CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS AND THE Moral development: the growing understanding of

LEARNING PRINCIPLES REVIEWER right and wrong, and the change in behavior caused by
that understanding; sometimes called a conscience.

PART 1: BASIC CONCEPTAND ISSUES ON HUMAN 1. The following concept of development is true
DEVELOPMENT EXCEPT:
Basic Concepts
A. Development is a continuous process.
GROWTH B. The sequence of development is the same for all
Refers to quantitative changes in an individual as he children.
progresses in chronological age. It may refer to increase C. Maturation has nothing to do with development.
in size, height or weight D. Certain reflexes present at birth anticipate voluntary
movement.
DEVELOPMENT
Progressive series of changes of an orderly and Answer: C. Maturation involves a series of qualitative
coherent type leading to the individual’s changes.
Transformation The capacity and skills of a person
to adopt to the environment Pertains to the behavioral 2. “Girls mature faster than boys”. Which principle of
aspects of growth human development
supports this?
MATURATION
Consists of changes that occur relatively independent of A. Growth follows a pattern
the environment. A development change due to B. Maturation precedes learning
aging C. Developmental rates vary
D. Every stage development has characteristic traits
ATTACHMENT
Refers to close emotional bond children normally form ANSWER: C. Development rates vary due to a number
with those who care for them of factors, from acquired traits to food intake or
nutritional factors.
AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT
3. Which statement on brain development is CORRECT?
Physical development: the changes in size, shape, and
physical maturity of the body, including physical abilities A. Most of the neurons in the adult brain are produced
and coordination. before birth.
B. Most of the neurons in the adult brain are produced
Intellectual development: the learning and use of at birth.
language; the ability to reason, C. Most of the neurons in the adult brain are produced
after birth.
problem-solve, and organize ideas; it is related to the D. Brain development stops at childhood.
physical growth of the brain.
Answer A. brain development is a remarkably complex
Social development: the process of gaining the process that is controlled through interactions among
knowledge and skills needed to interact successfully intracellular signaling, secreted signaling molecules, and
with others. cell surface receptors

Emotional development: feelings and emotional 4. The increase in the number of teeth, length of
responses to events; changes in understanding one's fingernails and hair, and weight of muscles manifests:
own feelings and appropriate forms of expressing them.
A. Growth
B. Development
C. Maturation 6. Mrs. Mendoza is the homeroom adviser of Grade IV-
D. Adaptation Service. Of the following choices, which is generally or
typically expected of grade IV pupils?
Answer: A. Growth and development refer to
quantitative and qualitative changes, A. Being independent of parents
respectively. B. Displaying a male or feminine social role
C. Getting along with classmates
THE HAVIGHURST D. Showing class leadership
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
Answer: C. Basing on Robert Havighurst’s
Robert Havighurst proposed a list of common critical Developmental Tasks, children between 6-12 yrs. Old
developmental tasks, categorized into six stages are expected to get along with their peers and
of development. The table below shows a partial list of classmates. Option A, B, and D are Developmental Tasks
Havighurst developmental tasks. under Adolescence stage.

7. Which of the following is an expression of child’s

interest in his body?

A. Looking at themselves in the mirror

B. Looking at the picture of adult men and women
C. Commenting on various parts of the body and ask
questions about them
D. Comparing themselves with others

Answer: A. It is an opportunity for self-exploration; all

the other choices tend to divert the child’s attention far
from themselves and towards others.

BASIC CONCEPTS

Heredity (Nature)
The process of transmitting biological traits from
parents to offspring through genes, the basic units of
heredity It brings about development through the
5. Why are life stages important? process of maturation which is the unfolding of heredity
potentials
A. They represent the outcome of major biological
changes Environment (Nurture)
B. They present a set of developmental tasks to be
mastered Refers to the surrounding conditions that influence
C. They provide insight into the values and aspirations growth and development
of particular cultures
D. Their beginning and end are perfectly correlated with 8. The transmission of genetic characteristics from the
chronological age parents to the offspring is:

Answer: B. Though the said stages really do come with A. Heredity

biological changes, the roles and developmental tasks B. Fertilization
determine a person’s well-being not only for the current C. Environment
stage for the succeeding ones as well. D. Conception
Answer: A. Heredity is the passing on of traits from C. It ends when puberty is complete
parents to their offspring. D. It is a time of preoccupation with one’s own thought

9. EJ and Em-Em were born almost at the same time. Answer: D. Egocentrism is more common in children
Em-Em’s mother keeps wondering why EJ can now walk aged two to six. Most adolescents tend to seek out and
fast, while her son has just started to stand alone. What focus on peer groups.
may be the reason for this?
13. How can parents foster initiative and independence
A. Process of assimilation in children?
B. Process of maturation
C. Importance of social interaction A. Restricting a child’s freedom to play, to use
D. Interaction with physical environment imagination, and to choose
activities
ANSWER: B. Development rates vary due to a number B. Identity versus role confusion
of factors including heredity, maturation, stimulation, C. Encouragement from parents when a child plans and
and even nutrition. carries out a task
D. Mastering psychomotor skills
10. Includes all the conditions inside and outside an
organism that influence its behavior, growth and Answer: C. Encouragement serves as positive
development: motivation that strengthens a child’s psychological and
emotional response and attachment to a certain task.
A. Heredity
B. Environment 14. Teacher Maureen always considers the family
C. Schooling backgrounds of her students to better understand
D. Peering them. Which principle is considered here?

