1. Lexicology is a branch of Linguistics dealing with the study of the meaning, usage, 4. Two principal approaches in Lexicology.

derivation, and history of words and word elements. There are two principle approaches in linguistic science to the study of language material:
The object of Lexicology in general is the science of the word. It is concerned with words, synchronic & diachronic. With regard to Special lexicology the synchronic approach is
word-groups, phraseological units, and word-building morphemes. concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time. It’s Special Descriptive
The basic task is to study and systematize description of vocabulary in respect to its lexicology that deals with the vocabulary & vocabulary units of a particular language at a certain
origin, development, and current use. time.
The lexical system contains productive elements typical of this particular period, others The diachronic approach in terms of Special lexicology deals with the changes & the
that are archaic and are dropping out of usage, and, finally, some new words and meanings. development of vocabulary in the course of time. It is Special Historical lexicology that deals with
Syntagmatic combinatorial relations outline the meaning of the word when it is used in the evaluation of the vocabulary units of a language as the time goes by.
combination with other words in the flow of speech. The two approaches shouldn’t be set one against the other. In fact, they are interconnected
Paradigmatic contrastive relations exist between words belonging to one subgroup of & interrelated because every linguistic structure & system exists in a state of constant development
vocabulary items (eg, verbs of motion, of sense perception, sets of synonyms, etc.) that can occur in so that the synchronic state of a language system is a result of a long process of linguistic
the same context and be contrasted to one another: eg, to go ( run, walk) a mile. evaluation, of its historical development. Closely connected with the Historical lexicology is
Contrastive & Comparative lexicology whose aims are to study the correlation between the
2. Links of Lexicology with other linguistic sciences. vocabularies of two or more languages & find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units
1) Lexicology is closely connected with phonetics because they have the same object of of the languages under comparison.
studies, they both studies the word, but phonetics studies the outer form and lexicology studies the
inner form of the word. 5. The main characteristics of the word
2) Lexicology is connected with grammar because lexicology studies words and grammar (1) The word is an uninterruptible unit. When elements are added to it to modify its
studies the grammatical relations between words and how words are combined into phrases and meaning, they are never included within the word. The root of the word is always left intact,
sentences. Meaningful communication is not possible without knowing the grammar rules. whatever manipulations are carried out. Internal stability of the word is never compromised. The
3) Lexicology is connected with the history of language because the history of language extra elements are added either in the pre- or post-position to the stem (prefixes and suffixes,
studies the changes and the development of the vocabulary in the course of time. respectively). A stem may consist of one or more morphemes, whereas a root is used to refer to a
4) Lexicology is connected with stylistics because stylistics studies the differentiation of stem consisting of a single morpheme.
the vocabulary according to the sphere of communication. (2) Secondly, the word may be made up of one or more morphemes. If it is a one-
5) Lexicology is connected with the sociolinguistics because sociolinguistics studies the morpheme word, it cannot be broken down further into smaller meaningful units (e.g., man, dog, cat
extra linguistic and social causes of the changes in the vocabulary of a language. etc.) They are termed ‘simple words’ and are ‘minimum free forms’, since they may stand by
themselves and act as minimally complete utterances. If more morphemes than one make up a word,
3. Types of Lexicology. Comparative Lexicology. they may either be complex or compound. Complex words are ones that can be broken down into
General Lexicology is a part of General Linguistics. It is concerned with the general study one free form and one or more bound forms: uncool, breakable, prettier etc. Compounds, on the
of vocabulary, irrespective of the specific features of any particular language.  other hand, consist of more than one free form (candlestick, arrowhead etc.) A mention needs to be
Special Lexicology devotes its attention to the description of the characteristic made also of words incorporating both complex and compound forms (unturndownable, windshield
peculiarities in the vocabulary of a given language. Thus, Special Lexicology is the Lexicology of a wiper, ungentlemanly).
particular language (e.g., English ).  (3) The word is part of the hierarchy at the level between the morpheme and the phrase, as
Historical Lexicology discusses the origin of various words, their change and it occurs typically in the structure of phrases (morphemes are used as building blocks to construct
development, the lingual and extralingual forces modifying their structure, meaning, and usage. words, words, in their turn, are used to build phrases, phrases to build clauses, and clauses to build
Descriptive Lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of sentences). This is the typical mapping of lower level into higher level units.
its development. It studies the functions of words and their specific structure.  (4) Finally, it is an essential feature of the word that it should belong to a specific word
Contrastive, or Comparative, Lexicology is relatively new branch of study provides a class or part of speech. Where the same form appears in more than one class, which happens quite
theoretical basis on which the vocabularies of different languages can be compared and described.  frequently in English, we should regard the various occurrences as separate words (fine, think etc.).
