalyan Mantap), Wiest of Chord Road, Rajajnagar Ph. 29103829, 23108867 2 Hyderabad: 3.4482, Varun Towers, Barkatpura Ph. 27564788, 9986820001 |. 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We have taken utmost care and paid much attention while odting and printing this book but we would bog o stato that Authors and Publishers should not be hold sponsible for unintontonal mistakes that might have crept in. However, errors brought to our notice shall be gfatetully acknowledged and attended to Published by; Balwant Sharma MODERN PUBLISHERS MBD House, Railway Road, Jalandhar E Info@mbdgroup.com Printed at: M. GULAB SINGH & SONS (P) LTD. W wure.mbdgroup.com B.5/14, Site IV, Industrial Area, Sahibabad (U.P) Toll Free No. : 1860 200 2233,Preface & Acknowledgement We are pleased to present the revised edition of textbook entitled ‘Modern's abe + of Biology’ to all those teachers and students who are engaged in teaching and studying XII class of CBSE and various State Educational Boards. This textbook has been compiled according to the latest syllabus, About the book This book has been divided into five units : Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution, Biology in Human Welfare, Biotechnology and Its Applications and Ecology and Environment. First unit on ‘Reproduction’ includes chapters on Reproduction in Organisms, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health. Second unit on ‘Genetics and Evolution’ deals with the chapters like Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Molecular Basis of Inheritance and Evolution. We have put special emphasis on making the concepts clear for various aspects of Genetics and Evolution. Third unit of “Biology and Human Welfare’ includes the comprehensive study of Human Health and Disease, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production and Microbes in Human Welfare. In fourth unit on ‘Biotechnology and Its Applications’ which has been introduced in syllabus for the first time, attempts have been made to explain the basic principles, processes and applications of Biotechnology. The fifth unit on Ecology and Environment’ incorporates topics like Habitats, Organisms and Populations, Ecosystem, Biodiversity and Environmental Issues. This unit includes details of Ecosystem components, types and Energy flow, Species, Population and Community, Ecological adaptations, Conservation of biodiversity and various current environmental problems. Other important features of this book are © The boxes which provide additional information about some specific topics. The boxes containing some interesting facts useful for competitive examinations. Comparative tables to highlight the differences between important concepts. Profusely illustrated with examples and well labelled diagrams. Important technical terms mentioned in the chapter defined under the heading ‘Key Terms’. NCERT Textbook Questions Solved. NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved. HOTS and Brain Twisting Questions. Quick Memory Test Solved objective type questions which have been categorized into the following categories : + A. Multiple Choice Questions. These include self-prepared questions as well as questions asked in various competitive examinations like CBSE, AFMC, BHU, 00000 90000AIMS, CPMT, DPMT, MP-PMT, KCET, Chd. CET, Haryana PMT, Pb. PMT, NEET etc,, including MCQs of latest 2018 competitive examinations. This will help you to assess your knowledge and to prepare yourself for CBSE and various competitive examinations. © B. Fillin the Blanks. + C. Match the words/sentences. * D. True or False. * E. Reasoning ‘lype Questions (For AlIMS aspirants). +E. Assertion Type Questions (For AIMS aspirants). © Test questions at the end of each chapter. These have been classified into following, categories: * Very Short Answer Questions (One mark each)— Solved. + Short Answer Questions (Two marks each) — Solved. + Short Answer Questions (Three marks each), + Long Answer Questions (Five marks each). © Solved Very Short Answer Questions (One mark) and Short Answer Questions (wo marks) asked in CBSE and various State Board examinations have also been included. © Chapter Practice Test ‘This ‘SMART BOOK is Leng presented alter microscopic sevision. Each aul every woud hes been read with utmost care. Being a smart book, it is incorporated with “NYTRA", which is the first augmented reality app. for K-12 Education in India. NYTRA will facilitate the readers to understand the basics and the allegorical background of the subject matter very easily and. clearly with the help of different laminations. Acknowledgements Our strength is Modern Publishers who helped us with boundless support. We would like to express our gratitude to Mr, Manik Juneja, Director—Content and Production, Mr. BS. Rawat, Mr. SK. Sikka and Mr. Ravinder Pathania for their help and cooperation to prepare the project. -Dr.B.B. Arora ~ Ashok SabharwalSYLLABUS BIOLOGY _ CLASS XII (THEORY) Time :3 Hours Max. Marks: 70 Unit Title No. of Periods Marks VI. Reproduction 30 4 VIL Genetics and Evolution 40 18 VII. Biology and