CA 1
Institutional
Corrections
First Semester 2021-2022
Target Time Frame:2 Weeks Duration
(September 6 - September 20)
Approach: Distance Learning
Platform Sites:Gmail, Google
Classroom, Google Meet
Alternative Access Strategy:Offline
Learners – worksheets, power point
presentation, videos saved in USB.
Allotted Time Lesson
Schedule for each Module
Session Topic Time
1 Orientation 1 & a half Hour
- Course Description
- House Rules
- Overview
2 Introduction to Law 30 minutes
EnforcementOrganization
and Administration
3 Lesson 1 1 Hour
- Definition of terms
- correction and the criminal
justice system
- historical perspective of
corrections
Learning Outcome / Objective
At the end of this module, students should be able
to:
(Session 1) a. find out what the requirements of
this subject really are and what to expect from
what can be learned.
(Session 2) a. recognize the Philippine
institutional correction
(Session 3)
a. The students will be able to know the
evolution and history of corrections
b.Familiarize the difference of every terms.
MODULE 1
I. Basic Definition of Terms
Penology defined:
The study of punishment for crime of criminal offenders. It includes the study of
control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders
Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science. It actually a division of criminology
that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders and concerned
itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal
activities.
The term is derived from the Latin word “Poena” which means pain or suffering.
Principal Aims of Penology
1. To bring light the ethical barriers of punishment, along with the motives and
purposes of society inflicting it.
2. To make comparative study of penal laws and procedures through history and
between nations.
3. To evaluate the social consequences of the policies enforced at a given time.
Penal Management- refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places
of confinement as in jails or prison.
Correction-
A branch of criminal justice system concerned with the custody, supervision
and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
It is that field of criminal justice system administration which utilizes the
body of knowledge and practices of the government and the society in general involving
the processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes
of crime prevention and control.
It is the study of jail/prison management administration as well as the
rehabilitation and reformation of criminals.
Correction as a Process:
Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her
from repeating his deviant or delinquent actions without the necessity of taking
punitive actions but rather the introduction of individual measures of reformation
Correctional Administration:
The study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons and
other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of
criminal offenders.
II. Correction and the Criminal Justice System
The Criminal Justice System is the machinery of any government in the control and
prevention of crimes and criminality. It is composed of the pillars of justice such as: the
Law Enforcement Pillar (police), the Prosecution Pillar, the Court Pillar, the Correction
Pillar, and the Community Pillar.
Correction as the fourth pillars of criminal justice system is considered as the
weakest pillar due to its failure to deter individuals in committing crimes as well as the
reformation of inmates.
Corrections takes over once the accused, after having been found guilty, is meted
out the penalty for the crime he committed. He can apply probation or he could be turned
over to a non-institutional or institutional agency or facility for custodial treatment and
rehabilitation.
III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CORRECTIONS
Important Dates and Events in the History of Correction
13th century- securing sanctuary. In the 13th C. a criminal could avoid
punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at the end of
which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him.
1468 (England)-torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.
16th Century- transportation of criminals in England was authorized. At the
end of the 16th C. Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It
partially relieved overcrowding of prisons. Transportation was abandoned in 1835.
17th Century to late 18th Century- Death penalty become prevalent as a form
of punishment.
Reasons why death penalty became the usual Punishment during this period and
thereafter:
1. Death of outlaws became a protection of English people. It is because the people
during this period did not totally believe yet in the ability to a strong police force
to combat criminals.
2. People lack of confidence in the transportation of criminals. Goals and Galleys
became center of corruption and ineffective instruments of punishment.
3. Doctrine of Crude Intimidation appeared or seemed to be a logical form or threat
in order to deter or prevent the people on violating the law.
4. The assumptions was that the Ruling Class is tasked to protect property rights
and maintain public peace and order. The system of maintaining public order
had little consideration or did not recognize the social and economic condition of
the lower working class. The lawmakers and enforcers used death penalty to
cover property loss or damage without further contemplating the value of life of
other people.
GAOLS- (Jails)-pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff
Galleys- long low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed
by criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16 th
century
Hulks- decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18 th
and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as
means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were also called “Floating Hell”.
