Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB

RIPH111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022

- Oldest Document in The Philippines
Coverage for Prelim:
• Laguna Copper Plate – isa siyang resibo na doon sinusulat
• History, the Sources Historical Method
ang utang ng may utang ay tapos na
• Santiago Alvarez's and Teodoro Agoncillo’s
- Model of History
• Robert Fox's and William Henry Scott’s
• Linear Model – this is also called “providential” or
• Antonio Pigafetta’s and Juan de Plasencia’s “fatalistic” (merong umpisa at katapusan. Parang kayo ng
• Emilio Jacinto’s and Apolinario Mabini’s ex mo, umpisa sa ligawan nauwi lang din sa hiwalayan hehe)
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and Emilio Aguinaldo's • Cyclical Model – nauulit ang history
• Spiral Method – it criticizes the cyclical model (hindi
HISTORY, SOURCES & THE HISTORICAL METHODS nauulit ang history pero may pagkakahalintulad)
Discussed by Prof. Danofra and Prof. Ramos
• Chaotic View – it is inspired by the “postmodernist”
History
meaning relativist (kung ano ang tama edi yun na rin yung
- Istoia – means learning in Greek
tama)
- Geschichte means that which has happened in German. This
means that the word implies that history teaches, and we may Historical Method
learn from the lessons of history. - The process of critically examining and analyzing the records
- Record of significant events and survivals of the past. (We cannot rely solely on the
- We study it so we may learn from the feats and defeats of the memory of the witness.)
people from the past. - To study objectively (intention of acquiring detached and
- It is only the glimpse of the past since much of it are beyond truthful knowledge independent of one’s personal reactions) a
recall. thing must first be an object and must have an independent
- History should always be based on reliable sources. resistance outside the human mind). Most of history is based
- History is something that already happened. on the human mind since most of history is based upon
- According to Aristotle, history is the systematic account of a recollection (written or spoken history).
set of natural phenomena whether or not chronological - In reconstruction, only a part of what was observed is
ordering was a factor in an account, and this is considered as remembered, only a part of what was remembered is recorded,
natural history. As time passed, the equivalent Latin only a part of what was recorded survives, only a part of what
word “scientia”, which is science in English later was used survived comes to the historian’s attention.
more to designate non-chronological systematic accounts of - Only of a part of what is credible has been grasped, only a part
phenomena. of what has been grasped can be expounded and narrated by
- “Ang kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysay para sa grupo ng the historian.
mg tao na may kakanyahan at identidad nan aka-sandig sa
sariling wika at kalinangan.” – Zeus Salazar Historical Sources
- Presently, the word “history” means the “past of mankind”. - Objects from the past or testimony concerning the past which
History is the study of past events, particularly in human historians use to create their own depiction of the past.
affairs. - May sarili silang version or pagkakaintindi doon sa nabasa
- With the definition of history, it brings man to a recognition nilang kwento. Pag naisalin ng isalin ung information,
that history cannot be reconstructed, that the past of mankind, nababawasan ung credibility nya kasi nahahaluan ng opinion
much of it, is beyond recall. And that even the best of our ng iba or bias.
memories cannot re-create our past. According to Form
- The reconstruction of the total past of mankind is the total goal 1) Written Sources
of historians which, however, is unattainable. Historians will - Published materials (books, journals etc.)
never really know everything that happened in the past. - Manuscript (handwritten and unprinted like archival
- The problem that every historian confronts is that the evidence materials and memoirs) memoirs – written from personal
they rely on is likely to be fragmented, incomplete, and even knowledge or special sources.
contradictory. The result is, each historian’s conclusions are 2) Non written Sources/ Oral Sources
influenced by the evidence they have selected from what is - Oral history, artifacts, fossils, etc.
available and from how they interpreted it. - Recorded interview, folk tales, legends, myths
- And from whatever a historian only has will be the only thing According to Origin
that he can use to connect him to the past. 1) Primary Sources
- Herodotus – The Father of History - Raw information (hindi pa nagagalaw, nadadagdagan or
- Language and Own Perspective nababawasan)
- The person giving the testimony was present during which
• Kasaysayan – mga salaysay na may saysay sa grupojng
sinasalaysayan (Dito nagsusulat sila at gamit na wika ay the event happened. (Ex: news article, photo, audio
maiintindihan ng lahat) recordings, works of art, artifacts, documents etc.)
- It must have been produced by a contemporary of that is
• Pantayong Pananaw – Dr. Zeus Salazar (Ex. dito kay Dr.
narrated. It is a document or physical object written or
Jose Rizal na nagsulat sya gamit ang wikang Espanyol at
created during the time under study. These sources were
ang mga Espanyol lang ang nakakaintindi nun)
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present during an experience or time period and offer an • Legislative journals

inside view of a particular event. • Court Records
2) Secondary Sources
- Interpret and analyze primary sources. Repositories of primary sources in Philippines
- They are one or more steps removed from the event. • National archives/ pambansang sinupan ng Filipinas
Examples are printed textbooks. • National library/ pambansang aklatan
- Processed information (Ex: Bibliographies, commentaries, • National museum/ pambansang museo
annotations, dictionaries, encyclopedias, journal article • National historical commission
textbooks) • UP Diliman main library
- Difference of Bibliography and biography: Biography is • Ateneo De Manila University rizal library
written by you about yourself while bibliography is • Archives of UST
written by someone. • Archdiocesan Archives of Manila
- Hindi natin pwede gawin historical source ang chismis • Historical Collection of US Embassy
kasi hindi sya credible source.
• SIL Philippines
Historical Criticism • Manila Observatory Archives
External Criticism • De La Salle University Library
- This is done to asses the authenticity of you chose source. It Repositories in the Spain
has three aspects: • Archive General de Indias (Seville)
• Physical – yung nakikita mo • Museo Naval De Madrid
• Surface Criticism • Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid)
• Provenance – determines the why, where and when the • Portal de Archivo de Espanoles (PARES)
source originated - Online free library
• Originality - https://pares.culturaydeporte.gob.es/inicio.html
1) Test Authenticity
- Determine the date if it is Anachronistic: a material, skill Repositories in the UK
or culture does not exist at that time • British Museum
- Determine the author in the uniqueness of his handwriting - The British occupied the Philippines in 1762-1764
or signature - Where Jose Rizal researched
- Determine the provenance or custody: genuineness Repositories in the America
- Determine the Semantics, meaning of a text or word • National Archives and Records Service
- Determine the Hermeneutics, the ambiguities • Library of Congress
Internal Criticism • Lilly Library
- It examines the credibility of a source. It has two aspects: • Ayer Collection of Newberry Library
- Meaning – the meaning of the word itsel or contextualization • Harvard University Library
- Corrolation – nagma-match sa sinasabi ng tao (hal. sabi mo sa • Stanford University Library
bespren mo hindi mo na sya mahal tapos ka na sakanya pagod • University of Michigan
ka na, pero nung tinanong ka ulit next day sabi mo sya pa rin
talaga wewz) COMPARING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
2) Test of Credibility Discussed by Prof. Danofra and Prof. Ramos
- Determine the Character of the Author, his reliability, History of Filipino People
and his ability and willingness to tell the truth Santiago Alvarez
- Determine the Corrobation, historical facts rest upon - A revolutionary general and a founder and honorary president
the testimony or two or more reliable witnesses of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party
- History is truth only (dapat reliable ang history kaya - Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy because of his inflamed
hindi dapat nilalagyan ng own opinion.) bravery and dedication as commander of Cavite's famous
Kind of Primary Sources battles
- The only child of revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez
• Records of social and cultural observations
Teodoro Agoncillo
• Chronicles
- A prominent 20th-century Filipino historian
• Human Fossils (remains of ancient man imbedded in the earth - He and his contemporary Renato Constantino were among the
such as bones, hair, skin etc.) first Filipino historians renowned for promoting a distinctly
• Artifacts (cultural evidence of man in the past such as tools nationalist point of view of Filipino history.
and implements)
• Records of Detective Investigations Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study
• Royal Decrees and Laws Robert Fox
• Official Reports - An anthropologist and leading historian on the prehispanic
• Maps Philippines
• Memoirs or Autobiographies - He led a six-year archaeological research project in Palawan,
• Personal accounts: record of interviews focusing mainly on the caves and rock shelters of Lipuun
• Newspapers and Magazines: reports of correspondents Point in the southern part of the island. Its most outstanding