Human Welfare 30 u IX. Biotechnology and its Applications 30 10 X. Ecology and Environment 30 4 Total 160 | 7 ‘Unit VI: REPRODUCTION 30 Periods © Reproduction in Organisms : Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction ~ Asexual and sexual reproduction; Asexual reproduction — Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants. © Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants : Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination ~ types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Postfertilization events - Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes ~ apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation. © Human Reproduction : Male and femele reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation; embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea). © Reproductive Health : Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); Birth control — need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies ~ IVE, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness). ‘UnitVII: GENETICS ANDEVOLUTION 40Periods © Principles of Inheritance and Variation : Heredity and variation : Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism ~ Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bbe; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance — Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Tumer’s and Klinefelter’s synciromes. © Molecular Basis of Inheritance : Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation - Lac Operon; Genome and human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting,7 ~ y © Evolution : Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, Modern synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution — Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution. Unit VII: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE 30 Periods Unit IX: Unit X: © Human Health and Diseases : Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); and their control; Basic concepts of immunology ~ vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescene - drug and alcohol abuse. © Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production : Improvement in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry. robes in Human Welfare : In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS 30 Periods © Biotechnology - Principles and Processes : Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). © Biotechnology and its Application : Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture = Tluman insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms ~ Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues Bio piracy and patents. ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 30 Periods © Organisms and Populations : Organisms and environment : Habitat and niche, Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions ~ mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution, © Ecosystem : Ecosystems : Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services ~ Carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in. brief). © Biodiversity and its Conservation : Biodiversity - Concept; Patterns; Importance; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites. @ Environmental Issues : Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and climate change; Ozone layer depletion; Deforestation; Any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).y \ On CONTENTS PART-I nd UNIT VI: REPRODUCTION © Chapter Summary ‘ NCERT Exercise Questions Solved © NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved © Revision Exercises © Competition File © Chapter Practice Test © Chapter Summary @ NCERT Exercise Questions Solved NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved © Revision Exercises ‘© Competition File © Chapter Practice Test | 3. Human Reproduction © Chapter Summary @ NCERT Exercise Questions Solved © NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved © Revision Exercises ‘© Competition File ‘© Chapter Practice Test a Chapter Summary ‘© NCERT Exercise Questions Solved © NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved © Revision Exercises ‘© Competition File © Chapter Practice Test 3-144 1/22-1/22 1/23 = 1/25 1/25 -1/29 1/32 = 1/37 1/37 = 1/43 1/44 2/1 —2/60 2/31 -2/31 2/32- 2/33 2/33 - 2/36 2/39 - 2/50 2/50 - 2/59 2/60 3/1 — 3/83 3/37 = 3/38 3/39- 3/41 3/41 - 3/45 3/48 -3/63 3/63 -3/82 3/83 4/1- 4/49 4/20-4/20 4/21 -4/22 4/23-4/26 4/28-4/37 4/38 -4/48 4/49lo ry \) UNIT VIL: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION © 8 Principtesottnheritanceand Variation si5-5199 © Chapter Summary 5/57 -5/57 NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 5/58 -5/59 @ NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 5/60 - 5/63 @ Revision Exercises 5/67 - 5/82 Competition File 5/82-5/98 © Chapter Practice Test 5/99 | 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance 6/6/87 @ Chapter Summary 6/48 - 6/48 NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 6/49 - 6/52 @ NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 