HISTORY, SOURCES & THE HISTORICAL gamit na wika ay maiintindihan ng lahat)

METHODS Pantayong Pananaw – Dr. Zeus Salazar (Ex. dito

kay Dr. Jose Rizal na nagsulat sya gamit ang
Historia – means learning in Greek wikang Espanyol at ang mga Espanyol lang ang
-Geschichte means that which has happened in nakakaintindi nun)
German. This means that the word implies that
history teaches, and we may learn from the lessons Oldest Document in The Philippines
of history. Laguna Copper Plate – isa siyang resibo na doon
-Record of significant events sinusulat ang utang ng may utang ay tapos na
-We study it so we may learn from the feats and
defeats of the people from the past. Model of History
-It is only the glimpse of the past since much of it -Linear Model – this is also called “providential” or
are beyond recall. “fatalistic” (merong umpisa at katapusan. Parang
-History should always be based on reliable sources. kayo ng ex mo, umpisa sa ligawan nauwi lang din
-History is something that already happened. sa hiwalayan hehe)
-According to Aristotle, history is the systematic -Cyclical Model – nauulit ang history
account of a set of natural phenomena whether or -Spiral Method – it criticizes the cyclical model
not chronological ordering was a factor in an (hindi nauulit ang history pero may
account, and this is considered as natural history. As pagkakahalintulad)
time passed, the equivalent Latin word “scientia”, -Chaotic View – it is inspired by the
which is science in English later was used more to “postmodernist” meaning relativist (kung ano ang
designate non-chronological systematic accounts of tama edi yun na rin yung tama)
phenomena.
-“Ang kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysay para Historical Method
sa grupo ng mg tao na may kakanyahan at identidad -The process of critically examining and analyzing
nan aka-sandig sa sariling wika at kalinangan.” – the records and survivals of the past. (We cannot
Zeus Salazar rely solely on the memory of the witness.)
-Presently, the word “history” means the “past of -To study objectively (intention of acquiring
mankind”. History is the study of past events, detached and truthful knowledge independent of
particularly in human affairs. one’s personal reactions) a thing must first be an
-With the definition of history, it brings man to a object and must have an independent resistance
recognition that history cannot be reconstructed, outside the human mind). Most of history is based
that the past of mankind, much of it, is beyond on the human mind since most of history is based
recall. And that even the best of our memories upon recollection (written or spoken history).
cannot re-create our past. -In reconstruction, only a part of what was observed
-The reconstruction of the total past of mankind is is remembered, only a part of what was remembered
the total goal of historians which, however, is is recorded, only a part of what was recorded
unattainable. Historians will never really know survives, only a part of what survived comes to the
everything that happened in the past. historian’s attention.
-The problem that every historian confronts is that -Only of a part of what is credible has been grasped,
the evidence they rely on is likely to be fragmented, only a part of what has been grasped can be
incomplete, and even contradictory. The result is, expounded and narrated by the historian.
each historian’s conclusions are influenced by the Historical Sources
evidence they have selected from what is available -Objects from the past or testimony concerning the
and from how they interpreted it. past which historians use to create their own
-And from whatever a historian only has will be the depiction of the past.
only thing that he can use to connect him to the -May sarili silang version or pagkakaintindi doon sa
past. nabasa nilang kwento. Pag naisalin ng isalin ung
-Herodotus – The Father of History information, nababawasan ung credibility nya kasi
Language and Own Perspective nahahaluan ng opinion ng iba or bias.
Kasaysayan – mga salaysay na may saysay sa
grupojng sinasalaysayan (Dito nagsusulat sila at According to Form
Written Sources handwriting or signature
-Published materials (books, journals etc.) -Determine the provenance or custody: genuineness
-Manuscript (handwritten and unprinted like -Determine the Semantics, meaning of a text or
archival materials and memoirs) memoirs – written word
from personal knowledge or special sources. -Determine the Hermeneutics, the ambiguities
Non written Sources/ Oral Sources
-Oral history, artifacts, fossils, etc. Internal Criticism
-Recorded interview, folk tales, legends, myths -It examines the credibility of a source. It has two
aspects:
According to Origin -Meaning – the meaning of the word itsel or
Primary Sources contextualization
-Raw information (hindi pa nagagalaw, -Corrolation – nagma-match sa sinasabi ng tao
nadadagdagan or nababawasan)
-The person giving the testimony was present 2)Test of Credibility
during which the event happened. (Ex: news article, -Determine the Character of the Author, his
photo, audio recordings, works of art, artifacts, reliability, and his ability and willingness to tell the
documents etc.) truth
-It must have been produced by a contemporary of -Determine the Corrobation, historical facts rest
that is narrated. It is a document or physical object upon the testimony or two or more reliable
written or created during the time under study. witnesses
These sources were present during an experience or -History is truth only
time period and offer an inside view of a particular
event. Kind of Primary Sources
Secondary Sources •Records of social and cultural observations
-Interpret and analyze primary sources. •Chronicles
-They are one or more steps removed from the •Human Fossils (remains of ancient man imbedded
event. in the earth such as bones, hair, skin etc.)