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site is the Tabon Cave complex, the large main cave delivered - For the end of the meeting Supremo announced that the
the only Pleistocene human fossils found in the Philippines to election was null and void.
date. The fossil finds include a skullcap, jaw bones, teeth and - Magdalo Pres. Aguinaldo request to have a meeting to
several other fragmented bones. Dubbed as the "Tabon Man", revalidate the proceeding election, but none of the members of
the finds represent more than just one individual. Magdalo Factions came.
William Henry Scott - March 27, 1897 eyewitnessed revealed that Magdalo had taken
- A historian of the Gran Cordillera Central their meeting at the Tanza Parish.
and Prehispanic Philippines - At the gathering in the Tanza parish house, those elected at the
- Tabon Man Skullcap Tejeros convention knelt before a crucifix and in the name of
the Holy Father, the highest pointiff of the Roman Catholic
Church, invoked the martyred saints and solemnly took their
Primary Source: Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a office. Fr. Cenon Villafranca officiated, With Messrs.
General (Santiago Alvarez) Severino de las Alas and Daniel Tirona as witnesses, the
- Convened on March 25, 18 97. The inviataion is signed by Sec. following took their oaths of office: Messrs. Emilio Aguinaldo,
Jacinto Lumbreras of Magdiwang Council Mariano C. Trias, and Artemio Ricarte. Conspicuously absent
- The main goal of Tejero Convention is to unite the 2 factions was the Supremo Andres Bonifacio, who was not invited
Main Topic although he was one of those Tejeros convention, he declared
- Chairman Jacinto Lumbreras had declared the assembly open, null and
he announced the main topic of discussion, which was how to - At the gathering in the Tanza parish house, those elected at the
bolster the defenses in the areas still under Magdiwang control. Tejeros convention knelt before a crucifix and in the name of
- Major issues such as what kind of government they should the Holy Father, the highest pointiff of the Roman Catholic
have and how they should go about establishing it. Once they Church, invoked the martyred saints and solemnly took their
make a decision about these questions, the problem if office. Fr. Cenon Villafranca officiated, With Messrs.
organization and strengthening of defenses will be resolved. Severino de las Alas and Daniel Tirona as witnesses, the
- Lumbreras explained that “K” in the middle of the sun in following took their oaths of office: Messrs. Emilio Aguinaldo,
Katipunan Flag is stood for Kalayaan (freedom) Mariano C. Trias, and Artemio Ricarte. Conspicuously absent
- Severino De La Alas – the letter “K” and the sun on the flog was the Supremo Andres Bonifacio, who was not invited
did not indicate whether the revolutionary government was although he was one of those Tejeros convention, he declared
democratic or not. null and void all matters approved by the assembly because of
- Other than that, the Tejero Convention assembly is also to a grave violation of a principle agreed upon before the election.
elect the new President of the Philippines - It should be noted here that, unknown to the Magdiwang
- Captain General Apoy was angry to the words of Mr. Antonio Council, the Magdalo posted troops to guard the Tanza parish
Montenegro who stated that “they who were in the Revolution house for their oath-taking ceremonies. The troops were under
would be no better than a pack of bandits or of wild mindless strict orders not to admit any of the unwanted Magdiwang
animals.” partisans. If the news about the secret ceremony had leaked
- Capt. Gen. Apoy ordered Maj. Damaso Fojas to deteach Mr. out earlier, and the underdogs in the power struggle had
Montenegro, but Dr. Jose Rizal together with his sister and attempted to break into it, they would have been annihilated
wife not to arrest Mr. Montenegro and volunteered to be help then and there.
personally responsible to him in their custody and Capt. Gen. Two Factions
Apoy accepted it. 1) Magdiwang
- On time of the election, Sec. Lumbreras elect Supremo - Sec. Jacinto Lumbreras
because he is known a Father of the Katipunan and Revolution. - Supremo Andres Bonifacio
- Bonifacio in other hand, said the proposal was unanimously - Messrs. Mariano M. Alvarez
accepted so that the chair was proceeded to have a proper - Pascual Alvarez
election to the following positions: Presidents, VP, Minister of - Arizton Villanueva
Finance, Minister of Welfare, Minister of Justice, and Captain - Mariano C. Trias
General. - Diego Mojica
- Aguinaldo and Supremo was elected as Presidential candidate - Emiliano R. De Dios
- Supremo elect Gen. Artemio Ricarte as Secretary - Santiago Rillo
- Mr. Daniel Tirona distributed pieces of paper to serve as 2) Magdalo
ballots - Msesrs. Boldmero Aguinaldo
- Mr. Diego Mojica, the MagdiwangSecretary of the Treasury - Daniel Tirona
warned Supremo that the ballots were already filled and that - Cayetano Topacio
the voters had not done with themselves, but he ignored and
proceeded with the business. Secondary Source: The Revolt of the Masses, the story of
- Elected Officers of Philippine Republic Bonifacio and the Katipunan (Teodoro Agoncillo)
• President – Mr. Emilio Aguinaldo Elected Officers of the Magdiwang Faction
• Vice President – Mr. Mariano Trias • Mariano Alvarez – President
• Captain General – Gen. Apoy • Pascual Alvarez – Executive Secretary
• Secretary of War – Mr. Emiliano R. De Dios • Emiliano Riego De Dios – Minister of the Interior
• Secretary of Interior – Mr. Jose Del Rosario (Pagpapaunlad)

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• Mariano Trias – Minister of Justice summing up the purpose of the meeting. To his right sat
• Ariston Villanueva – Minister of War Teodoro Gonzales, also a Magdiwang, who acted as secretary.
• Santiago Alvarez – Commander-in-Chief - Severino de las Alas, a Magdiwang, immediately took the
• Diego Mojica – Minister Military Commanders with the rank floor and explained that before discussing ways and means of
of Brigadier-General. defending such a small area as Cavite, the convention
Elected Officers of the Magdalo Faction assembled should first of all agree upon the kind of
• Baldomero Aguinaldo – President government that should be set up to administer the whole
• Candido Tirona – Minister of War country under the prevailing circumstances.
- So far, the discussion was between the men of the same
• Cayetano Topacio – Minister of Finance
faction. In an unfortunate moment, a Magdalo man, Antonio
• Emilio Aguinaldo – Commander-in-Chief
Montenegro, stood up and, shouting at the top of his voice,
• Edilberto Evangelista – Lieutenant General
took issue with Bonifacio. “If we do not act upon the
• Vito Belarmino & Crispulo Aguinaldo – Military suggestion of Mr. de las Alas,” he said, “we, the rebels, will be
Commanders with the rank of Brigadier-General. likened unto a mere pack of highway robbers, or worse, like
Official Cabinet of the Tejeros Revolutionary Government animals without reason.”
Position Name Political faction
- Santiago Alvarez, a Magdiwang, pricked to anger, took the
President Emilio Aguinaldo Magdalo
floor and, throwing a malicious side-glance at Montenegro,
Vice president Mariano Trias Magdiwang
Captain general Artemio Ricarte Magdiwang
retorted: “We, the rebels of Cavite, especially those under the
Director of war Emiliano Riego de Dios Magdiwang Magdiwang, recognize the Government organized by the
Director of state Jacinto Lumbreras Magdiwang Association of the Sons of the People. And if you want to set
Director of finance Baldomero Aguinaldo Magdalo up another form of government, you can go back to your own
Director of welfare Mariano Alvarez Magdiwang province and wrest the authority from the Spaniards, as we
Director of justice Severino delas Alas Magdiwang have already done. As such; you can do whatever you want to
Director of interior Pascual Alvarez Magdiwang and nobody would interfere with whatever you want to and
nobody would interfere with you. We of Cavite,” he added
The Story with a meaning full of bitterness, “we of Cavite do not need
- The situation had not eased up a bit when the leaders of the and will never need any adviser of your own standing only.
Magdiwang planned to hold another convention, This time in - Pandemonium reigned as the voice of Santiago Alvarez
the estate house of Tejeros, a Magdiwang territory situated boomed inside the spacious sala. His bodyguards, planted near
about two kilometers from San Francisco de Malabon and the stairs, moved ominously-all set to fire at those inside the
about half a kilometer from the town proper of Salinas. hall. Lumbreras, sensing the explosive situation, tactfully
- The government under the Magdalo, comprising the towns of called a recess to give sufficient time for the angry men to cool
Kawit, Bakood and Imus, was at the time seriously threatened off.
by the Spanish army which occupied the estate house of - After an hour, they resumed and Jacinto Lumbreras, seeing
Salitran and which had dug in as a preparatory step to the that it would be useless for him to continue to preside in such
battle that was about to commence. General Emilio Aguinaldo, an atmosphere, refused to take the chair, saying: “As the
leading the Magdalo soldiers faced the Spaniards in question under discussion is completely outside of what is
Salitran, a barrio between the towns of Imus and mentioned in the agenda of the meeting and is concerned
Dasmarinas. It was March 22, 1897, Aguinaldo’s birthday, instead with the establishment of an over-all government of
when simultaneously the battle raged and the assembly the revolution, I should not continue to preside over this
convened at Tejeros. session.”
- The delegates, mostly belonging to the Magdiwang, lazily - Bonifacio took over then called the meeting to order and said:
trooped that sultry afternoon to the spacious estate house of “As you desire to set up a supreme government to direct the
Tejeros. Some of the men were barefoot; others wore buri hats revolution, abolishing what was organized by the Katipunan
or were dressed in barong Tagalog. They came from all and repudiating the resolution approved in the Assembly of
directions: from Kawit, Noveleta and Imus to the north Imus, I accede to your just petition, but first of all I want to
from Tanza to the west and from San Francisco de Malabon to ask you to recognize a principle as a basis of agreement in this
the northeast. The estate house, surrounded by stone walls and or in other meetings, which is: that we respect and obey the
built in the middle of the six hectare farm owned by the friars will of the majority.” Those present saw the justice and
and now in rebel hands had a 60 meter frontage wisdom of his proposition and assented unanimously.
- The Magdiwang was represented by Andres Bonifacio, - The Republic of the Philippines was then and there proclaimed
Mariano Alvarez, Pascual Alvarez, Santiago Alvarez, Luciano amidst enthusiastic hurrahs. With a new form of government
San Miguel, Mariano Trias, Severino de las Alas, Santos determined to take the place of the Katipunan, the election of
Nocon and others, while the Magdalo was represented by officers was then prepared.
Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Cayetano Topacio, - Before proceeding with the election, Bonifacio, probably
Antonio Montenegro and others. assailed by doubts and aware of his limitations, called the
- The estate-house buzzed with life as more rebels, some of attention of all the electors representing the different regions
them uninvited, came to the convention. It was past two in the of the Philippines to the principle that whoever would be
afternoon when the meeting was formally opened. elected should be recognized and respected regardless of his
- Jacinto Lumbreras, acting president of the Magdiwang, took social condition and education. The proposal, made in the
the chair and opened the convention with introductory remarks form of a mere statement and reminder, was approved, for in

