LM2937 500-Ma Low Dropout Regulator: 1 Features 3 Description
LM2937 500-Ma Low Dropout Regulator: 1 Features 3 Description
LM2937
SNVS100F – MARCH 2000 – REVISED JULY 2014
An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this data sheet addresses availability, warranty, changes, use in safety-critical applications,
intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers. PRODUCTION DATA.
LM2937
SNVS100F – MARCH 2000 – REVISED JULY 2014 www.ti.com
Table of Contents
1 Features .................................................................. 1 7.1 Overview ................................................................. 11
2 Applications ........................................................... 1 7.2 Functional Block Diagram ....................................... 11
3 Description ............................................................. 1 7.3 Feature Description................................................. 11
7.4 Device Functional Modes........................................ 12
4 Revision History..................................................... 2
5 Pin Configuration and Functions ......................... 3 8 Application and Implementation ........................ 13
8.1 Application Information............................................ 13
6 Specifications......................................................... 4
8.2 Typical Application ................................................. 13
6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings ...................................... 4
6.2 Handling Ratings ...................................................... 4 9 Power Supply Recommendations...................... 17
6.3 Recommended Operating Conditions....................... 4 10 Layout................................................................... 18
6.4 Thermal Information .................................................. 4 10.1 Layout Guidelines ................................................. 18
6.5 Electrical Characteristics: LM2937-5 ........................ 5 10.2 Layout Example .................................................... 18
6.6 Electrical Characteristics: LM2937-8 ........................ 5 11 Device and Documentation Support ................. 19
6.7 Electrical Characteristics: LM2937-10 ...................... 5 11.1 Trademarks ........................................................... 19
6.8 Electrical Characteristics: LM2937-12 ...................... 7 11.2 Electrostatic Discharge Caution ............................ 19
6.9 Electrical Characteristics: LM2937-15 ...................... 7 11.3 Glossary ................................................................ 19
6.10 Typical Characteristics ............................................ 8 12 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable
7 Detailed Description ............................................ 11 Information ........................................................... 19
4 Revision History
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
• Changed format to meet new TI standards; added Device Information and Handling Ratings tables; updated
connection drawings; rename Functional Description and Applications sections, reformat and add new information,
add Devices and Documentation section .............................................................................................................................. 1
INPUT 1
GND 2
OUTPUT 3 TAB
INPUT 1
4
GND 2
(TAB)
OUTPUT 3
INPUT 1
TAB
GND 2
OUTPUT 3
Pin Functions
PIN
I/O DESCRIPTION
NAME NDE KTT DCY
INPUT 1 1 1 I Unregulated voltage input
GND 2 2 2 — Ground
Regulated voltage output. This pin requires an output capacitor to
OUTPUT 3 3 3 O maintain stability. See the Detailed Design Procedure section for output
capacitor details.
Thermal and ground connection. Connect the TAB to a large copper
area to remove heat from the device. The TAB is internally connected
GND TAB TAB 4 —
to device pin 2 (GND). Connect the TAB to GND or leave floating. Do
not connect the TAB to any potential other than GND at device pin 2.
6 Specifications
6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings (1) (2)
over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
MIN MAX UNIT
Continuous 26
Input voltage (VIN) V
Transient (t ≤ 100 ms) 60
Internal power dissipation (3) Internally limited
Maximum junction temperature 150 °C
(1) Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, which do not imply functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended
Operating Conditions. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
(2) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/Distributors for availability and
specifications.
(3) The maximum allowable power dissipation at any ambient temperature is PMAX = (125°C − TA)/RθJA, where 125 is the maximum junction
temperature for operation, TA is the ambient temperature, and RθJA is the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance. If this dissipation is
exceeded, the die temperature will rise above 125°C and the electrical specifications do not apply. If the die temperature rises above
150°C, the LM2937 will go into thermal shutdown.
(1) JEDEC document JEP155 states that 500-V HBM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process.
