Chapter 2

Materials Selection , Systems

and Equipment , and
Environmental I 的 pact

2.1 Environmental Planning

2.2' Energy Efficiencies
2.3 Services Required
 Arch6026 值島日 ilding Systems 11 (2000/2001)
Energy and Environmental Systems for Green Buildings
.~''i
→心研

$臨$量畢誼 i 臨草草 bl 還喜鵲觀時晶聽聽聽童電嘉興電

晶臨 dT哥華cl寶路運， 1舊車gy

\.

Cont單單 nts

靈 Sustainable Managelnent
屬 Resource Efficï毛ncy
重 Water Conservation
置 Waster Managelnent
體 Hong Kong's Situation

1
 The scale
of man

100 l<M 一一÷一-LANDSCAPE

101<M …一t~_. TOWN
1000M 一斗一-- NEfGHBORHOOD
100M 一斗一一-PROJECT
IOM 呵-

1M
M
~. Systems
•••

-eAe

10.Z1 CM ATOMIC systel1ls

Multi-SCALE design with nature

、旬
、 L 11 、
hd

,.lI V ' { . "

$口說轟 inabl 聽醋蘊晶晶串串臨島的 þ ll'" 于臨
þ 司、

主崢仇戶手將九划拘
。几帥，心叫……山 μ! 几

置It is about the lnanagelnent of 已 ecosystelns'

I natural ecosystems
I e.g. water, atmosphere, soils, wetlan啦， forests
provide ecosystel1l services e.g. support ofthe food
chain, harvesting of alú l1lals or plants, and the provision
of clean water or scenic views
I other ecosystems
I landscape ecosystem
I building ecosystem
I human ecosystem

2
 ehA一
UFfc

、
v Aap
可

HV
$間對鑫 i 晶晶晶搗騙晶晶晶晶體晚會前

體Interactions between hUlnan and n甜的

I land use
I land cover
I production
I consumption
I disposal
體 Sustainable construction
I consider the influences onthe ecological 組d
social surroundings

Interactions between human and nature

3
 hAH》
dFJ
、
v呵且』

d戶
$臨 stai 時 abl會醋晶晶轟串串聆聽聞

c』
單 Sustainable design principles
I economy of resources
I energy, water, and material
• life cycle design
ç:onsid er enVirOlllllental 吐uality，直l1lctional quality and
fu如re values

I humane design
I reduce impact on nature
I ensure human comfort and health

Energy issues vVater conservation

Effici函~這鼠忌wable Reduce 11 Recycle

bpm占u蜘g
Phase

Construction
hmli1dillg
Phase
Operation & maintenance

但枷-Building
Demol ition/Disposal Phase

Materials and systems waste management

Reduce 11 Select Recycle 11 Reuse

Building life cycle and sustainable management

4
聽聽$的臨時會監督icie 時 cy
吾有
u 去了
央寸

單已 Eco個e宜iciency'

I combines the e伍cient use of both economic and

ecological resources
I sustainable management of natural resources
1 conservation and sustainable use of ‘ biodiversity'
the 'ecosystem' provides services
• e.g. puri益cation of water supplies by aquatic 位fe-forms
adoption of 1110re sustainable patterns of production and
consumpt lOn

a
份"
C

ECot吐OM!CS
、〈
h--J
O

戶UV
自LV
。3 ，叫

&2.w
FD
、-A
唔，且
JOD

SUSTAINAB1LTY COSTS J BENEFITS

位
艾

﹒‘'，亂
U

C臼 pitol vs Operoíing
MacJQ 嗎 Micro
(GNP} {Household)
Publíc vs Privo!e
Sociol
「吉豆trlb. Size
fl 咐/'、
1彎當時\.~J:)

ENVl~ONM;悶 J ( Ú:::ONOt.ilIC重〉
SOC!AI}一
COMMUMTY

TRANSFORMATl ONS

The three legged stool of sustainability

5
聽聽so 臨時會監ffici聽聽 cy

體 Aim

I to reduce the demand and the costs for ener釘，

water, and materials
單 Results
I monetary savings which benefit the local economy
I reduced environ血ental ÌInpact
I conservation of resources
屬Integrated resources plmming (IRP) &
lnanagelnent

關
聽聽so 臨 rc 體監ffici睡時 cy

區 Maj or factors
I appropriate material selection
I waste minimisation
I recycling of building materials
I efficient use of water
體 They also pron1ote
I increased durability of buildings
I cyclical utilisation of materials

6
 臨 AT惡戰 IAL FLOW I 甜 THE 器也 ILOU這 G 藍COSYST監騙

Upstream Downstream
Bu iIding 臨aterials Used 臨aterials

Energy Combustion Byproducts

Water Graywater Sewage
Consumet Recycleable 臨aterials

Solar Radiation Wasted Heat

Wind Polluted AÎr
Rain Groundwater

The input and output streams of resource flow

關甜甜 Co 時$臨時說i∞

體孔1ethods
I leak detection & prevention
I efficient fixtures/appliances (e.g. low國宜。w toilets)
I COlTect use of appliances (e.g. washing machine)
I water use for landscaping & irrigation
體 Green design issues
I greywater reuse and rainwater recycling
I composting toilets & wastewater treatment