6/52-6/56 @ Revision Exercises 6/60 -6/73 © Competition File 6/74- 6/86 @ Chapter Practice Test 6/87 com evolution 7715 © Chapter Summary 7/69 -7/69 @ NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 7/1 =-7/72 @ NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 7/72-7/76 @ Revision Exercises 7/80 -7/92 Competition File 7/92-7/114 . Chapter Practice Test 7/115 Answers to Chapter Practice Tests (1 to 7) 1-9UNDOUBTEDLY NO.1 TO ENSURE YOUR ENTRANCE in Engineering and Medical Modern’s abc of * Objective Physics #* Objective Mathematics * Objective Chemistry * Objective Biology A Complete Source of Precise discussion of chapters,emphasising all basic principles, definitions, diagrams, terms and analytical relations, Exclusive Numerical Problems (Solved). Multiple Choice Questions with Miscellaneous MCQ's (with Hints and Solutions). Fill in the Blanks and True or False Statements, ‘Self Evaluation Tests. Practical Model Test Papers. Coverage of previous years’ objective and subjective questions of various examinations. eer CRO e teks ihe MODERN PUBLISHERS. (A Unit of MBD Group) MBD House, Gulab Bhawan, 6, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110 002 Ph. : 23317931, 23318301, Fax : 011-23319471, website : mbdgroup.comFathers tu the ste Father of Biology Father of Botany Father of Zoology Father of Bacteriology Robert Koch Father of Plant Physiology Stephan Hales Father of Taxonomy. Carl Linnaeus Father of Genetics GJ. Mendel Father of Experimental Genetics: Morgan Father of Modern Cytology Carl P.Swanson Father of Plant Anatomy N.Grew Father of Mycology + Micheli Father of Palynology + Erdtman Father of Eugenics + Francis Galton Father of Biochemical Gen + Archibald Garrod. Father of DNA fingerprinting + AlecJaffery Father of Endocrinology Addison Father of ATP cycle Lipman Father of Indian Ecology + R-Mishea Father of Comparative Anatomy + Bason George Cuvier Father of Modern Anatomy Andreas Vesalium Father of Experimental Physiology : Galen Father of Modern Embryology + K.. Boer Father of Ayurveda + Charaka Father of Palaeontology + Lda Vinci Father of Medicine 1 Hippocrates Father of Indian Mycology + EJ. Butler Father of Microbiology Louis Pasteur Father of Mutation + Hugo de Vries Father of Immunology Edward Jenner Father of Modern Genetics Bateson, Father of Blood groups + C.Landsteiner Father of Genetic Engineering, Paul Berg, Father of Biochemistry Leibig Father of ECG + Finthoven Father of Conditioned Reflex: Pavlov Father of Plant Pathology + deBary Father of Antibiotics + Alexander Flemming. Father of Radiation Genetics. =: H.J. Muller Father of Chemotherapy + Paul Enrich Father of Virology Stanley o LCR eer CM eee Androccium, Adenine “Abscisic acid Adenocorticotrophic hormone Adenosine triphosphate Heterozygous dominant Autotetraploid _Allotetraploid Angstrom (= 020001 of a micron) ‘Adenosine diphosphate “Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome Adenosine monophosphate 76.00 cm of Hg ~ 1.01 x 10°Pa, Autonomic Nervous System Arginine “Acoustic test facility ‘Antidiuretic hormone 5 Bromo uracil = Bracteate flower Bacteriophage Biochemical oxygen demand ‘Basal metabolic rate + Corolla + Cytasine + Plants showing photorespiration Cytosine diphosphate Cytosine triphosphate + Calcitonin hormone Coenzyme Q Cytochrome + Compare + Cytasine monophosphate + Cerebrovascular accident Plants with Hatch and Slack cycle Coenzyme A. Cytosine Calvin cycle plants ‘Chemical oxygen demand ‘Central inland fisheries research institute Deoxyribo nucleaproteins Differential leucocyte count agne 28 zpor + Dichlorophenyltrichlorosthane pep Diffusion pressure dict per Diphtheria, Prtasss, Tetanus vaccine DNA Deoxyribose nucle acid DPN + Diphosphopyridine nucleotide (Same as NAD) EPR Fletro paramagnetic resonance Fcc + Flctrocadiograph EDTA Fhylene diamine tetra acetic acid EEG + Flcto encephalograph Ebr Ebracteate EMP + Fmblen Meyerhof Pamas pathway ESR Fectron spin resonance Epi + Presence of epicalyx ETS. Enongy transfer system ER + Endoplasmic reticulum ™M Flectron microscope FSH + Follicle stimulating hormone FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide FMN + Flavin mono nucleotide ER Second filial generation FADH, + Flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced) F,partide + Oxysomes in mitochonctia rR + First filial generation car etna eters Ga + Gibberellic acid c + Guanine cu + Grovith hormone cmH + Gonadotrophic hormone HCLVAM Human cel leukaemia viras IL HIV + Human immuno deficiency virus Ics + Interstitial cells stimulating hormone TAA Indole -acotic acd ICRAF + International Council fr Research in Agroforest w + International unit mp Tnosine monophosphate wt + Intravenous injection 1A eel light year: 9.46% 10 km isp Lysorgic acid dimethylamide ur + Lteinising hormone mRNA + Messenger Ribose Nucleic Acie microgram —: 105m 1 microitre mD)£ 10 litre MET Magneto-encephalography Msi “Melangcyt stimulating hoemone NMI Niclear magnetic resonance imaging « NAD. NADH, icotinamide adenine dinucleotide + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) + Naphthalene