(2)
LM2937ET (NDE), LM2937ES (KTT) −40 125
Junction temperature (TJ) °C
LM2937IMP (DCY) −40 85
Input voltage (VIN) VOUT + 1V 26 V
(1) Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, which do not imply functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended
Operating Conditions. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
(2) The maximum allowable power dissipation at any ambient temperature is PMAX = (125°C − TA)/RθJA, where 125°C is the maximum
junction temperature for operation, TA is the ambient temperature, and RθJA is the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance. If this
dissipation is exceeded, the die temperature will rise above 125°C and the electrical specifications do not apply. If the die temperature
rises above 150°C, the LM2937 will go into thermal shutdown.
(1) For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the IC Package Thermal Metrics application report, SPRA953.
(2) Thermal information for the TO-220 package is for a free-standing package vertically mounted in the middle of a PCB which is compliant
to the JEDEC HIGH-K 2s2p (JESD51-7) specifications. No additional heat sink is attached. See Heatsinking TO-220 Package Parts
section for more information.
Figure 1. Dropout Voltage vs. Output Current Figure 2. Dropout Voltage vs. Temperature
Figure 3. Output Voltage vs. Temperature Figure 4. Quiescent Current vs. Temperature
Figure 5. Quiescent Current vs. Input Voltage Figure 6. Quiescent Current vs. Output Current
Figure 11. Maximum Power Dissipation (TO-220)1 Figure 12. Maximum Power Dissipation (DDPAK/TO-263)
1. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any ambient temperature is PMAX = (125°C − TA)/RθJA, where 125 is
the maximum junction temperature for operation, TA is the ambient temperature, and RθJA is the junction-to-ambient
thermal resistance. If this dissipation is exceeded, the die temperature will rise above 125°C and the electrical
specifications do not apply. If the die temperature rises above 150°C, the LM2937 will go into thermal shutdown.
Figure 15. Output at Voltage Extremes Figure 16. Output Capacitor ESR
7 Detailed Description
7.1 Overview
The LM2937 is a positive voltage regulator capable of supplying up to 500 mA of load current. The use of a PNP
power transistor provides a low dropout voltage characteristic. With a load current of 500 mA the minimum input
to output voltage differential required for the output to remain in regulation is typically 0.5 V (1 V ensured
maximum over the full operating temperature range). Special circuitry has been incorporated to minimize the
quiescent current to typically only 10 mA with a full 500-mA load current when the input to output voltage
differential is greater than 3 V.
INPUT OUTPUT
PNP
OVSD Thermal
Current Limit
(§32V) Shutdown
Bandgap
Reference
LM2937
GND
*Required if the regulator is located more than 3 inches from the power-supply-filter capacitors.
**Required for stability. COUT must be at least 10 µF (over full expected operating temperature range) and
located as close as possible to the regulator. The equivalent series resistance, ESR, of this capacitor may be
as high as 3 Ω.
It is important to note that for most capacitors, ESR is specified only at room temperature. However, the designer
must ensure that the ESR will stay inside the limits shown over the entire operating temperature range for the
design.
For aluminum electrolytic capacitors, ESR will increase by about 30X as the temperature is reduced from 25°C to
−40°C. This type of capacitor is not well-suited for low temperature operation.
Solid tantalum capacitors have a more stable ESR over temperature, but are more expensive than aluminum
electrolytics. A cost-effective approach sometimes used is to parallel an aluminum electrolytic with a solid
Tantalum, with the total capacitance split about 75/25% with the Aluminum being the larger value.
If two capacitors are paralleled, the effective ESR is the parallel of the two individual values. The “flatter” ESR of
the Tantalum will keep the effective ESR from rising as quickly at low temperatures.
8.2.2.3 Heatsinking
A heatsink may be required depending on the maximum power dissipation and maximum ambient temperature of
the application. Under all possible operating conditions, the junction temperature must be within the range
specified under Absolute Maximum Ratings.
To determine if a heatsink is required, the power dissipated by the regulator, PD, must be calculated.