7
 Rainwater collectlon
on roof
Rainwater
Recycling

「亡3
System

Rainwater
supply

蠅一一--

咱昏時‘司自- -兩個一句們四- -哼哼--自

Surplus
Tosewage rainwater . I
(to diffusion) +申 1 t
Ground diffusion

Collection Storage Treatment Supply Diffusion

想學 盼唔 ...喝令制--考"司， 軒4 自“椒，

也監控扭捏

li i
wmihO{mn
g吋

oir
，.、 rje
T

σbo

THWA

) Espalier
、
0

戶uv

y:1 rAco
、l

Using greywater for crops and landscape irrigation

8
 行loor

?
一 !iMiiL
卅

Composting toilets

輯詣鵲鸝晶師總體自協會聽

重 Sources of solid waste

I residential & conunercial
I industrial & agricultural
I construction
單 Elelnents of solid waste lnanagelnent
I waste generation, on-site storage , collection
I transfer and 仕ansport
I processing and recoverγ
I disposal (e.g. landfill，也cineration， composting)

9
 晶$鵲醋蘊時鑫串串臨憊的

當 Green strategies
I waste prevention
I cons虹~ction and demolition recycling
I architectural reuse
I design for material tecovery
軍l1nportant factors
• on-site collection & storage space
I sorting & separation (p aper, glass , plastic , metal)

關晶$鵲鵲晶晶晶盟會輪會鵑

重 Recycling organic waste

I make use of organic nutrients in g缸ba斜， human
waste多缸ld sewage
I for growing crops/flowers in gardens
I for feeding to farms (e.g.ζurban fanning')
I food gardens and 叮叮 farmers

10
 H 臨時會眼臨時 g's Si如說 10 鈍 體蘊
單 One day in HK (pop口1. = 6.97 lnillion) [1999]
E 企esh water consumption = 3581i但它/person
I electricity consumption = 13.9 kWhJperson
I food consumption:
I vegetables 1, 100 tonnes; fruits 1,800 tonnes
I live pigs 6,200 heads; live cattle 170 heads
(--
I live poultIγ190 tonnes; 企esh eggs 200 t01U1的
I freshwater fish 120 tonnes; marine fish 170 tonnes
I solid waste production = 18 , 040 tOillles

2日 20

16

。
E
三 ε
J 智

ETB 10
、3
õj

.
O
E
3
0.
草
cc;
益

。
o
ι •.

5 5

。畫畫缸宜。

可 994 1996 199晦 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Year

Projection of waste requiring disposal and population in HK

(source: Waste Reduction Framework Plan)

11
 宙人間叫 md港
m叫
叮叮

叫 的
站站迎立體八日、‘根海分景
Gm

泌的 dn
甜 "mA
wb
買環保樓送露台花園

晦的吶?辭去亂髓
J別叫盤一悅耳…喃喃掀翻

h建

2大花費脅的望層
的中
刁凹凸門汙港對縣將整

、重窗緊寧發住祿叩
如
，收

畏環台住一發嶄

軒藉。這空展宅花叫

撞持黨府台花每層層叩
肘，最政露中裔摟夾品
軒保及屋展新希主牆。
•.

vJ
帶者障，厲建，
寰宇了更是使栽閻王

r露善勵出意至留種均
改設提概十預花削
WY 輯程研變。、郭新
nJ
机 -U 賽亞報會壞人路遊
叫

g
趴.可數民間」據灣公點

mfI

十一草
iE

內﹒佳的片呵，親長路，

3箭叮一起可
JZ
F骨間
配目將公行纖引

嵐閣制的府的、會個

站
h
lh

的
容

Ho 聞單 K臨時留 's Sit甘矗tio 時 監盟

單 Waste reduction fnunework plan
I http://info.gov. hkIwrc/framework. htm
置 Recent efforts for building industry
I waste millimizatioll (e.g. s缸立tarγfittings)

I construction and demolition waste

I flushing volume for flushing cisterns
I refuse storage and material recovery
(* see also Practice Note for AP &RSE)

12
1. BACKGROUND

1.1 What is Sustainable Development?

"0
k} ustainable development is development which meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of fu印re generation to meet their own needs." --
World Commission on Environment an吐 Developmer哎， Our Common Future , pp. 4,
Oxford University Press, New York, 1987. This definition has been formulate正1 by the
,

World Commission 011 Environment and Development (WCED) , led by the norwegian
prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, in 1987.

The word development in this definition implicates two important aspects of the

concept: It is omnidisciplinary , it cannot be limited to a number of disciplines or

areas , but it is applicable to the whole world and everyone and everything on 話，

now and in the future. Second 旬， there is noset aim , but the continuation of

development is the aim of the developmen t. The definition is based on two

concepts:

• the concept of 旦旦控， comprising of the con的ions for maintaining an

acceptable life standaτd for all people, and
., the concept of I扭扭 of the capacity of the environment to fulfill the needs of
the present and the future , determine吐 by the state oftechnology and social
orgamsatlOn.