Answer: B. Environment is both internal and external, A. Maturation precedes contain types of learning
and may affect the innate nature and processes that B. Development rates vary among individuals
happen in an organism C. Each stage of development has characteristic trait
D. Development of an organism is the result, heredity
11. The couple believes that the inherited traits of their and environment interaction
son are not enough to make him a good person. They
tried to raise him well. Which principle explains this? Answer: D. The best learning strategies and
opportunities may be formulated by determining an
A. Growth is sequential and progressive individual’s nature or traits
B. Early development is critical
C. Development is the interaction between heredity and 15. Which of the following BEST resolves the nature-
environment nurture controversy?
D. Each stage of development has characteristic traits
A. Nurture is clearly more important in development
Answer: C. Though every child comes with innate than nature
characteristics, these can be altered by the B. Nature is clearly more important in development
environment. than nurture
C. Neither nature or nurture plays a particular strong
12. Which statement should be omitted when we talk role in development
about adolescence? D. The interaction between nature and nurture is most
important part in
A. It begins with the onset of puberty devel0pment
B. It is a time where the young person is no longer a
child but not yet an adult
Answer D. Most developmentalist have agreed that in 19. “ A child’s brain is unique and vastly different from
the nature-nurture controversy, people must one another”. Which
understand that both nature and nurture interact of the following teaching practices below clearly
and they affect the child’s development. violates the said principle of child development?

16. Marco and Marlo are identical twins who got A. Jessica is given the opportunity to explore the lesson
orphaned at 4 years old. They were separated and more rather than being spoon fed with information.
raised by families of different socio-economic status. B. Neil’s talent in music is tapped for the lesson in Math.
After a few years, difference in their academic C. Teacher Ken conducted an open dialogue among
performance was noted. What explains this difference? sudents of various cultural backgrounds.
D. Sofia, a left-handed pupil, was asked to write using
A. Difference in intelligence her right hand.
B. Difference in nature
C. Difference in genetic Answer: D. Option A gives the students freedom to be
D. Difference in nurturing responsible of her learning. Option B utilizes multiple
intelligences principle. Option C adheres to multicultural
Answer: D. Environmental factors can alter one’s education. All the three options clearly respect
growth and development, despite the presence of students’ uniqueness and individuality. Only D violates
innate characteristics. the principle since it does not respect the child’s
biological nature.
17. In the hierarchy of scientific knowledge, what are
sets of facts, concepts and principles that describe 20. Mrs. Villager gave her students in class newspapers.
underlying mechanism that regulate human She told the students to pick any article or news that
learning, development and behavior? they are interested to read and report later in the big
group. What effect of learning is manifested based on
A. Facts the given scenario?
B. Concepts A. Allowing different interests
C. Theories B. Changing attitudes and feelings
D. Hypothesis C. Encouraging participation
D. Reinforcing learning
Answer: C. Theories are set of facts, concepts, and
principles that organize multiple findings and allow for Answer: A. The teacher gave the students freedom of
description and explanation. Examples: Piaget’s the choice based on the individual interest, which is a
theory Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning. good teaching practice in the 21st century.

18. How can parents foster initiative and independence

in children? PART 2: DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES AND OTHER
RELEVANT THEORIES
A. Restricting a child’s freedom to play, to use
imagination, and to choose activities
B. Identity versus role confusion
C. Encouragement from parents when a child plans and
carries out a task
D. Mastering psychomotor skills

Answer: C. Encouragement serves as positive

motivation that strengthens a child’s psychological and
emotional response and attachment to a certain
task.
1. Freud's Psychosexual
Developmental Theory

According to Freud’s psychosexual theory, child

development occurs in a series of stages focused on
different pleasure areas of the body. During each stage,
the child encounters conflicts that play a significant role
in the course of development.

21. Who among the following advocated that we face a

specific psychosocial
dilemma at each stage of life?
A. James Coleman
B. Lawrence Kohlberg
C. Erik Erikson
D. Sigmund Freud

Answer: C. Erikson was famous for coining the term

“identity crisis.” James Coleman is the proponent of
social capitalism, Kohlberg is the proponent of
the moral development stages theory, while Freud is
the proponent of the psychosexual theory and
psychoanalysis.

STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY 22. Toilet training is the central activity during this stage
of development according to Erikson.
Freud (1923) later developed a more structural model
of the mind comprising the entities id, ego, A. Identity versus role confusion
and superego (what Freud called “the psychic B. Initiative versus guilt
apparatus”). These are not physical areas within the C. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
brain, but rather hypothetical conceptualizations of D.Intimacy versus isolation
important mental functions (Mcleud, 2018).
Answer: C. The said stage fosters independence and
also coincides with the Anal Stage of Freud’s
Psychosexual stages.

23. The theory which focuses more on the effects of

early childhood experiences to adult behavior is:
A. Psychosexual development
B. Cognitive development
C. Personal development
D. Moral development
Freud Conception of the Human Psyche
Answer: A. Freud’s theory introduced the idea of
fixation – unsatisfied drives or strong experiences that
causes a person to become “fixated” to a specific
stage and fail to achieve desired developmental goals
which will affect subsequent behavior. For example, an
orally fixated child may smoke or drink as an adult.

