MVPS’s

RAJARSHI SHAHU MAHARAJ POLYTECHNIC,

NASHIK

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022

“Data Communication”

(22322)

MICROPROJECT

ON

“Report on Wireless Media”

GUIDED BY

Mrs S. S. Rajole

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Ms./Mr. ________________________________________

Roll No._______ of second semester of diploma in Information Technology of

Institute MVPS’s Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik (Code:

1002) has successfully completed micro-project in Data Communication

(22322) for academic year 2019-20 as prescribed in curriculum of MSBTE,

Mumbai.

Place: Nashik Enrollment no:2010020327

Date:…………. Exam seat no:

Mrs. S. S. Rajole Mr. N. Gade Dr. D. B. Uphade

Course Teacher/Guide H.O.D Principal

Seal of
institute

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 SUBMITTED BY

SR. Roll ENROLLMEN EXAM STUDENTS NAME

NO. No. T NO. SEAT
NO.

1. 5 2010020324 BACHHAV MANISH VISHWAS

2. 6 2010020325 BACHHAV RITU PUNJARAM

3. 7 2010020326 BARI PAYAL SUNIL

BHAGWAT VAIBHAV
4. 8 2010020327
RAJENDRA

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 INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1) Abstract 6

2) Introduction 7

3) History 8
4) Wireless Media 9
5) Application of Wireless Media 12
6) Types of Wireless Media 13
7) Conclusion 18

8) References 19

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 LIST OF FIGURE

SR.NO. TABLE NAME / PICTURE NAME PAGE NO.

1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 10

2 Segments of the electromagnetic Spectrum 11

3 Types of wireless media 13
4 Radio waves 13
5 The radio frequency spectrum 14
6 Point to Point Microwave 15
7 Satellite communication 16

8 Infrared Wave Transmissions 17

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 ABSTRACT

Wireless Communication is the fastest growing and most vibrant technological areas in the
communication field. Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting information from
one point to other, without using any connection like wires, cables or any physical medium.
Generally, in a communication system, information is transmitted from transmitter to receiver
that are placed over a limited distance. With the help of Wireless Communication, the
transmitter and receiver can be placed anywhere between few meters (like a T.V. Remote
Control) to few thousand kilometres (Satellite Communication).We live in a World of
communication and Wireless Communication, in particular, is a key part of our lives. Some
of the commonly used Wireless Communication Systems in our day – to – day life are:
Mobile Phones, GPS Receivers, Remote Controls, Bluetooth Audio and Wi-Fi etc.

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 INTRODUCTION
Wireless networks have been a crucial part of communication in the last few
decades and a truly revolutionary paradigm shift, enabling multimedia communications
between people and devices from any location (Figure 1). It brings fundamental changes
to data networking, telecommunication, and is making integrated networks. It has made
the network portable because of digital modulation, adaptive modulation, information
compression, wireless access and multiplexing. It supports exciting applications such as
sensor networks, smart homes, telemedicine, and automated highways. Early users of
wireless technology primarily have been the military, emergency services, and law
enforcement organizations. As the society moves toward information centricity, the need
to have information accessible at anytime and anywhere takes on a new dimension. With
the rapid growth of mobile telephony and networks, the vision of a mobile information
society (introduced by Nokia) is slowly becoming a reality. It is common to see people
communicating via their mobile phones and devices. With today's networks and
coverage, it is possible for a user to have connectivity almost anywhere. The growth in
commercial wireless networks occurred primarily in the late 1980s and 1990s. The huge
competition in the wireless industry and the mass acceptance of wireless devices have
caused costs associated with the terminals and air time to come down significantly in the
last 10 years.