The needs consist firstly of basic needs such as food , clothing , housing and
employment. Secondly, every individu祉， meve可 part of the world should have the
opportunity to try and raise his or her life standard above this absolute minimum. The
limits consist of naturallimitations like finite resources , but also of 出clining

productivity caused by overexploitation ofresources, declining quality ofwater and

shrinking of biodiversi可. For our common future , it would therefore be best if needs
訂e best fulfilled while limits are not increased, but preferably 吐ecreased. This would
lead to the quite simple conc1 usion that all political , teclmical and social
developments can easily be evaluated in the light of sustainable development by these
two arguments. Any development should help fulfill needs and shoul吐 not increase
limitations.

1.2 Various Viewpoints

Many other 吐efinitions of sustainable development have also been offered, some
general and some more precise. The followings illustrate the variety of foci evident in
discussions of sustainable development.

.. tt... requires meeting the basic needs of all people and extending opportunities
for economic and social advancemel哎. Finally, the term also implies the
capacity of development projects to endure organizationally and financially. A
development initiative is considered sustainable if, in addition to protecting
the environment and creating opportuni守， it is able to carry out activities and
generate its own financial resources after donor contributions have run out."
Breadfor the World, Background Paper No. 129 , Washington, DC , March
1993.
&\ "[improves]... the quality ofhuman life while living within the carrying
capacity of supporting ecosystems." Intemational Union for the Conservation
ofNature and Natural Resources (IUCN) , World Conservation Union , United
Nation Environment Programme (UN EP) , and Wo r1 d Wide Fund for Nature
(WWF) , Caring for the Ear的， pp. 10, IUCN尺JNEP/WWF ， Gland , Switzerland,
1991.
.. "[uses] . . . natural renewable resources in a manner th前 does not eliminate or
degrade them or otherwise dimish their renewable usefulness for future
generations while maintaining effectively constant or non-de c1 ining stocks of
natural resources such as soil , groundwater, and biomass." World Resources
Institute , Dimensions of sustainable development, World Resources 1992-93:
A Guide to the Global Environme肘， pp. 2 , Oxford University Press , NewYork,
1992.
.. "[maximizes]... the net benefits of economic development , subject to
maintaining the services and quality ofnatural resources." R. Goodlan吐 andG.

Led凹， Neo c1 assical economics and principles of sustainable development,

Ecological Modeling 38 (1 987): 36.
.. 'Tis based on the premise that] . . . current decisions should not impair the
 prospects for maintaining or improving future living st祖吐缸出... This
implies th前 our economic systems should be managed so that we live off the
dividend of our resources , maintaining and improving the asset base. !I R.
Repetto , World Enough and Time , pp. 15- 時， Yale ,university Press, New
Haven, CT, 1986.
'.. . . is taken to mean a positive rate of change in the quality of life of people,
based on a system that permits this positive rate of change to be maintained
indefinitely. !I 1. M. Eisgruber, Sustainable development, ethics , and the
Endangered Species Act, Choices , Third Quarter 1993 , pp. 牛 8.
, . . . is development without growth --- a physically steady-state economy that
may continue to 吐evelop greater capacity to satisfy human wants by increasing
the e伍ciency of resouτce use , but not by increasing resource throughput." H.
E. Daly, Steady state economics: concepts, questions , and politics , Ecological
Economics 6 (1 992): 333-338.
.. "... is the search and the carrying out of rational strategies that allow society
to manage , in equilibrium and perpetui旬， its interaction with the natural
system (biotic/abiotic) such that socie句， as a whole , benefits and the natural
system keeps a level that permits its recuperation." E. Gutierrez-Espele妞，
lndicadores de sostenibilidad: instrumentos para la evaluacion de las politicas
nacionales" , unpublished paper presented at 50th Anniversity Conference of
the Economic Sciences Faculty sponsored by the University of Costa Rica,
San Jose , Costa Rica, Nov. 凹， 1993.
1.3 Three Dimensions

藍的 vlr臨的朋串的t割草 ustain誼bility
Ecosystemi ntegrity
Garrying ， c誼paCi ty
Biodiversify 單位 cial 單口 stainabil ity
Cultur最 11 社 elltity
Empowerment
Accessi bi lity
Stability
E司 uity

陸 C位的位師IC
單 ustai 晶 ability
Grovvth
Dev惡 lopm 惡 nt
Productiviìy Human 仇feH B 母 Ing
Trickl 車間 down

Envíronmental Sus但ínab研y
The idea of environmental sustainability is to leave the Earth in as good or

better shape for future generations than we found iUor ourselves. By a

definition , human activity is only environmentally sustainable when it can be

performe廿 or maintained indefinitely without depleting natural resources or

degrading the natural environmen t.

Resource consumption would be minimal

Materials consumed would be made ENTlRELY of 100% post-consumer
recycled materials or frorn renewable resources (which were harvested without
harrn to the environrnent and without depletion of the resource base)
Recycling of waste strearns would be 100%
Energy wou1d be conserved and energy supp1ies would be ENTlRELY
renewable an吐 non-polluting (sol訂 therrnal and electric , wind power, biornass ,
etc.)