24. A boy is closer to his mother and a girl is closer to

her father. These instances are under ___________.
A. Oedipal complex
B. Latent stage
C. Phallic stage 26. Who among the following advocated that we face a
D. Pre-genital stage specific psychosocial dilemma
at each stage of life?
Answer: C. Children tend to unconsciously fall for the A. James Coleman
parent of the opposite sex and eventually acquire their B. Lawrence Kohlberg
gender roles, leading to either Oedipus complex for C. Erik Erikson
boys and Electra complex for girls. D. Sigmund Freud

25. During the height of anger, the ___________ Answer: C. Erikson was famous for coining the term
operates according to Freud “identity crisis.” James Coleman is the proponent of
A. Ego social capitalism, Kohlberg is the proponent of the
B. Superego moraldevelopment stages theory, while Freud is the
C. Id and ego proponent of the psychosexual theory and
D. Id psychoanalysis.

27. Generativity according to Erik Erikson is

A. Concern for welfare of others and society as a whole

B. The desire to have children and thereby ensure
survival of the species
C. The ability to establish adequate social and financial
security
D. Active acceptance of aging and the social changes it
brings

Answer: A. People in the said stage tend to focus on

Answer: D. The ardent desire to release ones anger, usefulness and accomplishment, on their involvement
which may override one’s rationality, follows the to the world and society itself.
pleasure principle characteristic of the id.
28. According to Erikson, a child who is cold towards the
2. Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory people around him might have failed to attain what
Erikson's eight-stage theory of psychosocial basic goal based on psychosocial development?
development describes growth and change throughout
life, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that A. Autonomy
arise during different stages of development. Central to B. Trust
much of his work was his theory on psychosocial C. Initiative
development (which, unlike Freud’s theory of D. Mistrust
development, focuses on social development
and not sexual development).
Answer: B. According to Psychosocial Development 4.Formal operational: 11-Adult: Use of symbols to
Theory of Erikson, a child who is cold towards people relate to abstract concepts. Able to make hypotheses,
around him failed in the basic goal of “trust” in reversibility, and grasp abstract concepts and
the stage psychosocial stage of development relationships -> Abstract concepts How can anyone
remember these concepts? Somewhat by paying
29. According to Erikson, a major conflict in the first attention to the definite
year of life is that between

A. Trust versus Mistrust

B. Initiative versus Guilt
C. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
D. Relatedness versus Isolation

Answer: A. Each of Erik Erikson’s developmental stages

pose a psychosocial dilemma. Refer to the table.

30. Elementary age children belong to the stage of

A. Initiative versus independence

B. Industry versus inferiority
C. Education versus indolence
D. Autonomy versus conformity

Answer: B. children of this age focus on school and may 31. According to Jean Piaget “Animism” occurs during
either develop a sense of competence or inferiority, ___________________ stage.
depending on their social experiences. (See table in
item 2) A. Sensorimotor
B. Preoperational
3. Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory C. Concrete operational
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory states that D. Formal operational
children, quite simply, think differently than
adults. While this may seem obvious to some, this was a Answer: B. Animism, or treating inanimate objects as if
revolutionary theory that went on to provide the they were alive, are part of pretend play as described by
foundations for several other theories to come. Piaget’s Jean Piaget.
theory on a child’s development being tied to their
developmental milestones has gone on to be one of the 32. The Good Boy-Nice Girl orientation is very well
top theories in the world. manifested during the stage of moral development:

1.Sensorimotor: Birth to 18–24 months(2y/o): Motor A. Preconventional

activity without the use of symbols. All things learned B. Conventional
are based on experiences, or trial and error ->Object C. Non-conventional
permanence D. Post conventional
2.Preoperational: 2 -7y/o: Development of language,
memory, and imagination. Intelligence is both Answer: B. The said orientation and conforming to the
egocentric and intuitive ->Symbolic thought expectations of others is characteristic of the
3.Concrete operational: 7-11y/o: More logical and conventional stage.
methodical manipulation of symbols. Less egocentric,
and more aware of the outside world and events -
>Operational thought
33. Mother asked the child “Which is heavier, one kilo 36. Thad, a six-year old boy likes to play with his friends,
of gold or one kilo of cotton?”. The child readily but easily gets angry when defeated. Piaget’s theory
answered “Mommy, one kilo of gold is heavier”. states that this pupil is under what developmental
From this conversation, we can deduce that the child is stage?
under ________ stage of cognitive development.
A. Concrete operation
A. Sensorimotor B. Sensorimotor
B. Preoperational C. Formal operation
C. Concrete operational D. Pre-operation
D. Formal operational
Answer: D. His behavior suggests egocentrism,
Answer: B. The child’s response indicates lack of ability characteristic of the pre-operational stage.
to perform conservation, a skill the child will eventually
acquire in the concrete stage. 4. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

34. In the Formal Operational Stage of cognitive Sociocultural theory grew from the work of seminal
development of a child ages between 12 – psychologist Lev Vygotsky, who believed that parents,
15 years, he has already the ability to perceive the caregivers, peers, and the culture at large were
relationship in one instance and then use responsible for developing higher-order functions.
that relationship to narrow down possible answers in According to Vygotsky, learning has its basis in
similar situation or problem. What do interacting with other people. Once this has occurred,
you call this ability? the information is then integrated on the individual
level.
A. Hypothetical Reasoning
B. Analogical Reasoning
C. Deductive Reasoning
D. Inductive Reasoning

Answer: C. Deductive reasoning involves going from the

general to the specific, and can only be done in the
formal operational stage. Inductive on the other hand
goes from specific to general.

35. Following Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive

Development, Ms. Gomez provides her students
varied activities that enable them to classify objects
according to more than one variable, rank order items
in logical series and understand that amount of mass or
liquid do not change because their shape does. These
developments can be expected to be performed
by

A. Preschoolers
B. College students
C. High school students
D. Elementary school children

Answer: D. The said activities are ideal for students in

the concrete operational level.
37. Which of the following best describes Vygotsky’s
concept of zone of proximal development?

