Specification
Civil and Structure
Vopak Asia Operational Excellence
Document No: VPS-25-001
Revision: 0
Revision
Rev. Issue Date Prepared by Checked by Approved by
Description
Updated VAS
0 12 January 2012 Standard ROS SAQ SAQ
Specification
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. SCOPE 3
2. CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATION 3
3. LANGUAGE AND UNIT 5
4. LOAD 5
5. SAFETY FACTOR 10
6. SOIL CONDITIONS 10
7. STRUCTURAL STEEL 10
Specification Rev 1, 12 January 2012
General Specification for Civil and Structure VPS 200-01
Vopak Asia Singapore Page 3 of 11
1. SCOPE
This specification sets for the basic requirements for design, material and
construction of Civil and Structural work.
2. CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATION
All civil works shall be designed and constructed according to the regulations and
standards for design and materials specified in the following.
2.1 International Standards and Directives
(a) Reinforced Concrete Construction
BS 8110 :
The Structural use of reinforced concrete in Building.
(b) Steel Structural Construction for Building
BS 5950 :
Specification for the use of structural steel in Building.
(c) Local Building Regulations or equivalent.
(d) Building facilities
Local Code of Practice on sanitary plumbing and drainage system.
Local Code of Practice for mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning in
Buildings or equivalent.
(e) Earthquake Load
Uniform Building Code, UBC 1997 Volume 2
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2.2 Material
2.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Construction
(a) Concrete
Cube Strength
of Concrete of
Grade 28 days (N/mm²) Relevant Structure
15/20 15.0 Leveling Concrete
30/20 30.0 Pipe Sleeper, Building Foundation,
Piperack & Building Sub-structure,
Column, Beam, Roof, Pit
35/20 35.0 Reinforce Concrete Bundwall, Concrete
Tank Foundation
(b) Reinforcing Steel Bar
- Round Bar
BS 4449 fy = 250 N/mm² or equivalent ( Mild Steel Bar )
- Deformed Bar
BS 4449 fy = 460 N/mm² or equivalent ( High Yield Steel Bar )
- Steel Fabric
BS 4483 or equivalent
2.2.2 Steel Structure Construction
(a) Structural Steel
ASTM A36
Structural Steelwork – BS 4360
Structural Steel Framework – BS 449
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General Specification for Civil and Structure VPS 200-01
Vopak Asia Singapore Page 5 of 11
Hot Dipped Galvanising – BS 729
Structural Steelwork in Building – BS 5950
(b) Unfinished Hexagonal Head Bolts
ASTM A307
(BS 2708 – Unified Black Square and Hexagon Bolts, screws and nuts)
(BS 916 – Mild steel bolts and nuts shall have a tensile strength of not less
than specified in this standard)
(c) High Strength Bolt (High Tension Bolt)
ASTM A325 or equivalent
(d) Anchor Bolt
Bolt : ASTM A36
Nut : ASTM A307
(e) Electrode
BS 639 E43 designation or equivalent
(f) Welding
BS 5135 or equivalent
3. LANGUAGE AND UNIT
According to VPS000-01 - General Specification for Design.
4. LOAD
The design shall be executed against the various load combinations. This section
covers the various load components and combinations which shall generally be
taken into account in the design. In case of special loads, these shall be covered
in each section
4.1 Type of Loads
G : Dead loads
Specification Rev 1, 12 January 2012
General Specification for Civil and Structure VPS 200-01
Vopak Asia Singapore Page 6 of 11
Dead loads comprise the permanent weights of all the construction
materials including walls, roofs, floors, stairways, fixed equipments,
fixed building services etc. plus the net effect of pre-stressing (if
applicable) to be supported by the structural frames.
In estimating dead load for purpose of design, the actual weights of
materials and cinstructions shall be used. If no data is available, the
minimum design dead loads shall be estimated in accordance with BS
6399 and calculated from the unit weight given in BS 648.
E : Static equipment load
Static equipment load shall be based on vendor’s data. The following
conditions must be considered in load combinations to obtain the
most adverse effect on the structures.
Ee : Empty weight
EO : Operation weight
Et : Hydrostatic test loads
Eer : Erection weight
P : Piping load
Operating piping load consist of pipe weight filled with water shall also
be considered as live load.
L : Live load
Minimum live loads for all structure shall be in accordance to the
recommendation of BS 6399 but not less than the required loading as
per local standard.