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 History
Since the use of smoke signals, flags and flashing mirrors in the pre – historic
period, Wireless communication has been a part of human life and it is
continuously evolving. Modern Wireless Communication i.e., using electrical
signals and radio waves for communication has been around us for more than
100 years.
In the year 1897, Guglielmo Marconi successfully demonstrated the Wireless
Telegraphy by sending EM Waves for a short distance of 100 meters. This
demonstration paved way for Radio Communication and the term Radio is
derived from Radiant Energy.
By early 1900’s, Trans – Atlantic radio transmission had been established,
where Marconi successfully transmitted messages in the form of Morse code.
Since then, the technology related to wireless communication and wireless
system has advanced rapidly and thus enabling transmissions over longer
distances at low cost with cheaper devices.
Throughout the development of wireless communication, there are many
wireless systems and methods that flourished and many got disappeared. The
best example for this is Telephone Communication and Television
Transmission. Initially, all telephone related communication was carried out
(and still is) using wired network, which we call it as Landline Telephone.
But the rapid growth of Mobile Communication started to replace the complex
wired telephone system. In this scenario, the wired technology became outdated
and got replaced by wireless communication.
Another scenario where wireless communication got replaced by wired
communication is Television broadcasting. In the early days, television signals
were broadcasted using wireless radio transmitters. But this setup got replaced
by cable television.
These two examples point out that with the development of technology, we
always have to choose what’s best for the situation i.e., in some areas we have
to use wired communication whereas in the other, going for wireless may be a
better option.

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Wireless Media:-

Wireless is an encompassing term that describes numerous communication

technologies that rely on a wireless signal to send data rather than using a
physical medium (often a wire). In wireless transmission, the medium used is
the air, through electromagnetic, radio and microwave signals. The term.
Communication here not only means communication between people but
between devices and other technologies as well.
Wireless could refer to any device that communicates with other devices
wirelessly, meaning there is no physical connection between them. Wireless
technology started in the early 20th century with radiotelegraphy using Morse
code. When the process of modulation was introduced, it became possible to
transmit voices, music and other sounds wirelessly. This medium then came to
be known as radio. Due to the demand of data communication, the need for a
larger portion of the spectrum of wireless signals became a requirement and the
term wireless gained widespread use.
When the word wireless is mentioned, people most often mean wireless.
Computer networking as in Wi-Fi or cellular telephony, which is the backbone
of personal communications.

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Wireless (Unguided/Unbound) Transmission Media:-
• A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium from one
location to another location.
• A wave is a transfer of energy, usually through a form of matter called a medium.
• There are a special type of wave that can travel without a medium, called
electromagnetic waves (also called EM waves), which are waves like radio
waves and microwaves.
• Unlike sound waves and water waves, electromagnetic waves don't need a fluid,
or a solid, or even air to help them travel from one place to another. EM waves
can travel across the great vacuum of space, which is why we see light from
distant stars and planets.
• Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field comes in contact with a
magnetic field. They are hence known as 'electromagnetic' waves.
• Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a form of energy that is all around us and takes
many forms, such as radio waves, microwaves, X-rays and gamma rays.
• Sunlight is also a form of EM energy. Electromagnetic energy from the sun
comes to Earth in the form of radiation.
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum describes a wide range of different
electromagnetic waves.

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Fig No.1. Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Fig No.2. Segments of the electromagnetic Spectrum

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 Applications of wireless media:-

1. Transmission of music, news, road conditions, weather reports, and other broadcast
information are received via digital audio broadcasting (DAB) with 1.5Mbit/s.

2. For personal communication, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS)

phone might be available offering voice and data connectivity with 384kbit/s.

3. For remote areas, satellite communication can be used, while the current position of
the car is determined via the GPS (Global Positioning System).

4. A local ad-hoc network for the fast exchange of information (information such as
distance between two vehicles, traffic information, road conditions) in emergency
situations or to help each other keep a safe distance. Local ad-hoc network with
vehicles close by to prevent guidance system, accidents, redundancy.

5. Vehicle data from buses, trucks, trains and high speed train can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance.