•Artifacts (cultural evidence of man in the past such
Examples are printed textbooks. as tools and implements)
-Processed information (Ex: Bibliographies, •Records of Detective Investigations
commentaries, annotations, dictionaries, •Royal Decrees and Laws
encyclopedias, journal article textbooks) •Official Reports
-Difference of Bibliography and biography: •Maps
Biography is written by you about yourself while •Memoirs or Autobiographies
bibliography is written by someone. •Personal accounts: record of interviews
-Hindi natin pwede gawin historical source ang •Newspapers and Magazines: reports of
chismis kasi hindi sya credible source. correspondents
•Legislative journals
Historical Criticism •Court Records
External Criticism Repositories of primary sources in Philippines
-This is done to asses the authenticity of you chose •National archives/ pambansang sinupan ng
source. It has three aspects: Filipinas
•Physical – yung nakikita mo •National library/ pambansang aklatan
•Surface Criticism •National museum/ pambansang museo
•Provenance – determines the why, where and when •National historical commission
the source originated •UP Diliman main library
•Originality •Ateneo De Manila University rizal library
•Archives of UST
1)Test Authenticity •Archdiocesan Archives of Manila
-Determine the date if it is Anachronistic: a •Historical Collection of US Embassy
material, skill or culture does not exist at that time •SIL Philippines
-Determine the author in the uniqueness of his •Manila Observatory Archives
•De La Salle University Library by Gaspar de Quesada
Repositories in the Spain -the Santiago (crew: 32) commanded by Juan
•Archive General de Indias (Seville) Rodriguez Serrano and the Victoria (crew: 43)
•Museo Naval De Madrid commanded by Luiz Mendoza, which carried
•Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid) supplies and provisions
•Portal de Archivo de Espanoles (Paris) -The Santiago was a caravel, while the others were
-Online free library rated as carracks.
-https://pares.culturaydeporte.gob.es/inicio.html -At the end of the voyage, Antonio Pigafetta, the
author of the book, was on board the Victoria; this
Repositories in the UK was the only ship that was able to return to Spain.
•British Museum -Upon arrival in Europe, Pigafetta presented copies
-The British occupied the Philippines in 1762-1764 of his account to several high personages, including
-Where Jose Rizal researched Repositories in the Pope Clement VII, mother of King Francis I of
America France, etc.
•National Archives and Records Service -His original diary was lost, and it is not known in
•Library of Congress what language it was written.
•Lilly Library -Survives in 4 manuscript versions; one in Italian, 3
•Ayer Collection of Newberry Library in French
•Harvard University Library
•Stanford University Library -Important reminder: Since Magellan and his crew
•University of Michigan crossed the International Dateline, there is one day
added to the original dates that Antonio Pigafetta
wrote in his book for the better perspective of us
First Voyage Around the World (Antonio Filipinos.
Pigafetta) -Throughout the expedition, there served a
Background of the Author translator named Enrique
-Born sometime in the closing year of the 15th -Enrique was from Sumatra (present day Indonesia)
century and was a slave of Ferdinand Magellan
-Parents: Giovanni Pigafetta and Angela Zoga -Magellan acquired Enrique as a slave at Malacca
-The eldest child among his siblings of 2 - March 17, 1521
-Was a native of Vicenza, a town about a hundred •(originally March 16)
kilometers west of Venice, Italy •Arrival in Zamal (Samar at present)
•The island was called Humunu (now Homonhon)
Antonio Pigafetta •Magellan and his men called it Acquada da li buoni
-Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography. Segnialli (“The Watering-place of Good Signs”)
-Served on board the ships of the Knights of Rhodes •There are many islands in that district, and
at the beginning of the 16th century. therefore they called them the archipelago of San
Lazaro, as they were discovered on the Sunday of
Historical Context of the Document St. Lazarus
-The First Voyage Around The World by Antonio - April 1, 1521
Pigafetta was written on board one of the 5 ships •(originally March 31)
that was first to circumnavigate the world during an
expedition that was lead by the Portuguese explorer, •The first mass in the Philippines was held in
Ferdinand Magellan and after his death during the Mazaua (Limasawa)
voyage, by Juan Sebastián Elcano. The expedition •It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu (Rajah
started in 1519 and ended in Spain in 1522. Kolambu), Raia Siaui (Rajah Siagu), Spanish
-Name of the Spanish fleet that was led by voyagers, and the local islanders.
Ferdinand Magellan: Armada de Molucca. - April 8, 1521
-Provided by King Charles V, included 5 ships: the •(originally April 7)
Trinidad (crew: 55) under Magellan's command, the •Magellan and his men entered the port of Zubu
San Antonio (crew: 60) commanded by Juan de
Cartageña, the Concepcion (crew: 45) commanded First Mass in the Philippines
•Initially, Magellan and his men encountered some Elaborated the lifestyle back then and it described
stuggle when first entering the port of Zubu. what the local islanders wore, what they ate, how
•The “king” of Zubu wanted Magellan and his men they communicated, and how they lived
to pay tribute to them but, Magellan refused and Pigafetta's journal is the only known document
told the translator that they are working for the King about Lapu- Lapu's life
of Spain and threatens him with war. Considered the best source today of the customs and
- April 15, 1521 usages of the Filipinos in the early 16th century due
•(originally April 14) to the daily notes Pigafetta took and details about
•A mass was held with Raia Humabon and his the expedition that he wrote about
people attending the ceremony. Contains the first vocabulary of Visayan words ever
•800 souls were baptized. penned by a European
•Pigafetta showed the queen an image of our Lady,
a very beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a cross. Relevance of the Document
•She asked for the little child Jesus to keep in place -August 10, 1519 = starting point of the first
of her idols and this image of child Jesus is now expedition around the world of Magellan.
