MODEL OF ORGANIZED CRIME

Hierarchical
1. "Family structure with graded ranks of authority from boss down to soldiers.
2. Bosses oversee the activities of family members.

Local Cultural
1. Cultural and ethnic ties bind the group together rather than a hierarchical structure.
2. Individuals control their own activities and take partners as they wish.

Enterprise
1. Organized crime and legitimate business involve similar activities on different ends of "spectrum
of legitimacy of business enterprise.
2. Operations not ethnically exclusive or centrally organized.

Networked
1. Cyber-related crimes permit criminals to become more disconnected from customers and victims.
2. Continuing OC criminal associations may become less necessary.

Bureaueratie/Corporate/Organizational Model of Organized Crime

 The hierarchical model defines organized crime as a group of interdependent actors in which
there is a clear ranking among participants that distinguishes leaders from other members in
the criminal enterprise.
 This description of organized criminal groups sees it as a government-like or military-like
structure, in which illegal activities are organized and approved by superiors and carried out
by lower level operatives who are part of the group (Albanese, 2015; von Lampe 2016)

Bureaucratic or Corporate Model

It is exemplified by: [METER-C]

 Meritocratic
 Extensive division of labor
 Top-down communication and rule enforcement mechanisms.
 Extensive written rules/regulations
 Responsibilities carried out in an impersonal manner
 Complex authority structure

Presidential Commission on Organized Orime Model

Core Member
 Boss, Underboss, Consigliere
Protector
 Lawyers, Corrupt Politician
Specialized Agents
 Accountant, Chemist
User Support & Social support
 Community support
 Pushers and users of illegal products and services

Typology of Organized Crime Groups

1. Standard Hierarchy
 The "most common form.
 Characterized by a sole leader, a distinct chain of command and clearly defined roles.
 The 'top down' nature of the hierarchy facilitates strong internal control and discipline over
its members through an implied or explicit code of conduct.
 Violence is predominantly used to maintain the internal and external order of the
organization.
 Generally mono-ethnic or comprised of members with similar personal backgrounds

2. Regional Hierarchy
  The primary difference between a regional and standard hierarchy is the decentralization of
power; the process of allowing local organisations and group leaders to wield considerable
independence and autonomy over a specific geographical region.
 Allows OCGs to expand their membership and participate in numerous organized crime
activities across a wide geographic spread, making it particularly advantageous for
transnational criminal activity.

*Although a hierarchical criminal group, with relatively strict lines of command from the center,
there is a degree of autonomy present in regional organizations under the control of the group.

3. Clustered Hierarchy
 Consists of smaller OCGS that operate under a central coordination body. Although clustered
hierarchical OCGs maintain a degree of association, they are autonomous and independent in
their activities and identity.
 The extent of their association relates to the coordination of criminal activities and
enterprises.
 Clustered hierarchies are uncommon and are often the product of unique social environments
such as those found in the prison system.

"An association of organized crime groups with a governing or oversight body. The groups in
question may themselves have a diversity of structures, but generally they are of the 'standard
hierarchy' type outlined above.

4. Core Group
  Unstructured group of organized criminals surrounded by a larger network of associate
members. The "core" of the group is relatively small (20 individuals or less) which makes it
easier to maintain internal discipline.
 Characterized by "flat" organizational structure (power is shared amongst all members).
 It is difficult for law enforcement agencies to identify and track core groups because most
core groups lack a strong social or ethnic identity and can operate behind the facade of a
legitimate business being run by a small group of individuals.

*Generally consists of a limited number of individuals who form a relatively tight and structured
group to conduct criminal business. Around this core group there may be a large number of associate
members or a network which are used from time to time and depending on the criminal activity in
question

5. Criminal Network

*Are defined by the activities of key individuals who engage in Illicit activity in often shifting
alliances. Such individuals may not regard themselves as being members of a criminal group, and
may not be regarded as being a criminal group by outsiders. Nevertheless they coalesce around a
series of criminal projects.

Governed by explicit rules and regulations

The oath included five basic principles, upon which the mafia was based:
 Omerta (oath or code of silence)- Never to 'rat out' any mafia member. Never to divulge any
mafia secrets or never talk to the authorities. Even if they were threatened by torture or death.
 Complete obedience to the boss - Obey the boss's orders, no matter what.
 Assistance - To provide any necessary assistance to any other respected or befriended mafia
faction.
 Vengeance - Any attacks on family members must be avenged. 'An attack on one is an attack
on all."
 Blood for blood - if a family member is killed (by another member) no one can commit
murder (in revenge) until the boss gives permission.
"Be true inside but not on the outside"
Example:
1. Avoid contact with the authorities.
2. Ethnicity-only men of Italian descent are allowed to become full members (made men).
Associates, partners, allies etc. have no ethnic limits.
3. Family secrets-members are not allowed to talk about family business to non members.
4. No fighting among members - from fist fights to knife fights.
5. Tribute - every month; members must pay the boss; also giving the boss a cut on any side
deals.
6. Adultery-members are not allowed to commit adultery with another family member's wife.
7. No facial hair - members were not allowed to grow mustaches, part of the Mustache Pete
way.
Homosexuality is reportedly incompatible with the American Mafia code of conduct.

Division of labor
 As with many legitimate business enterprises, organized crime groups make use of specific
functional positions that are filled by the members who are most suited for the task.
 This division of labor is evidenced by the positions of:
1. Enforcer
 One who make arrangement for killing and injuring (physically, economically and
psychologically) the member or non member.
2. Corrupter
 One who bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens, negotiates and "sweet talk" into a
relationship with the police, public officials or anyone else who might help the member
security and maintain immunity from arrest, prosecution and punishments.
3. Corruptee (Money Movers)
 A public official, usually not a member of the organization family, who can influence on
behalf of the organization interest.

