IELTS Mock Test 2020

September
Reading Practice Test 1

HOW TO USE
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2. Use your mobile device to scan the QR code attached

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on
Reading Passage 1 below.

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Hello Happiness!
Ask 100 people what would make them happy, and a sizeable majority would
say “winning the lottery.” Yet, if they won a vast fortune, within a year they
would be back to their previous level of happiness. The fact is that money has
many uses, but more money does not mean more happiness. Surveys carried
out in recent years by leading psychologists and sociologists all confirm that
while individuals may increase their material wealth during the course of their
lifetime, this has no bearing on their well-being. And what is true for individuals
can be applied on a larger scale to the world population. Statistically, wealthier
nations do not achieve higher scores on the happiness-ometer than developing
or underdeveloped nations. Once the basic criteria of adequate shelter and
nutrition are satisfied, increased wealth plays no significant role. So why the
obsession with getting rich? The answer, say researchers, is simple. Call it
jealousy, competitiveness, or just keeping up with the Joneses, however well
we are doing, there is always someone else who is doing better. Just as we
acquire a new $25,000 car, our neighbour parks his brand spanking new
$40,000 set of wheels in his drive, causing us much consternation, but fuelling
us with new aspirations in the process. And so the cycle continues. Money, or
material wealth, may be a prime mover, but it is not the foundation of our well-
being.

If money isn’t the key to happiness, then what is? In all 44 countries surveyed
by a prominent research centre, family life provided the greatest source of
satisfaction. Married people live on average three years longer and enjoy
greater physical and psychological health than the unmarried and, surprisingly,
couples in a cohabitational relationship. Having a family enhances well-being,
and spending more time with one’s family helps even more. Social interaction
among families, neighbourhoods, workplaces, communities and religious
groups correlates strongly with subjective well-being. In fact, the degree of
individuals’ social connections is the best benchmark of their happiness.

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Friendship is another major factor. Indeed, to return to the dollar-equals-
happiness equation, in one survey, having a friend converted into $50,000
worth of happiness, and confirms the well-known phenomenon that loneliness
can lead to depression. Work is another area central to well-being, and certain
features correlate highly with happiness. These include autonomy over how,
where, and at what pace work is done, trust between employer and employee,
fair treatment, and active participation in the making of decisions.
Occupationally, happiness tends to be more common among professionals and
managers, that is, people who are in control of the work they do, rather than
subservient to their bosses, inequality implies less control for those who are in
the weaker position, although there are more risks of losing their privileges for
those in the stronger position.

Control of one’s life in general is also key. Happiness is clearly correlated with
the presence of favourable events such as promotion or marriage, and the
absence of troubles or bad luck such as accidents, being laid off or conflicts.
These events on their own signal the success or failure to reach one’s goals,
and therefore the control one has. On a national level, the more that
governments recognise individual preferences, the happier their citizens will
be. Choice, and citizens’ belief that they can affect the political process,
increase subjective well-being. Furthermore, evidence exists for an association
between unhappiness and poor health: people from underdeveloped countries
are among the unhappiest in the world, and their life expectancy has been
falling steadily. People are more satisfied in societies which minimally restrict
their freedom of action, in other words, where they are in control rather than
being controlled. Happy people are characterised by the belief that they are
able to control their situation, whereas unhappy people tend to believe that
they are a victim of fate. Happy people are also more psychologically resilient,
assertive and open to experience.

But how good is the evidence for this alternative viewpoint then - that
happiness, and not financial status, contributes to good health, and long life? A
study of nuns, spanning seven decades, supports this theory. Autobiographies
written by the nuns in their early 1920s were scored for positive and negative
emotions. Nuns expressing the most positive emotions lived on average ten
years longer than those expressing the least positive emotions. Happy people,
it seems, are much less likely to fall ill and die than unhappy people.

But what must we do to be happy? Experts cite the old maxim “be happy with
what you’ve got.” Look around you, they say, and identify the positive factors
in your life. Concentrating on the negative aspects of one’s life is a no-no, and
so is worrying. Worrying is a negative thinking habit that is nearly always about
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something that lies in the future. It stems, apparently, from our cave dwelling
days, when we had to think on a day-to-day basis about how and where to find
food and warmth, for example. But in the modern world, worrying simply
undermines our ability to enjoy life in the present. More often than not, the
things we worry about never come to pass anyway. Just as important is not to
dwell on the past - past mistakes, bad experiences, missed opportunities and
so on.

What else can we do? Well, engage in a loving relationship with another adult,
and work hard to sustain it. Try to plan frequent interactions with your family,
friends and neighbours (in that order). Make sure you’re not working so hard
that you’ve no time left for personal relationships and leisure. If you are, leave
your job voluntarily to become self-employed, but don’t get sacked — that’s
more damaging to well-being than the loss of a spouse, and its effects last
longer. In your spare time, join a club, volunteer for community service, or take
up religion.

If none of the above works, then vote for a political party with the same agenda
as the King of Bhutan, who announced that his nation’s objective is national
happiness.

Questions 1-3
Choose THREE letters A - H.

Circle the correct letters, A - H, below.

NB Your answers may be given in any order.

Which THREE of the following statements are true, according to the text?

A Money can bring misery.

B Wealthier nations place more emphasis on happiness than

poorer ones.

C Securing a place to live is a basic human need.

D The desire for social status is global phenomenon.

E An unmarried people living together are less likely to be happy

than a married people.

F The less responsibility one has, the happier one is.

G Involvement in policy making can increase well-being.

H Our prehistoric ancestors were happier than we are.

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Questions 4-7
Complete the summary using the list of words, A -I, below.

Write the correct letter, A - I in the spaces below.

A episode

B interaction

C cooperation

D control

E number

F level

G course

H conflict

I limit

Money can buy you just about anything, but not. it seems, happiness. Whether on
a personal or national 4 , your bank balance won't make you
happier. Once the basic criteria of a roof over your head and food on the table
have been met, money ceases to play a part. One of the most important factors in
achieving happiness is the extent of our social 5 - our
relationships with family, friends, colleagues anti so on. Equally important is the
amount of 6 we have, either in our personal life, working life, or
even in our ability to influence the political 7 that our country
embarks on.

Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 1?

In spaces 8-13 below write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this

8 People from underdeveloped nations try to attain the

same standard of living as those from developed nations.
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9 Seeing what others have makes people want to have it
too.

10
The larger the family is, the happier the parents will
probably be.

11
One’s attitude to life has no influence on one’s health.

12
Instinct can be a barrier to happiness.

13
Family and friends rank equally as sources of
happiness.

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READING PASSAGE 2
You should, spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are based
on Reading Passage 2 below.

One Who Hopes

A

Language lovers, just like music lovers, enjoy variety. For the latter there's
Mozart, The Rolling Stones and Beyonce. For the former there's English,
French, Swahili, Urdu... the list is endless. But what about those poor
overworked students who find learning difficult, confusing languages a drudge?
Wouldn't it put a smile on their faces if there were just one simple, easy-to-
learn tongue that would cut their study time by years? Well, of course, it exists.
It's called Esperanto, and it's been around for more than 120 years. Esperanto
is the most widely spoken artificially constructed international language. The
name derives from Doktoro Esperanto, the pseudonym under which L. L.
Zamenhof first published his Unua Libro in 1887. The phrase itself means 'one
who hopes'. Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy and flexible language as a
universal second language to promote peace and international understanding.

Zamenhof, after ten years of developing his brainchild from the late 1870s to
the early 1880s, had the first Esperanto grammar published in Warsaw in July
1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, at first
primarily in the Russian empire and Eastern Europe, then in Western Europe
and the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years, speakers of Esperanto
kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals, but since
1905 world congresses have been held on five continents every year except
during the two World Wars. Latest estimates for the numbers of Esperanto
speakers are around 2 million. Put in percentage terms, that's about 0.03% of
the world's population - no staggering figure, comparatively speaking. One
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reason is that Esperanto has no official status in any country, but it is an
optional subject on the curriculum of several state education systems. It is
widely estimated that it can be learned in anywhere between a quarter to a
twentieth of the time required for other languages.

As a constructed language, Esperanto is not genealogically related to any

ethnic language. Whilst it is described as 'a language lexically predominantly
Romanic', the phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and semantics are based on
the western Indo-European languages. For those of us who are not naturally
predisposed to tucking languages under our belts, it is an easy language to
learn. It has 5 vowels and 23 consonants. It has one simple way of conjugating
all of its verbs. Words are often made from many other roots, making the
number of words which one must memorise much smaller. The language is
phonetic, and the rules of pronunciation are very simple, so that everyone
knows how to pronounce a written word and vice-versa, and word order follows
a standard, logical pattern. Through prefixing and suffixing, Esperanto makes it
easy to identify words as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, direct objects and
so on, by means of easy-to-spot endings. All this makes for easy language
learning. What's more, several research studies demonstrate that studying
Esperanto before another foreign language speeds up and improves the
learning of the other language. This is presumably because learning
subsequent foreign languages is easier than learning one's first, while the use
of a grammatically simple and culturally flexible language like Esperanto
softens the blow of learning one's first foreign language. In one study, a group
of European high school students studied Esperanto for one year, then French
for three years, and ended up with a significantly better command of French
than a control group who had studied French for all four years.

Needless to say, the language has Its critics. Some point to the Eastern
European features of the language as being harsh and difficult to pronounce,
and argue that Esperanto has an artificial feel to it, without the flow of a
natural tongue, and that by nature of its artificiality, it is impossible to become
emotionally involved with the language. Others cite its lack of cultural history,
indigenous literature - "no one has ever written a novel straight into Esperanto"
- together with its minimal vocabulary and its inability to express all the
necessary philosophical, emotional and psychological concepts.

The champions of Esperanto - Esperantists - disagree. They claim that it is a

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language in which a great body of world literature has appeared in translation:
in poetry, novels, literary journals, and, to rebut the accusation that it is not a
'real' language, point out that it is frequently used at international meetings
which draw hundreds and thousands of participants. Moreover, on an
international scale, it is most useful - and fair - for neutral communication. That
means that communication through Esperanto does not give advantages to the
members of any particular people or culture, but provides an ethos of equality
of rights, tolerance and true internationalism.