1.4 Further Reading

" Definitìon of Sustainability rAGSl

" Definitions of Sustainability rSDICl
" The Econornics of Sustainability rUS-EP A1
e Global Sustainability Concepts rUniversity of Calìfomia Irvine1
e 1nteractÏ ve Leamin只 About Sustainable Development rnSDl
llÞ Sustainable Development: Education for En立ineers & Others
., Sustaü1able Developrnent Information rF ive E's1
., "Sustainability" by Robert Gjlm臼1， from the 1992 U1 A1AIA "Call for
Sustainable Community Solutions" rContext Institutel
" Sus哎ta
泣inabì出
lìt甘
γand Sus仗ta
吋inable Developm
泣1er哎
1哎t rUr吋
1吐wer世
.
., Thou 立ht
哎ts on Sus泣ta
剖inabi立1i抗t γ reDes討i 立叩1凶
1甘
1
@ 可屯at is sustainable development? rSustainAbility.com1
@可1hat is "Sustainability"? rFlorida Sustainable Communities Centelj
" v.1hat is Sustainability? rus EPA1
G What Is Sustainability? [by Susan Murcott of MIT]
o Definitions
 o Principles
o Criteria
o 1ndicators
o Conce口 tual Frameworks'

2. CONCEPTS

2.1 Sustainable Construction

Sustainable construction is defined as "the creation and responsible management of a

healthy built environment based on Iesource efficient and ecological principled\
Sustainably designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through
energy and resource efficiency. It inc1 udes the fol1owing principles:

.. minimising non-renewable resource consumption

.. enhancing the natural environment
.. eliminating or minimising the use of toxins

Accordning to an 0ECD Proie哎， "Sustainable building" can be defined as those

buildings that have minimum a吐verse impacts on the built and natural environment, in
terms of the bui1dings themselves , their immediate surroundings and the broader
regional and global setting. "Sustainable bui1ding" may be defined as building
practices , which strive for integral quality (inclu吐ing economic, social and
environmental performance) in a very broa吐 way. Thus, the rational use of natural
resources and appropriate management of the building stock will contribute to saving
sc缸ce resources , reducing energy consumption (energy conservation) , and improving
environmental quality.
Sustainable building involves considering the entire life cycle of buildings ,

taking environmental quali旬， functional quality and , future values into accoun t.

In the past , attention has been primarily focused on the size of the building

stock in many countries. Quality issues have hardly played a significant role.

However, in strict quantity terms , the building and housing market is now

saturated in most countries , and the demarid for quality is growing in

importance. Accordingly , policies that contribute to the sustainability of building

practices should be implemented , with recognition of the importance of

existing market conditions. 80th the environmental iniìiatives of the

construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in the market.

Governments will be able to give a considerable impulse to sustainable

buildings by encouraging these developments. The OECD project has

identified five objectives for sustainable buildings:

.. Resource Efficiency
.. Energy E伍ciency (including Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction)
.. Pollution Prevention (inc1uding Indoor Air Quali句T and N oise Abatement)
Harmonisation with Environment (including Environmental Assessment)
.. Integrated and Systemic Approaches (including Environmental Management
System)

- Cornmunity
- In企astructure
 - Climate chan軒 戶 Profitability - Poverty
- Resources 11- Employment 1- Minorities
- Internal environment II岫 Productivity !I- Inner cities
個 External environmentil- Transport and utilitiesil- Transport

叩門三…… -Ji: 、心于堅持些.~jt_~~哩lum吧??:

Green Code for Archifecfure

[From: Greening Governmen t: Towards More Sustainable Construction: Green

Guide for Managers on the Government Estate , Department for 巨 nvironment;

Food & Rural A仟別的， UK]

Based on the objectives of the Building Research Esìablishment's

Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) The principles are:

.. demolish and rebuild only when it is not economical or practicable to reuse ,

adapt or extend an existing structure;
.. reduce the need for transport during demolition, refurbishment and
construction and tightly control all processes to reduce noise, dust, vibration,
pollution and waste;
0& make the most ofthe site , eg. by studying its history and p回pose ， local

micro-climates and the prevailing winds and weather patterns, solar

orientation, provision of public transport and the form of surrounding
buildings;
0& design the building to minimise the cost of ownership and its impact on the
environment over its life span by making it easily maintainable and by
mc。中orating techniques 組d technologies for conserving energy and water
and reducing emissions to land, water and air;
.. wherever feasible , use the construction techniques which are indigenous to the
area, learning from local traditions in materials and design;
e put the function of the building and the comfort of its occupants well before
any statement it is intended to make about the owner or its designer. That is ,
make it secure , flexible and a吐aptable (to meet 扣ture requirements) and able
to facilitate and promote communications between staff;
e build to the appropriate quality and to last. Longevity depends much on fo口見
 finishes and the method of assembly employed as on the material used.
.. avoid using materials from non renewable sources or which cannot be reused
or recycled, especially in structures which have a short life;

2.2 Environmental Architecture

Five principles of an environmental architecture (Thomas A. Fisher, AIA, November,

1992):