A. Tasks learners can complete on their own

B. Children's awareness of how much they understand
C. Tasks learners can complete if they're given help
D. the extent to which learners are able to internalize
the knowledge of others

Answer C. According to Vygotsky, learning has its basis

in interacting with other people. Once this has occurred,
the information is then integrated on the individual
level.

38. Mr. Sanchez, in planning his lessons, wants to base

much of his instructional approach on Lev Vygotsky’s
theory of “zone of proximal development”. IN
accordance with this theory, which of the following 39. Twelve-year-old Kevin lives in a country with very
strategies would best support learning for Lea, a low government standards for public education. As a
13-year old girl? result, he is barely literate. The public policies that
impact Kevin’s education are part of the ____
A. Having her work alone in a quiet atmosphere where
she can access reference material appropriate to her A. Choronosystem
grade level. B. Macrosystem
B. Giving her many opportunities for practice, thereby C. Mesosytem
reinforcing the skills and concepts that she has already D. Microsystem
mastered.
C. Having her work with another students whose skill Rationalization: B. According to Bronfenbrenner,
and concept levels are slightly more advanced than macrosystem decribes the culture in which individuals
hers. live. Cultural contexts include developing and
D. Having her use of manipulatives and technology that industrialized countries, socio-economic status, poverty
are readily available. and ethnicity
Answer: C. Vygotsky suggested that children’s cognitive 6. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
development is festered by interactions with people
who are more capable or advanced in their thinking like Kohlberg's theory proposes that there are three
teachers, parents or more capable peers. levels of moral development, with each level split
into two stages. Kohlberg suggested that people
5. Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory move through these stages in a fixed order, and
that moral understanding is linked to cognitive
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory views child development. The three levels of moral
development as a complex system of relationships reasoning include preconventional, conventional,
affected by multiple levels of the surrounding and postconventional.
environment, from immediate settings of family and
school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.
 A.Having subjects keep a daily journal of their actions
B. Evaluating criminal and delinquent person’s court
records
C. Posing moral dilemmas to children of different ages
D.Having subjects perform various legal or illegal
behaviors

Answer: C. Kohlberg formulated his theory based on

patterns created by his subjects as they decided on the
said moral dilemmas.

40. During their final exams, John noticed that many of

his classmates were engaged in cheating. John didn’t
cheat although there was an opportunity for him
to do so. In what stage of Kohlberg’s theory was
Wowie’s action?

A. Conventional morality 43. When a person’s moral choices are determined by

B. Preconventional morality the direct consequences of actions, he is most like in
C. Universal morality the stage of
D. Post conventional morality
A. Pre-conventional
Answer: D. John has reached the pinnacle of Kohlberg’s B. Conventional
stages of moral development; he has acquired the C. Concrete
ability to follow universal ethical standards and D. Post conventional
principles despite of the tendency to become seemingly
unconventional in the eyes of those around him. Answer: A. The theory involved here is Lawrence
Kohlberg’s moral development stages. Refer to the
41. According to Kohlberg, conforming to the table below.
expectations of others or to socially accepted rules and
values describes a person at the __________ level of 7. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
morality.
A.Obedience Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura,
B. Concrete emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling,
C. Post conventional and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional
D.Conventional reactions of others. Social learning theory considers
how both environmental and cognitive factors interact
Answer: D. Conforming to law and order and to influence human learning and behavior. In social
maintaining a desirable image indicates while doing so learning theory, Albert Bandura (1977) agrees with the
is characteristic of a person in the conventional level of behaviorist learning theories of classical conditioning
morality. and operant conditioning. However, he adds two
important ideas:
42. Kohlberg, the main proponent of Moral
Development Theory studied moral development by
1. Mediating processes occur between stimuli & Answer: A. Albert Bandura is the proponent of the said
responses. theory. Kohlberg is to Moral Development, Skinner is to
2. Behavior is learned from the environment through Operant Conditioning, and Bruner is to constructivism.
the process of
observational learning. 45. Modeling is a teaching activity rooted on
_____________ learning theory.
A. Bandura
B. Skinner
C. Thorndike
D. Bruner

Answer: A. Albert Bandura is the proponent of the

social learning theory.

46. A child treats his friends highly aggressive. The

reason behind this attitude is his past experiences with
his father who is highly aggressive. This is demonstrated
on what theory?
A.Social cognitive theory
B. Cognitive developmental theory
C.Operant conditioning
D.Classical conditioning

Answer: A. The situation demonstrates the Social

Cognitive Theory which posits that a child learns from
what he/she observes in the environment. Since the
child is exposed to aggression, it is not surprising that
he/she exhibits the same aggression towards
classmates.

8. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning (also

known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is
learning through association and was discovered by Ivan
Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two
stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned
response in a person or animal. (McLeod, 2021)
44. Billy always waits for his neighbor Steve every
morning. He enjoys seeing him while biking and imitates
the actions of Steve while he rides his own bike. Who is
the proponent of the Social Learning Theory which
applies to this example?