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that convention very few, if any, were men of high intellectual upon my person by your fellow townsmen who are false
attainments. patriots. I shall make them realize when I set foot on
- President: Emilio Aguinaldo, Andres Bonifacio & Mariano Morong soil that it was not I whom they insulted but the
Trias whole country. Send me food at once and faithful soldiers
- Vice President: Mariano Trias, Andres Bonifacio, Severino De of the Mother Country here at Limbon as a fulfilment of
las Alas and Mariano Alvarez your promised help when I left in disquietude. Your
- Captain General: Artemio Ricarte & Santiago Alvarez supremo, And, Bonifacio, Maypagasa
- With a modesty that sprang from the realization of the - Bonifacio’s letter to Emilio Jacinto
responsibility attached to the position, Ricarte stood up and • “The majority of those in the convention determined to
declared: “None better than I know my own limitations and organize a government; but I gave them to understand that
fitness: the position with which this assembly honors me is this could not be done on account of the absence of the
beyond my scant ability and strength; to me it is a very representatives of the other districts, aside from an
honorable position but its horizon is too wide for me: so I agreement having already been made at the convention at
request the assembly not to resent my refusal to accept it.” Imus; that all this annulled the majority, because in view
Cries of disapproval followed his request to be relieved, and of the present critical situation of these pueblos there was
the disturbance created by the enthusiastic followers of the no time to wait for the representatives from other places,
General forced Bonifacio to call the meeting to order. and the Imus Convention lacked validity on account of the
- Director of War: Emiliano Rigeo de Dios, Ariston Villanueva, alleged absence of the minutes. Nevertheless, I assured
Daniel Tirona and Santiago Alvarez those present there that in case the manifest will of the
- Director of Interior: Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Alvarez and people governed in the election of officers, I would
Pascual Alvarez. respect it.
- Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo man, stood up and said: “The • “Moreover, before the election began, I discovered the
position of Director of the Interior is an exalted one and it is underhand work of some of the Imus crowd who had
not meet that a person without a lawyer’s diploma should quietly spread the statement that it was not advisable that
occupy it. We have in our province a lawyer, Jose del Rosario; they be governed by men from other pueblos, and that
therefore, we should protest against the elected and acclaimed,” they should for this reason strive to elect Captain Emilio
And, shouting at the top of his voice, he added: “Let us vote as President. As soon as I heard of this, I said that this
for Jose del Rosario!” meeting was dirty work, because this was what they were
- Bonifacio felt insulted and he turned crimson with anger. after and they were deceiving the people, adding that if
Controlling himself, he demanded that Daniel Tirona retract they wished me to point out, one by one, those who were
what he had said. “Did we not agree,” he added, “that we have conducting themselves in this matter, I would do so. The
to abide by the decision of the majority whatever may be the majority said that this was no longer necessary. I also said
social standing of the elected?” He insisted that Tirona give that if the manifest will of the people was not complied
satisfaction to the assembly for his defamatory words. with, I would not recognize the chiefs elected, and if I did
- Tirona ignored Bonifacio and tried to lose himself in the not recognize them they would not be recognized by our
crowd. In the flush of his anger, Bonifacio whipped out his people there, either. Don Artemio Ricarte, the General-
pistol to fire at Tirona but Ricarte grabbed his hand and thus elect, also said at the meeting that this election was due to
prevented what might have been a tragic affair. bad practices.
- Bonifacio, frustrated and deeply wounded in feeling, cried
aloud: “I, as chairman of this assembly, and as President of the Comparing Sources: The Tabon Caves (Robert Fox)
Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, - Tabon Man- during the initial excavations of the Tabon cave,
declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been June and July 1962, the scattered fossil bones of at least three
approved and resolved.” With this parting statement, he left individuals were excavated, including a large fragment of a
the hall, followed by his men. frontal bone with the brows and portions of the nasal bones.
- Resulting from his failure to get the presidency, and which - These fossil bones were recovered towards the rear of the cave
was watered by the unfortunate attitude of Daniel Tirona, who, along the left wall. Unfortunately, the area in which the fossil
by another sad coincidence, belonged to the opposite faction, human bones were recovered had been disturbed by Megapode
found fertile ground in Bonifacio’s heart and mind. Aside birds. It was not possible in 1962 to establish the association
from the fact that as founder of the Katipunan and the initiator of thes bones with a specific flake assemblage. Although they
of the Revolution he believed he should have been given the were provisionally related to either Flake Assemblage II or III.
presidency, he contented that irregularities were committed by - Subsequent excavations in the same area mow strongly
the Magdalo men and that he would have been elected had it suggest that the fossil human bones were associated with Flake
not been for the premeditated frauds of the rival faction. Assemblage III for only the flakes of this assemblage have
Writing to his uncle-in-law, Mariano Alvarez, he said: been found to date in this area of the cave. The available date
- Bonifacio’s letter to Mariano Alvarez would suggest that Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000 to
• “ My Dear General Mainam: Our recently ended election 24,000 years. Ago. But, only further excavations in the cave
at Mapagtiis (San Francisco de Malabon) has left a large and chemical analysis of human and animal bones from
poisonous thorn in my heart. I reiterate to you my disturbed and undisturbed levels in the cave will define the
nullification of all that had been agreed upon there. Ay, exact age of the human fossils.
General, I never expected that my complacency and - The fossil bones are those of Homo sapiens. These will form a
faithfulness would be rewarded with avarice and insult separate study by a specialist which will be inciuded in the