known as the Sto. Niño found in Cebu. -The book served as an evidence that the world is
April 27, 1521 round and not flat
•(Originally April 26) -This book aids the researchers and students of
•According to Zula, the chief of Matan, Cilapulapu today in understanding the context of the Magellan
refused to obey the king of Spain. expedition and how the whole Europe-Philippines
•Cilapulapu did not want to pay Magellan and his conflict commenced.
men the goat that they were promised. -Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean
•Magellan was not pleased since they went to Matan -Magellan proved that there was a way to the east
to garner food for their expedition. by sailing west
•Zula requested the captain to send him only one -Growing up, we’ve understood this issue just
boatload of men to fight against the other chief. The simply as the start of the Spanish era and Magellan
captain- general decided to go thither with three being the Philippines’ villain without taking into
boatloads. debate the context and different reasons of the
•"The captain did not wish to fight then, but sent a expedition.
message to the natives to the effect that if they -The expedition that was held from 1519-1522:
would obey the king of Spain, recognize the •Opened many doors for Spain together with many
Christian king as their sovereign, and pay us our other different countries around the world due to the
tribute, he would be their friend; but that if they different discoveries from this expedition.
wished otherwise, they should wait to see how our •Led the world to be a more globalized society
lances wounded." because of how other countries were revealed to the
April 28, 1521 European countries.
•(originally April 27) •Businesses rose because of the discoveries that
•At midnight, sixty of Magellan’s men set out made up the different products. Collaborations were
armed with corselets and helmets, Christian king, also made that benefited the different sides.
prince, some of the chief men, 20 or 30 balanghais. •Opened many doors for the Philippines.
•The local islanders had lances of bamboo and •Helped us in knowing how the early Filipinos lived
stakes hardened with fire. by the account of a primary source who witnessed it
•They shot the captain through the right leg with a firsthand.
poisoned arrow, knocked his helmet off his head •Will help us understand how the Filipinos of the
twice, past lived and how they coped when Magellan and
•An Indian hurled a bamboo spear in the captain’s his men came to the Philippines.
face, but the latter immediately killed him with his •We discover what religion Filipinos used to have
lance, which he left in the Indian’s body and they became Christians.
•8 of Magellan’s men were killed, 4 Indians were •We also find out how the first Filipinos fought and
killed by mortars. delayed the Spanish occupation by about 40 years.
•Of Cilapulapu’s men, only 15 were killed. •Pigafetta’s journal is also a vital piece not only of
Philippine history, but also of World history. He
narrated the events that transpired in a way that popularly known in Philippine History textbooks as
gives the readers of his journal a clear picture of the Basis of the Katipunan while some content he
what it was like to be part of the first voyage around should be rightfully recognized as the "Brain of the
the world. Revolution" (a title given to Apolinario Mabini).
-Jacinto was present in the Cry of Pugad Lawin with
The Kartilya ng Katipunan (English: primer of Andres Bonifacio, the supremo of the katipunan,
the Katipunan) served as the guidebook for new and others of its member which signated the start of
members of the organization, which laid out the tge Revolution against the spanish colonial
group's rules and principles. The first edition of the government in the island.
Kartilya was written by Andres Bonifacio, Emilio -He's real name is Emilio Jacinto y Dizon and is
Jacinto and will later pen a revised Decalogue. from Tondo Manila. He is known for his pen name,
"pingkian" "Dimasilaw" "ka llyong". He was
The teachings of the Katipunan married to Catalina de Jesus who was pregnant at
•The order for those who want to join the the time of his death.
association shall have the full understanding and -The first edition of the Kartilya was written by
knowledge of its guiding principles and main Andres bonifacio but is a later on revised as
teachings so that they may perform their duties Decalogue by Emilio Jacinto.
wholeheartedly.
-This is a secondary source that made use of the Mga Aral ng Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan
minutes of a supreme assembly dated December 1. A life that is not dedicated to a noble and divine
1895 as a primary source and was published in the cause is like a tree without a shade, if not a
year 2013. Richardson's and Jacinto's documents poisonous weed.
were published for the Filipino people; Emilio's 2. A deed that is motivated by self-interest or self-
kartila primarily wrote the document for the recruits pity and done without sincerity lacks nobility.
of katipunan. 3. True piety is the act of being charitable, loving
-The author is Jim Richardson, an american one's fellowmen, and being judicious in behavior,
photographer for National Geographic Magazine speech and deed.
and contributing editor to TRAVELER Magazine.
-The association pursues the most worthy and 4. We are all equal, regardless of the color of their
momentous object of uniting the hearts and the skin; While one could have more education, wealth
mind of the Tagalog by means of inviolable oath in or beauty than the other, none of them can overpass
order that the union to be strong enough to tear one's identity.
aside the thick veil that obscure thoughts and find 5. A person with a noble character values honor
the true path of reason and enlightenment. above self- interest, while a person with a base
character values self- interest above honor.