A. Bandura
B. Kohlberg
C. Bruner
D. Skinner
47. Fear of something that was caused by a painful 49. A child was punished for cheating in an exam. For
experience in the past is an example of: sure the child wont cheat again in short span of time,
A. Insight but this does not guarantee that the child won’t cheat
B. Classical conditioning ever again. Based on Thorndike’s theory on punishment
C. Operant conditioning and learning, this shows that __________.
D. Imitation A. Punishment strengthens a response
B. Punishment removes a response
ANSWER: B. Classical conditioning explains why fear of C. Punishment doesn’t remove a response
something (e.g. phobic reaction to dogs) is caused by a D. Punishment weakens a response
painful experience in the past. For example, the person
is afraid of dogs because he was ran after a big dog Answer: D. Negative reinforcement only weakens a
when he was small. response; it does not remove it entirely.

9. Operant Conditioning 50. A child receives a star stamp after correctly

completing his task. The child always tries to complete
Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental all tasks correctly for him to have a stamp once again.
conditioning, is a method of learning normally What is being shown in the situation?
attributed to B.F. Skinner, where the consequences of a A. Associative learning
response determine the probability of it being B. Classical conditioning
repeated. Through operant conditioning behavior which C. Operant conditioning
is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and D. Pavlovian conditioning
behavior which is punished will occur less frequently.
Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by ANSWER: C. According to Skinner’s theory, an organism
conducting experiments using animals which he placed needs to operate in their environment to get a reward
in a 'Skinner Box' which was similar to Thorndike’s (positive reinforcement).
puzzle box.
51. A teacher rewards a child for doing things correctly.
This technique is called:

a. Conditioning
b. Fading
c. Chaining
d. Reinforcement

Answer: D. Reinforcement is any behavioral

consequence that strengthens behavior. It increases the
likelihood of the recurrence of a particular type of
response.

10. Maslow's hierarchy

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in
48. The best example of Operant Conditioning among psychology comprising a five-tier model of human
the following is needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a
A. connecting facts and concepts pyramid. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards,
B. fostering conducive learning environment the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety
C. using reinforcement (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship),
D. using manipulative devices esteem, and self-actualization.
ANSWER: C. Operant conditioning uses positive and
negative reinforcement to strengthen or weaken a
response.
52. If one is asked to develop himself to the fullest, 54. The proponent of multiple intelligences is:
what need is he trying to satisfy according to Maslow’s A. Jean Piaget
hierarchy of needs? B. Ivan Pavlov
C. Sigmund Freud
a. Safety needs D. Howard Gardner
b. Physiological needs
c. Belongingness Answer: Gardner, according to Cherry (2018), first
d.Self-actualization outlined his theory in his 1983 book "Frames of Mind:
The Theory of Multiple Intelligences," where he
Answer: D. According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, suggested that all people have different kinds of
the highest among the need is self-actualization, "intelligences." Gardner proposed that there are eight
wherein the person strives to develop himself to his full intelligences, and has suggested the possible addition of
potentials. a ninth known as "existentialist intelligence."

53. What need is a person trying to satisfy, when the 55. This theorist proposed that human activity is based
person strives to develop himself to the fullest? on association and response.
A. Safety needs A. Sigmund Freud
B. Physiological needs B. Ivan Pavlov
C. Sense of belonging C. BF Skinner
D. Self-actualization D. Edward Thorndike

ANSWER: D. Self-actualization is in the apex of Maslow’s ANSWER: D. His theory represents the original S-R
hierarchy of needs. It is said that in 1970, Maslow added framework of behavioral psychology: Learning is
two additional needs at the top: aesthetic needs and the result of associations forming between stimuli and
transcendence needs. responses. Such associations or “habits” become
strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency
53. What need is a person trying to satisfy, when the of the S-R pairings. The paradigm for S-R theory was
person strives to develop himself to the fullest? trial and error learning in which certain responses come
A. Safety needs to dominate others due to rewards.
B. Physiological needs (InstructionalDesign, 2020)
C. Sense of belonging
D. Self-actualization 56. Pauline, a third year student is popular not only in
her classroom but also in the entire campus. She is
ANSWER: D. Self-actualization is in the apex of Maslow’s always invited to soirees and pajama parties. Students
hierarchy of needs. It is said that in 1970, Maslow added are drawn to her because of her seemingly friendly
two additional needs at the top: aesthetic needs and attitude. This intelligence according to Gardner is
transcendence needs. known as _________________.
A. Popularity Answer: C. An auditory learns by hearing and listening.
B. Congenial A tactile learner learns by touching and doing. A visual
C. Interpersonal learner learns by reading text or seeing pictures. Those
D. Intrapersonal visual learners who prefer to read texts are known as
visual symbolic; whereas, visual learners who refer
ANSWER: C. Her ability to carry out social interactions seeing films and pictures are visual iconic.
well suggests that she has interpersonal intelligence.
PART 3: DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEARNERS IN VARIOUS
57. Estela has inherent skills in taking care of plants. It is STAGES
highly possible that she has __________ intelligence.
A.naturalistic intelligence 14 LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
B. intrapersonal intelligence
C.spatial intelligence 1. Nature of the learning process.
D.existential intelligence The learning of complex subject matter is most effective
when it is an intentional process of constructing
ANSWER: A. Naturalistic intelligence is one of the forms meaning from information and experience
coined by Gardner.
2. Goals of the learning process.
58. One of the following shows skills in interpersonal The successful learner, over time and with support and
intelligence. This person usually instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent
A. works on his/ her own representations of knowledge
B. keeps interest to himself/ herself
C. seeks out a classmate for help when problem occurs 3. Construction of knowledge.
D. spends time meditating The successful learner can link new information with
existing knowledge in meaningful ways
ANSWER: C. Among the choices, only option C indicates
interpersonal communication, as skill inherent to those 4. Strategic thinking.
who possess the saidintelligence. The successful learner can create and use a repertoire
of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex
59. A person who is friendly and has a capacity to make learning goals
people laugh possesses:
A.Naturalistic intelligence 5. Thinking about thinking.
B. Spatial intelligence Higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring
C. Intrapersonal intelligence mental operations facilitate creative and critical
D.Interpersonal intelligence thinking.