., Healthfullnterior Enviro J:l ment. All possible measures are to be tak:en to

ensure that materials and building systems do not emit toxic substances and
gasses into the interior atmosphere. Additional measures are to be tak:en to
clean and revitalize interior air with filtration and plantings.
• Energy 耳'fficiency. All possible measures are to be tak:en to ensure that 也e
buil吐ing's use of energy is minimal. Cooling, heating and lighting systems are
to use methods and products that conserve or eliminate energy use.
.. Ecologically Benign Materials. All possible measures 缸e to be tal(en to use
building materials and products that minimize destruction of the global
environment. Wood is to be selected based on non destructive forest可
practices. Other materials and products are to be considered based on the toxic
waste out put of production.
.. Environmental Form. All possible measures are to be taken to relate the form
m吐 plan of the design to the site, the region and the climate. Measures are to

be taken to "heal" and augment the ecology ofthe site. Accomodations are to
be made for recyc1ing and energy efficiency. Measures are to be t ak:en to relate
the form of building to a harmonious relationship between the inhabitants and
nature.
.. Good Design. All possible measures are to be t ak:en to achieve an efficieI前，
long lasting and elegant relationship of use areas , circulation, building form ,
mechanical systems and construction technology. Symbolic relationships with
appropriate history, the Earth and spiritual principles are to be searched for
and expressed. Finished buildings shall be well built, easy to use and beautiful.

Ar chitect William McDonough defined the breadth ofwhat Green Building is:

.. The Hannover PrÎnciples

2.3 Ecological Buiiding
Major Areas:
 @ 取而 at does "Ecos" mean?

2.4 Green Building

''Jt's not easy being gree n. 11 - - Kermit the Frog, 1972.

A green approach to the built environment involves a holistic approach to the

design of buildings. AII the resources that go inìo a building , be they materials ,

fuels or the contribution of the users need to be considered if a sustainable

architecture is to be produced. Producing green buildings involves resolving

many conflicting issues and requirements. Each design decision has

environmental implications. Measures for green buildings can be divided into

four areas:

• reducing energy in use

• minimising extemal pollution and environmental damage
 .. reducing embodied energy and reso盯ce depletion
.. minimising internal pollution and damage to health

What Makes a Building Green?

A "green" building places a high priority on heal咐， environmental and resource

conservation performance over its life-cycle. These new priorities expand and

complement the classical building design concerns: economy , utili旬， durability ,

and deligh t. Green design emphasizes a.number of new environmer吐剖，

resource and occupant health concerns:

.. Reduce human exposure to noxious materials.

.. Conserve non-renewable energy and scarce materials.
.. Minimize life-cycle ecological impact of energy and materials used.
.. Use renewable energy an社 materials that are sustainably harvested.
.. Protect and restore local a缸， water, soils, flora and fauna.
.. Support pedestrians , bicycles , mass 仕ansit and other alternatives to
fossil-fueled vehicles.

Most green buildings are high-quality buildings; they last longer, cost less to operate
and maintain, and provide greater occupant satisfactÎon 也an standard developments.
Sophisticated buyers and lessors prefer them , and are often willing to pay a premium
for their advantages. What surprises many people unfamiliar with this design
movement is that good green buildings often cost litt1 e or no more to build 也an
conventional designs. Commitment to better performance, close teamwork throughout
the design process, openness to new approaches , and information on how these are
best applied are more important than a large construction budget.

Sus.但inable Design

Sustainable design is the thoughtful integration of architecture with electric剖，

mechanic針， and structural engineering. In addition to concern for the

traditional
aesthetics of massing , proportion , sca 悟， texture , shadow , and lig 悅， the facility

design team needs to be concerned with long term costs: environment剖，

economic , and human.

The Rocky Mountain Institute outlines five elements for sustainable design:

• Planning and design shoul吐 be thorough. Sustainable design is "front loaded"

compa可ed with traditional design. Early decisions have the greatest impact on
energy efficiency, passive sol a:r design , daylighting , and natural cooling.
IÞ Sustainable design is more of a philosophy of building than a prescriptive
building style. Sustainable buildings don't have any particular look or style.
• Sustainable buildings don't have to cost more , nor are 由ey more complicated
than traditional construction.
111 Integrated 往esign， that is design where each component is considere吐 part ofa
greater whole , is critical to successful sustainable design.
IÞ Minimizing energy consumption and promoting human health should be the
organizing principles of sustainable design. The other elements of design can
be organized: energy saving architectural features , energy conserving building
envelope, and energy也fficient and health-promoting mechanical , electric祉，
an挂 plumbing systems.

Principles 01 Sustainable Design

• Understanding Place - Sustainable design begins with an intimate

understanding of place. If we are sensitive to the nuances of place, we
can inhabit without destroying it. Understanding place helps determine
design practices such as solar orientation of a building on the site ,
preservation of the natural environment, and access to public
transportatìon.

• Connecting with Nature 回Whether the design site is a building in

the inner city or in a more natural se吋時， connecting with nature
brings the designed environment back to life. Effective design helps
inform us of our place within nature.

串 Understanding Natural Processes - In nature there is not waste.

The byproduct of one organism becomes the food for another. In other
wor缸， natural systems are made of close吐 loops. By working with
living processes , we respect the needs of all species. Engaging
processes that regenerate rather than deplete , we become more alive.
Making natural cycles and processes visible brings the designed
environment back to life.

1>> Understanding Environmental Impact - Sustainable design attempts

to have an understanding of the environmental impact of the design by
evaluating the site, the embodied energy and toxicity of the materials,
and the energy efficiency of design,materials and construction
techniques. Negative environmental impact can be mitigated through
use of sustainably harvested building materials an吐 finishes， materials
with low toxicity in manufacturing and installation, and recycling
building materials while on the job site.