The theoretical value Lexicology came into being to meet the demands of many different
branches of Applied Linguistics, namely of Lexicography, Literary Criticism, and Standardization Assignments
of Terminology. I. Answer the questions.
The practical importance consists in a possibility to apply a systematic approach to the 1. What Greek morphemes compose the word “lexicology”?
facts of vocabulary and to undertake an organized comparison of the foreign and native languages. The term is composed of 2 words of Greek origin: lexis + logos.
2. What does Lexicology study?
Lexicology is a science that studies the vocabulary of a language and its features.
3. What is meant by syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? Suggest examples.
Syntagmatic combinatorial relations outline the meaning of the word when it is used in
combination with other words in the flow of speech. (He got ill, he got the letter)
 Paradigmatic contrastive relations exist between words belonging to one subgroup of 2. The dictation computer prints exactly what it hears. Sometimes, however, the
vocabulary items (eg, verbs of motion, of sense perception, sets of synonyms, etc.) that can occur in computer makes a mistake. Point out the errors in the computer’s work. State what problem
the same context and be contrasted to one another: eg, to go (run, walk) a mile. of linguistics these examples illustrate.
4. What is the object of study of General Lexicology? (1) I compose music for TV programmes. Я сочиняю музыку для телевизионных
General Lexicology is a part of General Linguistics. It is concerned with the general study программ.
of vocabulary, irrespective of the specific features of any particular language. (2) The officers changed into civilian clothes. Офицеры переоделись в гражданскую
5. What does Special Lexicology study? одежду.
Special Lexicology devotes its attention to the description of the characteristic (3) Did you see the waiter go? He was at the next table a minute ago. Вы видели, как
peculiarities in the vocabulary of a given language. ушел официант? Минуту назад он сидел за соседним столиком.
6. What is the object of Historical Lexicology? (4) Spiders are not really insects you know. Пауки на самом деле не насекомые, вы
Historical Lexicology discusses the origin of various words, their change and знаете.
development, the lingual and extralingual forces modifying their structure, meaning, and usage. (5) Coke and Pepsi are rival companies. Coca-Cola и Pepsi-конкурирующие компании.
7. What does Descriptive Lexicology focus on?
Descriptive Lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of 3. By translating the following items into Russian, decide which of them are word
its development. It studies the functions of words and their specific structure.  combinations (A) and which can be viewed as words (B).
8. What does Comparative Lexicology study? (1) silk dress, шелковое платье (a)
Comparative, Lexicology is relatively new branch of study provides a theoretical basis on (2) silk hat, цилиндр (б)
which the vocabularies of different languages can be compared and described.  (3) metal key, брелок (б)
9. What branches of Linguistics does Lexicology have close ties with? Explain. (4) skeleton key, отмычка (б)
2 вопрос (5) hot-water bottle, грелка (б)
10. Why are synchronic and diachronic approaches interconnected and interdependent? (6) milk bottle, бутылка из-под молока (а)
The two approaches shouldn’t be set one against the other. In fact, they are interconnected (7) traffic control, регулирование движения (а)
& interrelated because every linguistic structure & system exists in a state of constant development (8) traffic lights, светофор (б)
so that the synchronic state of a language system is a result of a long process of linguistic (9) post office, почтовое отделение (а)
evaluation, of its historical development. (10) post card, открытка (б)
11. What are the structural aspects of the word? (11) ship boy, юнга (б)
The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between the external and (12) ship deck, палуба (б)
the internal structures of the word. (13) cottage cheese, творог (б)
By external structure of the word we mean its morphological structure. For example, in (14) cottage industry, кустарная промышленность (а)
the word post-impressionists the following morphemes can be distinguished: the prefixes post-, im-, (15) drug shortage, нехватка лекарственных средств (а)
the root press, the noun-forming suffixes -ion, -ist, and the grammatical suffix of plurality -s. All (16) drug addict, наркоман (б)
these morphemes constitute the external structure of the word post-impressionists.
