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Biomechanics of Gait
Presentation · June 2014
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1757.1600
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Abdel-Rahman Akl
Alexandria University
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Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl (Speaker)
Ph.D. of Biomechanics,
faculty of physical education,
Alexandria university
5th meeting of Venous Forum "Amputation is not a final
destination", Egyptian society of vascular surgery, Le Metropole
hotel, Alexandria, Egypt.
Objectives:
1. Define gait.
2. Describe gait cycle.
3. Kinematical parameters of gait.
4. Define the center of gravity (COM).
5. Displacement of COM.
6. Foot functions.
Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
Translatory progression of the body as a whole,
Produced by coordinated rotatory movements of
body segments.
Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
The gait in the three principal planes: (a)
sagittal; (b) transverse; and (c) frontal.
The three dimensional of movement.
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Biomechanics
Statics Dynamics
Kinematics Kinetics
Linear Angular Linear Angular
Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
The stride: is the activity that occurs between the time
one foot touches the floor and the time the same foot
touches the floor again.
Stride length gnirud delevart ecnatsid eht si :
tiag eht cycle .
Step: is basically one-half of a stride.
Step length: is that distance between heel strike
of one foot and heel strike of the other foot.
Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
Gait cycle
(Gait cycle, also called stride)
60% 40%
10% 40% 10%
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60 % of the gait
cycle.
Traditional Term.
Rancho Los Amigos Term.
(RLA)
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- The beginning of the stance phase that
occurs when the foot touches the ground.
- Initial Contact is not really a phase,
it is an instant in time.
Double leg support begins.
Body at lowest point in cycle.
Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
0:10% of gait cycle
Weight shift onto stance leg continues.
Double leg support ends.
Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
10:30% of gait cycle
Body at highest point in cycle.
Single leg support begins.
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30:50% of gait cycle
Body moves ahead of foot.
Single leg support ends.
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50:60% of gait cycle
Task of leg advancement begins.
Double leg support begins and ends.
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40 % of the gait cycle.
Initial swing Midswing Terminal swing
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60:73% of gait cycle
Swing phase (non–weight-bearing) begins.
Single leg support begins on contralateral side.
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73:87% of gait cycle
Leg shortens to clear floor.
Single leg support on contralateral side continues.
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87:100% of gait cycle
Leg advancement task ends.
Single support ends.
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A) Distance parameters:
Stride length.
Step length.
Width of walking base “stride width”: (≈ 5-10 cm).
Foot angle (degree of toe out or angle of gait): ≈ 7°.
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B) Time parameters:
Step time
Stride time
Stance time
Single limb time
Double limb time
Swing time
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C) Cadence and Speed:
Cadence :
• Number of steps per unit time
• Normal: 100 – 115 steps/min.
Speed:
• Distance covered by the body in unit time
• Average speed (m/min) = step length (m) x cadence (steps/min).
• Average walking speed= 80m/minute (1.33 m/sec).
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Normal ranges for gait parameters
Female
Male
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Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
Double support
Midstanse
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The foot given several unique functions to fulfill during the time it is in contact
with the ground.
Absorb shock at heel strike.
Adapt to the ground surface.
Provide a stable platform for the body.
Become a rigid lever for propulsion.
Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
- Lippert, Lynn S. Clinical kinesiology and anatomy. FA Davis, 2011.
- Rodgers, Mary M. "Dynamic biomechanics of the normal foot and ankle during walking and
running." Physical therapy 68.12 (1988): 1822-1830.
- Winter, David A. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
- Williams II, Robert L. "Engineering Biomechanics of Human Motion." Reference book (2010).
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