Figure 20 below shows the voltages and currents which are present in the circuit, as well as the formula for
calculating the power dissipated in the regulator:
IIN = IL + IG
PD = (VIN − VOUT) IL + (VIN) IG
The next parameter which must be calculated is the maximum allowable temperature rise, TR (max). This is
calculated by using the formula:
TR (max) = TJ(max) − TA (max)
where
• TJ (max) is the maximum allowable junction temperature, which is 125°C for the TO-220 and TO-263
packages, and 85°C for the SOT-223 package.
• TA (max) is the maximum ambient temperature which will be encountered in the application. (1)
Using the calculated values for TR(max) and PD, the maximum allowable value for the junction-to-ambient
thermal resistance, RθJA, can now be found:
RθJA = TR (max)/PD (2)
NOTE
IMPORTANT: If the maximum allowable value for RθJA is found to be ≥ 53°C/W for the
TO-220 package, ≥ 80°C/W for the DDPAK/TO-263 package, or ≥ 174°C/W for the SOT-
223 package, no heatsink is needed since the package alone will dissipate enough heat to
satisfy these requirements.
If the calculated value for R θJA falls below these limits, a heatsink is required.
Figure 21. RθJA vs. Copper (1 ounce) Area for the DDPAK/TO-263 Package
As shown in Figure 21, increasing the copper area beyond 1 square inch produces very little improvement. It
should also be observed that the minimum value of RθJA for the DDPAK/TO-263 package mounted to a PCB is
32°C/W.
As a design aid, Figure 22 shows the maximum allowable power dissipation compared to ambient temperature
for the DDPAK/TO-263 device (assuming RθJA is 35°C/W and the maximum junction temperature is 125°C).
Figure 22. Maximum Power Dissipation vs. TAMB for the DDPAK/TO-263 Package
Figure 23 and Figure 24 show information for the SOT-223 package. Figure 24 assumes an RθJA of 74°C/W for 1
ounce copper and 51°C/W for 2 ounce copper and a maximum junction temperature of 85°C.
Figure 23. RθJA vs Copper (2 ounce) Area for the Figure 24. Maximum Power Dissipation vs TAMB for
SOT-223 Package the SOT-223 Package
Figure 25. Output at Voltage Extremes Figure 26. Dropout Voltage vs. Temperature
10 Layout
CIN COUT
1
INPUT OUTPUT
GND
11.3 Glossary
SLYZ022 — TI Glossary.
This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and definitions.
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PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status Package Type Package Pins Package Eco Plan Lead finish/ MSL Peak Temp Op Temp (°C) Device Marking Samples
(1) Drawing Qty (2) Ball material (3) (4/5)
(6)
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 1-Oct-2021
Orderable Device Status Package Type Package Pins Package Eco Plan Lead finish/ MSL Peak Temp Op Temp (°C) Device Marking Samples
(1) Drawing Qty (2) Ball material (3) (4/5)
(6)
LM2937ESX-5.0/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/ KTT 3 500 RoHS-Exempt SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2937ES
TO-263 & Green -5.0
LM2937ESX-8.0/NOPB ACTIVE DDPAK/ KTT 3 500 RoHS-Exempt SN Level-3-245C-168 HR -40 to 125 LM2937ES
TO-263 & Green -8.0
LM2937ET-10/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDE 3 45 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
-10
LM2937ET-12 NRND TO-220 NDE 3 45 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
& Green -12
LM2937ET-12/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDE 3 45 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
-12
LM2937ET-15 NRND TO-220 NDE 3 45 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
& Green -15
LM2937ET-15/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDE 3 45 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
-15
LM2937ET-2.5/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDE 3 45 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
-2.5
LM2937ET-3.3 NRND TO-220 NDE 3 45 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
& Green -3.3
LM2937ET-3.3/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDE 3 45 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
-3.3
LM2937ET-5.0 NRND TO-220 NDE 3 45 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
& Green -5.0
LM2937ET-5.0/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDE 3 45 RoHS-Exempt SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
& Green -5.0
LM2937ET-8.0 NRND TO-220 NDE 3 45 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
& Green -8.0
LM2937ET-8.0/NOPB ACTIVE TO-220 NDE 3 45 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM -40 to 125 LM2937ET
-8.0
LM2937IMP-10 NRND SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L73B
& Green
LM2937IMP-10/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L73B
LM2937IMP-12 NRND SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L74B
& Green
LM2937IMP-12/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L74B
Addendum-Page 2
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 1-Oct-2021
Orderable Device Status Package Type Package Pins Package Eco Plan Lead finish/ MSL Peak Temp Op Temp (°C) Device Marking Samples