Answer: D. A friendly person and has a capacity to make 6. Context of learning.

people laugh is a manifestation of interpersonal Learning is influenced by environmental factors,
intelligence. Interpersonal intelligence is also including culture, technology, and instructional
characterized by “People-orientedness skills”. practices.

60. Students who learn best through watching film, 7. Motivational and emotional influences on learning.
seeing pictures or any graphic display, and creating What and how much is learned is influenced by the
picture memory belong to ____ type of learner. motivation. Motivation to learn, in turn, is
influenced by the individual's emotional states, beliefs,
A. Auditory interests and goals, and habits of thinking
B. Kinesthetic / Tactile
C. Visual iconic 8. Intrinsic motivation to learn.
D. Visual Symbolic The learner's creativity, higher order thinking, and
natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to
learn. Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of
optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal 61. Puberty is commonly considered
interests, and providing for personal choice and control. A. the same as adolescence
B. occurs earlier for boys than for girls
9. Intrinsic motivation to learn. C. is the period of growth and hormonal changes that
The learner's creativity, higher order thinking, and lead to sexual maturity
natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn. D. involves a growth spurt of 1-2 years during which
Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal boys are taller than girls
novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal interests,
and providing for personal choice and control. Answer: C. Puberty involves the appearance of the
secondary sexual characteristics triggered by the
10. Developmental influences on learning. hormones testosterone in males and estrogen in
As individuals develop, there are different opportunities females. The resulting physiological changes are as
and constraints for learning. Learning is most effective follows.
when differential development within and across
physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is 62. Identification with peer groups in adolescence
taken into account. _____________.

11. Social influences on learning. A. Decreases during adolescence

Learning is influenced by social interactions, B. Gives an adolescent a measure of security and a
interpersonal relations, and communication with sense of identity
others. C. Reduces self-esteem and self-worth
D. Seems to always lead to incredibly destructive
12. Individual differences in learning. behaviors
Learners have different strategies, approaches, and
capabilities for learning that are a function of prior Answer: B. Adolescents seek out others as they build
experience and heredity. their identity and establish greater independence from
their parents. As Gray, et al (2018) wrote, “During this
13. Learning and diversity. time, when young people are developing autonomy
Learning is most effective when differences in learners' from their parents, peers become a significant source of
linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are taken social and emotional support.”
into account.
63. This period is the transition between childhood to
14. Standards and assessment. adulthood
Setting appropriately high and challenging standards
and assessing the learner as well as learning progress -- A. Puberty
including diagnostic, process, and outcome assessment B. Adolescence
-- are integral parts of the learning process. C. Late childhood
D. Early adulthood

Answer: B. The said stage brings about major

physiological and psychological transformation and
consequently adjustments to all children.

64. Why is hyperactivity a serious childhood problem?

A. It is associated with severe brain damage and

retardation
B. It cannot be treated
C. It interferes with success in school and learning in A. Adulthood
general B. Adolescence
D. Hyperactive children tend to be self-destructive and C. Middle age
withdrawn D. Logical

Answer: D. Unchanneled energies and ungratified drives Answer: C. It is in this age when one enters the period
of children with ADHD may cause them to inflict self- of generativity, which Erikson describes as the period of
harm or isolate themselves from greater concern for society and fulfillment
others. of social role and identity.

65. A child who always fight with his/ her classmates, 69. When toddlers are developed too negatively or are
who has a very short attention span, and who has ignored which do they develop?
frequent tantrums is believed to be suffering
from: A. Mistrust
B. Shame
A. Mental retardation C. Total dependence
B. Down syndrome D. Inferiority
C. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
D. Learning disability Answer B. Shame

Answer: C. ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive 71. In which life-span stage is the adolescent based on
Behavior) is characterized by short attention span, Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
irritability, frequent tantrums, disregard for
consequence and overly active behavior. A. Intimacy vs. isolation
B. Identity vs. confusion
66. The major features of the prenatal stage is the C. Generativity vs. stagnation
development in: D. Industry vs. inferiority
A. Social
B. Physical Answer B. Identity vs. confusion based on the Erickson
C. Motor Psychosocial Development (12 – 18 years old)
D. Intellectual
72. By the end of the sensorimotor period, the toddler
Answer: B. Prenatal stage covers the child’s physical understands object permanence. What does object
formation and development in the womb. permanence mean?
A. continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
67. Joy joined outing with her “barkada” even if her B. don’t exist when they are no longer seen.
parents did not allow her. What characteristic of C. never change.
adolescents is demonstrated by Joy? D. change in shape and in color.
A. Adolescents are independent
B. Adolescents make “peers” as priority Answer A. Object permanence describes a child's ability
C. Adolescents become disrespectful to know that objects continue to exist even though they
D. Adolescents are carefree can no longer be seen or heard.