The internal structure of the word, or its meaning, is commonly referred to as the word’s 4. Check the spelling of the underlined elements. State whether they are word
semantic structure. This is the word’s main aspect. Words can serve the purposes of human combinations (A) or words (B).
communication solely due to their meanings. (б)(1) That is his mother in law. (б)(2) He is a black sheep in his family. (б)(3) It’s a black
12. Explain which one can be considered a unity: a bluebell or a blue bell? bird. (б)(4) You need a dinner jacket for this party. (а)(5) She wore a velvet jacket at the party. (б)
Because it can not be broken and has one meaning, and in the second case, individual (6) I sent him a post card. (а)(7) I made a telephone call. (б)(8) She is a book keeper. (а)(9) He is a
words can exist separately from each other and give different meanings. book seller. (а)(10) What is your birth place? (б)(11) It was a terrible ship wreck. (12) (а)There has
been a car accident. (13) I visited that stay at home. (б)(14) Children like to throw snow balls. (а)
II. Do the exercises. (15) There was a thin snow crust.
(1) The word is a universal sign that can substitute any other sign. (1) Это его теща. (2) Он позор своей семьи. (3) Это дрозд. (4) Вам нужен смокинг для
(2) The word is a sound complex that names something. этой вечеринки. (5) На вечеринке она была в бархатной куртке. (6) Я послал ему открытку.
(3) The word is a unit of communication. (7) Я сделал телефонный звонок. (8) Она-бухгалтер. (9) Он-продавец книг. (10) Где вы
(4) The word is the smallest bit of isolated meaning. родились? (11) Это было ужасное кораблекрушение. (12) Произошла автомобильная авария.
(5) The word is a unity of some sound or graphical form with a given meaning. (13) Я посетил это пребывание дома. (14) Дети любят бросать снежки. (15) Была тонкая
(6) The word is a fundamental unit of language reflecting human notions. снежная корка.
(7) The word is a minimum sentence.
5. Match the words with the language and definitions. Use the Online Etymology
Dictionary.
1. a wear thing, in Japanese
 A. simple (both stems)
A. sake B. kimono C. hara-kiri D. samurai B. derived (at least one stem)
2. a children’s garden, in German C. abbreviated (at least one stem)
A. a crèche B. a day nursery C. kindergarten D. day-care D. compound (at least one stem)
3. a keepsake, remembrance, in French E. reduplicative
A. memento B. memorandum C. souvenir D. token Translate the suggested sentences into Russian.
4. leisure, in Greek 1. Two jumpmasters accompanied him, holding on to his harness and guiding his one-minute
free fall. (Newsweek) 1. Два инструктора (по прыжкам с парашюта) сопровождали его, держась за
A. symposium B. school C. pastime D. sport
ремни и направляя его в одноминутном свободном падении.
5. to go about in a circle, in Latin
2. About 200 hard-core refuseniks are left, four times as many as before last autumn’s
A. orbit B. surround C. seek D. search campaign. (Ayto) 2. Осталось около 200 закоренелых отказников, в четыре раза больше, чем до
6. the smallest Venetian coin, in Italian осенней кампании.
A. centesimo B. gazette C. magazine D. centime 3. A compromise choice might be Rep. Bill Paxon of New York, a congenial boy-next-door.
7. the palm of the hand, in old English (Newsweek) 3. Компромиссным выбором мог бы стать депутат Билл Пэксон из Нью-Йорка,
A. glove B. wrist C. mitt D. fist близкий по духу мальчик по соседству.
8. management of a household, in Greek 4. Stephen Jones with his team that will defend McVeigh, the prime suspect in the OKBomb
A. ecosphere B. ecocide C. economy D. ecology case. (Newsweek) 4. Стивен Джонс со своей командой, которая будет защищать Маквея, главного
9. the nomad race, thought to have come from Egypt, in English подозреваемогопо делу теракта в Оклахома-Сити.
A. gypsy B. Bedouin C. arab D. romany 5. He showed us a sweetie-pie of a little boat. (Chapman) 5. Он показал нам милую
10. a belt, girdle, in Greek маленькую лодку.
A. area B. zone C. circle D. equator 6. A ‘highwaywoman’ from Waterford Ireland, who pleaded guilty to using an imitation firearm
11. foot of a crane, in Old French to carry out five robberies, was sentenced to three years’ youth custody at the Old Bailey yesterday.