About the Author 6. To a man with a sense of shame, his word is
-Emilio Jacinto was an eloquent and brave young inviolate.
man that brought him in the position for the "Brain 7. Do not waste your time; lost wealth can be
of Katipunan". He wrote a newspaper entitled " retrieved, but time lost is lost forever.
Kalyaan" and was the author of "Kartilya ng 8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
Katipunan". This is the guide book for new 9. A wise man is someone who is careful in all that
members and current members of katipunan. he says; learn to keep the things that need to be kept
-He was one of the highest ranking officers in the secret.
Philippines Revolution and was one of the highest 10. In the thorny path of life, the man leads the way
ranking officers of the revolutionary society Kataas and his wife and children follow; If the leader goes
- taasang, Kagalang - galangang na Katipunan ng the way of evil, so do the followers.
mga Anak ng Bayan or simply and more popularly 11. Never regard a woman as an object for you to
called Katipunan, being a member of its Supreme trifle with; rather you should consider her as a
Council. partner and a friend in times of need; Give proper
-He was elected secretary of the State for the Haring considerations to a woman's frailty and never forget
Bayang Katagalugan, a revolutionary government that your own mother, who brought you forth and
established during the outbreak of hostilities. He is nurtured you from infancy, is herself such a person.
12. Do not do to the wife, children and brothers and •Aliping namamahay
sisters of others what you do not want others to do -Commoners
to your wife, children and brothers and sisters. -Can own land, house & gold
13. A (person's) worth is not measured by his/her -Their children inherit their riches & cannot be
status in life, neither by the length of his nose nor made slaves or sold
the fairness of skin, and certainly not by whether he -Should they be inherited by the son of their master,
is a priest claiming to be God's deputy. Even if he is they cannot be taken away to another village
a tribesman/tribeswoman from the hills and speaks •Aliping sa guiguilir (sa guiguilid)
only his/her own tongue, a (person) is honorable if -Can be sold or traded
he/she possesses a good character, is true to his/her -Those who are in debt and cannot pay, those who
word, has fine perceptions and is loyal to his/her are proven criminals or captives of war
native land. -Slaves born in the master’s house are rarely sold
14.When these teachings shall have been -A traded slave or a captive of war may ransom (5-
propagated and the glorious sun of freedom begins 10 Taels) himself from his master and then he’ll
to shine on these poor islands to enlighten a united become a namamahay
race and people, then all the loves lost, all the -In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on
struggle and sacrifices shall not have been in vain. both the father's and mother's side continue to be so
forever; and if it happens that they should become
slaves, it is through marriage,
Customs of the Tagalogs (Juan De Plasencia) -If two persons married, of whom one was a
About the author maharlica and the other a slave, whether
-One of the first missionaries in the Philippines namamahay or sa guiguilir, the children were
(1577) divided: the first, whether male or female, belonged
-Established a lot of primary schools to the father, as did the third and fifth; the second,
-Took care of converts to reduction the fourth, and the sixth fell to the mother, and so
-Doctrina Christiana on.
-Ethynological Research -The maharlicas could not, after marriage, move
-Died in Lilia, La Laguna in 1590 from one village to another, or from one barangay
-A Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order. to another, without paying a certain fine in gold, as
-He spent most of his missionary life in the arranged among them.
Philippines, where he founded numerous towns in -In all the villages, or in other parts of the Filipinas
Luzon and authored several religious and linguistic Islands, there are no temples consecrated to the
books, most notably the Doctrina Cristiana performing of sacrifices, the adoration of their idols,
(Christian Doctrine), the first book ever printed in or the general practice of idolatry. It is true that they
the Philippines. have the name simbahan, which means a temple or
place of adoration; but this is because,
Customs of the Tagalogs formerly,when they wished to celebrate a festival,
•Datus/Datos which they called pandot, or “worship,” they
-Chief/Leader celebrated it in the large house of a chief.
-Most highly regarded
-Those who spoke ill of him or his wife & children Badhala
were severely punished •Especially worshipped
-Ruled over 100 houses only, sometimes fewer that •The title seems to signify “all powerful”, or “maker
30 of all things.”
-Barangay - tribal gathering -Dian Masalanta
•Who was the patron of lowers and of generation.
Three Castes -They were, moreover, very liable to find auguries
•Maharlikas in things they witnessed. For example, if they left
-Nobles their house and met on the way a serpent or rat, or a
-Free-born, exempt of taxes bird called Tigmamanuguin which was singing in
-Obliged to accompany the Datu or go to war with the tree, or if they chanced upon anyone who
him sneezed, they returned at once to their house,
considering the incident as an augury that some evil thus emitted except as the priest wallowed in the
might befall them if they should continue their ordure and filth which falls from the houses; and he
journey—especially when the above-mentioned bird who lived in the house where the priest was
sang. wallowing in order to emit this fire from himself,
-They also practiced divination, to see whether fell ill and died.
weapons, such as a dagger or knife, were to be •Hocloban
useful and lucky for their possessor whenever -Without the use of medicine, and by simply
occasion should offer. saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they
-These natives had no established division of years, chose. But if they desired to heal those whom they
months, and days; these are determined by the had made ill by their charms, they did so by using
cultivation of the soil, counted by moons, and the other charms.
different effect produced upon the trees when •Silagan
yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves: all this helps -if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out his
them in making up the year. The winter and summer liver and eat it, thus causing his death.
are distinguished as sun-time and water-time—the •Magtatangal
latter term designating winter in those regions, -his purpose was to show himself at night to many
where there is no cold, snow, or ice. persons, without his head or entrails
-Cotolonan •Osuang
•Officiating priest -equivalent to “sorcerer;”
•Their manner of offering sacrifice was to proclaim -they say that they have seen him fly, and that he
a feast and offer to the devil what they had to eat. murdered men and ate their flesh.