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final site report for Tabon Cave. It is important, however, - Had an aunt, Elisabetta, who married Valerio Chiericati.
because of a recent publication (Scott, 1969), that a - Accompanied Monsignor Chiericati to Spain in 1519.
preliminary study of the fossil bones of Tabon Man shows that - Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan, together with Juan
it is above average in skull dimensions when compared to the Sebatián Elcano in the famous expedition to Moluccas which
modern Filipino. There is no evidence that Tabon Man was began in August 1519 and ended in September 1522.
“…a less brainy individual…” *Scott (1969) 36+. - Venetian Scholar born around the late 1400’s
- Moreover, Scott’s study include many misstatements about the - Chronicled Magellan’s voyage around the world and acted like
Tabon Caves, always the problem when writers work from his assistant
“conversations.” - Kept the first records of the language Cebuano
- Died in 1531
Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine
History 1984 (William Henry Scott) Historical Context of the Document
- Tabon Man – The earliest human skull remains known in the - The First Voyage Around The World by Antonio Pigafetta
Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skullcap and was written on board one of the 5 ships that was first to
jawbone of three individuals who are collectively called circumnavigate the world during an expedition that was lead
“Tabon Man” after the place where they were found on the by the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan and after his
west coast of Palawan. death during the voyage, by Juan Sebastián Elcano. The
- Tabon Cave appears to be a kind of little Stone Age factory: expedition started in 1519 and ended in Spain in 1522.
both finshed tools and waste cores and flakes have been found - Name of the Spanish fleet that was led by Ferdinand
at four different levels in the main chamber. Charcoal left from Magellan: Armada de Molucca.
cooking fires has been recovered from three of thsre - Provided by King Charles V, included 5 ships: the Trinidad
assemblages and dated by C-14 to roughly 7,000 B.C., 20, 000 (crew: 55) under Magellan's command, the San Antonio
B.C., and 28, 000 B.C. with an earlier level lying so far below (crew: 60) commanded by Juan de Cartageña, the Concepcion
these that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or (crew: 45) commanded by Gaspar de Quesada
50,000 years ago…. - the Santiago (crew: 32) commanded by Juan Rodriguez
- Physical anthropologists who have examined the Tabon Serrano and the Victoria (crew: 43) commanded by Luiz
skullcap are agreed that it belonged to modern man-- that is, Mendoza, which carried supplies and provisions
Homo sapiens as distinguished from those mid-Pleistocene - The Santiago was a caravel, while the others were rated as
species nowadays called Homo erectus. carracks.
- Two experts have given the further opinion that the mandible - At the end of the voyage, Antonio Pigafetta, the author of the
is “Australian” in physical type, and that the skullcap book, was on board the Victoria; this was the only ship that
measurements are mostly nearly like those of Ainus and was able to return to Spain.
Tasmanians. What this basically means is that Tabon man was - Upon arrival in Europe, Pigafetta presented copies of his
“pre-Mongoloid,” Mongoloid being the term anthropologists account to several high personages, including Pope Clement
apply to the racial stock which entered Southeast Asia during VII, mother of King Francis I of France, etc.
the Holocene and absorbed earlies peoples and absorbed - His original diary was lost, and it is not known in what
earlier peoples to produce the modern Malay, Indonesian, language it was written.
Filipino, and Pacific peoples popularly- and- uscientifically- - Survives in 4 manuscript versions; one in Italian, 3 in French
called, “the brown race,” Tabon man presumably belonged to
one of those earlier peoples, but, except one thing: Tabon man Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the
was not a Negrito. Document
- All skulls and teeth that have been studied professionally— - Important reminder: Since Magellan and his crew crossed the
with the possible exception of the three Tabon man fragments- International Dateline, there is one day added to the original
- display the diagnostic features of the physical type dates that Antonio Pigafetta wrote in his book for the better
anthropologists call “Mongoloid” or “Southern Mongoloid”; perspective of us Filipinos.
none displayed any racial variations, and none belonged to - Throughout the expedition, there served a translator named
pygmy Negritos. Enrique
- Enrique was from Sumatra (present day Indonesia) and was a
EXCERPTS OF ANTONIO PIGAFETTA & slave of Ferdinand Magellan
JUAN DE PLASENCIA - Magellan acquired Enrique as a slave at Malacca
Discussed by Prof. Ramos - March 17, 1521
First Voyage Around the World (Antonio Pigafetta) • (originally March 16)
Background of the Author • Arrival in Zamal (Samar at present)
- Born sometime in the closing year of the 15th century
• The island was called Humunu (now Homonhon)
- Parents: Giovanni Pigafetta and Angela Zoga
• Magellan and his men called it Acquada da li buoni
- The eldest child among his siblings of 2
Segnialli (“The Watering-place of Good Signs”)
- Was a native of Vicenza, a town about a hundred kilometers
west of Venice, Italy • There are many islands in that district, and therefore they
called them the archipelago of San Lazaro, as they were
Antonio Pigafetta
discovered on the Sunday of St. Lazarus
- Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography.
- Served on board the ships of the Knights of Rhodes at the - April 1, 1521
beginning of the 16th century. • (originally March 31)

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• The first mass in the Philippines was held in Mazaua Contribution of the Document in Understanding the Grand
(Limasawa) Narrative in Philippine History
• It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu (Rajah − Elaborated the lifestyle back then and it described what the
Kolambu), Raia Siaui (Rajah Siagu), Spanish voyagers, local islanders wore, what they ate, how they communicated,
and the local islanders. and how they lived
- April 8, 1521 − Pigafetta's journal is the only known document about Lapu-
• (originally April 7) Lapu's life
• Magellan and his men entered the port of Zubu − Considered the best source today of the customs and usages of
the Filipinos in the early 16th century due to the daily notes
First Mass in the Philippines Pigafetta took and details about the expedition that he wrote
• Initially, Magellan and his men encountered some about
stuggle when first entering the port of Zubu. − Contains the first vocabulary of Visayan words ever penned by
• The “king” of Zubu wanted Magellan and his men to a European
pay tribute to them but, Magellan refused and told the
translator that they are working for the King of Spain Relevance of the Document
and threatens him with war. - August 10, 1519 = starting point of the first expedition around
- April 15, 1521 the world of Magellan.
• (originally April 14) - The book served as an evidence that the world is round and
• A mass was held with Raia Humabon and his people not flat
attending the ceremony. - This book aids the researchers and students of today in
• 800 souls were baptized. understanding the context of the Magellan expedition and how
• Pigafetta showed the queen an image of our Lady, a very the whole Europe-Philippines conflict commenced.
beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a cross. - Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean
- Magellan proved that there was a way to the east by sailing
• She asked for the little child Jesus to keep in place of her
west
idols and this image of child Jesus is now known as the
- Growing up, we’ve understood this issue just simply as the
Sto. Niño found in Cebu.
start of the Spanish era and Magellan being the Philippines’
− April 27, 1521
villain without taking into debate the context and different
• (Originally April 26)
reasons of the expedition.
• According to Zula, the chief of Matan, Cilapulapu refused - The expedition that was held from 1519-1522:
to obey the king of Spain.
• Opened many doors for Spain together with many other
• Cilapulapu did not want to pay Magellan and his men the different countries around the world due to the different
goat that they were promised. discoveries from this expedition.
• Magellan was not pleased since they went to Matan to • Led the world to be a more globalized society because of
garner food for their expedition. how other countries were revealed to the European
• Zula requested the captain to send him only one boatload countries.
of men to fight against the other chief. The captain- • Businesses rose because of the discoveries that made up
general decided to go thither with three boatloads. the different products. Collaborations were also made that
• "The captain did not wish to fight then, but sent a message benefited the different sides.
to the natives to the effect that if they would obey the king • Opened many doors for the Philippines.
of Spain, recognize the Christian king as their sovereign,
• Helped us in knowing how the early Filipinos lived by the
and pay us our tribute, he would be their friend; but that if
account of a primary source who witnessed it firsthand.
they wished otherwise, they should wait to see how our
• Will help us understand how the Filipinos of the past lived
lances wounded."
and how they coped when Magellan and his men came to
− April 28, 1521
the Philippines.
• (originally April 27)
• We discover what religion Filipinos used to have and they
• At midnight, sixty of Magellan’s men set out armed with became Christians.
corselets and helmets, Christian king, prince, some of the
• We also find out how the first Filipinos fought and
chief men, 20 or 30 balanghais.
delayed the Spanish occupation by about 40 years.
• The local islanders had lances of bamboo and stakes
• Pigafetta’s journal is also a vital piece not only of
hardened with fire.
Philippine history, but also of World history. He narrated
• They shot the captain through the right leg with a the events that transpired in a way that gives the readers
poisoned arrow, knocked his helmet off his head twice, of his journal a clear picture of what it was like to be part
• An Indian hurled a bamboo spear in the captain’s face, but of the first voyage around the world.
the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he
left in the Indian’s body Customs of the Tagalogs (Juan De Plasencia)
• 8 of Magellan’s men were killed, 4 Indians were killed by About the author
mortars. - One of the first missionaries in the Philippines (1577)
• Of Cilapulapu’s men, only 15 were killed. - Established a lot of primary schools
- Took care of converts to reduction
- Doctrina Christiana
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- Ethynological Research • Especially worshipped