Esperantists further claim that Esperanto has the potential - were it universally
taught for a year or two throughout the world - to empower ordinary people to
communicate effectively worldwide on a scale that far exceeds that which is
attainable today by only the most linguistically brilliant among us. It offers the
opportunity to improve communication in business, diplomacy, scholarship and
other fields so that those who speak many different native languages will be
able to participate fluently in international conferences and chat comfortably
with each other after the formal presentations are made. Nowadays that
privilege is often restricted to native speakers of English and those who have
special talents and opportunities for learning English as a foreign language.

What Esperanto does offer in concrete terms is the potential of saving billions
of dollars which are now being spent on translators and interpreters, billions
which would be freed up to serve the purposes of governments and
organisations that spend so much of their resources to change words from one
language into the words of others. Take, for example, the enormously costly
conferences, meetings and documentation involved in the European Union
parliamentary and administrative procedures - all funded, essentially, by tax
payers. And instead of the World Health Organisation, and all NGOs for that
matter, devoting enormous sums to provide interpreters and translations, they
would be able to devote those huge amounts of money to improving the health
of stricken populations throughout the world.

Questions 14 -19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A - G.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B - G from the list of headings
below.

Write the correct number i - ix in spaces 14-19 below.

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 i A non-exclusive language

ii Fewer languages, more results

iii Language is personal

iv What’s fashionable in language

v From the written word to the spoken word

vi A real language

vii Harmony through language

viii The mechanics of a language

ix Lost in translation

Example

Paragraph A vii

14
Paragraph B

15
Paragraph C

16
Paragraph D

17
Paragraph E

18
Paragraph F

19
Paragraph G

Questions 20-22
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

20 What advantage is there to learning Esperanto as one’s first foreign

language?

A Its pronunciation rules follow those of most European languages.

B There are no grammar rules to learn.

C It can make the learning of other foreign languages less

complicated.

D Its verbs are not conjugated.

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21 What do its critics say of Esperanto?

A It is only used in artificial situations.

B It requires emotional involvement.

C It cannot translate works of literature.

D It lacks depth of expression.

22 How could Esperanto help on a global level?

A It would eliminate the need for conferences.

B More aid money would reach those who need it.

C The world population would be speaking only one language.

D More funds could be made available for learning foreign

languages.

Questions 23-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 2?

In spaces 23-26 below, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

23
Supporters of Esperanto say it gives everyone an
equal voice.

24
Esperanto is the only artificially-constructed language.

25
Esperanto can be learned as part of a self-study
course.

26
Esperanto can be used equally in formal and casual
situations.

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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 - 40, which are based
on Reading Passage 3 below.

LONG-TERM FORECAST: HOT AND DRY

A

Melting land ice in the Arctic is set to cause a global rise in sea levels, leading
to disastrous effects for both man and wildlife. Many species worldwide are
threatened with extinction, and low-lying islands and land masses will
disappear entirely. But the havoc wreaked by the effect of greenhouse gases
won’t be confined to just too much water, but the absence of it, as well. In
other words, desertification. A decrease in the total amount of rainfall in arid
and semi-arid areas could increase the total area of drylands worldwide, and
thus the total amount of land potentially at risk from desertification.

Desertification is officially recognised as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and

dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic variations
and human activities. This degradation of formerly productive land is a
complex process. It involves multiple causes, and it proceeds at varying rates
in different climates. Desertification may intensify a general climatic trend, or
initiate a change in local climate, both leading towards greater aridity. The
more arid conditions associated with desertification accelerate the depletion of
vegetation and soils. Land degradation occurs all over the world, but it is only
referred to as desertification when it takes place in drylands. This is because
these areas are especially prone to more permanent damage as different areas
of degraded land spread and merge together to form desert-like conditions.

Global warming brought about by increasing greenhouse gas levels in the

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atmosphere is expected to increase the variability of weather conditions and
extreme events. Many dryland areas face increasingly low and erratic rainfalls,
coupled with soil erosion by wind and the drying-up of water resources through
increased regional temperatures. Deforestation can also reduce rainfall in
certain areas, increasing the threat of desertification. It is not yet possible,
despite sophisticated technology, to identify with an acceptable degree of
reliability those parts of the Earth where desertification will occur. Existing
drylands, which cover over 40% of the total land area of the world, most
significantly in Africa and Asia, will probably be most at risk from climate
change. These areas already experience low rainfall, and any that falls is
usually in the form of short, erratic, high-intensity storms. In addition, such
areas also suffer from land degradation due to over-cultivation, overgrazing,
deforestation and poor irrigation practices.

It is a misconception that droughts cause desertification. Droughts are

common in arid and semi-arid lands. Well-managed lands can recover from
drought when the rains return. Continued land abuse during droughts,
however, increases land degradation. Nor does desertification occur in linear,
easily definable patterns. Deserts advance erratically, forming patches on their
borders. Areas far from natural deserts can degrade quickly to barren soil,
rock, or sand through poor land management. The presence of a nearby desert
has no direct relationship to desertification. Unfortunately, an area undergoing
desertification is brought to public attention only after the process is well
underway. Often little or no data are available to indicate the previous state of
the ecosystem or the rate of degradation. Scientists still question whether
desertification, as a process of global change, is permanent or how and when it
can be halted or reversed.

But desertification will not be limited to the drylands of Africa and Asia.
According to the environmental organisation Greenpeace, the Mediterranean
will suffer substantially, too. If current trends in emissions of greenhouse gases
continue, global temperatures are expected to rise faster over the next century
than over any time during the last 10,000 years. Significant uncertainties
surround predictions of regional climate changes, but it is likely that the
Mediterranean region will also warm significantly, increasing the frequency and
severity of droughts across the region. As the world warms, global sea levels
will rise as oceans expand and glaciers melt. Around much of the
Mediterranean basin, sea levels could rise by close to 1m by 2100. As a result,
some low-lying coastal areas would be lost through flooding or erosion, while
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rivers and coastal aquifers would become more salty. The worst affected areas
will be the Nile Delta, Venice in Italy and Thessaloniki in Greece, two major
cities where local subsidence means that sea levels could rise by at least one-
and-a-half times as much as elsewhere.

The consequences of all this, says Greenpeace, are far-reaching, and the
picture is a gloomy one. Livestock production would suffer due to a
deterioration in the quality of rangeland. Yields of grains and other crops could
decrease substantially across the Mediterranean region due to increased
frequency of drought. Crop production would be further threatened by
increases in competition for water and the prevalence of pests and diseases
and land loss through desertification and sea-level rise. The combination of
heat and pollution would lead to an upsurge in respiratory illness among urban
populations, while extreme weather events could increase death and injury
rates. Water shortages and damaged infrastructure would increase the risk of
cholera and dysentery, while higher temperatures would increase the incidence
of infectious diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever. Serious social
disruption could occur as millions are forced from their homelands as a result of
desertification, poor harvests and sea-level rise, while international disputes
over shared water resources could turn into conflict.

Future climate change could critically undermine efforts for sustainable

development in the Mediterranean region through its impacts on the
environment and social and economic well-being. While in many respects
climate change exacerbates existing problems instead of creating new ones,
the sheer magnitude of the potential problem means it cannot be ignored.
There is some scope for adaptation, but the fact that many measures would be
beneficial irrespective of climate change suggests that radical changes in our
policies and practices will be needed. It is also vital that developed countries
meet their obligations to assist adaptation in developing countries through
access to know-how and financial assistance. Ultimately, however, the long-
term sustainability of the Mediterranean region requires keeping climate
change within tolerable bounds. Current understanding of safe limits points to
the need for prompt international agreement - and action - to make the drastic
cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases required to stabilise atmospheric
concentrations of these gases.

Questions 27-32

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Complete the flow-chart below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

27

28

29

30

31

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32

Questions 33-36
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A - G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A - G in spaces 33 - 36 below.

33
Human intervention is a potential solution to potential
disaster.

34
The rate of climate change is set to accelerate
dramatically.

35
There is seldom enough information available in some
areas to track how fast the effects of climate change have happened in
the past.

36
Desertification is attributable to a number of factors.

Questions 37-40
Complete the summary with the list of words A - I below.

Write the correct letter A - I in spaces 37-40 below.

Climate change may have catastrophic effects on the human and animal world. As
glaciers melt, sea levels will rise, causing extensive flooding and land
37 38
. Another consequence of global warming is
39
, which affects areas known as . These areas are subject to
irregular weather patterns, but also suffer from human intervention or neglect,
40
such as inadequate or inefficient systems.

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 A irrigation

B cooling

C drylands

D cause

E loss

F abuse

G desertification

H deserts

I emission

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 Solution:

1-3 C,E,G 4 F

5 B 6 D

7 G 8 NOT GIVEN

9 TRUE 10 NOT GIVEN

11 FALSE 12 TRUE

13 FALSE 14 v

15 viii 16 iii

17 vi 18 i

19 ii 20 C

21 D

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 22 B 23 YES

24 NO 25 NOT GIVEN

26 YES 27 varying rates

28 intensify 29 initiate

30 aridity 31 vegetation

32 soils 33 G

34 E 35 D

36 B 37 E

38 G 39 C

40 A

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Review and Explanations
1-3 Answer: C,E,G
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q1, 2, 3 1. Ask 100 people what would make them

happy, and a sizeable majority would say
Choose THREE letters A - H.
“winning the lottery.” Yet, if they won a vast
NB Your answers may be given in any fortune, within a year they would be back to
order. their previous level of happiness. The fact is
that money has many uses, but more money
W h i c h THREE of the following
does not mean more happiness. Surveys
statements are true, according to the
carried out in recent years by leading
text?
psychologists and sociologists all confirm that
A. Money can bring misery. while individuals may increase their material
wealth during the course of their lifetime, this
B. Wealthier nations place more
has no bearing on their well-being. And what
emphasis on happiness than poorer
is true for individuals can be applied on a
ones.
larger scale to the world population.
C . Securing a place to live is a basic Statistically, wealthier nations do not achieve
human need. higher scores on the happiness-ometer than
D. The desire for social status is a developing or underdeveloped nations. Once
global phenomenon. the basic criteria of adequate shelter and
nutrition are satisfied, increased wealth plays
E. An unmarried people living no significant role. So why the obsession with
together are less likely to be happy getting rich? The answer, say researchers, is
than a married people. simple. Call it jealousy, competitiveness, or
F. The less responsibility one has, the just keeping up with the Joneses, however well
happier one is. we are doing, there is always someone else
who is doing better. Just as we acquire a new
G. Involvement in policy making can $25,000 car, our neighbour parks his brand
increase well-being. spanking new $40,000 set of wheels in his
H Our prehistoric ancestors were drive, causing us much consternation, but
happier than we are. fuelling us with new aspirations in the process.
And so the cycle continues. Money, or material
wealth, may be a prime mover, but it is not
the foundation of our well-being. (option C)