• Embracing Co-creative Design Processes - Sustainable designers

are finding it is important to listen to every voice. Collaboration with
systems consultants, engineers and other experts happens early in the
design process , instead of an afterthought. Designers are also listening
to the voices of local communities. Design charettes for the end user
(neighbourhood residents or office employers) are becoming a stan出rd
practíce.

.. Understanding People - Sustainable design must take into

consideration the wide range of cultures, races , religions and habits of
the people who are going to be using and inhabiting the built
environment. This requires sensitivity and empathy on the needs ofthe
people an吐 the community.
2.5 Further Reading

• A 只enda
21 on Sustainable Construction rCIBl
• Defining Sustainable Architecture (bγJack A. Kremers)、 Architronic v4口3.02
• Green Buildin只 Basics
• GI白~een Buildin 頁 Primer fB .E.S.T.l

• Green Buildings 且 The Growin立 Emphasis on Buildin 又 Performance and

Occupant Health
<& Patterns of Sustainable Desi.gn rW'0l\九l.homeasta.org1
•

<& Rural Sustainability (slide show)

e Sustai11able Architecture Online Course [Boston Archjtectura巴拉到
• Sustainable Architecture: A Definìtion (by Jolm NOlion) , Habitat Debate Vo l.
5No.2
e Sustainable Architecture White Papers [Table of Conten!][720 .4 7 S961
.. Sustainable buildin只 in the Netherlands (by P.W. Heiiimen)
• Sustainable Construction rCBPPl
• Sustainable Design fAIA COTEl
• urban Sustainability (slide show)
@ 可司1at is Sustainable Desi立11? - Basic Sustainable Desi自1 Principles

fwww.homeasta.orgl
o Ener只γEfficiency
o Material Efficiency
o Water E伍ci盟主主
o Re 立ional Desi 冉1
@可lhat It Means to Be Green rArchitectural Recordl

3. ISSUES
3.1 Site

Sustainable Urban Design

• what is Sustainable Urban Development? fUniversitγof Salfordl

• Sustainable Urban Design and Clìmate rBureau of MeteOI叫。前

全監控姐

• Principles of sustainable urban design [Barton, H叮 1996. Going

green by design, U示ban Design Quarter妝， January 1996, available at
http:llwww2.rudi'.net/eiludq/571旦旦d.htm11:

O Principle 1: Increasing Local Self-Sufficiency

O Principle 2: Human Needs
O Principle 3: Structure Development Ar ound Energy-Efficient
MovementNetvvorks
O Principle 4: The Open Space Network
O Principle 5: Linear Concentration
O Principle 6: An Energy Strategy
O Principle 7: Water Strategy
Sus.品lnable Transportatlon

Integrating lanιuse ， transport and environmental planning is important to

minimi誨的θ nθθd for frave/ and to promo~θ efficient and e胎的~ve modcθ of

transpo.汀~ including walking. There are four principal ways to influence

transport system efficiency and energy consumption:

.. urban an吐 land-use planning;

.. modal mix (c缸s，設ucks ， rail , air, etc.);
.. behavioural and operational aspects (occupancy of vehi c1 es , driver behaviour,
system characteristics); and
• vehic1 e e古ïciency and fuel choice.

Pedes甘ianisation is to restrict vehic1 e access to a street or area for the ex c1 usive use of
pedestrians. It provides a pleasant and safe enviro血nent for pedestrians , and are ideal
venues for shopping , social and cultural activities such as street markets and fairs.

• Proposed concepts in Hon.g Kon 又

• The Third Comprehensive Transport Study : Final Report

Sust，αinable Cities and Green Development

CII Cities as Superor又amsms

CII Sustainable Cities: EnvirolID1entally Sustainable Urban Development

 4> Green Development Guidin又 Principles

• Green Development: Integratin立 Ecolo 同r and Real Estate

3.2 Energy

Energy 芝加ciency

The benefits from the energy-efficient siting and design of buildings are

economic (saving money) , social (reducing fuel poverty); and ecological

(reducing resource exploitation and emissions). Every new development

ideally should have an explicit energy strategy , setting out how these

benefits are to be achieved.

Computer energy simulaìions can be used to assess energy conseNation

measures early and throughout the design process. The expanded design

team collaborates early in conceptual design to generate many alternative

concepts for building form , envelope and landscaping , focusing on minimizing

peak energy loads , demand and consumption. Computer energy simulation is

used to assess their effectiveness in energy conservation , and their

construction costs. Typical 旬， heating and cooling load reductions from better

glazing , insulation , efficient lighting , daylighting and other measures allows

smaller and less expensive HVAC equipment and systems , resulting in little or

no increase in construction cost compared to conventional designs.