-They performed another ceremony by cooking a jar •Manggagayoma
of rice until the water was evaporated, after which -They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones,
they broke the jar, and the rice was left as an intact and wood, which would infuse the heart with love.
mass which was set before the idol; and all about it, •Sonat
at intervals, were placed a few buyos— which is a -which is equivalent to “preacher.”
small fruit3wrapped in a leaf with some lime, a food -It was his office to help one to die, at which time
generally eaten in these regions—as well as fried he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the
food and fruits. soul.
-In the case of young girls who first had their •Pangatahojan
monthly courses, their eyes were blindfolded four -as a soothsayer, and predicted the future
days and four nights; and, in the meantime, the
friends and relatives were all invited to partake of Burying the Dead
food and drink. -The deceased was buried beside his house; and, if
The distinctions made among the priests of the devil he were a chief, he was placed beneath a little house
-Officiating priest or porch which they constructed for this purpose
•Mangagauay -The Aetas,or Negrillos [Negritos] inhabitants of
-witches, who deceived by pretending to heal the this island, had also a form of burial, but different.
sick. These priests even induced maladies by their They dug a deep, perpendicular hole, and placed the
charms, which in proportion to the strength and deceased within it, leaving him upright with head or
efficacy of the witchcraft, are capable of causing crown unburied, on top of which they put half a
death. cocoa-nut which was to serve him as a shield. Then
•Manyisalat they went in pursuit of some Indian, whom they
-same as magagauay. killed in retribution for the Negrillo who had died.
-These priests had the power of applying such To this end they conspired together, hanging a
remedies to lovers that they would abandon and certain token on their necks until some one of them
despise their own wives, and in factcould prevent procured the death of the innocent one.
them from having intercourse with the latter. -Maca – another life or rest
•Mancocolam -They say that those who go to this place are the
-whose duty was to emit fire from himself at night, just, and the valiant, and those who lived without
once or oftener each month. doing harm, or who possessed other moral virtues.
-This fire could not be extinguished; nor could it be They said also that in the other life and mortality,
there was a place of punishment, grief, and Philippine history, emphasizing the importance of
affliction, called casanaan, which was “a place of understanding it from a Filipino perspective.
anguish;” they also maintained that no one would
go to heaven, where there dwelt only Bathala, “the 4. "Kritikal na Pagsusuri sa Kasaysayan ng
maker of all things,” who governed from above. Pilipinas"
- This work focuses on critical analysis of Philippine
history, challenging traditional narratives and
Dr. Zeus Salazar's Readings;
encouraging a more nuanced understanding of historical
events.
Dr. Zeus Atayza Salazar is widely recognized as the
"Ama ng Bagong Histograpiyang Pilipino" or the 5 "Ang Kasaysayan ng mga Pilipino"
"Father of New Philippine Historiography." His - A detailed account of the history of the Filipino people,
contributions to the field of history have significantly this book aims to present a narrative that is rooted in
shaped the understanding and interpretation of local experiences and perspectives.
Philippine history, particularly through his advocacy for
6. "Buhay at Kultura ng mga Pilipino"
a more indigenous perspective.
- This reading delves into the daily lives and cultural
practices of Filipinos, highlighting the richness of
Dr. Zeus Salazar introduced several concepts to Filipino heritage.
articulate different perspectives in understanding
Philippine history and culture. 7. "Pagsusuri ng mga Akdang Pampanitikan"
- In this work, Salazar analyzes various literary works,
1. Pantayong Pananaw translates to "from us, for us." linking them to historical contexts and cultural identity.
This perspective emphasizes a Filipino-centered
approach to historiography, advocating that history These readings reflect Dr. Salazar's commitment to
should be narrated by Filipinos themselves, using their promoting a Filipino-centered approach to history and
own language and cultural context. culture, making significant strides in the field of
historiography in the Philippines. His works continue to
2. Pang-kayong Pananaw translates to "from you, for inspire scholars and students alike to engage with history
us." This perspective represents an external viewpoint, in a way that honors local narratives and perspectives.
where the narrative is shaped by those outside the
immediate cultural context.
One past but many histories” Controversies and
3. Pang-kaming Pananaw translates to "from us, for Conflicting Views in Philippine History”
you" but emphasizes a more collective or communal
perspective. This viewpoint focuses on the shared THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS IN THE
experiences and narratives within a specific group or PHILIPPINES
community.
Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and explorer.