2. If money isn’t the key to happiness, then

what is? In all 44 countries surveyed by a
prominent research centre, family life
provided the greatest source of satisfaction.
Married people live on average three years
longer and enjoy greater physical and
psychological health than the unmarried and,
surprisingly, couples in a cohabitational
relationship. Having a family enhances well-

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 being, and spending more time with one’s
family helps even more. Social interaction
among families, neighbourhoods, workplaces,
communities and religious groups correlates
strongly with subjective well-being. In fact, the
degree of individuals’ social connections is the
best benchmark of their happiness. (option E)

4. Control of one’s life in general is also key.

Happiness is clearly correlated with the
presence of favourable events such as
promotion or marriage, and the absence of
troubles or bad luck such as accidents, being
laid off or conflicts. These events on their own
signal the success or failure to reach one’s
goals, and therefore the control one has. On a
national level, the more that governments
recognise individual preferences, the happier
their citizens will be. Choice, and citizens’
belief that they can affect the political
process, increase subjective well-being.
Furthermore, evidence exists for an
association between unhappiness and poor
health: people from underdeveloped countries
are among the unhappiest in the world, and
their life expectancy has been falling steadily.
People are more satisfied in societies which
minimally restrict their freedom of action, in
other words, where they are in control rather
than being controlled. Happy people are
characterised by the belief that they are able
to control their situation, whereas unhappy
people tend to believe that they are a victim
of fate. Happy people are also more
psychologically resilient, assertive and open to
experience. (option G)

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 Note:

- Option A, B, D, H: no information

- Option C:

+ The statement in option C can be found in the 7th sentence of paragraph 1: ‘Once
the basic criteria of adequate shelter and nutrition are satisfied, increased wealth plays
no significant role’

+ Pay attention to the key phrases from option C and the corresponding phrases in the
paragraph: ‘a place to live’ = ‘adequate shelter’

+ Moreover, the 7th sentence is written in a conditional structure with the aim of
confirming that having an adequate shelter is human’s basic needs

- Option E:

+ Firstly, look for the keyword ‘married couple’ and ‘unmarried couple’; then, quickly
skim and scan through the passage.

+ The answer for this Qs can be found in paragraph 2 in the 2nd sentence. Read this
sentence carefully, comparing it with the given information from the option

+ Finally, make a conclusion that option E is the correct answer

- Option G:

+ Firstly, look for the keyword ‘policy making’ and ‘well-being’ and its same expression
such as ‘political process’; then, quickly skim and scan through the passage.

+ The answer for this Qs can be found in paragraph 4 in the 4th sentence. Read this
sentence carefully, comparing it with the given information from the option

+ Finally, make a conclusion that option G is the correct answer

=> Hence, the answer is C, E, G

4 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q4, 5, 6, 7: 1. Ask 100 people what would make them
happy, and a sizeable majority would say
A. episode
“winning the lottery.” Yet, if they won a vast
B. interaction fortune, within a year they would be back to
their previous level of happiness. The fact is
C. cooperation
that money has many uses, but more money
D. control does not mean more happiness. Surveys
carried out in recent years by leading
E. number
psychologists and sociologists all confirm that
F. level while individuals may increase their material
G. course wealth during the course of their lifetime, this
has no bearing on their well-being. And what
H. conflict is true for individuals can be applied on a
I. limit larger scale to the world population.
Statistically, wealthier nations do not achieve
Money can buy you just about higher scores on the happiness-ometer than
anything, but not. it seems, developing or underdeveloped nations. Once
happiness. Whether on a personal or the basic criteria of adequate shelter and
national 4_____ , your bank balance nutrition are satisfied, increased wealth plays
won't make you happier. Once the no significant role. So why the obsession with
basic criteria of a roof over your head getting rich? The answer, say researchers, is
and food on the table have been met, simple. Call it jealousy, competitiveness, or
money ceases to play a part. One of just keeping up with the Joneses, however well
the most important factors in we are doing, there is always someone else
achieving happiness is the extent of who is doing better. Just as we acquire a new
our social 5_____ - our relationships $25,000 car, our neighbour parks his brand
with family, friends, colleagues anti so spanking new $40,000 set of wheels in his
on. Equally important is the amount of drive, causing us much consternation, but
6_____ we have, either in our personal fuelling us with new aspirations in the process.
life, working life, or even in our ability And so the cycle continues. Money, or material
t o influence the political 7_____ that wealth, may be a prime mover, but it is not
our country embarks on. the foundation of our well-being.

(=> answer for Qs 4: option F )

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 Note:

- To answer this kind of question, first of all, you should find out the keywords from the
question (which are highlighted in green, blue, red). Then, quickly use these keywords
to scan through the whole paragraph. The information leading to the answers for each
question are in yellow.

- In this kind of question, you need to paraphrase the given information from the Qs to
match the one in the reading passage. Words can be changed to synonyms, in other
words, they can be paraphrased. So, there is a piece of advice for you: learn
vocabulary as much as you can

- The answer for Qs 4, 5, 6, 7 can be found in paragraph 1, 2, 4

- Comparing the other highlighted keywords from the question to the same meaning
key phrases, we can conclude that the answer is F

5 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q4, 5, 6, 7: 2. If money isn’t the key to happiness, then
what is? In all 44 countries surveyed by a
A. episode
prominent research centre, family life
B. interaction provided the greatest source of satisfaction.
Married people live on average three years
C. cooperation
longer and enjoy greater physical and
D. control psychological health than the unmarried and,
surprisingly, couples in a cohabitational
E. number
relationship. Having a family enhances well-
F. level being, and spending more time with one’s
G. course family helps even more. Social interaction
among families, neighbourhoods, workplaces,
H. conflict communities and religious groups correlates
I. limit strongly with subjective well-being. In fact, the
degree of individuals’ social connections is the
Money can buy you just about best benchmark of their happiness.
anything, but not. it seems,
happiness. Whether on a personal or (=> answer for Qs 5: option B )
national 4_____ , your bank balance
won't make you happier. Once the
basic criteria of a roof over your head
and food on the table have been met,
money ceases to play a part. One of
the most important factors in
achieving happiness is the extent of
our social 5_____ - our relationships
with family, friends, colleagues anti so
on. Equally important is the amount of
6_____ we have, either in our personal
life, working life, or even in our ability
t o influence the political 7_____ that
our country embarks on.

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Note:

- To answer this kind of question, first of all, you should find out the keywords from the
question (which are highlighted in green, blue, red). Then, quickly use these keywords
to scan through the whole paragraph. The information leading to the answers for each
question are in yellow.

- In this kind of question, you need to paraphrase the given information from the Qs to
match the one in the reading passage. Words can be changed to synonyms, in other
words, they can be paraphrased. So, there is a piece of advice for you: learn
vocabulary as much as you can

-The answer for Qs 4, 5, 6, 7 can be found in paragraph 1, 2, 4

- Comparing the other highlighted keywords from the question to the same meaning
key phrases, we can conclude that the answer is B

6 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q4, 5, 6, 7: 4. Control of one’s life in general is also key.
(=> answer for Qs 6: option D) Happiness
A. episode
is clearly correlated with the presence of
B. interaction favourable events such as promotion or
marriage, and the absence of troubles or bad
C. cooperation
luck such as accidents, being laid off or
D. control conflicts. These events on their own signal the
success or failure to reach one’s goals, and
E. number
therefore the control one has. On a national
F. level level, the more that governments recognise
G. course individual preferences, the happier their
citizens will be. Choice, and citizens’ belief
H. conflict that they can affect the political process (=>
I. limit answer for Qs 7: option G increase
subjective well-being. Furthermore, evidence
Money can buy you just about exists for an association between unhappiness
anything, but not. it seems, and poor health: people from underdeveloped
happiness. Whether on a personal or countries are among the unhappiest in the
national 4_____ , your bank balance world, and their life expectancy has been
won't make you happier. Once the falling steadily. People are more satisfied in
basic criteria of a roof over your head societies which minimally restrict their
and food on the table have been met, freedom of action, in other words, where they
money ceases to play a part. One of are in control rather than being controlled.
the most important factors in Happy people are characterised by the belief
achieving happiness is the extent of that they are able to control their situation,
our social 5_____ - our relationships whereas unhappy people tend to believe that
with family, friends, colleagues anti so they are a victim of fate. Happy people are
on. Equally important is the amount of also more psychologically resilient, assertive
6_____ we have, either in our personal and open to experience
life, working life, or even in our ability
t o influence the political 7_____ that
our country embarks on.

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Note:

- To answer this kind of question, first of all, you should find out the keywords from the
question (which are highlighted in green, blue, red). Then, quickly use these keywords
to scan through the whole paragraph. The information leading to the answers for each
question are in yellow.