(1) Drawing Qty (2) Ball material (3) (4/5)
(6)
LM2937IMP-2.5/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L68B
LM2937IMP-3.3 NRND SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L69B
& Green
LM2937IMP-3.3/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L69B
LM2937IMP-5.0 NRND SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L71B
& Green
LM2937IMP-5.0/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L71B
LM2937IMP-8.0/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L72B
LM2937IMPX-10/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L73B
LM2937IMPX-12/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L74B
LM2937IMPX-15/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L75B
LM2937IMPX-2.5/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L68B
LM2937IMPX-3.3 NRND SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L69B
& Green
LM2937IMPX-3.3/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L69B
LM2937IMPX-5.0/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L71B
LM2937IMPX-8.0 NRND SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 Non-RoHS Call TI Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L72B
& Green
LM2937IMPX-8.0/NOPB ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 RoHS & Green SN Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 L72B
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
Addendum-Page 3
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 1-Oct-2021
(2)
RoHS: TI defines "RoHS" to mean semiconductor products that are compliant with the current EU RoHS requirements for all 10 RoHS substances, including the requirement that RoHS substance
do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, "RoHS" products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. TI may
reference these types of products as "Pb-Free".
RoHS Exempt: TI defines "RoHS Exempt" to mean products that contain lead but are compliant with EU RoHS pursuant to a specific EU RoHS exemption.
Green: TI defines "Green" to mean the content of Chlorine (Cl) and Bromine (Br) based flame retardants meet JS709B low halogen requirements of <=1000ppm threshold. Antimony trioxide based
flame retardants must also meet the <=1000ppm threshold requirement.
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
(4)
There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device.
(5)
Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a "~" will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a continuation
of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Device Marking for that device.
(6)
Lead finish/Ball material - Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead finish/Ball material values may wrap to two
lines if the finish value exceeds the maximum column width.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 4
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 17-Dec-2019
Pack Materials-Page 1
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 17-Dec-2019
Pack Materials-Page 2
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 17-Dec-2019
Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
LM2937ESX-5.0 DDPAK/TO-263 KTT 3 500 367.0 367.0 45.0
LM2937ESX-5.0/NOPB DDPAK/TO-263 KTT 3 500 367.0 367.0 45.0
LM2937ESX-8.0/NOPB DDPAK/TO-263 KTT 3 500 367.0 367.0 45.0
LM2937IMP-10 SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-10/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-12 SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-12/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-2.5/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-3.3 SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-3.3/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-5.0 SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-5.0/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMP-8.0/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 1000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-10/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-12/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-15/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-2.5/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-3.3 SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-3.3/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-5.0/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-8.0 SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
LM2937IMPX-8.0/NOPB SOT-223 DCY 4 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0
Pack Materials-Page 3
MECHANICAL DATA
6,70 (0.264)
6,30 (0.248)
3,10 (0.122)
2,90 (0.114)
4
0,10 (0.004) M
Gauge Plane
1 2 3
0,25 (0.010)
0,84 (0.033) 0°–10°
2,30 (0.091)
0,66 (0.026)
0,10 (0.004) M
4,60 (0.181) 0,75 (0.030) MIN
1,70 (0.067)
1,80 (0.071) MAX 1,50 (0.059)
0,35 (0.014)
0,23 (0.009)
Seating Plane
4202506/B 06/2002
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MECHANICAL DATA
KTT0003B
TS3B (Rev F)
BOTTOM SIDE OF PACKAGE
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