Simulations are used to refine designs and ensure that energy-conseNation

and capital cost goals are met; and to demonstrate compliance with regulatory

requirements.

e Building Ener立y Efficiency Research (BEER)

• 'Enel﹒又y Desi 只n Resources
• En前的l .，. SavÍn立 Teclmolo立y Ín Business-Related Buildin倍 rUNEP Global
EnvÎronmental Centre1

Renewable Energy

• Renewable Ener又V

3.3 Water

[Under Construction]

Water conservation methods:

.. Toilets:-
。 Low tlush toilets
Dual flush toilets (3/6 litres)
Vacuum or compressed air toilets
o Cistem displacement devices
o Waterless toilets
Composting toilets (heated or unheated)
Incinerating toilets
• Urinals: 且

o Urinal controls (infrared, radar, autoflush)

o Waterless urinals
• Wash hand basins:-
o Push taps
o Flow contr仗， self c10sing
o Tap flow regulators
e Shower:-
o Shower mixers
o Water saving showerheads
 o Self closing shower system
• Outside and garden:-
o Water control
@ Clothes Washers:-
o Water saving washers
o Control & usage
.. Water supply:.
o Auto shut off and pressure regulators
• Rain water and grey water:-
o Rain water recycling systems
o Grey water recycling systems

3 .4 Materials
 聽會靜靜黯J F罷!攝電拉宮草草窮"

臨設時臨f器ct峰說的單 單詞11 棋路囂 會V~量嚼疇，

p時串串串錯了{聽聽 昏昏當賠ti臨時s(疇。} 輯醬醋拉{軍官輯}

Embodied Energy

The quantity of energy required by all the activities associated with a

production process , including the relative proportions consumed in all activities

upstream to the acquisition of naturalresources and the share of energy used

in making equipment and other supporting functions. i. e. direct plus indirect

energy.

The energy input required to quarry , transport and manufacture building

materia 悟， plus the energy used in the construction

process , can amount to a quarter of the 'lifetime' energy requirement of a very

energy-efficient building. To reduce embodied

energy , without compromising longevity or efficiency:

• re-use existing buildings and structures wherever possible (provided their

energy costs in use can be reduced to an acceptable level).
@社esign buildings for long 1誨， with ease of maintenance and adaptability to
changing needs
.. construct buildings an吐 infrastructure out of local and low- energy materials
where possible
@ 自由lce the proportion of high rise，吐etached or single-storey developrnents
• design layouts which rninirnise the extent to roadway and utility pipework per
dwelling
.. create a strategy

Prej說brication

.. prefabrication rCityU CIVCAL 1

o Prefabrication in Hong Kon只 Pub 1i c Hous Ìl12
o }-Ia口110ny Site Visit

o ConcOl吐 Site Visit

3.5 Waste

此每ste Management St用tegies

.. Waste preventíon
• Recyclying construction and dernolition rnaterials
.. Architectural reuse (include adaptive reuse , conservative disassernb紗， and
reusing salvaged rnaterials)
" Design for rnaterial recovery (durabili勾心 disassernbly， adaptive reuse)

時3的te hierarchy:
.回到

cuni bo
e 'Geve o p m n
11.i
在
m

唔，aA

戶LV

42
1、
山

4gb
向2.

@@
••
5
3
ra

uv
、i
可1
 • Reduction
• On-site reuse
• On-site recovery
• Off-site reuse
@。在:'site recovery
4> Landfil1

4. to destroy completely

Humans are the only species on Earth that produce waste which is not a raw

material or nutrient for another species. We are the only species to produce

wastes that can be broadly toxic and build up for long periods of time. As

William McDonough , Dean of the University of Virginia School of Architecture ,

has said , a sustainable society would e/ímínate 的e concept ofwaste. Waste is

not simply an unwanted and sometimes harmful by-product of I 訪問 it is a raw

material out of place. Waste and polluìion demonstrate gross inefficiency in the

economic system since they represent resources that are no longer available

for use and/or create harm in humans and other species.

3.6 Community
Sustainable Communities

.. Sustainable Communities rSustainability Reportl

.. Sustainabi1ity and Sustainable Communities
.. Sustainable Cities White Papers rE arth Pled叉el

3.7 Indoor Environment

.. Indoor air quality

.. Visual quality
• Acoustìc quality
.. Noise control
.. Contro l1 ability of systems

4國 Strategies

4.1 Design Guides (online or downloadable)

• ACC SustaÌnable Facility Guide、 2000. rUS Air Forcel (PDF)

• Austin Chronicle's Green Buildin又 Guid~， 1994.
• Buildin又 Green on a Bud只et rE nvironmental Bui1 din只 Newsl

• Checklist for Environmentally Responsible Desi 叉口 and Construction

{Envir
廿‘Oαnn立le丘t阻
al Bl叫
i丘ildin立 Ne叭
w憑S

• Ecot挖
ecture rDe口a似rtm工nen
1討t of
凶 Des泣i 只冉na
訟nd Envir‘ onm
羽 en
氓tal Analys泣lS句 COI立
τ1elll

Universityl
• Ener的1 Desígn Guídelines for High Performance Schools
111 Ener知1 smarl building design: How to make it happen
• E111命。717η enlal Assessmenl Guidefor Public Housil想 (October 1996) rHUDl
• Environmenlal Sustainabilitv Checklist fCity of Austin Green Buildin 立

全組也]
.. Good R 白'idential Desüzn Guide - Your Home fwww.greenhouse. 又ov.aul
• GlAeen Offìce Guide rvv而TW. 前的過ous主盟主史]
• G.reen Products Guide rArchitectural Recordl
 Building Council , 1996.
.. s:ustainable Decision Guide For Citv ofSaint Paul F，α cilities
.. Sustainable DesiJ!J1 Brochur f., Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum , Inc.(HOK) , St.
Louis, Missouri , 1998.
'" 1',71e Sustaínable Desizn Resource Guiä~， Am erican Insitute of Ar chitects
Committee on the Environment (COTE) and Architects , Designers and
Planners for Social Responsibility (ADPSR Colorado) , Third Edition, 1997.
@ 口ze Sustainable Desizn Resource Guide: Colorado 正是 the J;V缸:tern Jvlountain
豆豆豆但笠， Denver AIA Committee on the Environment, 2000. .