Here are some of his notable readings: He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by
explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the flag of the
1. “Ang Kartilya ni Emilio Jacinto at ang Diwang emperor Charles V and after Magellan's death in the
Pilipino" Philippine Islands, the subsequent voyage around the
- This work explores the writings of Emilio Jacinto, a world.
key figure in the Philippine Revolution, and discusses - The First Voyage around the World (1519-1522): An
the essence of Filipino identity and nationalism. Account of Magellan's Expedition by Antonio Pigafetta.
The aim of the journey was to reach the Spice Islands,
2. "Ang Pilipinong 'Banua'/ 'Banwa' sa Mundong today known as the Maluku Islands. Spices were used to
Melano-Polynesiano" season meat and fish, enhancing flavors or camouflaging
- In this reading, Salazar examines the concept of those brought about by the conditions of storage. The
"banua" or "banwa," which refers to the Filipino search for spices continued into subsequent centuries.
worldview and its connections to broader Melanesian
and Polynesian cultures. Key People
•Captain - General Ferdinand Magellan (4 February
3. "Pilipinas: Isang Kasaysayan" 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer and a
- This book provides a comprehensive overview of subject of the Hispanic Monarchy from 1518. He is best
known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish -The King’s Island in Butuan with their ornaments,
expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean to earring, dishes, houses that are made of gold.
open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered -The apperance of the King with their hair is very black,
the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and hung shoulders, covering of silk on his head, golden
achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic earrings, cotton cloth all embroidered with silk; from
to Asia. waist to the knees. Gold hung dagger and gold teeth. He
•Chief/Rajah Kolambu (Limasawa) - Befriended and was perfumed with storax and benzoin. He was tawny
offered a basket of ginger and a bar of gold, which and painted all over with his body.
Ferdinand Magellan refused to accept. Also joins the •March 31, 1521 - Sunday morning (Easter-day).
blood compact with Magellan with his brother and -Held at Mazaua (Limasawa) - the celebration of the
present into to the First Mass mass.
•Rajah Siagu (Butuan) – Befriended and forged a blood -Attended by local islanders, spanish voyagers, the two
compact with Magellan who had claimed ownership of Rajas, and Magellan.
the islands in the name of King Charles. Siagu gave •April 7, 1521 - Arrived at the port of Zubu (Cebu), the
provisions to the ships of Magallanes thus, in gratitude, largest and the most trade island
his people were exempted from paying tribute to the -Pigafetta described the inhabitants houses that were
King of Spain. Brother of Rajah Kolambu made of logs.
•Pilipino Natives - who attended and witness the first -Fired mortars as a "sign of peace and friendship".
mass were the first natives of the archipelago, which was -Tension between the king of Zubu and the voyagers and
not yet named "Philippines" until the expedition of Ruy Magellan threatened them to rage war.
Lopez de Villalobos in 1543
•Seignior - a lord, especially a feudal lord or ruler. Body First Mass
is painted (tattooes). • Morning of Saturday, March 16, 1521. The
•Slave – Alipin refers to the lowest social class they Spaniards together with Antonio Pigafetta and Ferdinand
often used as payment, expect them to grant any order by Magellan arrived at the the islands of Latroni—an island
their owner and sometimes an interpreter for the king. named Zamal or also known as samar. The Following
•Christian King Raja Humabon (Cebu) – Head of state day March 17, 1521 the captain- general desired to land
(cebu) later baptized as Don Carlos together with his on another island which was uninhabited in order to be
wife, and around 400 Filipino natives were baptized into more secure, and to get water and have some rest. He
Christianity by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama. had two tents set up on the shore for the sick and had a
•Father Pedro de Valderrama - was the only priest in sow killed for them. March 18, 1521, they saw a boat
Magellan's crew, who was given the task of celebrating coming toward us with nine men in it. The captain-
the first Holy Mass on the shores of Limasawa, an island General ordered them not to move or talk without his
at the tip of Southern Leyte. permission because it may frighten them. When those
•Abba - The highest-ranking deity of the ancient men reached the shore, their chief went immediately to
Tagalogs was called Bathala or Abba. the captain-general, giving signs of joy because of our
Key Dates and Events arrival. Five of the Natives remained with the Spaniards
•March 16, 1521 - arrived in Zamal (now Samar), the while others went out to hunt food by fishing. The
island was called Humunu (now Homonhon). captain-general seeing that they were reasonable men,
•March 18, 1521 - Locals welcomed them giving them ordered food to be set before them, and gave them red
their native products such as fish, figs, coconuts and caps, mirrors, combs, bells, ivory, bocasine, and other
palm wine (uruca). things. When they saw the captain’s courtesy, they
•March 22, 1521 - They notice local natives with their presented fish, a jar of palm wine, which they call uraca
physical appearances wearing gold earings, gold armlets [i.e., arrack], figs more than one palmo long [i.e.,
on their arms, and kerchief on their heads. bananas] and others which were smaller and more
•March 25, 1521 - Holy Monday delicate, and two cocoanuts.
