POWER EVACUATION & SMART
METERING
P f Suryanarayana
Prof. S D
Doolla
ll
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
MODERN ELECTRICITY SYSTEM
2
POWER EVACUATION
| Stage wise power evacuation
y Phase I, Phase II and …….Phase N
| Connecting the power plant to
y Existing grid substation
y Nearby substation of another Company/Industry
| Power evacuated under normal conditions
| Power
P evacuated
t dd
during
i C Contingency
ti conditions.
diti
| Power plant in the nearby location
| Clear understanding of power system planning in that
area/utility
| Plan in sync with utility plans
| Feeder
F d outagest 3
TYPICAL SLD OF PV PLANT
DC/AC
I VCB ACB Inverter
Grid L
A
DC/AC
I VCB ACB Inverter
L
A
VCB
B
DC/AC
I VCB ACB Inverter
L
A
COMPONENTS OF POWER EVACUATION
| Transformer
| Circuit breaker
| Current Transformer
| Potential Transformer
| Lightning Arrestors
| Cables & Conductors
| Isolator
| Energy
E g M Meter
t
5
CABLES
Cross Approx Current Current Short Short
sectiona overall rating rating circuit Circuit
l area diamete (ground) (Air) (A) current MVA
(sq mm) r (mm) (A) (kA)
3 150
3x150 66 240 285 14 1
14.1 268
3x240 76 315 385 22.6 430
3x300 82 355 440 28.2 537
3x400 90 405 510 37.6 716
•Duration of short circuit – 1 sec
M i
•Maximum allowable
ll bl temp
t during
d i short
h t circuit
i it – 2500C
6
CONDUCTORS
Standard Code Word Diameter Current in Current in
Nominal (mm) Ampere Ampere
copper (300c) (500c)
(Sq. mm) (A) (A)
13 S i l
Squirrel 6 33
6.33 70 97
20 Weasel 7.77 100 123
30 Rabbit 10.05 148 183
55 Cat 13.5 229 285
7
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
| Most efficient technique to determine the behavior of
th system
the t under
d steady
t d state
t t conditions
diti
| Provides information regarding
y Bus voltage at different load points
y R l and
Real d reactive
ti power flows
fl
y Circuit overloads
y System losses
| Operating procedures can be analyzed
y Contingency conditions
| Loss of generator, transmission line, transformer or load
| It is p
performed to determine the optimum
p evacuation
scheme from proposed plant both
y Normal
y Contingency condition
| B
Base case iis critical
iti l 8
ANALYSIS OF LOAD FLOW RESULTS
| Options
p for p
power evacuation
| Line over loadings because of power evacuation
| Line over loadings during contingency
| Possibility of Microgrids?
9
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
| To compute the magnitude of the currents flowing
through the power system after a fault occurs
| Design an adequate protective system
| Capacity of the interrupting requirements for the
circuit breakers
| Recognize faults and initiate circuit breaker operation
to disconnect faulted facilities
| Types of fault
y Three phase
y Phase to phase
y Double phase to ground
| Select fuses, breakers, switch gear ratings in addition
to setting of protective relays and checking their 10
coordination
OVERVIEW OF IEC 61850
Standard Communication with Protection and Control
TCP/IP (Ethernet Standard) Metering & SCADA
Communication between bay Remote monitoring and fault
d i
devices diagnosis
IEC 61850
Integration of innovative sensor
and switch technologies Fault
au t records
eco ds and
a d ttime
e
synchronization
Automated dispatch and
control; Condition monitoring and
diagnosis.