(a) For walkways except walkways for valve operations : 1.5 kN/m²
(b) For platforms used mainly for maintenance purpose and
platforms for valve operations: 3 kN/m²
iH : Impact loads
Impact coefficient(s) of vehicle loads
0,3
S = 1+ H
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H : Earth covering for structure
Impact loads for crane and hoist loads
Crane and hoist loads shall be assumed at their maximum values
including lifting capacity as well as the maximum horizontal loads
caused by braking or acceleration. For crane gentry girders the
following allowances shall be used to cover all forces set up by
vibration, shock from slipping of slings, kinetic action of acceleration
and retardation, and impact of wheel loads :
(a) For loads acting vertically, the maximum static wheel loads shall
be increased by the following percentages:
For electric overhead cranes : 25 percent
For hand-operated cranes : 10 percent
(b) The horizontal force acting transverse to the rails shall be taken
as a percentage of the combined weight of the crab and the load
lifted as follows :
For electric overhead cranes : 10 percent
For hand-operated cranes : 5 percent
This force shall be taken into account when considering the
lateral rigidity of the rails and their fastenings.
(c) Horizontal forces acting along the rails shall be taken as a
percentage of the static wheel loads which can occur on the
rails, as follows :
For overhead cranes, either electric or hand-operated : 5
percent
The forces specified in either (b) or (c) above shall be
considered as acting at the rail level and being appropriately
transmitted to the supporting systems. Gantry girders and their
vertical supports shall be designed on the assumption that either
the horizontal force (b) or the horizontal force (c) shall act at the
same time as the vertical load.
B : Bundle pulling force
A pulling force shall be considered as equal to 100% of the tube
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bundle weight.
D : Dynamic loads
The dynamic loads shall be derived from the values of the
manufacturer.
It : Thermal Load
Friction force due thermal expansion shall be taken as the operating
load on the support multiplied by the applicable friction coefficient
from the table below.
Surface Friction Coefficient
Steel to concrete 0.45
Steel to steel 0.30 *
Steel to Teflon 0.08
Teflon to teflon 0.08
Graphite to graphite 0.15
* Coefficient of Friction load on pipe support shall be 0.1
The horizontal force exerted by expanding or contracting pipes on
steel pipe racks shall not be distributed to the foundations.
W : Wind loads
As a rule, wind loads shall be derived from loading dates of
equipment and steel structures. Where wind loads are not given in
loading data, the assessment of wind load shall be calculated as
follows :
W = C.q.A
Where,
A : Projection area (m²)
q : Wind pressure per unit area as follows :
C : Wind force coefficient shall be in accordance with BS CP-3 loading -
wind load
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General Specification for Civil and Structure VPS 200-01
Vopak Asia Singapore Page 9 of 11
BS 6399 : Part 2 : Code of Practice for wind loads
S : Snow, Sand or Water Loads
Snow and sand load in accordance with local regulations
Local due to rainwater accumulation on roofs shall also be taken
account.
4.2 Load Combinations
All structure shall be designed to their strength be on local combination using
strength design from the following table.
Operation
Test Erection
Load With Wind Without Wind
A B C D
Dead Load G 1.2 1.4 1.4 0.9
Live Load L 1.2 1.6 -
Static Equipment
Empty Ee 1.2 0.9
Operating Eo 1.2 1.6
Hydro Test Et 1.4
Piping Load P 1.2 1.6 1.4 0.9
Dynamic Load D 1.2 1.6 1.4 0.9
Crane Load iH 1.2 1.6 -
Wind Load W 1.2 - - 1.6
Thermal Load Lt 1.2 1.6 -
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Vopak Asia Singapore Page 10 of 11
5. SAFETY FACTOR
Minimun safety factor against the various load combinations to be achieved shall
be in accordance with the table shown below:
Load Combination Erection Hydro-Test Operation
Sliding 1.5 1.5 1.5
Overturning 2.0 2.0 2.0
Uplift 1.25 1.25 1.25
Circular Slip 1.5 1.5
6. SOIL CONDITIONS
6.1 General
Soil conditions to be used for design of various structures shall be decided
according to the soil investigation reports. Soil investigation has to be carried out
by a Consultant specialized in foundation and soil mechanics.
6.2 Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil
The bearing capacity of soil shall be estimated based on available soil data.
Meyerhof’s method should be used to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of
the soil. Safety factor of 3.0 shall be adopted to obtain the allowable bearing
capacity.
7. STRUCTURAL STEEL
7.1 All steel structure shall be designed in accordance with BS 5950
Minimum yield strength for structural steel member shall comply with
ASTM A36, BS 4360 Grade 43, BS EN 10025 S275 and JIS G3101
SS400. Minimun thickness of steel member shall be 4mm.
Bolts shall be grade 8.8 conforming to BS 3692 or high strength friction
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grip bolts conforming to BS 4395. All bolts shall be tightened with nuts and
washers.
Maximum permissible deflection due to non-factored loads shall be in
accordance with BS 5950-1:2000 Table 8. Total horizontal displacement of
portal frames shall not exceed 1/100 of the height as recommended by
Steel Construction Institute.(SCI).
7.2 Galvanizing
Galvanizing shall be in accordance with BS 729 “Hot Dip Galvanized
Coatings on Iron and Steel Articles.