acetic acid Nanometre Phosphoenol pyruvic acid Pistilode + Peroxyacy! nitrate + Protein energy malnutrition + Inorganic pyrophosphate + Perianth Phastoguinone Phosphoglyceric acid Phenylkstonaria Pigment system 1 Pigment system I Protein inhibiting hormone Pleuro pneumonia-like organisms Releasing hormone Regulator gene Ribulose biphosphate ‘Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribose monophosphate Ribose muclie ac Respiratory quotient Smooth endoplasmic rtculum. Svedbeng unit Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome Superconducting quantum interference device + Turgoe pressure + Transfer ribose nucleic acid Tota levcocyte count Thymine Teiphosphopysidine nucleotide ‘Thymidine triphosphate Thyroid stimulating hormone “Thyimine pyrophosphate Tricarborylic acid cycle Urine monophosphate + Non-sense codon + Uracil Speers Ultraviolet Androgen binding protein ‘Acute rena failure White blood corpuscles (RNA, ZR S2S°5ES8259 75A ALL Amoeba ABA, Amino acid sequence of protein (insulin) Anaerobic release of energy (Yeast & Mould) Bacteria Pure culture of Bacteria Bacteriophage Barr body Blood capillaries Blood groups Blood circulation Bioluminescence Biocatalysts Cyanophage First description of cell (RBC) Chromosome number in man cen Cell theory Reproductive system in flower Stethoscope Chromosomes Golgi bodice Plastids Chloroplast Mitochondria Microtubules Phase contrast microscope Nucleolus Nucleoplasm Ribosomes (Animal cell) Sphaerosome Astral rays and spindle Endoplasmic reticulum Central dogma Coenzyme A Chlorophyll structure Cyctsis Cytochrome Citric acid cycle Double helical structure ofDNA Biological synthesis of DNA with template Vitamin ‘Streptomycin: Patau's syndrome Ao + Roesel Von Rosenhof Addiott + Sanger L. Pasteur (1878) Leeuwenhoek + Lister + Towrtand De Herelle (1915) Barr and Bertram (1949) Marcello Malpighi Karl Landsteiner Wiliam Harvey. + E.R, Dubois Buchner Saffermann and Moris Jan Swammerdam (1658) Tjoand Levan ‘Cammiloo Golgi Haeckel (1866) Schimper Kolliker (1880) + Robertisand Francis Zirnicke Fontana, + Strasburger Palade Pemes (1953) Beevers Porter BHC. Crick (1918) Lipman Willstartterand Fisher Amici + CA. Macmunn (1886) Hans A. Krebs ‘Watson and Crick A. Komberg, Funk (1911) Waksman K Patau co Inportaut Da Ist Week of Feb. 28th Feb. ‘8th March 2st March, 26th March, 7th April and April ‘ed May 8th May ‘3st May Sth June Ist Week of July. eh July 6th Aug. 8th Aug. 20th Aug. Ist Oct. 3rd Oct. 4th Oct. 16th Oct. Now. Ist Dec. 2nd Dee. 3rd Dec. 23rd Dec. 29th Dec. Yan Mahotsava Festival of Tree Planting) ‘igyan Divas (National Science Day) Intemational Women Day World Forest Day World Tuberculosis Day World Health Day: World Earth Day Intemational Sun Day (Non-conventional Energy Sources Day) World Red Cross Day World No Tobacco Day World Environment Day ‘Van Mahotsava (Tree Plantation) World Population Day’ Hiroshima Day. Nagasaki Day Malaria Day (Mosquito Day) Blood Donation Day World Animal Day World Habitat Day World Food Day World Diabetes Day (Birthday of Prederick Bauting -envliscoveree of Insulin in October, 1921) World AIDS Day National Pollution Prevention Day ‘World Conservation Day Kisan Divas Intemational Day for Biological DiversityArtificial system of classification Apical cell theory Alllen’s Law Aatifcial Parthenogenesis. Aaial Gradient theory Biogenetic Law Biological Species Concept, Biogencoie Theory Birds are glorified reptiles Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Chromosomal Theory of Linkage Coupling and Repulsion theory ‘Chemosynthetic theory of origin of life Conditioned reflex Cosmozoic theory Cosmic panspermia theory Central dogma Fluid thevsy Five kingdom classification Germplasm theory Gene theory Germ Layer theory Gause Hypothesis (Competitive exclusion principle Hardin) Germ theory of disease Hardy-Weinberg law Law of Minimum Law of Maximum Aristotle Hofmeister Allen Loeb Child Famst Haeckel (1868) Famst Mayer Developed by F. Redi and supported by Spllanzani and Louis Pasteur Huxley Sutton and Boveri TH. Morgan Bateson and Punnet ‘Oparin and Haldane LV-Paviow Richtor Arshenius, Crick Euylonles (604433 B.C) Whittaker Weismann TH. Morgan, Von Baor Gause 1937, L. Pasteur Hardy-Weinberg, Licbig Shelford ) Moist vapour theory Pythogoras (@80-800 BC) Mutation theory Hugo de Vries Mechanism of development Roux Haeckel Oparin Spensorand Meduguaz ‘Neo Derviniou Organteces concep Goa One gene-one enzyme Beadle and Tatum Onegeneone polypeptide —_Yanofsky Operon concept Jacob and Monod Protoplasnic theory Hertwig Protoplasm is physical basis of life Hiney Preformation theory Malpighi Pangenesis theory ieeete Recapitulation theory (Baer Law) _K. Von Baer (1828) Reflex theory in Nervous system Maller and Mershely Reproductive Blood theory Aristotle (884-322 BC.) Spontaneous generation theory Thales Empedacle Sol-gel theory of Amoeba Hyman, Pantin and locomotion Mast Sliding filament theory Huxley ‘Theory of eternity of life “Helmholtz and Arche- ‘Theory of epigenesis CRWaltf ‘Theory of acquired characters Lamarck ‘Theory of natural selection