- Died in Lilia, La Laguna in 1590 • The title seems to signify “all powerful”, or “maker of all
- A Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order. things.”
- He spent most of his missionary life in the Philippines, where - Dian Masalanta
he founded numerous towns in Luzon and authored several • Who was the patron of lowers and of generation.
religious and linguistic books, most notably the Doctrina - They were, moreover, very liable to find auguries in things
Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the first book ever printed in they witnessed. For example, if they left their house and met
the Philippines. on the way a serpent or rat, or a bird called Tigmamanuguin
which was singing in the tree, or if they chanced upon anyone
Customs of the Tagalogs who sneezed, they returned at once to their house, considering
• Datus/Datos the incident as an augury that some evil might befall them if
- Chief/Leader they should continue their journey—especially when the
- Most highly regarded above-mentioned bird sang.
- Those who spoke ill of him or his wife & children were - They also practiced divination, to see whether weapons, such
severely punished as a dagger or knife, were to be useful and lucky for their
- Ruled over 100 houses only, sometimes fewer that 30 possessor whenever occasion should offer.
- Barangay - tribal gathering - These natives had no established division of years, months,
and days; these are determined by the cultivation of the soil,
Three Castes counted by moons, and the different effect produced upon the
• Maharlikas trees when yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves: all this helps
- Nobles them in making up the year. The winter and summer are
- Free-born, exempt of taxes distinguished as sun-time and water-time—the latter term
- Obliged to accompany the Datu or go to war with him designating winter in those regions, where there is no cold,
• Aliping namamahay snow, or ice.
- Commoners - Cotolonan
- Can own land, house & gold • Officiating priest
- Their children inherit their riches & cannot be made • Their manner of offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feast
slaves or sold and offer to the devil what they had to eat.
- Should they be inherited by the son of their master, they - They performed another ceremony by cooking a jar of rice
cannot be taken away to another village until the water was evaporated, after which they broke the jar,
• Aliping sa guiguilir (sa guiguilid) and the rice was left as an intact mass which was set before the
- Can be sold or traded idol; and all about it, at intervals, were placed a few buyos—
- Those who are in debt and cannot pay, those who are which is a small fruit3wrapped in a leaf with some lime, a
proven criminals or captives of war food generally eaten in these regions—as well as fried food
- Slaves born in the master’s house are rarely sold and fruits.
- A traded slave or a captive of war may ransom (5-10 - In the case of young girls who first had their monthly courses,
Taels) himself from his master and then he’ll become a their eyes were blindfolded four days and four nights; and, in
namamahay the meantime, the friends and relatives were all invited to
- In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on both the partake of food and drink.
father's and mother's side continue to be so forever; and if it
happens that they should become slaves, it is through marriage, The distinctions made among the priests of the devil
- If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlica and the • Cotolonan
other a slave, whether namamahay or sa guiguilir, the children - Officiating priest
were divided: the first, whether male or female, belonged to • Mangagauay
the father, as did the third and fifth; the second, the fourth, and - witches, who deceived by pretending to heal the sick.
the sixth fell to the mother, and so on. These priests even induced maladies by their charms,
- The maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from one which in proportion to the strength and efficacy of the
village to another, or from one barangay to another, without witchcraft, are capable of causing death.
paying a certain fine in gold, as arranged among them. • Manyisalat
- same as magagauay.
Relation of the Worship of the Tagalogs, their Gods, and Their - These priests had the power of applying such remedies to
Burials and Superstitions lovers that they would abandon and despise their own
- In all the villages, or in other parts of the Filipinas Islands, wives, and in factcould prevent them from having
there are no temples consecrated to the performing of intercourse with the latter.
sacrifices, the adoration of their idols, or the general practice • Mancocolam
of idolatry. It is true that they have the name simbahan, which - whose duty was to emit fire from himself at night, once or
means a temple or place of adoration; but this is because, oftener each month.
formerly,when they wished to celebrate a festival, which they - This fire could not be extinguished; nor could it be thus
called pandot, or “worship,” they celebrated it in the large emitted except as the priest wallowed in the ordure and
house of a chief. filth which falls from the houses; and he who lived in the
- Badhala

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house where the priest was wallowing in order to emit this - The teachings of the Katipunan
fire from himself, fell ill and died. • The order for those who want to join the association shall
• Hocloban have the full understanding and knowledge of its guiding
- Without the use of medicine, and by simply saluting or principles and main teachings so that they may perform
raising the hand, they killed whom they chose. But if they their duties wholeheartedly.
desired to heal those whom they had made ill by their - This is a secondary source that made use of the minutes of a
charms, they did so by using other charms. supreme assembly dated December 1895 as a primary source
• Silagan and was published in the year 2013. Richardson's and Jacinto's
- if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out his liver documents were published for the Filipino people; Emilio's
and eat it, thus causing his death. kartila primarily wrote the document for the recruits of
• Magtatangal katipunan.
- his purpose was to show himself at night to many persons, - The author is Jim Richardson, an american photographer for
without his head or entrails National Geographic Magazine and contributing editor to
• Osuang TRAVELER Magazine.
- equivalent to “sorcerer;”
- The association pursues the most worthy and momentous
- they say that they have seen him fly, and that he murdered
object of uniting the hearts and the mind of the Tagalog by
men and ate their flesh.
means of inviolable oath in order that the union to be strong
• Manggagayoma enough to tear aside the thick veil that obscure thoughts and
- They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and find the true path of reason and enlightenment.
wood, which would infuse the heart with love.
• Sonat About the Author
- which is equivalent to “preacher.”
- It was his office to help one to die, at which time he
- Emilio Jacinto was an eloquent and brave young man that
brought him in the position for the "Brain of Katipunan". He
predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul.
wrote a newspaper entitled " Kalyaan" and was the author of
• Pangatahojan
"Kartilya ng Katipunan". This is the guide book for new
- as a soothsayer, and predicted the future
members and current members of katipunan.
Burying the Dead - He was one of the highest ranking officers in the Philippines
- The deceased was buried beside his house; and, if he were a Revolution and was one of the highest ranking officers of the
chief, he was placed beneath a little house or porch which they revolutionary society Kataas - taasang, Kagalang - galangang
constructed for this purpose na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or simply and more
- The Aetas,or Negrillos [Negritos] inhabitants of this island, popularly called Katipunan, being a member of its Supreme
had also a form of burial, but different. They dug a deep, Council.
perpendicular hole, and placed the deceased within it, leaving - He was elected secretary of the State for the Haring Bayang
him upright with head or crown unburied, on top of which Katagalugan, a revolutionary government established during
they put half a cocoa-nut which was to serve him as a shield. the outbreak of hostilities. He is popularly known in Philippine
Then they went in pursuit of some Indian, whom they killed in History texbooks as the Basis of the Katipunan while some
retribution for the Negrillo who had died. To this end they content he should be rightfully recognized as the "Brain of the
conspired together, hanging a certain token on their necks until Revolution" (a title given to Apolinario Mabini).
some one of them procured the death of the innocent one. - Jacinto was present in the Cry of Pugad Lawin with Andres
- Maca – another life or rest Bonifacio, the supremo of the katipunan, and others of its
- They say that those who go to this place are the just, and the member which signated the start of tge Revolution against the
valiant, and those who lived without doing harm, or who spanish colonial government in the island.
possessed other moral virtues. They said also that in the other - He's real name is Emilio Jacinto y Dizon and is from Tondo
life and mortality, there was a place of punishment, grief, and Manila. He is known for his pen name, "pingkian"
affliction, called casanaan, which was “a place of anguish;” "Dimasilaw" "ka llyong". He was married to Catalina de Jesus
they also maintained that no one would go to heaven, where who was pregnant at the time of his death.
there dwelt only Bathala, “the maker of all things,” who
governed from above.
- The fist edition of the Kartilya was written by Andres
bonifacio but is a later on revised as Decalogue by Emilio
EXCERPTS OF EMILIO JACINTO & Jacinto.
APOLINARIO MABINI
Discussed by Prof. Ramos Mga Aral ng Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan
Kartilla ng Katipunan (Emilio Jacinto) 1. A life that is not dedicated to a noble and divine cause is
- The Kartilya ng Katipunan (English: primer of the Katipunan) like a tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed.
served as the guidebook for new members of the organization, 2. A deed that is motivated by self-interest or self-pity and
which laid out the group's rules and principles. The first done without sincerity lacks nobility.
edition of the Kartilya was written by Andres 3. True piety is the act of being charitable, loving one's
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and will later pen a revised fellowmen, and being judicious in behavior, speech and
Decalogue. deed.