Answer: B. Adolescents tend to rely on others for their 73. Of the following human needs, which is considered
self-worth and identity as they establish greater as the most basic needs for human growth and
independence from their parents. maturation based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A. Health and safety
68. A stage in life development when career enjoys B. Peace and comfort
highest level. C. Recognition and prestige
D. Self-fulfillment of potential
Answer: A. In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, health or
physiological needs (such as food and water) are the Answer: B. Establishing one’s career, engaging in
most basic needs found at the base or bottom of the romantic relationship, and establishing a family are all
pyramid. This us followed by the safety and security developmental tasks listed by Havighurst under early
needs (such as home and shelter). adulthood stage.

76. Vygotsky’s theory of learning is best known as a(n):

A. behaviorist approach.
B. information-processing approach.
C. structuralist approach.
D. social constructivist approach.

Answer: D. Social constructivism emphasizes the

collaborative nature of learning. Social constructivism
was developed by post-revolutionary Soviet
psychologist Lev Vygotsky.

77. Which of the following is an example of positive

reinforcement?
74. Which of the following is NOT an example of a
A. Giving Ben money for washing the dishes.
defense mechanism?
B. Spanking Ana for throwing trash on the street.
C. Taking away the lollipop if Suzie doesn’t finish her
A. “After my grandmother died, my father still set her
homework.
bed every night.”
D. Excusing Rico from cleaning the toilet because he got
B. “I realized that I was angry with my brother, so I sat
high score in Math.
down to talk about the issue.”
C. When questioned by a friend, the woman who was
Answer: A. Positive reinforcement is adding something
brutally raped last month answered that she was doing
pleasant or desirable (candies, stars, prizes, money,
fine and that the entire incident had slipped her mind.
hug). Option A is an example of positive reinforcement.
D. After the new baby was brought home, his four-year
Option B is positive punishment. Option C is negative
old brother threw temper tantrums and wrote all over
punishment. Option D is negative reinforcement.
the walls with crayons; acts he had not committed since
age two.
78. Social behaviorists and social cognitivists believe
that learning is influenced by social interaction and
Answer: B. Option A is denial, Option C is repression,
interpersonal relations. With this in mind,
and Option D is regression. All of these are examples of
a teacher must ____.
defense mechanism. Option B does not signify defense
mechanism since the action shows maturity and grasp
A. give more independent study
of reality.
B. make students work collaboratively
C. make students feel good about themselves
75. Allan spends a great deal of time working and trying
D. motivates students to reflect on how they learn
to establish his career. He also has been thinking about
how his personal relationship is going and considering
Answer: B. Collaborative activities allow social
whether it could be long-term and lead to establishing a
interactions and build interpersonal relations among
family. Allan is MOST LIKELY in:
students which will result to a better and more
meaningful learning.
A. adolescence.
B. early adulthood.
C. middle adulthood.
D. late adulthood.
79. Students who learn best through watching film,
seeing pictures or any graphic display, and creating ANSWER: B. The activities mentioned are increasing in
picture money belong to ___ type of learner. complexity, involving greater motor skills.

A. Auditory 83. Aya just learns some lessons by mere observing her
B. Kinesthetic/Tactile mother. This process is also known as:
C. Visual Iconic A. Observation
D. Visual Symbolic B. Maturation
C. Accommodation
Answer: C. An auditory learner learns by hearing and D. Assimilation
listening. A tactile learner learns by touching and doing.
A visual learner learns by reading text or seeing Answer: D. Assimilation is often described as like
pictures. Those visual learners who prefer to read texts blowing air into a balloon – it keeps growing in size,
are known as visual symbolic; whereas, visual learners much like a mind that keeps on learning. The process,
who prefer seeing films and pictures are visual iconic. however, involves changing the new information or
its schema to fit into one’s understanding and thus,
80. The learner is referred to as center of educative learn it.
process but the teacher is the provider of __________,
to achieve the desired outcomes. 84. When an individual applies in real life situations the
knowledge he has gotten from experience, he is
A. Learning process undergoing process of:
B. Learning opportunities A. Integration
C. Learning activities B. Motivation
D. Learning package C. Assimilation
D. Accommodation
ANSWER: B. Opportunities include the process and
activities. The teacher can never learn in behalf of the Answer: D. Accommodation refers to modifying existing
learner, and therefore must provide the best schema to suit one’s convenience or new experiences,
opportunities that would facilitate learning. or to allow new information to fit in easier.

PART 4: FOCUS ON THE LEARNER, LEARNING AND 85. Krathwohl is famous for his Taxonomy of Affective
CLASSROOM PROCESSES Domain, while Anita Harrow is known for her
_____________ domain
81. A relatively permanent change in behavior or A. Affective
knowledge due to practice and experience is: B. Psychomotor
C. Cognitive
A. Teaching D. Metacognition
B. Learning
C. Maturation ANSWER: B. Anita Harlow is known for her hierarchy of
D. Development psychomotor skills. The taxonomy of affective and
psychomotor domains from Krathwohl and Harlow are
Answer: B. Learning entails a change in behavior. as follows.

82. Potpot started from crawling, creeping, sitting and

to standing. This manifests:

A. Assimilation
B. Development
C. Accommodation
D. Maturation
 87. According to John Flavell, metacognition consists of
metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive
experience or regulation. This simply means ___.

A.“thinking about thinking” or “learning how to learn”

B. learning focuses on the accumulation of verbalized
information.
C.learning by rote and memorization with emphasis on
knowledge of specific facts
D.knowing what to learn through reading books and
other vicarious experiences

ANSWER: A. Metacognition, as defined by its proponent

John Flavell, is the combined monitoring and regulation
of one’s own thinking processes; a conscious
verification of one’s personal cognitive status that
allows one to develop and expand upon new
knowledge.

