UNIT-I (2 marks answers)
1a) Efficient Energy Use: Renewable Integration:. Real-Time Monitoring: Cost
Savings: Demand Response: Grid Security: Consumer Empowerment:
Environmental Benefits:
b) Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI):
Two-Way Communication:
Energy Storage Systems:.
Renewable Energy Integration:
Demand Response:.
Automation and Control:
Cyber security:
Data Analytics:
Electric Vehicle Integration:
High-Voltage Transmission:
c) Smart Meters: Communication Networks: Sensors and Actuators: Advanced
Control Systems: Distributed Energy Resources (DER): Energy Management
Systems (EMS): Electric Vehicles (EVs): Cybersecurity Systems: Data Analytics
Tools:
High-Voltage Infrastructure:
d) Smart Grid Vision for India:
Reliable Power Supply: Renewable Integration: Reduced Losses: Energy Efficiency:
Consumer Empowerment: Self-Healing Grid: Smart Metering: Sustainable
Development: Electric Vehicle Integration: Resilient Grid
e) Chandigarh: Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI).
Bangalore: Fault detection and self-healing systems.
Panipat: Renewable energy integration and micro grid deployment.
f) Technological Aspect:
Advanced Communication: Two-way data exchange between utilities and consumers.
Automation and Self-Healing: Real-time monitoring, fault detection, and autonomous
recovery.
Consumer-Centric Aspect:
Energy Efficiency: Tools for optimizing energy usage and lowering bills.
Renewable Integration: Seamless adoption of solar panels, wind turbines, and EVs at
the consumer level.
UNIT-II (2 marks answers)
1a) Use of WAMS (Wide Area Monitoring System):
1. Grid Stability: Monitors real-time grid performance to prevent blackouts.
2. Fault Detection: Quickly identifies and locates faults in the power system.
3. Enhanced Reliability: Improves system resilience with better visibility and control.
4. Renewable Integration: Facilitates the integration of intermittent renewable energy.
5. Decision Support: Provides data for informed grid operation and planning.
b) Real-Time Monitoring: Measures voltage, current, and frequency with high precision.
Grid Stability: Detects disturbances and ensures system stability.
Fault Detection: Quickly identifies faults to prevent outages.
Renewable Integration: Helps manage variable renewable energy sources.
Data Synchronization: Provides time-synchronized data for enhanced grid analysis.
Control and Automation: Supports advanced grid control for reliability and efficiency.
c) Automation: Enables remote monitoring and control of grid components.
Fault Management: Detects, isolates, and resolves faults quickly.
Data Collection: Gathers real-time data for analysis and decision-making.
Communication: Interfaces with other devices for seamless operation.
Improved Reliability: Enhances system protection and performance.
d) Function of PDC (Phasor Data Concentrator):
1. Data Aggregation: Collects and synchronizes phasor data from multiple PMUs.
2. Real-Time Monitoring: Provides a unified view of grid conditions.
3. Fault Analysis: Assists in detecting and analyzing disturbances.
4. Data Filtering: Removes errors or noise from PMU data streams.
5. Decision Support: Supplies processed data for grid control and operation.
e) SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition):
1. Monitoring: Supervises real-time operations of grid components.
2. Control: Enables remote control of power systems and equipment.
3. Data Collection: Gathers operational data from field devices.
4. Fault Detection: Identifies and responds to anomalies in the grid.
5. Automation: Supports efficient and reliable grid management.
f) Communications Used in Smart Meters:
1. Wired (PLC): Power Line Communication for data transmission over power lines.
2. Wireless (Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LTE): Wireless technologies for remote data transfer.
3. Cellular (GPRS, 4G): Mobile network for data exchange with utilities.
4. RF (Radio Frequency): Short-range communication for local data transfer.
5. Comparison of Conventional and Smart Metering:
2b)
Feature Conventional Metering Smart Metering
Data Collection Manual reading by meter reader Automated, real-time data collection
Meter Reading Monthly or periodic Continuous, real-time
High accuracy with no human
Accuracy Prone to human error
intervention
Consumer Two-way communication (remote
Limited (manual checks only)
Interaction access)
Higher operational costs
Cost Efficiency Lower costs (automated and remote)
(manual)
Delayed, requires manual
Fault Detection Instantaneous fault detection
inspection
Energy Management Limited monitoring options Advanced data for energy optimization
Remote disconnect/reconnect
Remote Control No remote functionality
capabilities
Easily integrates with smart grid
Integration Not integrated with other systems
systems