- In this kind of question, you need to paraphrase the given information from the Qs to
match the one in the reading passage. Words can be changed to synonyms, in other
words, they can be paraphrased. So, there is a piece of advice for you: learn
vocabulary as much as you can

- The answer for Qs 4, 5, 6, 7 can be found in paragraph 1, 2, 4

- Comparing the other highlighted keywords from the question to the same meaning
key phrases, we can conclude that the answer is D

7 Answer: G
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q4, 5, 6, 7: 4. Control of one’s life in general is also key.
(=> answer for Qs 6: option D) Happiness
A. episode
is clearly correlated with the presence of
B. interaction favourable events such as promotion or
marriage, and the absence of troubles or bad
C. cooperation
luck such as accidents, being laid off or
D. control conflicts. These events on their own signal the
success or failure to reach one’s goals, and
E. number
therefore the control one has. On a national
F. level level, the more that governments recognise
G. course individual preferences, the happier their
citizens will be. Choice, and citizens’ belief
H. conflict that they can affect the political process (=>
I. limit answer for Qs 7: option G increase
subjective well-being. Furthermore, evidence
Money can buy you just about exists for an association between unhappiness
anything, but not. it seems, and poor health: people from underdeveloped
happiness. Whether on a personal or countries are among the unhappiest in the
national 4_____ , your bank balance world, and their life expectancy has been
won't make you happier. Once the falling steadily. People are more satisfied in
basic criteria of a roof over your head societies which minimally restrict their
and food on the table have been met, freedom of action, in other words, where they
money ceases to play a part. One of are in control rather than being controlled.
the most important factors in Happy people are characterised by the belief
achieving happiness is the extent of that they are able to control their situation,
our social 5_____ - our relationships whereas unhappy people tend to believe that
with family, friends, colleagues anti so they are a victim of fate. Happy people are
on. Equally important is the amount of also more psychologically resilient, assertive
6_____ we have, either in our personal and open to experience
life, working life, or even in our ability
t o influence the political 7_____ that
our country embarks on.

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Note:

- To answer this kind of question, first of all, you should find out the keywords from the
question (which are highlighted in green, blue, red). Then, quickly use these keywords
to scan through the whole paragraph. The information leading to the answers for each
question are in yellow.

- In this kind of question, you need to paraphrase the given information from the Qs to
match the one in the reading passage. Words can be changed to synonyms, in other
words, they can be paraphrased. So, there is a piece of advice for you: learn
vocabulary as much as you can

- The answer for Qs 4, 5, 6, 7 can be found in paragraph 1, 2, 4

- Comparing the other highlighted keywords from the question to the same meaning
key phrases, we can conclude that the answer G

8 Answer: NOT GIVEN

Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q8

People from underdeveloped nations

try to attain the same standard of
living as those from developed
nations.

Note

- Quickly skimming and scanning to find out the most important keyword
‘underdeveloped’. This word can only be found in paragraph 1 and paragraph 4.

- However, the author doesn’t mention anything about ‘underdeveloped nations try to
attain the same standard of living as those from developed nations’ in paragraph 1 and
4

+ Paragraph 1 states that ‘Statistically, wealthier nations do not achieve higher scores
on the happiness-ometer than developing or underdeveloped nations’

+ Paragraph 4 confirms that ‘Furthermore, evidence exists for an association between

unhappiness and poor health: people from underdeveloped countries are among the
unhappiest in the world, and their life expectancy has been falling steadily’

- Considering everything, the answer is NOT GIVEN

9 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q9: 1 . Ask 100 people what would make them
happy, and a sizeable majority would say
Seeing what others have makes
“winning the lottery.” Yet, if they won a vast
people want to have it too.
fortune, within a year they would be back to
their previous level of happiness. The fact is
that money has many uses, but more money
does not mean more happiness. Surveys
carried out in recent years by leading
psychologists and sociologists all confirm that
while individuals may increase their material
wealth during the course of their lifetime, this
has no bearing on their well-being. And what
is true for individuals can be applied on a
larger scale to the world population.
Statistically, wealthier nations do not achieve
higher scores on the happiness-ometer than
developing or underdeveloped nations. Once
the basic criteria of adequate shelter and
nutrition are satisfied, increased wealth plays
no significant role. So why the obsession with
getting rich? The answer, say researchers, is
simple. Call it jealousy, competitiveness, or
just keeping up with the Joneses, however well
we are doing, there is always someone else
who is doing better. Just as we acquire a new
$25,000 car, our neighbour parks his brand
spanking new $40,000 set of wheels in his
drive, causing us much consternation, but
fuelling us with new aspirations in the process.
And so the cycle continues. Money, or material
wealth, may be a prime mover, but it is not
the foundation of our well-being.

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 Note:

- To answer this question, first of all, after skimming and scanning through the whole
passage, you should write the main idea of each paragraph in the margin by your own
language. By doing this, you’ve got the main idea of each paragraph. Thanks to this,
the answer for the question can easily be found.

- The answer for this Qs can only be found in paragraph 1

+ The yellow highlighted sentences have the same expression with what given in the
Qs

+ The blue highlighted sentences gives readers an example to support the idea in
yellow highlighted sentences

- Considering everything, the answer is TRUE.

10 Answer: NOT GIVEN

Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q10: 2 . If money isn’t the key to happiness, then

what is? In all 44 countries surveyed by a
The larger the family is, the happier
prominent research centre, family life
the parents will probably be.
provided the greatest source of satisfaction.
Married people live on average three years
longer and enjoy greater physical and
psychological health than the unmarried and,
surprisingly, couples in a cohabitational
relationship. Having a family enhances well-
being, and spending more time with one’s
family helps even more. Social interaction
among families, neighbourhoods, workplaces,
communities and religious groups correlates
strongly with subjective well-being. In fact, the
degree of individuals’ social connections is the
best benchmark of their happiness.

Note:

- The most important keyword in this question is ‘family’, ‘parents’. Scan through the
passage, the keywords ‘family’ in this Qs can be found in paragraph 2, but the word
‘parents’ is not

- By reading paragraph 2, you can realize that the aim of paragraph 2 is about the
benefits of having a family. Moreover, there is no information expressing the idea that
‘The larger the family is, the happier the parents will probably be’

- For that reason, the answer is NOT GIVEN

11 Answer: FALSE
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 Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q11: 5. But how good is the evidence for this

alternative viewpoint then - that happiness,
One’s attitude to life has no influence
and not financial status, contributes to good
on one’s health.
health, and long life? A study of nuns,
spanning seven decades, supports this theory.
Autobiographies written by the nuns in their
early 1920s were scored for positive and
negative emotions. Nuns expressing the most
positive emotions lived on average ten years
longer than those expressing the least positive
emotions. Happy people, it seems, are much
less likely to fall ill and die than unhappy
people

Note

- To answer this question, first of all, after skimming and scanning through the whole
passage, you should write the main idea of each paragraph in the margin by your own
language. By doing this, you’ve got the main idea of each paragraph. Thanks to this,
the answer for the question can easily be found.

- The answer for this Qs can only be found in paragraph 5

+ The yellow highlighted sentences have the same expression with what given in the
Qs

+ ‘attitude’ in the Qs can be mentioned as ‘positive emotions’, ‘happy people’. The

influence of attitude on health is that people with positive emotions ‘lived on average
10 years longer than the ones who are negative minds. Than unhappy people’, happy
people may ‘less likely fall ill and die’

- The content of Q11 is different from the information in paragraph. For that reason,
the answer is FALSE

12 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q12: 6. But what must we do to be happy? Experts
cite the old maxim “be happy with what
Instinct can be a barrier to happiness.
you’ve got.” Look around you, they say, and
identify the positive factors in your life.
Concentrating on the negative aspects of
one’s life is a no-no, and so is worrying.
Worrying is a negative thinking habit that is
nearly always about something that lies in the
f u t u r e . It stems, apattily, from our cave
dwelling days, when we had to think on a day-
to-day basis about how and where to find food
and warmth, for example. But in the modern
world, worrying simply undermines our ability
to enjoy life in the present. More often than
not, the things we worry about never come to
pass anyway. Just as important is not to dwell
on the past - past mistakes, bad experiences,
missed opportunities and so on

Note

* instinct = innate (n): (for sth/doing sth; to do sth): a natural tendency for
people and animals to behave in a particular way using the knowledge and
abilities that they were born with rather than thought or training (in
Vietnamese: bản năng)

* undermine (v) gradually make sb or sth less strong or effective (in

Vietnamese: hủy hoại)

- Pay attention to the highlighted keywords from the Qs. Notice that these words will be
paraphrased or expressed in a different way, so you need to take a deeper
concentration

- Another way to express the word ‘instinct’ is ‘from our cave dwelling days’; ‘barrier to
happiness’ also means ‘undermines… to enjoy life in the present’

- The content of Q12 is similar to what the author said in the passage. For that reason,
the answer is TRUE

13 Answer: FALSE
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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 Q13 7. What else can we do? Well, engage in a
loving relationship with another adult, and
Family and friends rank equally as
work hard to sustain it. Try to plan frequent
sources of happiness.
interactions with your family, friends and
neighbours (in that order). Make sure
you’re not working so hard that you’ve no
time left for personal relationships and
leisure. If you are, leave your job voluntarily
to become self-employed, but don’t get
sacked — that’s more damaging to well-
being than the loss of a spouse, and its
effects last longer. In your spare time, join
a club, volunteer for community service, or
take up religion.

Note

- Firstly, skimming and scanning through the passage to find out the highlighted
keywords ‘family’, ‘friend’. You can easily find these words in the 2 nd sentence of
paragraph 7 in the passage

- Read the 2nd sentence carefully, you will notice that, the author mentions ‘family,
friends’ as what people need to frequent interactions

- However, the author uses parentheses ‘()’ to make sure you remember the position of
each subject. ‘Family’ has a higher position in life than ‘friends’ because it is
mentioned first

- For that reason, the answer is FALSE

14 Answer: v
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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 Q14: Heading for paragraph B B

* Example : Paragraph A vii Zamenhof, after ten years of developing

* Headings his brainchild from the late 1870s to the
early 1880s, had the first Esperanto
i. A non-exclusive language grammar published in Warsaw in July
ii. Fewer languages, more results 1 8 8 7 . The number of speakers grew
rapidly over the next few decades, at first
iii. Language is personal primarily in the Russian empire and
iv. What’s fashionable in language Eastern Europe, then in Western Europe
and the Americas, China, and Japan. In
v. From the written word to the spoken the early years, speakers of Esperanto
word kept in contact primarily through
vi. A real language correspondence and periodicals, but since
1905 world congresses have been held on
vii. Harmony through language five continents every year except during
viii. The mechanics of a language the two World Wars. Latest estimates for
the numbers of Esperanto speakers are
ix. Lost in translation
around 2 million. Put in percentage terms,
that's about 0.03% of the world's
population - no staggering figure,
comparatively speaking. One reason is
that Esperanto has no official status in
any country, but it is an optional subject
on the curriculum of several state
education systems. It is widely estimated
that it can be learned in anywhere
between a quarter to a twentieth of the
time required for other languages.