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4. We are all equal, regardless of the color of their skin; 6) Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. (Ang taong marunong
While one could have more education, wealth or beauty tumanaw ng utang na loob ay ang taong marunong tumupad sa
than the other, none of them can overpass one's identity. pinag-usapan)
5. A person with a noble character values honor above self- 7) Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahon; ang yamang nawala’y
interest, while a person with a base character values self- magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na
interest above honor. muli pang magdadaan. (Ang bawat panahaon na mayroon ka
6. To a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate. upang mabuhay dapat mo itong ipagpasalamat.)
7. Do not waste your time; lost wealth can be retrieved, but 8) Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
time lost is lost forever. (Ipagtanggol ang naapi.)
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor. 9) Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin,
9. A wise man is someone who is careful in all that he says; at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim. (Ilihim ang dapat)
learn to keep the things that need to be kept secret. 10) Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng
10. In the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
wife and children follow; If the leader goes the way of patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din. (Ang lalaki ang
evil, so do the followers. siyang patnubay sa kanyang asawa at mga anak, kung siya ay
11. Never regard a woman as an object for you to trifle with; patungo sa kasamaan masama din ang patutunguhan ng
rather you should consider her as a partner and a friend in kanyang kasamahan.)
times of need; Give proper considerations to a woman's 11) Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan
frailty and never forget that your own mother, who lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan
brought you forth and nurtured you from infancy, is nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang
herself such a person. kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t
12. Do not do to the wife, children and brothers and sisters of nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
others what you do not want others to do to your wife, 12) Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay
children and brothers and sisters. huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. A (person's) worth is not measured by his/her status in life, 13) Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangos ng
neither by the length of his nose nor the fairness of skin, ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios,
and certainly not by whether he is a priest claiming to be wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay
God's deputy. Even if he is a tribesman/tribeswoman from na mahal ng tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi
the hills and speaks only his/her own tongue, a (person) is ang sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang
honorable if he/she possesses a good character, is true to pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di
his/her word, has fine perceptions and is loyal to his/her nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong
native land. lumingap sa bayang tinubuan. (Ang halaga ng isang tao ay
14. When these teachings shall have been propagated and the hindi naka-base sa kung ano ang estado niya sa buhay,
glorious sun of freedom begins to shine on these poor kailangan ang lahat ay pantay-pantay sa paningin ng iba)
islands to enlighten a united race and people, then all the 14) Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang
loves lost, all the struggle and sacrifices shall not have araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan,
been in vain. at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
1) Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang
kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong mga ginugol na buhay, pagod, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis
makamandag. (Nabubuhay tayo para tulungan ang iba.) nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y matarok na ng nag-iibig
2) Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at pumasok at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin,
hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito. (Kapag
kabaitan. (Paggawa ng tama ng walang hinihinging kapalit at nagkaroon ng Kalayaan ang mga sakripisyo ay hindi na
pagkilala ay hindi maaring maituring ng kabutihan.) mararamdaman)
3) Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pag-
ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t The Philippine Revolution: Chapters 9 and 10
pangungusap sa talagang katwiran. (Ang tunay na kabanalan (Apolinario Mabini)
ay ang pagtulong at pagmamahal sa kapwa ng hindi About the Author
nanghihingi ng kapalit) - Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer and statesman
4) Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y who served first as a legal and constitutional adviser to the
magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa Revolutionary Government, and then as the first Prime
yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao. (Hindi Minister of the Philippines upon the establishment of the First
nasusukat sa kulay ng balat ng isang tao ang pagkatao nito Philippine Republic.
dahil lahat tayo ay pantay-pantay.) - He is regarded as the "Utak ng Himagsikan" or "Brain of the
5) Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa Revolution".
sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa - Mabini performed all his revolutionary and governmental
sarili sa puri. (Ang taong may mataas na kalooban ay mas activities despite having lost the use of both his legs to polio
masaya sa papuring natatangap ngunit ang taong may shortly before the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
mabuting kalooban ay mas masaya sa pagtulong sa kapwa - Less than a year afterward I heard that the Katipunan has
kaysa sapapuring matatanggap nito) spread all over the province of Manila and was beginning to
branch out into Cavite and Bulacan. I foresaw the horror

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which would follow its discovery by the authorities, but, - God grant that they will know how to render to him the only
having been unable to obstruct (its activities) before, much tribute worth of his memory: the limitation of his virtues
less could I do so now when I was already ill and was, besides, The Uprising
considered by the society’s leaders as a very lukewarm patriot - Such cruelties could do not no less than arouse general
indignation, and, rather than suffer them, the rebels preferred
Content of the topic to die fighting even though armed only with bolos
- In Auguts 1896 the head of the printing press of the Diario de - Magdiwang and Magdalo forces mentioned
Manila, having discovered that some of his employees - Cavite: Upon receiving Andres Bonifacio’s order to rise, the
belinged to a secret society, handed them over to the katipuneros, helped by their friend, were able to surprise the
constabulary for the corresponding investigation constabulary barracks and kill the Spain officers and sergeant
- Resources have to the usual methods of torture, and not only in command. With the handful of arms thus captured, the
the Katipunan but also the Masonic brotherhood and other citizens of Noveleta under the command of Don Artemio
societies already dissolved, like the Liga and Cuerpo de Ricarte threw back the force of General Blanco on the 9th
Compromisarios, were discovered November 1896, while those Kawit under the orders of Don
- Warned in time, Bonifacio and his followers were able to flee Emilio Aguinaldo the town mayor and of Don Canditato
to the mountains, and from there ordered the people’s councils Tirona who died in the encounter were able to retake on the
to rise or join them so as not to fall in the hands of the 11th of the same month the powder-magazine of Binacayan
constabulary which had fallen to the Spaniards a few days before
- The Spanish authorities, following the advice of the friars, - On the basis of these gains the two people’s councils took
decided to teach a terrible exemplary lesson and for this provincial jurisdiction the towns of kawit Imus, Bacoor, Perez
purpose seized not only the katipuneros but the Masons as Dasmarinas Silan Mendez Nunez and Amadeo falling under
well and all those who had belonged to the dissolved societies. Magdalo and the remaining towns in the province under
- Convinced that the insurrection could not be the work of the Magdiwang
unlettered but rather of the country’s educated class, they also - Invited by some friends Andres Bonifacio went ot cavite to
ordered the arrest of all the prominent Filipinos in every unify the endeavors of the two but Magdalo already paid little
province heed to his authority and orders
- The fate of the captured was cruel and horrible. The - Don Edilberto Evangelista a Manilan who was a civil engineer
Katipuneros had managed to put themselves beyond reach of graduated from the University of Ghent in Belgium put his
the persecution in time and only those who were not, were services at the disposal of the insurrection and directed all the
arrested entrenchment and defense works which would give the
- Since the latter were tortured to compel them to admit their Spanish forces so mush trouble. General Polavieja at the head
complicity in the insurrection and they knew nothing about it, of considerable force, bodily decided to overrun the province
they could not escape these sufferings of Cavite and Edilberto who was conducting the defense of the
- Many died as well as a result; many were executed under Sapote reiver, died fighting heroically on the 17th February
sentence of courts-martial; many others, shot without any trial 1897
at all; and still others, suffocated in grim dungeons. Thos who - From then on the Spanish forces were able to take one after
suffered only imprisonment and deportation were lucky the others in towns within the jurisdiction of the Magdalo
council whose members were finally compelled to withdraw to
Rizal’s Heroism San Francisco de Malabon there to meet with the latter on the
- Rizal was exiled to Dapitan. It was during this time that the most appropriate measures for the defense of the province
insurrection happened to break out
- Although Rizal’s banishment to Dapitan eliminated all Bonifacio’s Execution
possibility of his active participation in the movement, he was - Bonifcaio went off with his two brothers to the mountains of
found guilty of having been its chief instigator because had it San Mateo but (Mr. Aguinaldo sent after him) two companies
not been for the articles he had published La Solidaridad and of soldiers were sent after him with orders to arrest him.
for his novels, the people would never have taken to politics. Bonifacio resisted and as result he was wounded thrice and
- Rizal was shot on the 30th December 1896 as the principal one of his brothers and three of the soldiers were killed. The
instigator of the movement, and those really guilty of giving soldiers were able to take Bonifacio and his other brother to
cause for the Filipinos to hate the very name of Spaniard were Naic, thence to Maragondon and afterward to Mount Bunti’s
praised for their patriotism where the two brothers were shot
- The judgement is incorrect. If Rizal had not existed, somebody - Such a crime was the first victory of personal ambition over
else would have played his role true patriotism
- Rizal had not started the resistance, yet he was condemned to - Failure of Insurrection in Cavite
death: were he not innocent, he would not be a martyr - Many manila laguna and Batangas were demoralized and quit
- In contrast to Burgos who wept because he died guiltness, - Central government withdraws to Biak-na-Bato, Bulacan
Rizal went to the execution ground calm and even cheerful to - Don Pedro A. Paterno offered himself to General Primo de
show that he was happy to sacrifice his life, w/ch he had Rivera as a negotiator with the leaders of the insurrection for
dedicated tot eh good of all the Filipinos, confident that in love what they called an honorable peace
and gratitude they would always remember him and follow his - Spain offered money, safe conduct and passage to the
example and teaching revolutionary chieftains
- Rizal’s Sacrifice is voluntary and conscious - Accepted the offer to purchase arms

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- Aguinaldo – 400,000 in Hing Kong, remaining – 200,000 American Forces