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  Types of Wireless Media:-

Wireless
Media

RadioWave Microwave Infrared

Fig No.3. Types of wireless media

 Radio Waves Transmission:-

Fig No.4. Radio Wave

• Radio waves are EM (Electromagnetic) waves that have wavelengths between 1

millimetre and 100 kilometres (or 300 GHz and 3 kHz in frequency).
• Radio frequency is easy to generate because it has large wavelength and can
travel long distance.
• Radio waves are generated by radio transmitters and received by radio receivers.
• Radio stations transmit radio waves using transmitters, which are received by the
receiver installed in our devices. Both transmitters and receivers use antennas to
radiate or capture radio signals

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• It can penetrate walls easily, so these waves are widely used for communication
both indoors and outdoors.
• Radio waves are omnidirectional means they travel in all the directions from the
source.
• When an antenna transmits radio waves, they are propagated in all directions.

• A sending antenna send waves that can be received by any receiving antenna. The
omnidirectional property has disadvantage, too. The radio waves transmitted by
one antenna are susceptible to interference by another antenna that may send
signal using the same frequency or band.
• It is Used Mobile, AM/FM radio, television

Fig No.5. The radio frequency spectrum

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  Micro Waves Transmission
• Microwaves are a type of radio waves with high frequencies. It can be classified
as a subclass of radio waves. The frequency of microwaves lies in the 300 MHz to
300 GHz.
• Unlike radio waves, microwaves are unidirectional, in which the sending and
receiving antennas need to be aligned.
• Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their
small wavelength, which means that the signal is focused into a narrow beam.
Additionally, each antenna must be within line of sight of the next antenna

Fig No.6. Point to Point Microwave

• Electromagnetic waves above 100 MHz tend to travel in a straight line and signals
over them can be sent by beaming those waves towards one particular station.
Because Microwaves travels in straight lines, both sender and receiver must be
aligned to be strictly in line-of-sight.

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 Fig No.7. Satellite communication

• Microwaves have higher frequencies and do not penetrate wall like obstacles.
• It is used for satellite communication, navigation, radar, remote sensing and other
short distance communication systems.

The following describes some characteristics of microwave propagation:

• Microwave propagation is line-of-sight.
• Very high-frequency microwaves cannot penetrate walls. This characteristics can be a
disadvantage if receivers are inside buildings.
• The microwave band is relatively wide, almost 299 GHz. Therefore wider sub bands
can be assigned, and a high data rate is possible.
• Use of certain portions of the band requires permission from authorities
Applications:
Microwaves, due to their unidirectional properties, are very useful when unicast (one-
to-one) communication is needed between the sender and the receiver. They are used in
cellular phones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.
Advantages:
• Installation of towers and associated equipment’s is cheaper than laying down a cable
of 100KM length.
• Less maintenance as compared to cables.
• Repeaters can be used. So effect of noise is reduced.
• No adverse effects such as cable breakage.
• Due to the use of highly directional antenna no interference is there.
• Size of transmitter and receiver reduces due to the use of high frequency.
Disadvantages:
• Signal strength at the receiving antenna reduces due to multipath reception.

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 Infrared Waves Transmission

Fig No.8. Infrared Wave Transmissions

 Infrared signals have frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz. They are used for
short-range communication.
 Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication like TV remote,
wireless speakers, automatic doors, hand held devices etc.
 Infrared waves having high frequencies prevents interference b/w one system to
another.
 Infrared signals have high frequencies and cannot penetrate walls. Due to its short-
range communication system, the use of an infrared communication system in one
room will not be affected by the use of another system in the next room. This is why
using an infrared TV remote control in our home will not interfere with the use of our
neighbour's infrared TV remote control.
 THE DISADVANTAGES OF USING INFRARED
 Infrared signals cannot be used for long distance communication. In addition, we
cannot use infrared waves outside a building because sun's rays contain infrared
waves that can interfere with communication.

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 CONCLUSION

It was a great experiences to design and implement the Human

calculator by using switch case and function using programming language c and
to work on its documentation. While working on this project .I have learned
many things especially wireless media communication. I also learned about its
working. It also helpful me in getting in the better understanding of basic use
fundamentals concepts of wireless media.

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 REFERENCES

 https://www.electronicshub.org/wireless-communication-introduction-types-
applications/

 DCO Textbook

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network

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