.. w.hole Buildinz Desizn Guide , 2000.

.. {lhole Buildiny!: Desizn Guid，~， US Navy, 1997.

4.2 Processes

W誼.t ér'co時ser苟且fiôn

R出口ce '11 Recyêl車

Designers þ~時叫品g
Phase

Contractors
hBd品1草
Phase
Users

þ~僻Building
Phase

P!anníng Process

.. Site selection an吐 planning

.. Budget planning
'" Capital planning
.. Programme planning
Design Process

• Client awareness and goal setting

o Green vision, project goals & green design criteria
• Team 吐evelopment

.. Well-integrate吐 design

.. Resource management
.. Performance goals

Oper，αtion & Maintenαnce

.. Commissioning ofbuilding systems

• Building operation
• Maintenance practices
.. Renovation
• Demolition

4.3 Assessment

Environmental Assessmellt

111 Assessment Me出 ods: Design rUniversity of Salfordr

.. AτHENA Sustainable Materials Institute
• BEES (Buildin只 for EnviI‘o1U11ental and Economic Sustainability)
111 BRE Environmental Profiles
111 BREEAMUK
• BREEM在 Canada

o Copγ 企omCSA

111 Buildin立 Environmental QualitγEvaluation for Sustainability Thmu 又h Time

(BEQUEST)
• Construction and City Related Sustainabi 1i ty Indicators CRISP
• EcoHome (UK)
o 1nfo from Battle McCarthy
• Eco-Pro (Finl位1d)

• Eco-Quantum 仔.Jetherl 剖1ds)

.. ENVEST (environmental impact estimatín 立 desi 立n software) rUK BREl

o Assessment Process & Benifits fB attle McCarthγ1

• Environmental Support Solutions

• EQUER (France)
 .. GBTool
o Green Building Assessment Tool - GBTool 1.3
o A Second啊 Gener前ion Environmental Performance Assessment System
for Buil吐 mgs

.. Green Buildin只 Ratin，g System (Korea)

.. Green Globes
.. 1nte1'active Tools SurveγrUniversity ofWeimar、 Gem1arwl

.. 1nternational Association fo 1' Impact Assessments (I AIA)

.. LCAid (Aust1'alia)
• LEED Green Buildi設立 Ratin只 System

.. LISA (LCA in Sustainable A1'chitecture)

.. New Measures for Buildin只 Performance
.. Si加
1泣
m
吋 1叩
封1'0
P 叫li泊
色
fe.φ"叫.

Assessment MetllO dologies

• Indoor air quality audit

.. Life cycle energy audit
o lnitial embodied energy
o Recurring embodied energy
o Operational energy
o Benchmarking
o Greenhouse gas assessrnent
.. Lighting , thermal and ventilation (LTV) audit
.. Hydraulic audit
.. Life cycle costing audit
.. Post occupancy evaluation

Assessment Principles

• Bel1 a只io P1'inciples: Guide 1ines for the Practical Assessment ofProgress
Towar"ds Sustainable Development

Biodiversity Criteria

Preservation of:

• species richness , abundance , dive1'sity;

.. ecological dive1'sity;
• high number of endernic species;
 .. high number of important gene pools;
.. habitat.

Three forms of biodiversity:

-131
epks-
neo cse
eDAC
σbse

4LhuruvJ
@@@
封

m
凸LH

口
3

Natural environment to protect:

@
Grassland
@
Shrubland
@
Forest
@ Wetland
.. Water stream
@ Mangrove
@
Marsh

Impact of urban development

@吐irect species 10ss

.. habitat destructionJfragmentation
.. habitat degradation (p ollution, decrease in size) e.g. due to disturbance , noise ,
light
.. food web disruption

Impact mitigation

• Avoidance
o No deve10pment
o Altemative
.. Reduction
o mmímlse impacts
• Compensation (on site or off site)
o habitat creation/restoration
H. LIFT INSTALLATION

1. General

The lift instaIlation wiI1 be designed to comply with the following codes and standards:

1.1 Code ofPractice ofBuilding Works for Lifts and Escalators , BD, HK.

1.2 Code ofPractice on the Design and Construction ofLifts and Escalators, EMSD , HK..

1.3 General Specification for Lift and Escalator Installation in Government Buildings,
EMSD , HK.

1.4 BS 5655 Specification for the Testing and Inspection of Electric and Hydraulic Li在耳，
BSI, UK.

2. Scope ofWork

The scope ofwork for Ii在 design includes the fo lI owing items:

2 .1 苟楚。 passenger lifts

2.2 One passenger li丘 as frreman' s Ii丘

2 .3 One car li在