- For this part Mr. Aguinaldo promised to order all the people in - Forces of US under Gen. Anderson and Gen. Merritt arrives in
arms to surrender and turn over their weapons to the Spanish Cavite making relationship troublesome
authorities - Manila siege is delayed because Aguinaldo cannot make up
- To all appearance the pact of Biak-na-Bato gave the leaders of his mind in strategy
the Revolution an advantageous way out of an indefensible - Without stronghold, Gen. Merritt and his men attacked Manila
position neglecting Filipino
- Both parties are acting in bad faith - Fil commanders wanted to treat this as hostility but Mabini
- No public announcement of any specific covenant on the advised Aguinaldo to avoid conflict to avoid facing two
political reforms hoped for by the people enemies at once
- The Spanish government believed that with the voluntary - Phil. Gov. in Cavite moved to Malolos, Bulacan and created
expatriation of some leaders and the unconditional surrender the new congress
of some others, peace would soon be restored but it was - Malolos Congress
wholly mistaken - The first agenda are the proclamation of independence
- Only the grant of the reforms sought by La Solidaridad could prematurely made in Kawit and the decision to draft a
have restored a spirit of peace byt precisely to avoid such constitution for the establishment of a Philippine Republic
concessions the Spanish government was using all the means - Mr. Arellano had not yet assumed office as Secretary of
suggested by diplomatic guile and skill. And so it came about Foreign Affairs, his deputy, Don Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera,
that many of the discontented remained afield with had taken over the business of the department, so that I was
forebodings of grave and unpredictable events them simply Mr. Aguinaldo’s private adviser.
- Because I had been a member of the Liga Filipina and one of - Mabini advised not to draft a constitution but it was bitterly
the compromisarios rejected
- I too was indicted and imprisoned as one of the instigators of - He was referred to as the “Devil’s advocate to the President”
the rebellion for instilling “tyrannical” ideas to Aguinaldo
- However, I had suffered a paralytic stroke six months before - War vs. Unfitness
the uprising and I attributed to this circumstance my not - Arellano eventually stepped down as foreign affairs secretary
having been beaten up and shot together with Don Domingo and Mabini accepted it in the interest of knowing US
Franco and others Government before the proposed constitution come to fruition
- In the event I was covered by General Primo de Rivera’s - However, time was not on their side as the Treaty of Paris
amnesty proclamation and set free by virtue thereof after 1898 was already in effect. This gave the US Government total
having been confined for almost none months in the prisoner’s legislative power until the Philippines won’t surrender
section of the San Juan de Dios hospital in Manila according to Gen. Otis
- Months afterwards, I moved to the town of Los Banos and - “leaving our political fate at its mercy, the American would no
thence to Bay in the province of La Laguna where I drafted a longer have any doubts about our unfitness because, but not
scheme for the organization of a general uprising, which I defending our freedom, we would be showing our little
judged to be imminent in view of the general restlessness understanding and love for it.”
- Declaration of war between the United States and Spain
- Annihilation of the Spanish fleet in the Philippines by Admiral The Malolos Constitution
Dewey on the 1st May 1898 - The constitution was promulgated amidst Mabini’s refusal.
- Aguinaldo’s return to the Philippines The Aguinaldo approved its promulgation even though under
- Proclaimed to the people the readiness of the United States to the situation of Philippines asked for total surrender
help the Filipinos regain their natural rights - Mabini prevented aggression from the Philippines
- Everyone thought that Aguinaldo had formal agreement with - The US Republic
US - The ratification of the Treaty of Paris was delayed due to
- This impression was confirmed by the vague and equivocal Democrat’s disapproval
statements of the American commanders - US President McKinley staged a Coup in response to this
- Aguinaldo asks Mabini for help regarding the agreement - US Forces started actions that led to outbreak of hostilities.
- June 12, 1898- “declaration of independence” Together with the likely complications with Spain, it was
- No contract or any writing just verbal assurances about the ratified on Feb 6, 1989
agreement - Philippines was sold for 20 million USD
- Mr. Aguinaldo had accepted because he ardently desired to - Sen. McEnery – not an annex but a pre-autonomous
return to the islands, fearful that other influential Filipinos government
should (rob him of glory and) reach an understanding with the - Sen. Bacon – declared to renounce all purpose of exercising
American in the name of the people sovereignty and give Philippines independence
- I realized also that the proclamation of independence which - VP Hobart – agreed with McEnery as tie-breaker
was being made that day was premature and imprudent - The Administration’s Objectives
because made that day was premature and imprudent because - Philippines is not a state or an annex
the Americans were concealing their true designs while we - Philippines is USA’s Property which can be disposed at any
were our manifest. point of time

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- “Undoubtedly President McKinley destroyed the Spanish The Fall of Gen. Luna
tyranny, by, apparently, only in order to replace It with another - The cabinet was reorganized having Pedro Paterno as
in the American manner.” Mabini’s successor as Prime Minister
- “It is interesting to observe that the Republican Party, led by a - Promise of Mabini to Aguinaldo was not achieved for it is just
Lincoln in its beginnings, freed many millions of slaves in the then Mabini was able to talk with Aguinaldo
United States, while, led by a McKinley in its greatest period - While all those who are against Gen. Luna were inducing
of vigour and prosperity, it made the United States the Aguinaldo to believe that Luna was plotting to wrest from him
absolute owner of many millions of Filipinos.” the supreme authority
- “Immortal Washington, speaking of the Constitution of the - Some weeks later Mr. Aguinaldo sent a telegram asking Luna
United States, said that so long as the civic virtues did not to see him in Cabanatuan for an exchange of views, but when
wholly vanish among the classes of North-American society, Luna arrived in Cabanatuan he met not Aguinaldo but death
the distribution of powers made in that Constitution would not by treachery plotted by the very same soldiers whom he had
permit an unjust policy to become permanent. God grant that disarmed and court-martialed for abandonment of their post
the Americans do not, forget the father of their country, or and disobedience to his orders (he did not find Aguinaldo at
defraud his fond hopes!” home and was treacherously murdered by the soldiers who
- End and Fall of the Revolution were on sentry duty there)
- Philippines could not stand the American forces - Colonel Francisco Roman, who accompanied Luna, died with
- Gen. Ricarte – South Manila, Gen. San Miguel – East Manila, him. While Luna was being murdered, Mr. Aguinaldo was in
were in Malolos during American attack Tarlac taking over command of the forces which the deceased
- Filipino commanders devalued military instruction and had organized.
discipline - Mabini cannot believed that Luna may have plotted against
- Filipino General Staff did not study movements and strategy Aguinaldo although he wanted to be prime minister instead of
- Aguinaldo was not able to practice being head of the Paterno. He believed that the Autonomy program by Paterno
government adequately, commanding Manila in Malolos was in violation of the State and a crime punishable by law
- Bureaucracy was not followed - This is stated in La Independencia – inspired by Luna and
published days before his execution
The Rise of Gen. Luna - All of Luna’s acts revealed integrity and patriotism combined
- Aguinaldo appointed Gen. Antonio Luna as commander of with a zealous activity that measured up to the situation
forces in Manila when telegraph lines were already cut - If he was sometimes hasty and even cruel in his decisions, it
- However, forces have already retreated to their old was because the army was in a desperate position due to the
emplacements and communication became slow and demoralization of the troops and the lack of munition only acts
hazardous of daring and extraordinary energy could prevent its
- Luna resigned as the war minister disapproved him but disintegration
returned when the central government was pushed to evacuate
to Nueva Ecija The End
- Luna formed forces in Calumpit composed of veteran soldiers - Before his death Luna had his headquarters in Bayambang,
of the former native army and imposed a very strict military and had reconnoitered Bangued to determine if it met the
disciplinary system to stop demoralization conditions for an efficacious defense in case of a retreat what
- But many commanders, jealous of their authority, withheld is more, he was already beginning to transport there the
from him the effective cooperation that was necessary heavier pieces of ordnance
- This led to the cashiering by brute force if commanders who - Notwithstanding, Aguinaldo established his government in
did not recognize his authority, or the court-martialing of those Tarlac, wasting his time on political and literary activates, a
who abandoned their posts in the face of the enemy, or the negligence which General Otis exploited by landing his
disarming of troops that disobeyed his orders infantry in San Fabian while his cavalry, wheeling through
- In spite of all these obstacles, Luna would have succeeded in San Jose and Aguinaldo’s line of retreat and giving the
imposing and maintaining discipline if Aguinaldo had deathblow to the Revolution.
supported him with all the power of his prestige and authority, - The death of Andres Bonifacio had plainly shown in Mr.
but the latter was also beginning to grow jealous, seeing Luna Aguinaldo a boundless appetite for power, and Luna’s
slowly gain ascendancy by his bravery, audacity, and military personal enemies exploited this weakness of Aguinaldo with
skill skillful intrigues in order to encompass Luna’s ruin
- All those affronted by his actuations were inducing Aguinaldo - To say that if Aguinaldo, instead of killing Luna (allowing
to believe that Luna was plotting to wrest from him the Luna to be killed), had supported him with all his power, the
supreme authority Revolution would have triumphed, would be presumption
- Calumpit bridge had fallen down due to lack of ammunition indeed, but I have not the least doubt that the Americans
- Luna seeks Mabini’s help to convince Aguinaldo to engage in would have had a higher regard for the courage and military
Guerilla Warfare abilities of the Filipinos
- I promised to do what he wanted, while making it clear to him - To sum it up, the Revolution failed because it was badly led
that I doubted I would get anywhere because my advice was - Because its leader won his post by reprehensible rather than
hardly heeded in military matters inasmuch as, not being a meritorious acts
military man but a man of letter, my military knowledgeability - Because instead of supporting the men most useful to the
must be scant, if not nonexistent. people, he made them useless out of jealously. Identifying the