Charles Darwin Special creation theory Father Saurez ‘Tunica corpus theory ‘Schmidt Vital theory J.C. BoseEMAL Physiology or Medicine 1901 902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908: 1909 1910 wn 112 113. wud 1915-18 wi 1920 1921 1922 1923 wz 1925 1926 197 1928: 1929) 1930 131 1932, 1933 1934 1935 1936 1997 1938 1839 1913 19M 145, 1946 1987 ros: 1919) 1950 1951 1952 1953, Emil von Behring ‘Se Ronald Ross Niels Finsen Ivan Pavlov Robert Koch Camilo Golgi and Santiago Ramony Cajal Charles Laveran Paul Ehrilch and Elie Metchnikoft ‘Emu tneodor Kocher Albrecht Kose! Allvar Gullstrand, Alexis Carrel ‘Charles Richet Robert Barany No award Jules Bordet ‘August Krogh No award Archibald Hill and Otto Meyerhof ‘Sir Frederick Banting and John Macleod Willem Einthoven Noaward Johannes Fibiger Julins Wagnoe. Charles Nicolle ‘Christmas Bijkman and Sir Frederick Hopkins Karl Landsteiner ‘Otto Warburg, Fdgae Adrian and Sir Charles Sherrington “Thomas H. Morgan ‘George Minot, William P. Murphy and ‘George Whipple Hans Speman Sir Henry Dale and Otto Loewi Albert Szent Gyoigyi Corneille Heymans Gerhard Domagk-declined. Henrik Dam and Edward Doisy Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser ‘Sin Alesanies Phew 1 Homan Flowey send Herman Muller Carl and Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay Paul Muller Walter Hess and Antonio Moniz Philip Hench, Edward Kendal and Tadeus Reichste Fritz Lipman and Hans Krebs © 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958, 999) 1960 1961 1962, 1963, 1964 1965, 1966 1967 1968, 1969) 1970) 1971 1972 1973, a7 1975 1975 197 1978, 1979 1980 1981 1982, 1983 1984 1985, 1986 1987 1988, 1989, 1990) 1991 John Enders, Thomas Weller and Fredrick Robbins Hugo Theorell ‘Andre Coumand, Dickinson Richards Je. and Werner Forssmann Daniel Bovet ‘George Beadle, Edward Tatum and Joshun Lederberg ‘Severo Uchoa and Arthur Komberg ‘Sir Macfarlene Burmet and Peter Medawvar ‘Goorg von Bekesy Francis Crick, Maruice Wilkins and James Watson Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley and SirJohn Ecdes Konrad Bloch Feodor Lynen Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff and Jacques Monod ‘Charles Huggins and Francis Rous Ragner Granit, Haldan Hartline and George Wald Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshal Nirenberg Max Dolbruck, Alfred Hershey and Salvador Luria Sir Bernard Katz, Ulfvon Euler and Julius Axelrod, Fart Suthortand Je Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and Goorge Palade David Baltimore, Howard Temin and Renato Dulbecco BS, Blumberg and D.G. Gajdusek Rosalyn Yalow, R Gullemin and A. Schally W. Araber, D. Nathons and H. Smith Godtrey Newbold Housfield and Allan Me Leod Cormack ‘George Snell, Jean Dausset and Baruj Benacerraf David Hubel, Roger Sperry and Torsten Wiesel ‘Sune Sune Bergstroen, Bengt Smuelson and Jotus Vaine Barbara McClintock ‘Cesal Milstein, Georges Kohler and Neils Jome Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein ‘Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi Montaleini Susumu Tonegawa Gertude Elion, George Hitchings and Sir James Black J Michael Bishop and Harold F. Varmus Donnal E. Thomas and Joseph Murray Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann1992 1993, 1994 1995, 1996 1997 1998, Edmund Fisher and Edwin Krebs Richard J. Robers and Philips A. Sharp Alfred Gilman and Martin Rodkil Edward Lewis Christain Nvolhard Eric F Wiscos Peter C, Doherty, Stanleg Prusiner Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignaro and Farid Murad ‘Gunter Blobel A.Carrison, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel Hartwell, Timothy Hunt and Paul Nurse ‘Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Howvitz and John ESulzton, Paul Lautebur and Peter Mansfield Linda Buck and Richard Axel Harry J. Marshall and R. Warren Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello Mario R, Capecchi, Sir Martin J, Evans and. Oliver Smithes (i 2012 2013 204 2015 2016 2017 2018 Harald zur Hausen, Francoise Barre Sinoussi Le Montagnier Flizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Srostak Professor Robert G. Edwards Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann and Ralph M. Steinman Sie John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and ‘Thomas C. Sudhof John O'keefe, May-Britt Moser and Fvard L Moser William C. Campbell, Satoshi Omura and YouyouTu Yoshinore Ohsumi Jeffrey €. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young James Allison (US) and Tasuku Honjo Gapan)Hou to get marimum beucfct from this book? In order to get maximum benefit from this book, the candidates are advised to follow the procedure outlined below: 5 Open the Chapter which you want to study. ’ 5 One by one, go through all the points given in text. Devote maximum time in understanding the details of text, without understanding the text, itis not possible to solve the multiple choice questions. Read some interesting facts given at the end of each chapter. ¢ “Some Interesting Facts” ‘When you think that you are well-versed in all the MCQs, work out the exercise on : [ Tally the answers with those given in the book. You must do it honestly on your own without seeking any help. Check your answers with those given in book. Now try l C HOTS & Brain Twisting Questions ) 15 Go through the words given under the heading J Try lo recollect the meanings of the terms (If you do not recollect the meaning of any word, turn to the page of text, where it has been discussed and try to understand it once again) 5 Now you are fully equipped to answer ‘Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)” @). b). (0)... ), Go through the questions and write the correct choice (a or b or c or d) with pencil at the end ‘of question in available space. After you have completed all the MCQs, compare your answers with those given in the book. Mark the questions which you have done ‘wrong and read again the text concerning these ‘questions. Erase the answers you had written with pencils and again repeat the exercise alter a few days | Now attempt the questions given under the “Very short answer questions” “Short answer questions” i ti “Long answer questions” = By now you must have developed full grasp of the subject-matter. It is the time to test your knowledge. Work out the questions from randomly selected : “Reasoning type questions” and “Assertion type questions” and also attempt the multiple choice questions from “PMT Competition Papers of CBSE, AIIMS, AFMC and other states” Last of all, attempt: Chapter Practice Test Record your score.UNIT VI REPRODUCTION » REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS » SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS >» HUMAN REPRODUCTION >» REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH# Understanding Text © Practice Problems with Answers ADDITIONAL USEFUL, INFORMATIONS (For Competitive Examinations) (CHAPTER SUMMARY KEY TERMS NCERT FILE, NCERT Exercise Questions (Solved) ( NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved) HOTS & BRAIN TWISTING QUESTIONS (with answers) ‘QUICK MEMORY TEST (with answers) REVISION EXERCISES (with previous years’ CBSE & Other State Board Examinations) Vory Short Answer Questions ~ (One mark each (with Answers) © Short Answer Questions ~ Tivo marks each (with Answers) ‘© Short Answer Questions Three marks each Long Answer Questions «Five marks each ‘COMPETITION FILE (WITH ANSWERS & HINTS) ‘© Multiple Choice Questions (From AIPMT & Other Competitive Exams.) ‘© Matching Type Questions, © Analogy Type Questions © Reasoning Type Questions Assertion Type Questions # Additional Multiple Choice Questions (CHAPTER PRACTICE TEST 3 9,11,21 14,20 eee pesssyq INTROBUCTION, Reproduction (also called procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms, called offsprings, are produced from their parents. Reproduction isa fundamental feature of all the living organisms i. both plants and animals. In other ‘words, the term reproduction refers to self-duplication of organisms or the process by which species is continued, while the potential of an individual to produce offsprings per breeding event or lifetime is called reproductive JMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTION fc feature Reproduction is an important characteris of living organisms. 1 Itisan essential life process which not only helps in survival but also helps in continuity of that race and group immortality, as by reproduction young, cones replace the old and dying ones. These young, ones feed, grow and reproduce again, 2. Reproduction also helps in increasing the population of the species. 3. Reproduction actsasa vehicle of organic evolution by transmitting advantageous variations to the olfsprings. LIFE SPAN ‘The period from birth to the natural death of an onganism represents its life span. Every organism has a specificaverage life span. It means every organism grows and lives for a particular length of time. Life span may range from one day to 4000 years. Life span depends upon four stages : () Juvenility. This represents the stage before the onganism develops the capacity to reproduce. (ii) Maturity. In this stage reproduction starts.La insane sara (ii) Ageingandsenescence.Progressivedeterioration _Lifespan of Mayfly is only one day. Housefly has life in body of an living being is called ageing. The terminal _ span of 1-¢ month. Lion lives for about 25 years. Insects irreversible stage of ageing is known as senescence, _live for few months. Elephant lives upto the age of 70-00 (iv) Death. In death, there is permanent cessation of years. The Banyan tree may live for more than 200 years all vital activities He WF Hf HOUSEFLY ELEPHANT 1006 (2050 YEARS) JELLY Fist ‘ostrIcH (MONTHS) (60-0 veaRs) (YEAR) (GO YEARS) LEECH WORSE aN SOUIRREL (20 YEARS) (9040 YEARS) eoreins) (090 YEARS) (eaYEARS) ToRTOISE ‘BUTTERFLY ‘crocoone, PaRnot (100680 YEARS) (2 0ms) (GOYEARS) (140 YEARS) Fig. 1.1. Different organisins hav diferent life spans. ACTIVITY 4 Find out the life span of following organisms garden of Howrah, similarly, another large and old ‘banyan tree is present at Ketohalli in Bangalore. Butterfly has the life span of 1-2 