A. pedicure B. pedestal C. pedigree D. peduncle (Ayto) 6. «Разбойница» из Уотерфорда, Ирландия, которая признала себя виновной в
12. lion’s tooth, in Old French использовании имитационного огнестрельного оружия для совершения пяти грабежей, вчера была
A. dandiprat B. lionet C. dandelion D. dentin приговорена к трём годам лишения свободы в Олд-Бейли.
8. Do’s sci-fi universe strongly resembles the imaginings of L.Ron Hubbard, founder of
Scientology, which teaches that human beings have Thetans, or spirits, that are independent of the
6. Translate the following verbal zoonymic expressions and classify them into the ones
physical body. (Newsweek) 8. Научно-фантастическая вселенная До сильно напоминает фантазии Л.
having: (1) (A) the same, (B) different animalistic, and (C) totally different components across Рона Хаббарда, основателя саентологии, который учит, что у людей есть тэтаны, или духи,
the languages; (2) (A) positive, (B) negative, and (C) neutral meanings: которые независят от физического тела.
(1) to kill two birds with one stone, (2) to count one’s chickens before they are hatched, (3) to 9. The latest comedies on American TV, including some of the new ‘drama-coms,’ have done
cook someone’s goose, (4) to kill the goose that lays golden eggs, (5) to hawk around, (6) to rise with the away with laugh tracks altogether. (Ayto) 9. Последние комедии на американском телевидении,
lark, (7) to talk turkey, (8) to buffalo smb. into compliance, (9) to bull one’s way, (10) to take the bull by включая некоторые из новых «драматических комедий», полностью прекратили использовать
the horns, (11) to make cow eyes, (12) to copycat, (13) to lead a cat and dog life, (14) to let the cat out of закадровый смех.
the bag, (15) to go to the dogs, (16) to let sleeping dogs lie, (17) to have a dog’s life, (18) to die a dog’s 10. I’ve been dealing with men like Abraham Wilson all my life. They‘re born troublemakers.
death, (19) to change horses in the midstream, (20) to flog a dead horse, (21) to please the pigs, (22) to (Sheldon. Rage…)10. Я всю жизнь имел дело с такими людьми, как Авраам Уилсон. Они
pull a rabbit out of one’s hat, (23) to cast sheep’s eyes, (24) to shed crocodile tears, (25) to set a fox to прирожденные нарушители спокойствия.
keep the geese, (26) to make a monkey out of smb, (27) can the leopard change his spots? (28) smell a rat, 11. “My great-great-grandfather bought it,” Dart said offhandedly, “as being a suitable seat for a
(29) to have rats in the attic, (30) to have butterflies in one’s stomach, (31) to stir up a nest of hornets, newly ennobled baron. …” (Francis. Decider) 11. «Мой прапрадедушка купил его, - бесцеремонно
(32) to fish in big waters, (33) a queer fish, (34) to fish in troubled waters. сказал Дарт, - как подходящее место для недавно облагороженного барона. … »
(1) убить двух зайцев одним выстрелом, (2) цыплят по осени считают, (3), разрушить, 12. “We don’t run a Sunday school show,” Uncle Willie explained to Jeff. “We’re flimflam
сломать, погубить (4), чтобы убить курицу, несущую золотые яйца, (5) предлагать, (6) подняться artists. …” (Sheldon. If…) 12. - Мы не устраиваем шоу в воскресной школе, - объяснил Дядя Вилли
спозаранку, (7) поговорить, (8) заставить кого-то подчиниться, (9) пробиваться, (10) пора брать Джеффу. “Мы мошенники. …”
быка за рога, (11) сделать грустные глаза, (12) подражать, (13), жить как кошка с собакой (14), A. simple: hard-core, troublemakers, jumpmasters, drama-coms
проболтаться, (15) псу под хвост, (16) не буди лихо, пока оно тихо, (17) трудная жизнь, (18) B. derived: boy-next-door, sweetie-pie
умереть собачьей смертью (19) чтобы менять коней на переправе, (20) пороть мертвую лошадь, C. abbreviated: OKBomb
(21), если повезет, (22) вытащить кролика из шляпы, (23) нежно посматривать (24) лить D. compound: highwaywoman
крокодиловы слезы, (25), пустить лису гусей сторожить. (26) выставлять на посмешище (27) E. reduplicative: sci-fi, flimflam, great-great-grandfather
Горбатого могила исправит. (28) чуять недоброе, неладное (29) иметь тараканов в голове (30)
иметь бабочек в животе, (31) ворошить осиное гнездо, (32) ловить рыбку в мутной воде, (33)
человек с причудами (34) ловить рыбу в мутных водах.

7. Use the IC (immediate constituents) analysis and identify the structural types of
compound constituents as