The primary schools of Penology
1. The Classical School- doctrine of psychological hedonism or free will. That the
individual calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his
conducts by the results of hid calculations
2. The Neo-classical School- it maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in
general, it should be modified in certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot
calculate the differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be regarded as
criminals, hence they should be free from punishment
3. The Positivist/Italian School- denied individual responsibility and reflected non-
punitive reactions to crime and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other act,
is a natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered as sick individuals who need to
be treated by treatment programs rather than punitive actions against them
Redress (compensation) of a wrong act
-Retaliation (personal vengeance)-theearliest remedy for a wrong act to any
one (in the primitive society). The concept of personal revenge by the victim’s
Family or tribe of the offender, hence “blood Feuds” was accepted in the early
promotive societies
-Fines and punishment- Customs has exerted effort and great primitive
societies. The acceptance of vengeance in the form of payment (cattle food, personal
services, etc.) became accepted as dictated by tribal tradition
EARLY CODES:
1. Babylonian and Sumerian Codes-
a Code of a King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code)- Babylon, about 1990 BC,
credited as the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian
codes were nearly one hundred years older.
2. Roman and Greek Codes
a. Justinian Code- 6th CAD, Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law. An
effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes.
However, the law did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left
a foundation of Western legal codes.
The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (451-450 BC)-represented the earliest
codification of Roman Law incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the
foundation of all public and pricate law of the Romans until the time of
Justinian. It is also a collection of legal principles engraved on metal
tablets and set up on the forum
Greek code of Draco- in Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that
provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it
incorporate primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds). The Greeks
were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in the
name of the injured party.
3. The Burgundian Code (500 A. D.)- specified punishment according to the social
class of offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class and lower class and
specifying the value of the life of each person according to social status.
Early codes (Philippine Setting)
The Philippine is one of the many countries that came under the influence of
the Roman Law. History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest
extent to most of continental Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of
Central Europe.
Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on
December 7, 1889 the “Conquistadores” and the “Kodigo Penal” (The Revised Penal
Code today, 1930) was introduced by the Spaniards promulgated by the King of
Spain. Basically, these laws adopted the Roman Law principles (Coquia, Principles of
Roman Law, 1996).
Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influenced laws during the
Pre- Spanish Philippines. There were also laws that were written which includes:
a. Code of Kalantiao (1433)- most extensive and severe law that
prescribes harsh punishment.
b. Maragtas Code (by DatuSamakwel)
c. Sikatuna Law
Early prisons:
Mamertine Prison- the only early Roman place of confinement which is built
under the main sewer of Rome 64 B.C.
Other places of confinement in the history of confinement include Fortresses,
Castles, and Town Gates that were strongly built purposely against roving bands of
raiders.
The most popular workhouse was the Bridewell Workhouse (1557) in
London which was built for the employment and housing of English Prisoners.
Walnut Street Jail- originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It
was converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.
Early prisons in the Philippines:
During the Pre-Spanish period, period system was tribal in nature. Village
chieftains administered it. It was historically traced from the early writer
laws.
1847- firstBilibid Prison was constructed and became the central place of
confinement for Filipino prisoners by virtue of the Royal decree of the
Spanish crown.
1936- city of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of
Prisons originally intended as a site for boy’s training school.
Today, the old Bilibid Prison is now being used as the Manila City Jail, famous
as the “May Halique Estate”
Quiz #1
Objective: Determine and gauge the examinee’s/ reviewee’s proficiency to the given
subject. This self-assessment will guide the examinee to identify specific areas and subjects
which necessitates supplementary and trough study.
Instruction: This an object type of examination wherein you are required to supply the
answer to the identification questions
Essay
1. What is the work of correction in the Pillars of CJS?
2. What is/are the difference between Neo-classical and Positivist/Italian school of
Penology?
3. Fines and Punishment.Do you accept this kind of compensation if someone do
something wrong to you? Explain.
4. In terms of punishment, what do you prefer in the rape case that is happening to our
country?
5. Do you want to bring back the 17th to late 18th century’s form of punishment? Justify
your answer.
Identification
________________________ 1.Tthe only early Roman place of confinement which is built under
the main sewer of Rome 64 B.C.
_________________________ 2. Most extensive and severe law that prescribes harsh punishment.
_________________________ 3. First Bilibid Prison was constructed and became the central place
of confinement for Filipino prisoners by virtue of the Royal decree of the Spanish crown.
_________________________ 4. Also called “Floating Hell”.
_________________________ 5. It is that field of criminal justice system administration
which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the government and the society in
general involving the processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of
offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.