weeks. Tortoise lives upto 100-150 (j ‘years, Crow has the life span of 15 yearpl Crocodile ives & {upto 60 years. Parrot has the lifespan of 140 years Lifespan of Organisms. CEPLANT(__) | ROSEBUSH( _ S.No. Organism Lifespan 1 Batter T2 weeks 2z Fruitfly 3Odays 3. Rice plant 3-4 months on ee 4 Wheat plant [6 months — 5 Rose 57 yrs sy ee a 7. Cow 2025 yrs f 2 ——— = worse; _) | eaanaTmee( 3. Monkey 26 yrs EZ 10, Horse WO yrs = 7 Groeod yrs onow nur OY 2 Elephant 60-50 yrs ——E a oe ire ig 12 Find out the lifespan 1s Parrot 140 yrs REPRODUCTION 15; Banyan fee 200-250 915 The creation by a life form of a similar life form is 16. Sequoia 3000-3000 yr} called reproduction.REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS TYPES OF REPRODUCTION New life cannot be created de-novo. So, the reproduction is the only method by which continuity of thread of life is maintained. There is large diversity in the living organisms and each organism has evolved its own. ‘mechanism to multiply and produce offsprings. Process of reproduction is controlled by factors like organism’s habitat, internal physiology etc. 1. Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction or apomixisis the formation of new individuals without involving the formation and fusion of gametes. TL. Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction (amphimixis) involves fusion of two sex gametes to form new individual. It involves meiosis which occurs at the time of sporogenesis in Reproduction is of two types: flowering plants. The individuals formed as a result of 1. Asexual meiosis and gametic fusion exhibit genetic variation and IL. Sexual. different from either of two parents. Table 1.1. Types of Asexual Reproduction: ‘Asexual Reproduction , t ' + ' { Fission Fragmentation Budding Regeneration Spore formation Vegetative eg Spirogyra, eg Hudra, eg. Rhizopus, reproduction Sea anemones Plonaria Penietivem External budding Internallbudding eg Amoeba eg. Plasmodium eg Huytra x Spongilla y "Natural methods Artifical methods eg, Sweet potato (from roots) Prato tuber (from stem) Bryophultum (from leaves) Cutting Grafting Layering Tissue culture eg Sugarcane, e.g, Mango egJasmine eg. Dalia Roses |. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Characteristics Definition. It is that type of reproduction in which 1 In asexual reproduction, only one parent is there is no formation and fusion of gametes. Here, offsprings produced are identical and represent the exact copies of their parents. Such groups of morphologically and genetically similar individuals are called as clones, while individuals are called ramets, Apomixis, is the formation of new individuals through asexual reproduction without involving the formation and fusion of gametes. Asexual reproduction is frequent in single celled organisms and in plants and animals, with relatively simple organisations. Development of an organism from non-sexual reproductive units like buds, fragments etc,, is called blastogenesis, while the asexual reproductive body is called blastos. involved, soalso called uniparental (monoparental) reproduction. . It does not involve formation and fusion of gametes. . It involves only mitotic divisions. . Init new organismsare produced from the somatic part of parental organism, so it is also called somatogentc reproduction. >. New individuals produced are genetically similar to the parent and also to each other, as mitotic divisions produce no variations, Sot playsno role in evolution, 6. Itinvolves rapid reproduction. tis more primitive than sexual reproduction.7. Unit of reproduction may be whole parent body, or a bud, ora body fragment, ora single somatic cell 8. It is found in lower organisms like Protistan protozoans (Amoeba, Paramecium), sponges (Scypha), coelenterates (Hydra, Tubularia, etc.), certain flat worms (Planaria), some worms and tunicates (Salpa, Ascidia, etc.). It is absent from higher invertebrates and all vertebrates. Advantages of asexual reproduction. 1. There is no need of sexual partner, 2. Under favourable conditions a large number of offsprings are produced rapidly and simply. 3. Energy consumption is low as no gametes are produced 4, Offsprings get easily adapted tosame environmental conditions as the parent and offsprings are identical. Disadvantages of asexual reproduction. 1. As there are no new combinations of genes ‘and specific variations, adaptations to changed environment becomes difficult. 