88. Providing variety of learning activities to students is

a characteristic of a teacher who understand the
principle of _____.
86. Using Bloom’s Taxonomy, the highest among the
A. reward as a potential means of increasing the
following is.
participation
A. Critical comprehension
B. proactive teaching as a modern technique of teaching
B. Critical evaluation
C. acilitating learning with emphasis on individual
C. Integration
differences
D. Literal comprehension
D. allowing the student to be exposed to various
teaching techniques
ANSWER: B. Such is an example of HOTS or highest
order thinking skills. Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive
ANSWER: C. Students have different interests and
objectives (with Anderson’s revision) is
learning styles, hence using various learning activities
as follows:
will help allow all to learn more effectively
while providing them the chance to explore other also cause invoke greater resistance within the
learning styles as well through the said activities. students.

89. Which of the following promotes learning at the 92. The following is true about teacher as facilitators of
maximum? learning EXCEPT

A. Learning exercises are focused on the right side of A. Teacher does more talk so learners talk less
the brain B. Teacher makes use of interactive teaching strategies
B. Learning exercises involve both sides of the brain C. Teacher caters to multiple intelligences
C. Learning exercises are focused on cognitive D. Teacher does less talk for learners to talk more
objectives
D. Learning exercises are focused on the left side of the ANSWER: A. Teachers, as facilitators of learner-centered
brain teaching, are not supposed to dominate discussions and
lessons. Their role should mainly focus on providing
ANSWER: B. Learning as much as possible should be learning opportunities and guide the students in
holistic and must invoke maximum cognitive processing ideas and concepts.
development by using all the learner’s intellectual
faculties. 93. Metacognition is primarily characterized by:

90. An adolescent exhibit what common characteristics? A. Recalling the past lesson
B. Visualizing in advance
A. Reasonable and secure C. Formulating hypothesis
B. Feels intense emotions and sense of disequilibrium D. Thinking about their thinking
C. Slow but steady physical growth
D. Passive and obedient ANSWER: D. Metacognition is more concerned with the
process by which concepts and ideas are formed, thus
ANSWER: B – A common characteristic of teenager or the phrase “thinking about thinking.”
adolescent is the feeling of intense emotion and sense
of disequilibrium. Most psychologists believe that this 94. What a teacher should do if students are
stage is “storm and stress” brought about by body misbehaving in class?
changing hormones and physical/bodily changes.
(Esmane, et al, 2015) A.Send the misbehaving pupils to the guidance
counselor
91. Students who are disobedient and display negative B. Involve the whole class in setting rules of conduct in
attitudes towards others are best handled by a teacher the whole class
who will C.Make a report to the parents about their children’s
misbehaviour
A. insist on compliance to the same degree required of D.Set the rules for the class to observe
pupils
B. take every opportunity to praise him for every ANSWER: B. Involving the class in setting rules gives the
positive attitude the student displays students a deeper sense of responsibility and
C. avoid giving him orders or if you do and he objects accountability. The process also allows them to enhance
take back the order their higher order thinking skills.
D. detain him after office hours for him to do what he
has been ordered to 95. A student is finding it hard to read. When the
guidance counselor traced the child’s history, the
ANSWER: B. The said option adheres to the principles of counselor was able to find out that the student came
inclusive education and at the same time harnesses the from a dysfunctional family, aside from that, the child
power of positive reinforcement. The other options may was abused and neglected. What could have caused the
student’s reading disability?
A. Emotional factors 98. When the students are allowed to be responsible on
B. Poor teaching their own learning and to be aware of their thinking
C. Neurological factors processes, what skill is developed?
D. Immaturity
A. construction
Answer: A. Reading disability was found to be related B. metacognition
with emotional factors. Therefore, a child who is C. psychic awareness
neglected and abused has a higher chance of having D. reflection
difficulty gaining reading skills.
Answer: B. Metacognition is the process of developing
96. The school director emphasizes the necessity of self-awareness and the ability to self-assess and also
clean and green environment to contribute effective contemplation about one’s learning-past, present, and
teaching and learning. This is an example of future.
_________________.
A. Providing an atmosphere conducive to learning 99. Ruben is motivated to improve his metacognitive
B. Providing adequate physical facilities skills. Which of the following ways does NOT advance
C. Utilize educational technology metacognition?
D. Establish rapport between teachers and pupils
A. Accepting new knowledge
ANSWER: A. Simply put, students learn better when B. Assessing one’s own thinking
they view the learning environment as positive and C. Learning how to study
supportive (Young, 2020, citing Dorman, Aldridge, & D. Learning to organize thoughts
Fraser, 2006). This cleanliness also refers to the physical
environment. Answer: A. All the options require higher cognitive
processes, except Option A. “Accepting new
97. The nearest to the real thing according knowledge” is a passive process and does not require
to Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience is ________ higher cognition.
A. watching demo
B. attending exhibit 100. Michelle wants to commit herself to the lifetime
C. hearing and listening work and mission of a teacher. Using extrinsic
D. viewing images motivational assessment, what could be the noblest
motive of her chosen profession?
Answer: A. Watching demonstrations are closer to
direct, purposeful experiences. Dale’s Cone of A. Economic security and welfare
Experiences can be seen below: B. Promise of higher rank and prestige
C. Respected position in society
D. Social service to upcoming generations

Answer: C. Options A and B options are not so noble as

they are somehow based on self-vested interest. Option
D is the noblest but it is NOT extrinsic. Option C is noble
and manifests extrinsic motivation. Teachers are
highly regarded and honored in the community.