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aggrandizement of the people with his own, he judged the Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan (Emilio Aguinaldo)
worth of men not by their ability, character and patriotism but - This primary source deals with the memories of President
rather by their degree of friendship and kinship with him and Aguinaldo of the Philippine Revolution, his exploits as a
anxious to secure the readiness of his favorites to sacrifice general, his sacrifices, views on certain events and his crucial
themselves for him, he was tolerant even of their war decisions.
transgressions - About the Author:
- Because he this neglected the people forsook him and forsaken • A Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military leader
by the people he was bound to fall like a waxen idol melting in who is officially recognized as the first and the youngest
the heat of adversity President of the Philippines (1899–1901) and first
- God grant we do not forget such a terrible lesson, learnt at the president of a constitutional republic in Asia
cost of untold suffering
My Bloodiest Fight
EXCERPTS OF AMBROSIO BAUTISTA AND - November 1, 1896
EMILIO AGUINALDO • Planned to attack the detachment of Spanish soldiers in
Discussed by Prof. Ramos Bañadero, Tanauan, Batangas
The 1898 Declaration of Independence (Ambrosio Rianzares • With Candido Tria Tirona and Pio del Pilar
Bautista) • Traveled 3 days to Silang joined by General Vito
- Occurred in Kawit, Cavite on 12 June 1898 where Filipino
Belarmino
revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo
proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine • Stayed for 2 days in Talisay, finalizing the attack
islands from Spanish colonization after the latter was defeated •
at the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May 1898 during the - While in Talisay, President Baldomero Aguinaldo wrote him a
Spanish-American War. letter and enjoined them to go home because large number of
- About the Author Spanish soldiers using about 50 native boat had landed at
• War Counsellor and Special Delegate designated to Polvorin, Binakayan.
proclaim and solemnize the Declaration of Independence - “I was astounded with the contents of the letter. I suspected it
Day was mere imagination and fear that caused him to write me.
- The Philippine Declaration was signed by ninety-eight persons, Nevertheless, I became restless and I did not know what to do.”
among them an American army officer who witnessed the - When we reached Silang, another letter of President
proclamation. Baldomero Aguinaldo hand carried to me by Lieutenant
- Event that led to colonization of Spain to the Philippines: Dalupan brought the news that our first foothold at Kulanta,
Successful expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi Binakayan, which was under General Crispulo Aguinaldo, was
- The act declared that: already in the hands of the enemy. There was danger that our
• That they are and have the right to be free and second position might be captured, too.
independent; - Aguinaldo’s troops in Binakayan were tricked by the Filipino
soldiers in the enemy side.
• that they have ceased to have allegiance to the Crown of
- On the west side of the streets, stationed General Candido tria
Spain;
Tirona’s troops; on the east, the troops of Generals Vito
• that all political ties between them are should be
Belarmino and Pantaleon Garcia. At rear were the troops of
completely severed and annulled;
Generals Baldomero Aguinaldo and Crispulo Aguinaldo.
• and that, like other free and independent States, they - “When the enemy saw that it could not penetrate our lines it
enjoy the full power to make War and Peace, conclude slowly backed out, firing parting shots as its bugles sounded
commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate retreat. Upon seeing the enemy retreating in a rout, I was
commerce, and do all other acts and things which and emboldened and had my own buglers sound the advance to my
Independent State Has right to do, bolomen who instantly emerged from their hiding places and
- It was also mentioned in the declaration that the United States fell upon the retreating enemy. I could have been a casualty
is a Great Ally Nation myself had not Juan Munti, my strong and trusted aide, pulled
me away from the line of fire. Unfortunately, several of my
men were hit by the random and aimless shots of the retreating
enemy.”
- Despite their victory against Spaniard, Aguinaldo was filled
with a mixed feeling of joy and sorrow. He was sad because
many of those who died, lay lifeless, and wounded, were his
own countrymen

Magdiwang Council Reorganized

- The success of the liberation movement in Cavite was the
result of the leadership and efforts of the leadership and efforts
of the two councils: the Magdiwang Council headed initially
by General Mariano Alvarez in Noveleta, and the Magdalo
Council of Cavite el Viejo headed by General Baldomero
Aguinaldo
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- With the transfer of Magdiwang Council later to San Francisco - In his bitter disappointment and anger, Bonifacio decided to
de Malabon, it was able to complete its line-up of officers as nullify all of the things they have agreed in Tejeros convention.
follows: - Confusion reigned for a while. Thereupon, Colonel Santiago
• King: Andres Bonifacio Rillo, delegate from Batangas, stood up and shouted that the
• Vice-King: Mariano Alvarez Supremo need not go for he had been proclaimed Secretary of
• Minister of War:Ariston Villanueva Interior. Moreover, the motion of General Tirona was not valid
• Minister of Interior: Jacinto Lumbreras since it was not seconded. The Supremo left and proceeded to
• Minister of Finance: Diego Mojica Malabon.
• Minister of Justice: Mariano C. Trias - According to Aguinaldo’s account, the defeat of Pasong Santol
was because of Bonifacio intercepted the reinforcement sent
• Minister of of Natural Resources: Emiliano Riego de Rios
by Aguinaldo
• Captain General: Santiago Alvarez
- But what a bitter disappointment and sorrow we had when we
- The Magdiwang Council headed by Andres Bomifacio had the
learned that our troops bound for Pasong Santol were all
tendency to become monarchial in form.
intercepted by General Ricarte, upon orders of the Supremo.
- On the other hand, the Magdalo Council was Republican in
They were gathered at the big yard of Mrs. Estefania Potente
form.
in Malabon where the Supremo ordered them to wait for the
- The Magdalo Council, which had democratic tendencies, was
enemy. They were also instructed to kidnap me on my way to
headed by the following officers:
Imus. When I learned about this plot, I heaved I sigh and said,
• President: General Baldomera Aguinaldo
“Our Revolution is bound to fail because of the selfishness and
• Vice-President: Edilberto Evangelista vindictiveness of one person.” General Trias suggested that I
• Secretary of war: General Candido Tria Terona order the arrest of the traitors.
• Secretary of Interior:Felix Cuenca - On the morning of April 29, 1897, the troops led by Colonels
• Secretary of Natural Resources:Glicerio Topacio Bonson, Pava, and Topacio returned to Naic with their
• Secretary of Agriculture: Cayetano Topacio captives headed by Andres and Procopio Bonifacio. They were
• Lieutenant General (Flag Bearer): General Emilio taken to the tribunal first before medical treatment was given
Aguinaldo to them in the convent.
- The following were the charges against the attempt of
My Election to the Presidency Bonifacio brothers to subvert the interest of the revolutionary
- While I was busy supervising the building of our defenses at government:
Pasong Santol in Dasmariñas, a group of cavalry soldiers • The anonymous letter accusing me of an alleged plot to
headed by Colonel Vicente Riego de Dios of Magdiwang surrender to General Lachambre,
Council arrived to tell me that I had been elected the head of • Their plan to establish another government
the government as a result of the Magdiwang and the Magdalo • Their plan to liquidate me,
factions. • The escape of the brothers and General Ricarte to evade
President of the Revolutionary Government responsibility for their acts, and
• Derelictions of duty for refusing to fight for their country.
Nominated Emilio Aguinaldo and Andres Bonifacio
Won the Position Emilio Aguinaldo Death of the Bonifacio Brothers
Vice President - After a detailed and careful trial by the military court
Andres Bonifacio and General Mariano composed of seven members headed by General Mariano
Nominated Noriel, the two Bonifacio brothers were found guilty of
Trias
Won the Position General Mariano Trias disloyalty to and treachery against the revolutionary
Government as well as the sedition and rebellion. Having
Secretary of War established their guilt beyond reasonable doubt, the court
Andres Bonifacio and General Emiliano unanimously imposed the death sentence on them.
Nominated
Riego de Dios - “By virtue of my power as head of therevolutionary movement,
Won the Position General Emiliano Riego de Dios I ordered Colonel Pedro Lipana, the presiding judge, to ask the
Secretary of Interior military court to relax the penalty on the brothers. My reasons
were pity, my desire to preserve the unity of the Filipinos and,
Andres Bonifacio, Ministers Diego Mojica above all because I did not want to shed the blood of other
Nominated
and Severino delas Alas revolutionists. I therefore suggested that the brothers be
Won the Position Bonifacio won banished to Pico de Loro, a mountain quite far but still within
Cavite.”
- General Daniel Tirona - Very early on the morning of May 10, 1897, Major Macapagal
• Objected to his election on the ground that Bonifacio was and his men took the prisoners to Mount Tala where they were
not a lawyer and proposed that the position be given shot.
instead to Jose del Rosario, a lawyer from Tanza.
- Had it not been for the timely intervention of Secretary Jacinto Lahat ng andito ay galing sa PPT ng prof, un iba naka summarize lng, un
Lumbreras and General Ricarte, General Tirona could not iba naman pinaikli pero may parts na kulangg kayaaa much better kung
have been saved. basahin nyo rin un nasa modules kase kompleto yon. Kung tamad kayo
magbasa, meron naman yan sa youtubee, dinidiscuss nila kayaa pwede nyo
pakinggan yon hehe Goood luckkk Future RNs! – Aki
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