Coffee
Coffee is a popular brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans.
Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the
equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, India and Africa.
Once ripe, coffee beans are picked, processed, and dried.
Green (unroasted) coffee beans are one of the most traded agricultural
commodities in the world. Once traded, the beans are roasted to
varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor, before being ground
and brewed to create coffee. The two most commonly grown coffee
beans are the highly regarded arabica, and the less sophisticated but
stronger and more hardy robusta.
The drink
Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world. It is slightly acidic
and can have a stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine
content. It can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. The
effect of coffee on human health has been a subject of many studies;
however, results have varied in terms of coffee's relative benefit. The
majority of recent research suggests that moderate coffee
consumption is benign or mildly beneficial in healthy adults.
History
Coffee cultivation first took place in Southern Arabia. The earliest
credible evidence of coffee-drinking appears in the middle of the 15th
century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. In the Horn of Africa and Yemen,
coffee was used in local religious ceremonies. As these ceremonies
conflicted with the beliefs of the Christian church, the Ethiopian Church
banned the secular consumption of coffee until the reign of
Emperor Menelik II. The beverage was also banned in Ottoman Turkey
during the 17th century for political reasons, and was associated with
rebellious political activities in Europe.
Economy
Coffee is a major export commodity: it was the top agricultural export
for twelve countries in 2004, the world's seventh-largest legal
agricultural export by value in 2005, and "the second most valuable
commodity exported by developing countries," from 1970 to 2000.
Further, green (unroasted) coffee is one of the most traded agricultural
commodities in the world. Some controversy is associated with coffee
cultivation and its impact on the environment. Consequently, organic
coffee is an expanding market.