THE BHAKTI MOVEMENT o ‘Reality is twofold – independent &

 Bhakti means love of God (according to dependent things – the lord Vishnu is the
Shvestashavtara Upanishad). only independent thing.’ – Madhava.
 The Bhakti movement originated in Southern India. o The Doctrine Dvaita:
 The movement started with Nayanars & Alvars.  Epistemology – Pratyaksha, Anumana &
 Nayanars – Shaivites. ‘Tirumurai’ contains Shabda.
devotional poetry by 63 saints. Karraikkal Ammaiyar  Dualism – Twofold reality.
was a female Nayanar.  Ishvara – Svatantra Tatva (independent
 Alvars – Vaishnavites. They were influential in reality).
propagating Bhagwatism & epics like Ramayana,  Jiva & Jada – Asvantantra Tatva
Mahabharata, etc. ‘Nalayira Divya Prabandham’ (dependent reality).
was compiled by Nathamuni. It contains works of 13 o Prescribed Bhakti for moksha.
Alvar poets. Andal was the only female Alvar saint. o Vishnu, according to Madhava, is the
 These Bhakti cults were successful in spreading their Brahman.
propaganda because of their use of regional o Rejected the ‘Tat Tvam Asi’ Mahavakya &
languages. gave ‘Atat Tvam Asi’ (Thou aren’t that).
 Philosophers of the Bhakti Age: o Believed that liberation was different for
 Adi Shankaracharya (8th century): different souls.
o His critics call him a crypto-Buddhist. o Works:
o Works of Shankara:  Bhagvata Tatparya Nirnaya.
 Brahmasutra Bhashya.  Anu-Vyakhyana.
 Upadesha Sahasri.  Nimbarka (12th century):
 Viveka Chudamani. o Dvaitavada philosophy.
 Atma Bodh. o Radha-Krishna worship.
 Sarva Darshana Sidhant Sangraha.  Vallabhacharya (1479-1531):
 Shankravijayam by different scholars. o A Telugu Brahmin born at Champaran.
o The doctrine of Advaita Vedanta: o Established the Pushtimarga sect.
 Advaita – Only unchanging Brahman is o Works:
real, while changing entities don’t have  Anubhashya.
absolute existence.  Tatva Deep Nibandh.
 Jiva Mukti – Self-realization.  Subodhini.
o Established 4 maths:  Shodashgrantha.
 Ramanujan (1017-1134): o Estd. the Nath Sampradaya.
o Born in Sriperumbuddur, Tamil Nadu.  Surdas (16th century):
o Student of Yadva Prakash, the Advaitist. o A Braj poet.
o Discarded the Advaita theory & joined the o His disciples are called Ashtachap.
cult of Alvars. o A Krishna worshipper.
o Proposed the concept of Vishishta Advaita o Composed ‘Sursagar’, ‘Sur Saravali’ &
(Verified-Nondualism). ‘Sahitya Lahari’ in Vrij Bhasha.
o Proposed that the Vedic literature mention o His poems are involved in the Guru Granth
both duality & nonduality (Saguna Sahib of Sikhs.
Brahman).  Mirabhai (16th century):
o Prescribed Prabhaktimarga or surrender to o A Bhakti poetess of Rajasthani language.
God for liberation. o Composed ‘Payo ji meme Ram Rattan dhan
o His mummified body is preserved at the payo’.
Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam.  Tulsidas (16th century):
o Philosophical works: o Varanasi & Ajodhya.
 Shri Bhashya. o Sanskrit, Awadhi & Braj.
 Vedarthasangraha. o Works in Awadhi:
 Gita Bhashyam.  Ramcharitamanas.
 Vedantadipa.  Barvai Ramayan.
 Vedantasara.  Parvati Mangal.
 Gadya Traya.  Janaki Mangal.
 Madhav Acharya (1238-1317):  Ramagya Mangla.
o Aka Purna Prajna or Ananda Tirtha.  Ram Lala Nahachu.
o Born at Pajaka, Karnataka. o Works in Braj:
 Krishna Gitavali.
  Sahitya Ratna.  Guru Ram Das: laid foundation of Amritsar
 Dehavali. (Randarspur or Guru-ki-Chowk & Golden temple.