Note:

- Paragraph B’s main idea tells us about the development of Esperanto through years.
Firstly, Esperanto is a written language with its grammar published in 1880s. Years
after that, more and more people speak Esperanto and the latest estimate is that ‘the
numbers of Esperanto speakers are around 2 million’

- So we can conclude that the answer is v. From the written word to the spoken
word

15 Answer: viii
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q15: C

Heading for paragraph C A s a constructed language, Esperanto is

* Example : Paragraph A vii not genealogically related to any ethnic
language. Whilst it is described as 'a
* Headings language lexically predominantly
i. A non-exclusive language Romanic', the phonology, grammar,
vocabulary, and semantics are based on
ii. Fewer languages, more results the western Indo-European languages. For
iii. Language is personal those of us who are not naturally
predisposed to tucking languages under
iv. What’s fashionable in language our belts, it is an easy language to learn. It
v. From the written word to the spoken has 5 vowels and 23 consonants. It has one
word simple way of conjugating all of its verbs.
Words are often made from many other
vi. A real language roots, making the number of words which
vii. Harmony through language one must memorise much smaller. The
language is phonetic, and the rules of
viii. The mechanics of a language
pronunciation are very simple, so that
ix. Lost in translation everyone knows how to pronounce a
written word and vice-versa, and word
order follows a standard, logical pattern.
Through prefixing and suffixing, Esperanto
makes it easy to identify words as nouns,
verbs, adjectives, adverbs, direct objects
and so on, by means of easy-to-spot
endings. All this makes for easy language
learning. What's more, several research
studies demonstrate that studying
Esperanto before another foreign language
speeds up and improves the learning of
the other language. This is presumably
because learning subsequent foreign
languages is easier than learning one's
first, while the use of a grammatically
simple and culturally flexible language like
Esperanto softens the blow of learning
one's first foreign language. In one study,
a group of European high school students
studied Esperanto for one year, then
French for three years, and ended up with
a significantly better command of French
than a control group who had studied
French for all four years.

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 Note:

- Paragraph C confirms that Esperanto is a constructed language by showing us the

structure of Esperanto: its grammar, lexico, suffix, prefix, vowels, consonants

- Moreover, you can realize that option viii also states the main idea of paragraph C:
The mechanics of a language

* mechanics (n): the science of movement and force

- Therefore, we can conclude that the answer is viii. The mechanics of a language

16 Answer: iii
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q16: D

Heading for paragraph D Needless to say, the language has Its

* Example : Paragraph A vii critics. Some point to the Eastern European
features of the language as being harsh
* Headings and difficult to pronounce, and argue that
i. A non-exclusive language Esperanto has an artificial feel to it, without
the flow of a natural tongue, and that by
ii. Fewer languages, more results nature of its artificiality, it is impossible to
iii. Language is personal become emotionally involved with the
language. Others cite its lack of cultural
iv. What’s fashionable in language history, indigenous literature - "no one has
v. From the written word to the spoken ever written a novel straight into
word Esperanto" - together with its minimal
vocabulary and its inability to express all
vi. A real language the necessary philosophical, emotional and
vii. Harmony through language psychological concepts.

viii. The mechanics of a language

ix. Lost in translation

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 Note:

- Paragraph D confirms that Esperanto also has its critics. They claim that Esperanto is
‘harsh and difficult to pronounce’, ‘artificial to feel it without the nature flow of a
natural tongue’, ‘lack of cultural history’, ‘minimal vocabulary and inability to express
all the necessary philosophical, emotional and psychological concepts’

- Now, you need to analyze the meaning of the word ‘personal’

* personal (a)

(1) belonging or relating to one particular person, rather than to other people or to
people in general

(2) relating to the private areas of your life

(*3) involving rude or upsetting criticism of sb:

=> this meaning is the most suitable one to paragraph D. Paragraph D tells
us about some drawbacks of Esperanto rather than its advantages

(4) if you give something your personal care or attention, you deal with it yourself
instead of asking someone else to do it

- Considering everything, the answer is iii. Language is personal

17 Answer: vi
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q17: E

Heading for paragraph E The champions of Esperanto - Esperantists -

* Example : Paragraph A vii disagree. They claim that it is a language in
which a great body of world literature has
* Headings appeared in translation: in poetry, novels,
i. A non-exclusive language literary journals, and, to rebut the
accusation that it is not a 'real'
ii. Fewer languages, more results language, point out that it is frequently
iii. Language is personal used at international meetings which draw
hundreds and thousands of participants.
iv. What’s fashionable in language Moreover, on an international scale, it is
v. From the written word to the spoken most useful - and fair - for neutral
word communication. That means that
communication through Esperanto does not
vi. A real language give advantages to the members of any
vii. Harmony through language particular people or culture, but provides an
ethos of equality of rights, tolerance and true
viii. The mechanics of a language
internationalism.
ix. Lost in translation

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 Note:

- Paragraph D gives an idea that ‘Esperanto has its critics’. After paragraph D, the
other remained paragraphs rebut that statement by mentioning the advantages of
using Esperanto: paragraph E, F, G

- In this Qs, we need to find out the heading for paragraph E. In paragraph E, we can
see how supporters rebut the accusation that Esperanto is not a ‘real’ language.

- After reading paragraph E, we can come to a conclusion that Esperanto is ‘a real

language’ by reading the pink highlighted key phrases

- Considering every given option, we can conclude that the answer is vi. A real
language

18 Answer: i
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q18: F

Heading for paragraph F Esperantists further claim that Esperanto

* Example : Paragraph A vii has the potential - were it universally
taught for a year or two throughout the
* Headings world - to empower ordinary people to
i. A non-exclusive language communicate effectively worldwide on a
scale that far exceeds that which is
ii. Fewer languages, more results attainable today by only the most
iii. Language is personal linguistically brilliant among us. It offers the
opportunity to improve communication in
iv. What’s fashionable in language business, diplomacy, scholarship and other
v. From the written word to the spoken fields so that those who speak many
word different native languages will be able to
participate fluently in international
vi. A real language conferences and chat comfortably with
vii. Harmony through language each other after the formal presentations
are made. Nowadays that privilege is often
viii. The mechanics of a language
restricted to native speakers of English and
ix. Lost in translation those who have special talents and
opportunities for learning English as a
foreign language.

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 Note:

* exclusive (a) available or being only to a particular person, not shared

=> non-exclusive (a): not available to a particular person, shared (not

monopoly)

- This Qs requires you to have a wide range of vocabulary.

- Paragraph F’s main idea is about Esperanto’s potential to help many people
participate fluently as well as communicate effectively on a global scale. It means that
Esperanto is not an exclusive language, but it is the language for everyone regardless
of which groups they belong to.

- Considering everything, the answer for Qs 18 is i. A non-exclusive language

(the sentence containing the answer for this Qs is highlighted yellow)

19 Answer: ii
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q19: G

Heading for paragraph G What Esperanto does offer in concrete

* Example : Paragraph A vii terms is the potential of saving billions of
dollars which are now being spent on
* Headings translators and interpreters, billions which
i. A non-exclusive language would be freed up to serve the purposes of
governments and organisations that spend
ii. Fewer languages, more results so much of their resources to change words
iii. Language is personal from one language into the words of others.
Take, for example, the enormously costly
iv. What’s fashionable in language conferences, meetings and documentation
v. From the written word to the spoken involved in the European Union
word parliamentary and administrative
procedures - all funded, essentially, by
vi. A real language taxpayers. And instead of the World Health
vii. Harmony through language Organisation, and all NGOs for that matter,
devoting enormous sums to provide
viii. The mechanics of a language
interpreters and translations, they would
ix. Lost in translation be able to devote those huge amounts of
money to improving the health of stricken
populations throughout the world.

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Note:

- Paragraph G gives an idea that with the use of Esperanto, billions of dollars which are
now being spent on translators and interpreters can be saved up to serve organisation
and government’s purposes. As a result, this money can be used for improving the
health of stricken populations’ purposes

- So, we can come to a conclusion that thanks to Esperanto, fewer languages are used
but its bring us better results

* stricken (a): suffering severely from the effects of something unpleasant

- Therefore, the answer for Qs 19 is ii Fewer languages, more results

20 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q20: What advantage is there to C
learning Esperanto as one’s first foreign
As a constructed language, Esperanto is
language?
not genealogically related to any ethnic
A. Its pronunciation rules follow those of language. Whilst it is described as 'a
most European languages. language lexically predominantly Romanic',
B. There are no grammar rules to learn. the phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and
semantics are based on the western Indo-
C. It can make the learning of other European languages. For those of us who
foreign languages less complicated. are not naturally predisposed to tucking
D. Its verbs are not conjugated. languages under our belts, it is an easy
language to learn. It has 5 vowels and 23
consonants. It has one simple way of
conjugating all of its verbs. Words are often
made from many other roots, making the
number of words which one must
memorise much smaller. The language is
phonetic, and the rules of pronunciation
are very simple, so that everyone knows
how to pronounce a written word and vice-
versa, and word order follows a standard,
logical pattern. Through prefixing and
suffixing, Esperanto makes it easy to
identify words as nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, direct objects and so on, by
means of easy-to-spot endings. All this
makes for easy language learning. What's
more, several research studies
demonstrate that studying Esperanto
before another foreign language speeds up
and improves the learning of the other
language. This is presumably because
learning subsequent foreign languages is
easier than learning one's first, while the
use of a grammatically simple and
culturally flexible language like Esperanto
softens the blow of learning one's first
foreign language. In one study, a group of
European high school students studied
Esperanto for one year, then French for
three years, and ended up with a
significantly better command of French
than a control group who had studied
French for all four years..

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Note:

- Firstly, you need to find the keyword ‘first’ or ‘first foreign language’

- The answer can be found in some last sentences of paragraph C.

