UNİT 8
Noun:
Action-the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim.
Atmosphere-the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.
Authority-the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.
Avalanche-a mass of snow, ice and rocks failing rapidly down a mountainside.
Catastrophe-an event causing great and usually sudden damage or suffering ; a sudden
disaster
Century-a period of one hundred years.
Child labour-the employment of children in an industry or business, especially when illegal
or considered exploitative.
Chunk-a thick, solid piece of something.
Coal-a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting chiefly of carbonized plant matter,
found mainly in underground seams and used as fuel.
Coastline-the land along a coast.
Confusion-uncertainly about what is happening, intended, or required.
Creation-the action or process of bringing something into existence.
Damage-physical harm that impairs the value, usefulness, or normal function of something.
Decade-a period of ten years.
Destruction-the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer
exists or cannot be repaired.
Devastation-great destruction or damage .
Devastate- to destroy or damage sth very badly
Disaster-a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life .
Disease -a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that
produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result
of physical injury.
Drought-a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.
Earthquake-a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a
result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
Electricity-a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as
electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a
current.
Endangered species-a species of animal or plant that is seriously at risk of extinction.
Energy-power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to
provide light and heat or to work machines.
Environment-the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or
operates.
Eruption-an act or instance of erupting.
Erupt- to explode or throw out fire
Famine-extreme scarcity of food
Flood-an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what
is normally dry land.
Flood- to cover or fill a place with water
Fortnight-a period of two weeks.(preceded by a specified day) used to indicate that
something will take place two weeks after that day.
Gas-a substance or matter in a state in which it will expand freely to fill the whole of a
container, having no fixed shape (unlike a solid) and no fixed volume (unlike a liquid).
Global issues- are matters of economic, environmental, social and political concerns that
affect the whole world as a community. These issues disrupt the natural framework of
humanity, disturbing economic and social progress.
Global warming- a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere
generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, and
other pollutants.
Greenhouse gas- a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared
radiation. Carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons are examples of greenhouse gases.
Havoc- a situation where there is a lot of damage or destruction and confusion
widespread destruction
Homelessness-the state of having no home
Hurricane-a storm with a violent wind, in particular a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean.
Information-facts provided or learned about something or someone.
Irrigation-the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of
channels.
Landslide-a collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff.
Landslide- when rocks or earth suddenly fall down the side of a hill or a mountain
Leap year-a year, occurring once every four years, which has 366 days including 29 February
as an intercalary day.
Millennium-a period of a thousand years, especially when calculated from the traditional date
of the birth of Christ.
Oil-a viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant.
Ozono layer-a layer in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of about 10 km (6.2 miles)
containing a high concentration of ozone, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation
reaching the earth from the sun.
Pesticide-a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated
plants or to animals.
Petrol-a light fuel oil that is obtained by distilling petroleum and used in internal combustion
engines.
Piracy-the practice of attacking and robbing ships at sea.
Pollution-the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has
harmful or poisonous effects.
Poverty-the state of being extremely poor.
Preduction-a thing predicted; a forecast.
Protection-the action of protecting, or the state of being protected.
Public transport-buses, trains, and other forms of transport that are available to the public,
charge set fares, and run on fixed routes.
Quarter-each of four equal or corresponding parts into which something is or can be divided.
Racism-prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism by an individual, community, or institution
against a person or people on the basis of their membership of a particular racial or ethnic
group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized.
Rubbish-waste material; refuse or litter.
Solar power-power obtained by harnessing the energy of the sun's rays.
Terrorism-is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence to achieve political aims.
It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war
against non-combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personnel).
Thunderstorm-a storm with thunder and lightning and typically also heavy rain or hail.
Tidal wave- a large amount of sea water in a wave which destroys things on the coast
and goes inland (syn: tsunami)
is a shallow water wave caused by the gravitational interactions between the Sun, Moon, and
Earth ("tidal wave" was used in earlier times to describe what we now call a tsunami.)
Tornado-a mobile, destructive vortex of violently rotating winds having the appearance of a
funnel-shaped cloud and advancing beneath a large storm system.
Tsunami-a long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance.
Water power-power that is derived from the weight or motion of water, used as a force to
drive machinery.
Wave pover-power obtained by harnessing the energy produced by waves at sea.
wind power-power obtained by harnessing the energy of the wind.
Warning- sth that tells people about possible danger, such as an announcement or a sign
VERBS
Collapse-suddenly fall down or give way.
Decompose-with reference to a dead body or other organic matter) make or become rotten;
decay or cause to decay.
Devastate-destroy or damage sth very badly, or ruin
Dribble-(of a liquid) fall slowly in drops or a thin stream.
Drip-let fall or be so wet as to shed small drops of liquid.
Erupt-(of a volcano) to explode or throw out fire
Evacuate-to move people from a place which is not safe ; remove (someone) from a place
of danger to a safer place.
Explode-burst or shatter violently and noisily as a result of rapid combustion, excessive
internal pressure, or other process.
Face-be positioned with the face or front towards (someone or something).
Fear-be afraid of (someone or something) as likely to be dangerous, painful, or harmful.
Flatten-make or become flat or flatter./ to become or make sth flat
Found-discover or perceive by chance or unexpectedly.
İmprove-make or become better.
İnvest-put (money) into financial schemes, shares, property, or a commercial venture with the
expectation of achieving a profit.
İrrigate-supply water to (land or crops) to help growth, typically by means of channels.
Plunge-jump or dive quickly and energetically.
Pollute-Contaminate üith harmful or poisonous substences.
Prevent- Keep smth from happening or arising
Produce- Make or manufacture from components or raw materials
Recycle- Convert waste into reusable material
Reduce- Make smaller or less in amount,degree or size
Smash-to hit sth very hard, to move with great force into sth or to break sth ;violently
break smth into pieces
Soak- make or allow smth to become throughly wet
Spill- cause or allow liquid to flow over the edge of its conteiner
Splash- a sound made by smth. Striking or falling into liquid
Squirt- cause ejected from a small opening in a thin,fast stream
Unleash- to suddenly release sth which has a dangerous effect , such as a strong force;
release from a leash or restraint
Adjectives
Compulsory-required by law or a rule,obligatory
Entire-with no part left out,whole
İllegal-forbidden by law,especially criminal law
Optional-available to be chosen but not obligatory
Renewable- capable of being renewed
Steep-rising or falling sharply
Unusual-not habitually
Adverbs
Accidentally- by chance,in advertently
Furthermore-in addition
İnland- situated in the interior of a country rather than on the coast