-They move toward the west southwest in the middle of •Captain – General gave the Natives:
four small islands namely, Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, -Red caps, Mirrors, Combs, Bells, Ivory, Bocasine
and Abarien. •Native gave the Spaniards:
•March 28, 1521 - They sight a small boat that natives -Fish, Jar of palm wine, Uraca/ Arrack, Figs more than
call it boloto. There is a large boat came near the island one palm, 2 cocoanuts
so called balanghai. •Cocoanuts are the fruit of the palm tree. Just as we have
•March 29, 1521 - Holy Friday; The Captain General bread, wine, oil, and milk, so those people get everything
make conversations with the King to make good from that tree. They bore a hole into the heart of the said
relations - They gave the products with each other. palm at the top called palmito [i.e., stalk], from which
distils a liquor which resembles white must. That liquor
is sweet but somewhat tart, and [is gathered] in canes [of beneseed oil, as a protection against sun and wind. They
bamboo] as thick as the leg and thicker. He then have very black hair that falls to the waist, and use
proceeds to describe the palm tree and its fruit. A family daggers, knives, and spears ornamented with gold, large
of x persons can be supported on two trees. shields, fascines, javelins, and fishing nets that resemble
•Palmito - heart of the palm rizali, and their boats are like ours.
• Those people became very familiar with us. •Tattoos - were seen as a sign of bravery, a symbol of
Their own island was called Zuluan and it is not very social standing, and a rite of passage.
large. We took great pleasure with them, for they were •Caphri - Natives near the island. Large holes in their
very pleasant and conversable. the captain-general took ears. Naked with cloth woven from trees around their
them to his ship and showed them all his merchandise— privies. Some chiefs wear cotton cloth embroidered with
cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold, silk. Dark, fat and painted.
and all the things in the ship. He had some mortars fired • On the afternoon of holy Monday, the day of our
for them, whereat they exhibited great fear, and tried to Lady, March 25, 1561 it was a rainy day and Pigafetta
jump out of the ship. After that the natives leave very fell down into the side of the ship straight into the sea
gracefully and neatly and promised they would return. water and no one see him my left hand happened to
The island where we were is called Humunu; but catch hold of the clew garnet of the mainsail, which was
inasmuch as we found two springs there of the clearest dangling [ascosa] in the water. I held on tightly, and
water, we called it Acquada da li buoni Segnialli [i.e., began to cry out so lustily that I was rescued by the
“the Watering-place of good Signs”], for there were the small boat. I was aided, not, I believe, indeed, through
first signs of gold which we found in those districts. my merits, but through the mercy of that font of charity
There are many islands in that district, and therefore we [i.e., of the Virgin]. That same day we shaped our course
called them the archipelago of San Lazaro, as they were toward the west southwest between four small islands,
discovered on the Sabbath of St. Lazurus. They lie in x namely, Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Abarien.
degrees of latitude toward the Arctic Pole, and in a • Four small islands: Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and
longitude of one hundred and sixty-one degrees from the Abarien.
line of demarcation. • On Thursday morning, March 28, 1561 they see
•Zuluan Island – An island occupied by natives which is a fire on an island the night before, they anchored near it.
not very large They saw a small boat which the natives call boloto with
•Humumu Island – also called Acquada da li buoni eight men in it, approaching the flagship A slave
Segnialli which means “the Watering-place of good belonging to the captain- general, who was a native of
Signs” – Two springs that has clear water where first Zamatra [i.e., Sumatra], which was formerly called
signs of gold were found in those districts. Traprobana, spoke to them. The captain seeing that they
• The Archipelago of San Lazaro – Discovered on would not trust us, threw them out a red cap and other
the sabbath of St. Lazurus where it lies in x degrees of things tied to a bit of wood. About two hours later we
latitude toward the Arctic Pole, and in a longitude of one saw two balanghai coming. When the king came near the
hundred and sixty-one degrees from the line of flagship, the slave spoke to him. He ordered some of his
demarcation. men to enter the ships, but he always remained in his
• At noon on Friday, March 22, 1561 the native balanghai, at some little distance from the ship until his
return as they promised in two boats with cocoanuts, own men returned; and as soon as they returned he
sweet oranges, a jar of palm-wine, and a cock, in order to departed. The king gave the captain general some
show us that there were fowls in that district. They presents such aslarge bars of gold, basketful of ginger.
exhibited great signs of pleasure at seeing us. We Captain General thanked the king but he did not accept
purchased all those articles from them. Their seignior it. The king and his men anchored the ship in the
was an old man who was tattooed. He wore two gold afternoon.