- In paragraph C:

+ The author gives a statement that after learning Esperanto, it will be easier for
people when learning other languages

+ The author gives an example about 2 options: spending 3 years learning French and
1 year learning Esperanto vs. 4 years learning French. The former choice brings better
results and makes learning other languages not as complicated as it used to be after
learning Esperanto

- So the answer is C. It can make the learning of other foreign languages less
complicated.

21 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q21: D

What do its critics say of Esperanto? Needless to say, the language has Its
A. It is only used in artificial situations. critics. Some point to the Eastern European
features of the language as being harsh
B. It requires emotional involvement. and difficult to pronounce, and argue that
C. It cannot translate works of literature. Esperanto has an artificial feel to it, without
the flow of a natural tongue, and that by
D. It lacks depth of expression. nature of its artificiality, it is impossible to
become emotionally involved with the
language. Others cite its lack of cultural
history, indigenous literature - "no one has
ever written a novel straight into
Esperanto" - together with its minimal
vocabulary and its inability to express all
the necessary philosophical, emotional and
psychological concepts.

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Note:

- Firstly, pay attention to the highlighted key phrase in the Qs. We need to find out the
phrase ‘it critics’

- The answer can be found in paragraph D. Paragraph D’s main idea is about what
critics’ claim about Esperanto

- Moreover, after doing matching headings in the Qs given above, finding the
paragraph with the main idea relating to ‘critics’ is much easier.

- Comparing what the author mentions in paragraph D and the given choice from the
Qs, the answer is D. It lacks depth of expression.

22 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q22: E

How could Esperanto help on a global The champions of Esperanto - Esperantists

level? - disagree. They claim that it is a language
in which a great body of world literature
A . It would eliminate the need for
has appeared in translation: in poetry,
conferences.
novels, literary journals, and, to rebut the
B. M ore aid money would reach those accusation that it is not a 'real' language,
who need it. point out that it is frequently used at
international meetings which draw
C . The world population would be
hundreds and thousands of participants.
speaking only one language.
Moreover, on an international scale, it is
D . More funds could be made available most useful - and fair - for neutral
for learning foreign languages. communication. That means that
communication through Esperanto does
not give advantages to the members of any
particular people or culture, but provides
an ethos of equality of rights, tolerance and
true internationalism

Esperantists further claim that Esperanto

has the potential - were it universally
taught for a year or two throughout the
world - to empower ordinary people to
communicate effectively worldwide on a
scale that far exceeds that which is
attainable today by only the most
linguistically brilliant among us. It offers the
opportunity to improve communication in
business, diplomacy, scholarship and other

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 fields so that those who speak many
different native languages will be able to
participate fluently in international
conferences and chat comfortably with
each other after the formal presentations
are made. Nowadays that privilege is often
restricted to native speakers of English and
those who have special talents and
opportunities for learning English as a
foreign language.

What Esperanto does offer in concrete

terms is the potential of saving billions of
dollars which are now being spent on
translators and interpreters, billions which
would be freed up to serve the purposes of
governments and organisations that spend
so much of their resources to change words
from one language into the words of
others. Take, for example, the enormously
costly conferences, meetings and
documentation involved in the European
Union parliamentary and administrative
procedures - all funded, essentially, by
taxpayers. And instead of the World Health
Organisation, and all NGOs for that matter,
devoting enormous sums to provide
interpreters and translations, they would
be able to devote those huge amounts of
money to improving the health of stricken
populations throughout the world.

Note:

- Paragraph D gives an idea that ‘Esperanto has its critics’. After paragraph D, the
other remained paragraphs rebut that statement by mentioning the advantages of
using Esperanto on a global scale: paragraph E, F, G

- Moreover, you can find the key phrase ‘on a global level’ has been paraphrased to ‘on
an international scale, universally, governments and organisations’ in paragraph E, F, G

- Therefore, what you need to do is to read these 3 paragraphs to find out the answers
relating to the 4 options from the Qs

- So the answer is B. More aid money would reach those who need it.

23 Answer: YES
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 Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q23: E

Supporters of Esperanto say it gives The champions of Esperanto - Esperantists

everyone an equal voice. - disagree. They claim that it is a language
in which a great body of world literature
has appeared in translation: in poetry,
novels, literary journals, and, to rebut the
accusation that it is not a 'real' language,
point out that it is frequently used at
international meetings which draw
hundreds and thousands of participants.
Moreover, on an international scale, it is
most useful - and fair - for neutral
communication. That means that
communication through Esperanto does
not give advantages to the members of any
particular people or culture, but provides
an ethos of equality of rights, tolerance and
true internationalism

Note

- Here, we should highly focus on the keyword ‘equal’. Skimming and scanning the
whole passage to find out the paragraph that mentions this word. It’s paragraph E

- The answer for this Qs can be found in the last line of paragraph E. ‘equal voice’ can
be expressed as ‘equality of rights, tolerance and true internationalism’

- Considering every detail in the question and in the passage, we can conclude that
Q23 is confirmed in paragraph E with the pink highlighted key phrases.

- For that reason, the answer is YES

24 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q24: A

Esperanto is the only artificially- Language lovers, just like music lovers,
constructed language. enjoy variety. For the latter there's Mozart,
The Rolling Stones and Beyonce. For the
former there's English, French, Swahili,
Urdu... the list is endless. But what about
those poor overworked students who find
learning difficult, confusing languages a
drudge? Wouldn't it put a smile on their
faces if there were just one simple, easy-to-
learn tongue that would cut their study
time by years? Well, of course, it exists. It's
called Esperanto, and it's been around for
more than 120 years. Esperanto is the
most widely spoken artificially constructed
international language. The name derives
from Doktoro Esperanto, the pseudonym
under which L. L. Zamenhof first published
his Unua Libro in 1887. The phrase itself
means 'one who hopes'. Zamenhof's goal
was to create an easy and flexible
language as a universal second language
to promote peace and international
understanding

Note:

- First of all, you should move your eyes from the top to the bottom of the passage and
try to find out the key phrase ‘the only artificially-constructed language’. You can find
this phrase right in paragraph A

- The author states that ‘Esperanto is the most widely spoken artificially constructed
international language’. The author use the superlative ‘the most…’ It means that
there are many other international languages that are ‘artificially constructed
international languages’, but Esperanto – among them, is the most widely spoken
artificially constructed international language’

- It means that there are many other languages that are ‘artificially-constructed
language’. Esperanto is not the only one

- For that reason, the answer is NO

25 Answer: NOT GIVEN

Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q25:

Esperanto can be learned as part of a

self-study course.

Note

- Finding the keyword ‘course’. You cannot find this word in the whole paragraph.

- Moreover, after answering matching heading questions, you’ve got the main idea of
each paragraph. There is no paragraph mentioning about ‘course’ or ‘self-study
course’

- Considering everything, the answer for Qs 25 is NOT GIVEN

26 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q26: E

Esperanto can be used equally in formal The champions of Esperanto - Esperantists

and casual situations. - disagree. They claim that it is a language
in which a great body of world literature
has appeared in translation: in poetry,
novels, literary journals, and, to rebut the
accusation that it is not a 'real' language,
point out that it is frequently used at
international meetings which draw
hundreds and thousands of participants.
Moreover, on an international scale, it is
most useful - and fair - for neutral
communication. That means that
communication through Esperanto does not
give advantages to the members of any
particular people or culture, but provides
an ethos of equality of rights, tolerance and
true internationalism

Esperantists further claim that Esperanto

has the potential - were it universally
taught for a year or two throughout the
world - to empower ordinary people to
communicate effectively worldwide on a
scale that far exceeds that which is
attainable today by only the most
linguistically brilliant among us. It offers the
opportunity to improve communication in
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 business, diplomacy, scholarship and other
fields so that those who speak many
different native languages will be able to
participate fluently in international
conferences and chat comfortably with
each other after the formal presentations
are made. Nowadays that privilege is often
restricted to native speakers of English and
those who have special talents and
opportunities for learning English as a
foreign language.

What Esperanto does offer in concrete

terms is the potential of saving billions of
dollars which are now being spent on
translators and interpreters, billions which
would be freed up to serve the purposes of
governments and organisations that spend
so much of their resources to change words
from one language into the words of others.
Take, for example, the enormously costly
conferences, meetings and documentation
involved in the European Union
parliamentary and administrative
procedures - all funded, essentially, by
taxpayers. And instead of the World Health
Organisation, and all NGOs for that matter,
devoting enormous sums to provide
interpreters and translations, they would
be able to devote those huge amounts of
money to improving the health of stricken
populations throughout the world.

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Note

- Paragraph D gives an idea that ‘Esperanto has its critics’. After paragraph D, the
other remained paragraphs rebut that statement by mentioning the advantages of
using Esperanto: paragraph E, F, G

- Firstly, we need to analyze the first side of the option: ‘Esperanto can be used in
formal situations’;

+ Paragraph E:

Supporters claim that Esperanto is a language in which a great body of world literature
has appeared in translation: in poetry, novels, literary journals’; ‘it is frequently used at
international meetings which draw hundreds and thousands of participants’;

+ Paragraph F:

Supporters also states that ‘Esperanto offers the opportunity to improve

communication in business, diplomacy, scholarship and other fields so that those who
speak many different native languages will be able to participate in international
conferences and chat comfortably with each other after the formal presentations are
made’

+ Paragraph G:

Finally, supporters give an example to the face that Esperanto can be used in formal
situations ‘Take, for example, the enormously costly conferences, meetings and
documentation involved in the European Union parliamentary and administrative
procedures - all funded, essentially, by taxpayers’

- Then, we analyse the second side of the option: ‘Esperanto can be used in casual
situations’

+ Paragraph E:

Esperanto is ‘most useful - and fair - for neutral communication’, ‘Esperanto does not
give advantages to the members of any particular people or culture, but provides an
ethos of equality of rights, tolerance and true internationalism’, ‘Esperantists further
claim that Esperanto has the potential - were it universally taught for a year or two
throughout the world - to empower ordinary people to communicate effectively
worldwide’

- After considering everything, we can come to a conclusion that ‘Esperanto can be

used in formal and casual situations’

- So the answer for Qs 26 is YES

* stricken (a): suffering severely from the effects of something unpleasant

27 Answer: varying rates

Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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 Q27: degradation proceeds at_____ B

Desertification is officially
Complete the flow-chart below. recognised as land degradation in
arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid
areas resulting from various
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each
factors including climatic
answer.
variations and human activities.
T h i s degradation of formerly
productive land is a complex
process. It involves multiple
causes, and it proceeds at varying
rates in different climates.
Desertification may intensify a
general climatic trend, or initiate a
change in local climate, both
leading towards greater aridity.
The more arid conditions
associated with desertification
accelerates the depletion of
vegetation and soils. Land
degradation occurs all over the
world, but it is only referred to as
desertification when it takes place
in drylands. This is because these
areas are especially prone to more
permanent damage as different
areas of degraded land spread and
merge together to form desert-like
conditions.