Willing to use violence and bribery

 It is the hallmark of organized crime groups.
 Violence.
 o Ensure compliance with the rules of the organization and to safeguard the
attainment of organization goals. used only when necessary, violence results in
both specific discipline and as a general message for others.
 Bribery.
o Important component of the protection of . criminal enterprises and the secrecy of
members. Used only when needed.
Bribery - Threat - Physical Violence - Death

limited and Exclusive Membership

 Criminal leaders are selective as to who become members because they may accidentally
recruit police informers, undercover agents, or rebels working on behalf of other criminal
organizations.
 Attributes: ethnic background, kinship, race, long-time friendships, prison relationships, or
other variables that make the recruit an attractive candidate.
 One's abilities: ability to fight, willingness to engage in criminal acts, the ability to keep
secrets, and the ability to follow orders are also important to organized crime leaders.
Example: Italian Mafia
 Perform a series of tasks, such as committing murder for the family.
 When the boss decides to let a member into the family one will be part of a ceremony,
involving the drawing of blood, swearing an oath over a gun or holy picture, and obeying the
rules of the organization.
 In New York City, the Mafia created customs and traditions which the members have to
follow. If one breaks any of the rules they can be killed by another member of the family and
usually the murder is committed by the people closest to that person.

Continuity or Self-perpetuating
 Designed to persist through time beyond the lives of current members. When members are
removed either by dying or being sent to prison, they are easily replaced with new recruits
eager to gain acceptance by the group arid to continue the illegal enterprises of the
organization.
 Ability to survive and achieve permanence from generation to generation. (Cocklin)

Monopolistic
 The group will strive to be in control of a particular criminal racket or even legitimate
enterprise. The word monopoly also implies that to increase profits, free trade will be
restrained.
 Total control of turf (Territory)
 They monopolized the business so that all the gains will be owned by them.
 They have the control to the business where they can increase and decrease the price

Constitute a unique subculture

 Members of the organized crime group considered themselves distinct from the conventional
society.
  They look at the society as "weak and stupid" and treat them with derisions if not contempt,
and therefore not subject to its rules. This is sometimes referred to as "the underworld".

forms of Organized Crime

1. Parasitic - Members of criminal organization extort money from illegal entrepreneurs under
threat of violence.
2. Reciprocal - Member of criminal organization require illegal entrepreneurs to pay a fixed
percentage amount but in return provide services such as debt collection or restricting market
entry.
3. Entrepreneurship - A member of a criminal organization provides an illegal goods or service

Type of Organized Crimes

1. Political Graft
 manned by political criminal, who use of force and violence of a means to obtain
profit or gain, and or achieving political aims or ambitions (ex. vote buying, and
employment of private armies to control a certain political area)
2. Mercenary/Predatory
 crimes committed by groups for direct personal profit but prey upon unwilling
victims.
3. In-Group Oriented
 groups manned by semi organized individual whose major goals are for
psychological gratification such as adolescent gangs.
4. Gang Criminality
 the Gangs are operating on a large scale. Hard criminals are the member of this. They
don't hesitate to kill or use of violence. They use modern arms. These criminals are
disciplined but dangerous.
5. Racketeering –
 It includes dishonest way of getting money. They live on other men's money. They
take protection money from the businessmen.
6. Syndicate Crime –
 the organization that participates in illicit activity in society by the use of force,
threat, or intimidation. The group with a formal structure - whose purpose is to
provide illicit services, which are in strong public demand through the use of secrecy
on the part of the associates. There is assurance of protection necessary for its
operations through political corruption or avoidance of prosecution.

LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAWS RELATED TO TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

• EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 151-Creating a Presidential Commission to Investigate Administrative

complaints Involving Graft and Corruption.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7080-An Act Defining and Penalizing Plunder
• EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 247- Prescribing Guidelines and Establishing a Regulatory Framework
for the Prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resources, they are by-product and derivatives for
scientific and commercial purpose; and for other purposes.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 6969- An Act to Control Toxic substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
Wastes.
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 192-Order Providing for Reorganization of the Department of
Environment, Energy and Natural Resources.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 8293- An Act Prescribing the Intellectual Property Code and Property Office.
• EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 220- Creating an Executive council to Suppress Trafficking in Persons,
Particularly Women and Children.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 9160-An Act Defining the Crime of Money Laundering, Providing Penalties
therefore and for Other Purposes.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 1405- an Act Prohibiting Disclosure of our Inquiry into Deposits with any
Banking Institution and Providing Penalty therefore.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 8239- Philippine Passport Act of 1996
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 8294- An Act Amending the Provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1866
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 8484-An Act regulating the Issuance and Use of Access Devices, Prohibiting
Fraudulent Acts.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 8792-The Commerce Law
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 9105-An Act Defining the Crime of Art. Forgery, Providing Penalties..

INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZED CRIMES

 Organized crime is the natural home for intelligence analysis.

1. ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS using data received through surveillance or informants, a link

chart is produced showing the links between the known and suspected members of the
organized crime group.
2. TELEPHONE ANALYSIS - using telephone wiretap information or other "wires", a
frequency distribution chart is produced, showing the time of the call (start/end), to whom,
and the total length of time. The result is rather graphic portrayal of who and where the
suspect calls most of the time.
3. CONVERSTION ANALYSIS- using eavesdropping information, testimony of snitches, or
otherwies, the analyst can often put together a content analysis chart