 Vairagya Sandipani.  Arjun Dev compiled the ‘Guru Granth Sahib’. He
 Vinaya Patrika. completed the construction of the Golden temple. It
 Ramananda (16th century): was painted in gold by Ranjit Singh.
o Born at Prayagraj.  Guru Har Govind: the warrior saint. He developed
o A Brahmin. the Gatka martial art, militarized the Sikhs &
o Influenced by Ramanujan. established the Akal Takht.
o ‘Gyanlila’ &’Yogacharitam’.  Guru Har Rai: The tender-hearted Guru. He
o 12 disciples – Kabir, Pipa, Raidas, etc. maintained a large army, but stayed away from
 Kabir (15th century): violence.
o Ramananda’s disciple.  Guru Har Krishan: The youngest guru (5 years old).
o Was a crypto-Muslim who was trying to  Aurangzeb killed Guru Tegh Bahadur in 1675
convert people to Sufism. because the guru refused to convert to Islam. He
o Anti-idolatry. executed Fateh Singh & Zorawar Singh in 1704.
o The Kabirpanthi cult.  Guru Govind Singh, the 10th guru, compiled the ‘Adi
 Chaitnya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534): Grant’ & declared it to be the 11th guru.
o A Gaudi Vaishnav Brahmin.  Govind Singh estd. the Khalsa Panth in 1699 & the
o Wrote ‘Shikshashatakam’. city of Anandpur in 1790.
o Attained Nirvana at Puri.  Misls = 12 tribes of Sikhs.
 Shankara Deva (1486-1543):  Banda Bahadur: A Sikh warlord. Banda Singh or
o An Assamese. Banda Bairagi. Aurangzeb executed him in 1715.
o Started Ekasarana Dharma.  Jatha – A military unit – Jathedar.
o Composed ‘Bhorgeet’ & ‘Bhatima’
devotional songs. BHAKTI MOVEMENTS IN DECCAN
o Developed Sattriya (Sankari) Dance form.  Maharashtra:
o His poetic works:  Sant Jnaneshwar (1275-1296):
 Kirtana-ghosha o Nath Vaishnava sect.
 Harischandra-upakhyana o Wrote a commentary on Gita –
 Rukmini-harana ‘Dnjaheshvari’ in Marathi. The core text of
 Ajamilopakhyana Virkari sect.
 Bali-chalana o Wrote ‘Amrutanubhava’.
 Kurukshetra-yatra  Namdeva (1270-1350):
 Gopi-uddhava-samvada o Vaishnav influence.
 Amrita-manthana o Composed ‘Abhanga’ in Marathi.
 Krishna-prayana-pandava-niryana  Ekanatha (1533-1599):
 Kamajaya o Born in Paithan.
o His philosophical works: o Composed ‘Bhagavata Purana’, ‘Eknathi
 Bhakati-pradipa Bhagavata’ & ‘Bhavarth Ramayana’.
 Anadi-patana  Tukaram (17th century):
 Nimi-navasiddha-samvada o ‘Tukaram Gatha’.
 Bhakti Ratnakara (in Sanskrit) o Composed ‘Abhanga’ poetry in Marathi.
 Gunamala o A devotee of Vithal Vishnu.
 Samartha Ramdas (1608-1681):
THE CULT OF SIKHISM o Composed Marathi poems ‘Dashabodh’ &
 Estd. By Nanak Bhangi in 1469. He was born at ‘Manache Shloka’.
Talwandi in Pakistan & died at Kartarpur. o Was patronized by Shivaji.
 Nanak estd. Dera Baba Nanak near Ravi river at  Other Bhakti Cults:
Kartarpur. o Nath sect – estd. by Adinath (Shiva).
 Nanak never wanted to establish a new religion. o Siddha sect.
 Angad developed Gurmukhi script, langar & Mal o Yogi sect.
Akhara.  Gujarat:
 Jahangir executed Guru Angad (penname Nana) in  Nar Singh Mehta of Gujarat composed
1604 & Guru Arjun Dev in 1606. ‘Vaishanva Janto’.
 Guru Amar Das: He compose Anand Sahib,
introduced Anand Karz marriage system &
abolished the Sati ritual among the Sikhs.