Note:

- Quickly skimming the whole passage to find out which paragraph contains the key
phrases ‘degradation’, ‘proceeds at’

- After doing this step, you can find out the needed paragraph. The answer for Qs 28
can be found in paragraph B

- The exact answer for this Qs can be found in the 2th sentence of paragraph B

- Now, read paragraph B carefully and pay attention to the highlighted keywords and
pay attention on how many words you can fill in the blank

- So we can conclude that the answer for QS 27 is ‘varying rates’

28 Answer: intensify
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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 Q28: _____ a climate trend B

Desertification is officially
Complete the flow-chart below. recognised as land degradation in
arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid
areas resulting from various
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each
factors including climatic
answer.
variations and human activities.
This degradation of formerly
productive land is a complex
process. It involves multiple
causes, and it proceeds at varying
rates in different climates.
Desertification may intensify a
general climatic trend, or initiate a
change in local climate, both
leading towards greater aridity.
The more arid conditions
associated with desertification
accelerates the depletion of
vegetation and soils. Land
degradation occurs all over the
world, but it is only referred to as
desertification when it takes place
in drylands. This is because these
areas are especially prone to more
permanent damage as different
areas of degraded land spread and
merge together to form desert-like
conditions.

Note:

- Quickly skimming the whole passage to find out which paragraph contains the key
phrase ‘a climate change’

- After doing this step, you can find out the needed paragraph. The answer for Qs 28
can be found in paragraph B

- The exact answer for this Qs can be found in the 4th sentence of paragraph B

- Now, read paragraph B carefully and pay attention to the highlighted keywords and
pay attention on how many words you can fill in the blank

- For that reason, the answer is ' intensify’

29 Answer: initiate
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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 Q29: _____a change in climate B

Desertification is officially
Complete the flow-chart below. recognised as land degradation in
arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each areas resulting from various
answer. factors including climatic
variations and human activities.
This degradation of formerly
productive land is a complex
process. It involves multiple
causes, and it proceeds at varying
rates in different climates.
Desertification may intensify a
general climatic trend, or initiate a
change in local climate, both
leading towards greater aridity.
The more arid conditions
associated with desertification
accelerate the depletion of
vegetation and soils. Land
degradation occurs all over the
world, but it is only referred to as
desertification when it takes place
in drylands. This is because these
areas are especially prone to more
permanent damage as different
areas of degraded land spread and
merge together to form desert-like
conditions.

Note:

- Quickly skimming the whole passage to find out which paragraph contains the key
phrase ‘climate’, ‘a change in’

- After doing this step, you can find out the needed paragraph. The answer for Qs 29
can be found in paragraph B

- The exact answer for this Qs can be found in the 4th sentence of paragraph B

- For that reason, the answer is ‘initiate’

30 Answer: aridity
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q30: resulting in greater _____ B

Desertification is officially recognised

Complete the flow-chart below. as land degradation in arid, semi-arid
and dry sub-humid areas resulting
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for from various factors including
each answer. climatic variations and human
activities. This degradation of
formerly productive land is a complex
process. It involves multiple causes,
and it proceeds at varying rates in
different climates. Desertification
may intensify a general climatic
trend, or initiate a change in local
climate, both leading towards greater
aridity. The more arid conditions
associated with desertification
accelerate the depletion of
vegetation and soils. Land
degradation occurs all over the world,
but it is only referred to as
desertification when it takes place in
drylands. This is because these areas
are especially prone to more
permanent damage as different areas
of degraded land spread and merge
together to form desert-like
conditions.

Note:

- Quickly skimming the whole passage to find out which paragraph contains the
keyword ‘greater’

- After doing this step, you can find out the needed paragraph. The answer for Qs 29
can be found in paragraph B

- The exact answer for this Qs can be found in the 4th sentence of paragraph B

- Moreover, you need to find out the other expressions of the phrase ‘resulting in’ in the
option of the Qs. Comparing what mentions in the option and what states in the
paragraph, ‘resulting in’ has been changed into ‘leading towards’

- Read the 4th sentence with the highlighted key phrases carefully to find out the
answer to this Qs

- After all, we can conclude that the answer is ‘aridity’

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31 Answer: vegetation
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q31: depletion of _____ B

Desertification is officially recognised

Complete the flow-chart below. as land degradation in arid, semi-arid
and dry sub-humid areas resulting
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for from various factors including climatic
each answer. variations and human activities. This
degradation of formerly productive
land is a complex process. It involves
multiple causes, and it proceeds at
varying rates in different climates.
Desertification may intensify a
general climatic trend, or initiate a
change in local climate, both leading
towards greater aridity. The more arid
conditions associated with
desertification accelerates the
depletion of vegetation and soils.
Land degradation occurs all over the
world, but it is only referred to as
desertification when it takes place in
drylands. This is because these areas
are especially prone to more
permanent damage as different areas
of degraded land spread and merge
together to form desert-like
conditions.

Note:

- Quickly skimming the whole passage to find out which paragraph contains the
keyword ‘depletion of’

- After doing this step, you can find out the needed paragraph. The answer for Qs 29
can be found in paragraph B

- The exact answer for this Qs can be found in the 5th sentence of paragraph B

- Moreover, you can realize that there are 2 results in greater aridity: the depletion of
vegetable and soils

- Read the 5th sentence with the highlighted key phrases carefully to find out the
answer to this Qs

- After all, you can conclude that the answer is ‘vegetation’

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32 Answer: soils
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q32: _____ B

Desertification is officially recognised

Complete the flow-chart below. as land degradation in arid, semi-arid
and dry sub-humid areas resulting
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for from various factors including climatic
each answer. variations and human activities. This
degradation of formerly productive
land is a complex process. It involves
multiple causes, and it proceeds at
varying rates in different climates.
Desertification may intensify a
general climatic trend, or initiate a
change in local climate, both leading
towards greater aridity. The more arid
conditions associated with
desertification accelerates the
depletion of vegetation and soils.
Land degradation occurs all over the
world, but it is only referred to as
desertification when it takes place in
drylands. This is because these areas
are especially prone to more
permanent damage as different areas
of degraded land spread and merge
together to form desert-like
conditions.

Note:

- Quickly skimming the whole passage to find out which paragraph contains the
keyword ‘depletion of’

- After doing this step, you can find out the needed paragraph. The answer for Qs 29
can be found in paragraph B

- The exact answer for this Qs can be found in the 5th sentence of paragraph B

- Moreover, you can realize that there are 2 results in greater aridity: the depletion of
vegetable and soils

- In Qs 31, you have written the answer ‘vegetable’.

- So now, the answer for Qs 33 is ‘soils’

33 Answer: G

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 Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q33: _____Human intervention is a G

potential solution to potential disaster
Future climate change could critically
undermine efforts for sustainable
development in the Mediterranean region
through its impacts on the environment
and social and economic well-being. While
in many respects climate change
exacerbates existing problems instead of
creating new ones, the sheer magnitude of
the potential problem means it cannot be
ignored. There is some scope for
adaptation, but the fact that many
measures would be beneficial irrespective
of climate change suggests that radical
changes in our policies and practices will
be needed. It is also vital that developed
countries meet their obligations to assist
adaptation in developing countries through
access to know-how and financial
assistance. Ultimately, however, the long-
term sustainability of the Mediterranean
region requires keeping climate change
within tolerable bounds. Current
understanding of safe limits points to the
need for prompt international agreement -
and action - to make drastic cuts in
emissions of greenhouse gases required to
stabilise atmospheric concentrations of
these gases

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 Note:

- In this Qs, you need to find out the exact clues from the passage, which have usually
been paraphrased into other words or sentences in the given paragraph:

+ ‘Human intervention’ also means that ‘radical changes in our policies and practices
will be needed’. It means that human needs to do something to improve that matters

+ ‘Potential solution to potential disaster’ can be described in different way as Current

‘
understanding of safe limits points to the need for prompt international agreement -
and action - to make drastic cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases required to stabilise
atmospheric concentrations of these gases’

- Considering everything, the answer is G. Paragraph G

* intervention (n): action taken to intentionally become involved in a difficult

situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse:

* radical (a)

+ believing or expressing the belief that there should be great or extreme

social or political change

+ relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or

extreme:

* know-how (n) : practical knowledge and ability

-> know-how assistance

34 Answer: E
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q34: _____The rate of climate change is E
set to accelerate dramatically.
But desertification will not be limited to the
drylands of Africa and Asia. According to
the environmental organisation
Greenpeace, the Mediterranean will suffer
substantially, too. If current trends in
emissions of greenhouse gases continue,
global temperatures are expected to rise
faster over the next century than over any
time during the last 10,000 years.
Significant uncertainties surround
predictions of regional climate changes,
but it is likely that the Mediterranean
region will also warm significantly,
increasing the frequency and severity of
droughts across the region. As the world
warms, global sea levels will rise as oceans
expand and glaciers melt. Around much of
the Mediterranean basin, sea levels could
rise by close to 1m by 2100. As a result,
some low-lying coastal areas would be lost
through flooding or erosion, while rivers
and coastal aquifers would become more
salty. The worst affected areas will be the
Nile Delta, Venice in Italy and Thessaloniki
in Greece, two major cities where local
subsidence means that sea levels could
rise by at least one-and-a-half times as
much as elsewhere

Note:

- In this Qs, you need to find out the exact clues from the passage, which have usually
been paraphrased into other words or sentences in the given paragraph:

+ The phrase ‘Accelerate dramatically’ is similar to the author’s expression about the
rate of climate change ‘to rise faster over the next century than over any time during
the last 10,000 year’, ‘warm significantly’

- Comparing the information from paragraph E to the given information from the Qs

- Then, you come to the conclusion thatthe answer is E. Paragraph E

* severity

35 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q35: There is seldom enough information D It is a misconception that droughts
available in some areas to track how fast cause desertification. Droughts are
t h e effects of climate change have common in arid and semi-arid lands. Well-
happened in the past. managed lands can recover from drought
when the rains return. Continued land
abuse during droughts, however, increases
land degradation. Nor does desertification
occur in linear, easily definable patterns.
Deserts advance erratically, forming
patches on their borders. Areas far from
natural deserts can degrade quickly to
barren soil, rock, or sand through poor land
management. The presence of a nearby
desert has no direct relationship to
desertification. Unfortunately, an area
undergoing desertification is brought to
public attention only after the process is
well underway. Often little or no data are
available to indicate the previous state of
the ecosystem or the rate of degradation.
Scientists still question whether
desertification, as a process of global
change, is permanent or how and when it
can be halted or reversed.