Asset management;
UTILITY AUTOMATION – IEC 61850
| Highly
g y flexible and Scable
| Protection and Control
| Uses main stream technologies like Object
modeling, XML and TCP/IP
| Reduces operation, engineering and maintenance
costs;
| Availability in market
| Interoperable
p and Interchangeable
g
12
ARCHITECTURE - SUBSTATIONS
13
SMART METERING
14 Advanced Metering Infrastructure
AUTOMATED METERING
INFRASTRUCTURE- SMART METERS
Outage
management
System
Active Load
Pre-Payment
Control
SMART
METER
Revenue Sub-
Protection Metering 15
NET METERING
| It is a electricity
yppolicy
y for consumers who own
renewable energy facilities or V2G electric
vehicles.
| Net
N t = What
Wh t remainsi after
ft deductions
d d ti
| Demand Response
| PV Inverter for reactive power
support using smart PV inverters
16
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/
SMART METERING
| Digitally
g y capture
p or record when p
power is
consumed/produced
| Two way communication
y Transmit the information to a central server
y Receive commands/information from central server
and take appropriate action.
| Control
17
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
| Voltage
g and Current Inputs
p
| Communication modules
y Zigbee, RF, PLCC, GSM/GPRS etc.
| Power Supply
| Core Processor Power Supply LCD Display
COMMUNICATION
| LCD Display
Di l
| RS 232 port
Voltage
N
Current
18
COMPONENTS
Power Supply
Voltage
Coommunica
ation
19
Current
Source: http://www.ti.com/
HOW THEY OPERATE?
INTERNET
GSM/GPRS Local Mesh Network
20
DCU
HOW THEY OPERATE?
INTERNET
GSM/GPRS
21
TASKS
Measure,
Observe
Smart
Meter
Commun
Control
icate
-icate
22
TASKS
| Measure,, Observe & Display
p y
y Three Phase voltages
y Three Phase currents
y P
Power ffactor
t
y Power flow direction
y Outages
g
y Theft
y Maximum demand information
y T iff rate
Tariff t iinformation
f ti
y Total money/kWh spent/earned
y Carbon credits
23
y Time of use tariff
COMMUNICATION
Various communication modes
y Application specific
| Radio Frequency
| GSM/GPRS
| Zigbee
| Wimax
Wi
| Power Line Communication
24
COMMUNICATION- POSSIBLE OPTIONS
| Direct GSM/GPRS
y Low density Area
| Local mesh (zigbee) and GPRS
y High density Area
| Local mesh (RF) and GPRS
y High Density Area
| Local mesh (PLC) and GPRS
y High Density Area
25
CONTROL
| Connect/disconnect in case of p
pre-paid
p type
yp
meters
| Disconnect in case of
y Power theft
y Tampering
| Any other control requirement as per utility
26
SPECIFICATIONS
| Support the regular features that a standard static
meter
t
| Shall comply with the requirements of IS 13779.
| The connection/disconnection relay shall be as per
IS15884
| In addition it will support communication interface for
data exchange between data concentrator unit and
utility.
utility
| The meter can have a GPRS modem in case when it
connects to the network management system directly
for spread out locations.
| Dense locations - RF mesh module (frequency band of
865-867 MHz) Æ Data Concentrator Unit ÆWAN using
GPRS.
| A other
Any h de-licensed
d li db
bandd which
hi h suits
i the
h application
li i 27
can also be utilized.
Report: Cost Effective AMI Framework CEA, India
WHAT MAKES IT SMART?
Conventional Meter Smart Meter
Only electricity consumption (kWh) Voltage, Hourly kWh data, power
quality measurements
No communication capability Integrated two-way communication
between the utility and meter
No outage detection Automated outage detection and
notification
No tamper detection Automated meter tamper alarms
Manual on-site meter reading Remote meter connect and
Manual meter connects and disconnects
disconnects Automated and on-demand meter
readings
Consumption feedback and cost Real time feedback provided to
estimate
ti t iis ddone after
ft every month
th customer
t 28
(typical reading time)
REFERENCES
| http://www.bchydro.com/energy_in_bc/projects/smart_metering_infrastructure_
program/smart_meter_and_grid_technology/smart_meters_smart.html
/ d id h l / h l
| http://en.wikipedia.org/
| Report: Cost Effective AMI Framework CEA, India-2011.
| htt //
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa467/slaa467.pdf
ti /lit/ / l 467/ l 467 df
29
