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History of Computers Overview

Aliya Khurshid submitted a history of computers to their professor Asma Bibi. The document covered: 1) The earliest computers were humans who performed calculations. Abacuses and slide rules were also used to aid in mathematical calculations before digital computers. 2) The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines that took up entire rooms. The second generation used transistors making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. 3) The third generation used integrated circuits which made computers even smaller, faster, cheaper, and more commonplace in businesses. The fourth generation uses microprocessors on silicon chips and are now small enough to fit on desks and in homes.

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Aliya Khurshid
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61 views8 pages

History of Computers Overview

Aliya Khurshid submitted a history of computers to their professor Asma Bibi. The document covered: 1) The earliest computers were humans who performed calculations. Abacuses and slide rules were also used to aid in mathematical calculations before digital computers. 2) The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines that took up entire rooms. The second generation used transistors making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. 3) The third generation used integrated circuits which made computers even smaller, faster, cheaper, and more commonplace in businesses. The fourth generation uses microprocessors on silicon chips and are now small enough to fit on desks and in homes.

Uploaded by

Aliya Khurshid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aliya khursid

 Submitted By: Aliya Khurshid


 Submitted To: Miss Asma BIBI
 CMS:
 BS Applied Psychology
Aliya khursid

Topic: History of Computer


Aliya khursid

0.1 What is Computer:-


A computer is an electronic machine that’s accepts
information in form of data, then processes it according to
specific instructions, and provides the results as new
information.

1.1.1 Earliest Computers:


 Originally calculations were computed by
humans, whose job title was computers.
 The first computer use of the word “Computer”
was recorded in 1613, referring to a person
who carried out calculation, or computations,
and the word continued to be used in sense
until middle of the 20th century.
 The calculations of this period were specialized
and expensive, requiring years of training in
mathematics.
 These human computers were typically
engaged in the calculation of a mathematical
expression.
Aliya khursid

1.1.2 Tally Sticks Monitory system:


 Tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record
and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

1.1.3 Abacus
 An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual
in performing mathematical calculations.
 The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
 The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first
used in china in around 500 B.C.
 It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

1.1.4 slide Rule


 Invented by William Ought red in 1622.
 Based on Napier’s idea about logarithms.
 Used primarily for :
 Multiplication
Aliya khursid

 Division
 Roots
 Logarithm
 Trigonometry
 Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
1.1.5 Pascaline
 Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
 It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
 It is too expensive.

1.1 First Generation – Vacuum Tubes


From 1946 to 1956
 It can perform 2000 to 16000 additions
per second
 Had main memory 100 bytes to 2
kilobytes.
2. Used vacuum tubes
3. Very large machine
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 Special rooms to house them with air


conditioning
 Specially trained technicians to run &
maintain.
1.2 Second Generation- Transistors
1. from 1959 to around 1965
2. Smaller, faster, and more reliable
 Used transistors
 6000 to 300000 operations
 Main memory 6 kilobytes to 1.3 megabytes
3. one-tenth the price of a 1st Generation
4. Become common is larger businesses and universities.
1.3 Third Generation – Integrated circuits
1. from 1965 to around 1972
2. used integrated circuits many transistors on one piece of
silicon
3. Smaller, faster, more reliable and lower in price
 Can do 100, 000 to 400, 000,000 operations per
second.
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 Cost amount one tenth the amount of second


generation computers.
4. These Computers become very common in medium to large
businesses.
1.4 Fourth Generation- Microprocessors
1. from 1972 until now
2. used large scale to vary large scale integrated circuits
 Put more than one IC on a silicon chip
 Can do more than one function
3. Smaller, faster, more reliable and lower in price
 Size of a television or much smaller
 Can do 500,000 to 100, 000,000 operations/ per
second.
 Cost onrtenth or less, the amount of third
generation.
 Very common in homes and business.
2.0 Types Of computers
 Analog computers
 Digital computers
2.1 Analog computers
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1. An analog computer recognize data as a continuous


measurement of a physical property.
2. It has no state
3. Its output is usually displayed on a meter or graphs
4. Examples, are analog clock, speedo-meter of a car, thermo
meter.
2.2 Digital computers
1. It works with numbers.
2. They break all types of information into tiny units and use
numbers to represent those pieces information.
3. Everything is described in two states either on (1) of off (o)
4. They all are fast and having big memory.

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