2, Sometimes, so many offsprings are produced in asexual reproduction that it leads to over population. Due to this competition for space and food increases. TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION. Asexual reproduction is of following types : 1, FISSION It is that type of asexual reproduction in Which @ fully grown parental organism divides into two ormore than two daughter cells. In this, the reproductive unit is whole parental body. Types of Fission. On the basis of number of daughter cells produced, fission is of two types: (a) Binary fission and (b) Multiple fission. (@) Binary Fission Definition. It is division of adult parental body into two nearly equal daughter cells during favourable conditions. Occurrence. It is the simplest and most common ‘method of asexual reproduction found in protists (Ameeha, Exgiena), bacteria, green algal forms (Chlamydomonas) and planarians (flat worms) Mechanism. In binary fission, the karyokinesis, (division of nucleus) is followed by cytokinesis, so that nothings left with the parent. Daughters feed, grow and repeat the process. The organisms undergoing binary fission are called immortal as after binary fission nothing islet with the parental body so there is no natural death. ‘Types. On the basis of plane of cytokinesis, the binary fission is of three types : (i) Irregular or simple binary fission (Fig. 13 A), Here cytokinesis may take place along any plane but its plane is always perpendicular to that of karyokinesis eg, Amoetn, MODERN'S abe + OF BIOLOGY-xI Jon in Protozoans. A. regular in Amel; B. Longitudinal in Euglena; C. Transverse in Paramecium (Gi) Longitudinal binary fission (Fig. 1.3 B). Here cytokinesis takes place along longitudinal axis eg., in flagellates (Euglena) (iii) Transverse binary fission (Fig. 1.3 C). Here éytokinesis takes place along transverse axise,g,, in ciliate pprotozoans (Paramecium), In Opalint and Pefomyxs (both protozoans), the peculiar binary fission called plasmotomy occurs in which a multinucleate adult parent undergoes cytokinesis to form two multinucleate daughter cells, followed by karyokinesis in each daughter cell, In Planaria, the parent undergoes transverse binary fission (Fig. 1.4). PARENT PLANARIA DAUGHTER, PLANARIA constaICTION DAUGHTER: PLANARIA Fig. LA. Inbinary fission, whole ofbody actsasa reproductive unit. After the formation of daughter individuals, parent body disappears, Thus parent body continues to be living in the form of two daughter individuals. Thus, organisms undergoing binary fission can be called as immortal. jssion in PlanariaREPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS (b) Multiple fission Definition. It is that type of asexual reproduction {in which the parental body divides into many daughter cellssimultaneously during the unfavourable conditions to increase the chances of survival of daughter cells. In this, the reproductive unit is whole parental body. Occurrence. Multiple fission is found ina number of organisms eg. algae among plants, Plasmiodiiem malarial parasite (Fig, 15), Amceba (Fig, 1.6) and Monocysts. Mechanism. During multiple fission, the nucleus of parent divides by repeated amitosis into many nuclei, each nucleus takes a bit of cytoplasm and forms a daughter cell. Some cytoplasm of the parental body cAveTo MEROZONTES MEROZOMTE NUCLEI Fig. 1.5, Multiple fission of malarial parasite in ROC of man For example, during erythrocytic schizogony in the, life cycle of P. vivax (Fig. 1.5), the eryptomerozoite enters the RBC, feeds on the haemoglobin and other celltlar contents saprozoically and becomes fully grown and is called schizont. Then multiple fission occurs and 12-24 merozoites are formed. RBC ruptures and merozoites are released which repeat the process. Similarly in an encysted oocyst called sporont present on the stomach wall of female Anopheles host, the multiple fission called sporogony occurs and many sporozoites are formed. Similarly, Amoeba undergoes multiple fission during, unfavourable conditions in an unencysted form as well as, inencysted form (Fig. 1.6). In Ainoela, the multiple fission in encysted form is called sporulation, while the small sized amoebae released are called! pseudopodiospores. ‘YOUNG AMOEBA CYST WALL DAUGHTER, PSEUDGPODIOSPORES Some Fig. 6. Amocha : Encystment and multiple fission. 2. BUDDING It is that type of asexual reproduction in which one or more unicellular or multicellular outgrowths, called ‘buds, are formed on or inside the parental body. Mechanism. Fach multicellular outgrowth called ‘bud enlarges, develops the parental characters and then separates to lead an independent life. It feeds, grows, becomes an adult and repeats the process. Occurrence. Budding is found in sponges (Seypha), coelenterates (Hyira), annelids (Syllis) and tunicates (Salpa) among animals. Among fungi, itis found in yeasts (Fig. 1.8), buds are exogenous and unicellular. In Hydra (Fig, 1.7) and Seypha (Fig. 1.9) the budding is exogenous as the bud is formed on the outer surface of parental body while in. Spongilla (a fresh water sponge), the budding is endogenous as a number of ‘buds called gemmales are formed inside the parental body. Each gemmule (Fig 1,10) of Spongilla is a mass of undifferentiated cells, called archaeocytes, surrounded by a protective coat of amphidisk spicules. Gemmule helps in perennation and dispersal. During favourable conditions;archaeocytes come out of gemmule through ‘micropyle and form a new sponge. In Scypha (Fig. 1.9), the exogenous buds remain attached to the parental body and may develop secondary ‘buds to form a kind of colony. Unlike the binary fission, the identity of the parent body ig retained after reproduction. I Yl oeve.ors aaron ou Fig. 1.8. Budding in yeast