Note

- You should use the corresponding key phrases from the question and then compare
them with the key phrases in the passage

- The words and phrases the author use often different from what mentioned in the Qs.
So, you need to read each sentence carefully as well as searching for some outstanding
phrases such as ‘seldom enough information available in some areas’ (which is similar
to the expression of the author :’ Often little or no date are available to indicate’) in
order to find out the suitable paragraph matching the information of the Qs

- Besides, you need to pay attention to other key phrases which are in blue, purple, and
orange highlighted phrases from the Qs. Comparing them with what is stated from the
paragraph you choose.

- Considering everything, the answer is D. Paragraph D

36 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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 Q36: _____Desertification is attributable B Desertification is officially recognised as
to a number of factors. land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry
sub-humid areas resulting from various
factors including climatic variations and
human activities. This degradation of
formerly productive land is a complex
process. It involves multiple causes, and it
proceeds at varying rates in different
climates. Desertification may intensify a
general climatic trend, or initiate a change
in local climate, both leading towards
greater aridity. The more arid conditions
associated with desertification accelerate
the depletion of vegetation and soils. Land
degradation occurs all over the world, but
it is only referred to as desertification
when it takes place in drylands. This is
because these areas are especially prone
to more permanent damage as different
areas of degraded land spread and merge
together to form desert-like conditions

Note:

- Finding out the keyword ‘Desertification’. This word can be found in paragraph B. Qs
36 means that desertification can be considered as a result of various factors such as
climate variations and human activities. This is similar to the statement ‘Desertification
attributes to a number of factors’

- So, what you need to do now is reading paragraph B carefully again

- Obviously, thanks to the first sentence of paragraph F, we can make a conclusion that
the answer is B. Paragraph B

37 Answer: E
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q37: E

Complete the summary with the list of But desertification will not be limited to the
words A - I below. drylands of Africa and Asia. According to
Climate change may have catastrophic the environmental organisation
effects on the human and animal world. Greenpeace, the Mediterranean will suffer
A s glaciers melt, sea levels will rise, substantially, too. If current trends in
causing extensive flooding and land emissions of greenhouse gases continue,
37_____ . Another consequence of global global temperatures are expected to rise
warming is 38_____ , which affects areas faster over the next century than over any
known as 39_____ . These areas are time during the last 10,000 years.
subject to irregular weather patterns, but Significant uncertainties surround
also suffer from human intervention or predictions of regional climate changes,
neglect, such as inadequate or inefficient but it is likely that the Mediterranean
40_____ systems. region will also warm significantly,
increasing the frequency and severity of
A. irrigation droughts across the region. As the world
B. cooling warms, global sea levels will rise as oceans
expand and glaciers melt. Around much of
C. drylands the Mediterranean basin, sea levels could
D. cause rise by close to 1m by 2100. As a result,
some low-lying coastal areas would be lost
E. loss through flooding or erosion, while rivers
F. abuse and coastal aquifers would become more
salty. The worst affected areas will be the
G. desertification Nile Delta, Venice in Italy and Thessaloniki
H. deserts in Greece, two major cities where local
subsidence means that sea levels could
I. emission
rise by at least one-and-a-half times as
much as elsewhere.

Note

- To answer Q37, it would be better to use skimming to find out the content words (sea
levels, glaciers mell, flooding). Passage E contains these content words

- Paragraph E also mentions about the bad effect of desertification such as glaciers
melt, the rise of sea levels,...

- Moreover, the word ‘land’ in the Qs can also be known as ‘coastal areas’. In
paragraph A, the author states that coastal areas would be ‘lost’. This is a verb,
however, we need to fill in the blank with a noun

- All things considered, we can conclude thatthe answer is E. loss

38 Answer: G
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

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Q38: A

Complete the summary with the list of Melting land ice in the Arctic is set to
words A - I below. cause a global rise in sea levels, leading to
Climate change may have catastrophic disastrous effects for both man and
effects on the human and animal world. wildlife. Many species worldwide are
As glaciers melt, sea levels will rise, threatened with extinction, and low-lying
causing extensive flooding and land islands and land masses will disappear
37_____ . Another consequence of global entirely. But the havoc wreaked by the
warming is 38_____ , which affects areas effect of greenhouse gases won’t be
known as 39_____ . These areas are confined to just too much water, but the
subject to irregular weather patterns, but absence of it, as well. In other words,
also suffer from human intervention or desertification. A decrease in the total
neglect, such as inadequate or inefficient amount of rainfall in arid and semi-arid
40_____ systems. areas could increase the total area of
drylands worldwide, and thus the total
A. irrigation amount of land potentially at risk from
B. cooling desertification.

C. drylands

D. cause

E. loss

F. abuse

G. desertification

H. deserts

I. emission

Note:

- The keywords to use in scanning are ‘global warming’

- Notice that words in the summary have been paraphrased to other words and phrases
in the passage (these words are highlighted with the same color so that you can find
them easily)

- Read paragraph A carefully to find out the corresponding information in the paragraph
that matches the options in the Qs

- Considering all the given information, we can conclude thatthe answer is G.

desertification

* havoc (n) = destruction

* wreak (v): cause a lot of damage or problems

39 Answer: C

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 Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q39: B

Complete the summary with the list of Desertification is officially recognised as

words A - I below. land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry
sub-humid areas resulting from various
Climate change may have catastrophic
factors including climatic variations and
effects on the human and animal world.
human activities. This degradation of
As glaciers melt, sea levels will rise,
formerly productive land is a complex
causing extensive flooding and land
process. It involves multiple causes, and it
37_____ . Another consequence of global
proceeds at varying rates in different
warming is 38_____ , which affects areas
climates. Desertification may intensify a
known as 39_____ . These areas are
general climatic trend, or initiate a change
subject to irregular weather patterns, but
in local climate, both leading towards
also suffer from human intervention or
greater aridity. The more arid conditions
neglect, such as inadequate or inefficient
associated with desertification accelerates
40_____ systems.
the depletion of vegetation and soils. Land
A. irrigation degradation occurs all over the world, but
it is only referred to as desertification
B. cooling
when it takes place in drylands. This is
C. drylands because these areas are especially prone
D. cause to more permanent damage as different
areas of degraded land spread and merge
E. loss together to form desert-like conditions..
F. abuse

G. desertification

H. deserts

I. emission

Note:

- Notice that words in the summary have been paraphrased to other words and phrases
in the passage (these words are highlighted with the same color so that you can find
them easily)

- Read paragraph B carefully to find out the corresponding information in the paragraph
that matches the options in the Qs

- By following the pink and blue highlighted key phrases in the paragraph, you can
make a conclusion that the suitable answer for this Qs is option C

- The answer can be found most obvious in sentences that are pink and blue
highlighted in paragraph B

- Considering all the given information, we can conclude thatthe answer is C.

drylands

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40 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q40: C

Complete the summary with the list of Global warming brought about by
words A - I below. increasing greenhouse gas levels in the
atmosphere is expected to increase the
Climate change may have catastrophic
variability of weather conditions and
effects on the human and animal world.
extreme events. Many dryland areas face
As glaciers melt, sea levels will rise,
increasingly low and erratic rainfall,
causing extensive flooding and land
coupled with soil erosion by wind and the
37_____ . Another consequence of global
drying-up of water resources through
warming is 38_____ , which affects areas
increased regional temperatures.
known as 39_____ . These areas are
Deforestation can also reduce rainfall in
subject to irregular weather patterns, but
certain areas, increasing the threat of
also suffer from human intervention or
desertification. It is not yet possible,
neglect, such as inadequate or inefficient
despite sophisticated technology, to
40_____ systems.
identify with an acceptable degree of
A. irrigation reliability those parts of the Earth where
B. cooling desertification will occur. Existing drylands,
which cover over 40% of the total land
C. drylands area of the world, most significantly in
D. cause Africa and Asia, will probably be most at
risk from climate change. These areas
E. loss already experience low rainfall, and any
F. abuse that falls is usually in the form of short,
erratic, high-intensity storms. In addition,
G. desertification such areas also suffer from land
H. deserts degradation due to over-cultivation,
overgrazing, deforestation and poor
I. emission irrigation practices.

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Note:

- First of all, you need to find out the key phrases such as ‘weather patterns’, ‘human
intervention or neglect’, ‘inadequate or insufficient’ in order to identify what paragraph
needs to be read carefully

- The paragraph you need to read carefully is paragraph C

- These contented words and phrases above have been changed into ‘low rainfall, high-
intensity storm’ (weather patterns); ‘over-cultivation, overgrazing, deforestation’
(human intervention or neglect); ‘poor’ (inadequate or inefficient)

- Moreover, you should pay attention to the corresponding highlighted key phrases
from the passage that match what mentioned in the Qs

- Considering all the given information, we can conclude thatthe answer is A.

irrigation

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