earrings [schione] in his ears, and the others many gold • Next day, Holy Friday – captain general sent his
armlets on their arms and kerchiefs about their heads. slave who acted as an interpreter ashore in a boat to ask
They stayed there for one week and the captain check the the king if he had any food to carry within the ship. The
sick crew daily, giving them cocoanut water from his king came with six or eight men in the same boat and
own hand. There are people living near that island who entered the ship. He embraced the captain-general to
have holes in their ears so large that they can pass their whom he gave three porcelain jars covered with leaves
arms through them. Those people are caphri, that is to and full of raw rice, two very large orade. The captain-
say, heathen. They go naked, with a cloth woven from general gave the king a garment of red and yellow cloth
the bark of a tree about their privies, except some of the made in the Turkish fashion, and a fine red cap; and to
chiefs who wear cotton cloth embroidered with silk at the others (the king’s men), to some knives and to others
the ends by means of a needle. They are dark, fat, and mirrors. The king replied that he also wished to enter the
painted. They anoint themselves with cocoanut and with same relations with the captain-general. Then the captain
showed him cloth of various colors, linen, coral gold and also some portion of his house, as we were told
[ornaments], and many other articles of merchandise, by that king himself. According to their customs he was
and all the artillery. very grandly decked out [molto in ordine], and the finest
• Then the captain-general had a man armed as a looking man that we saw among those people. His hair
soldier, and placed him in the midst of three men armed was exceedingly black, and hung to his shoulders. He
with swords and daggers, who struck him on all parts of had a covering of silk oh his head, and wore two large
the body. Thereby was the king rendered almost golden earrings fastened in his ears. He wore a cotton
speechless. The captain-general told him through the cloth all embroidered with silk, which covered him from
slave that one of those armed men was worth one the waist to the knees. At his side hung a dagger, the haft
hundred of his own men. He showed the king cuirasses, of which was somewhat long and all of gold, and its
swords, and bucklers, and had a review made for him. scabbard of carved wood. He had three spots of gold on
He told the king through the interpreter how he had every tooth, and his teeth appeared as if bound with
found the strait in order to voyage thither, and how many gold. 238 He was perfumed with storax and benzoin. He
moons he had been without seeing land. Lastly, he told was tawny and painted [i.e., tattooed] all over. That
the king that he would like, if it were pleasing to him, to island of his was called Butuan and Calagan. When
send two of his men with him so that he might show those kings wished to see one another, they both went to
them some of his things. The king replied that he was hunt in that island where we were. The name of the first
agreeable, and I went in company with one of the other king is Raia Colambu, and the second Raia Siaui.
men. • Early on the morning of Sunday, the last of
• The king took me by the hand; one of his chiefs March, and Easter-day, the captain-general sent the
took my companion; and thus they led us under a priest with some men to prepare the place where mass
bamboo covering. The king’s men stood about us in a was to be said; together with the interpreter to tell the
circle with swords, daggers, spears, and bucklers. The king that we were not going to land in order to dine with
king had a plate of pork brought in and a large jar filled him, but to say mass. Therefore the king sent us two
with wine. Before the king took the cup to drink, he swine that he had had killed. When the hour for mass
raised his clasped hands toward the sky, and then toward arrived, we landed with about fifty men, without our
me; and when he was about to drink, he extended the fist body armor, but carrying our other arms, and dressed in
of his left hand toward me and then drank. I did the same our best clothes. Before the commencement of mass, the
toward the king. They all make those signs one toward captain sprinkled the entire bodies of the two kings with
another when they drink. musk water. The mass was offered up. The kings went
forward to kiss the cross as we did, but they did not offer
• Before the supper hour I gave the king many the sacrifice. When the body of our Lord was elevated,
things which I had brought. I wrote down the names of they remained on their knees and worshiped Him with
many things in their language. While engaged in that the clasped hands. After the conclusion of mass, some of our
supper hour was announced. Two large porcelain dishes men took communion. Then he had a cross carried in
were brought in, one full of rice and the other of pork and the nails and a crown, to which immediate reverence
with its gravy. We ate with the same signs and was made. [He said] that he wished to set it up in that
ceremonies, after which we went to the palace of the place for their benefit, for whenever any of our ships
king which was built like a hayloft and was thatched came, they would know that we had been there by that
with fig [i.e., banana] and palm leaves. They used the cross, and would do nothing to displease them or harm
gum of a tree called animewrapped in palm or fig [i.e., their property [property: doublet in original MS.]. If any
banana] leaves for lights. The king made us a sign that of their men were captured, they would be set free
he was going to go to sleep. He left the prince with us, immediately on that sign being shown. It was necessary
and we slept with the latter on a bamboo mat with to set that cross on the summit of the highest mountain,
pillows made of leaves.Before we left, the king kissed so that on seeing it every morning, they might adore it;
our hands with great joy, and we his. One of his and if they did that, neither thunder, lightning, nor
brothers, the king of another island, and three men came storms would harm them in the least.
with us. The captain-general kept him to dine with us, • The captain-general also had them asked
and gave him many things. Pieces of gold, of the size of whether they were Moros or heathen, or what was their
walnuts and eggs are found by sifting the earth in the belief. They replied that they worshiped nothing, but that
island of that king who came to our ships. All the dishes they raised their clasped hands and their face to the sky;
of that king are of gold and also some portion of his and that they called their god “Abba.” The interpreter
house, as we were told by that king himself. asked the king why there was so little to eat there. The
• Pieces of gold, of the size of walnuts and eggs latter replied that he did not live in that place except
are found by sifting the earth in the island of that king when he went hunting and to see his brother, but that he
who came to our ships. All the dishes of that king are of lived in another island where all his family were. The
captain-general had him asked to declare whether he had Those leaves resemble the leaves of the mulberry. They
any enemies, so that he might go with his ships to mix it with a little lime, and when they have chewed it
destroy them and to render them obedient to him. The thoroughly, they spit it out. It makes the mouth
king thanked him and said that he did indeed have two exceedingly red. All the people in those parts of the
islands hostile to him, but that it was not then the season world use it, for it is very cooling to the heart, and if they
to go there. The captain told him that if God would again ceased to use it they would die. There are dogs, cats,
allow him to return to those districts, he would bring so swine, fowls, goats, rice, ginger, cocoanuts, figs [i.e.,
many men that he would make the king’s enemies bananas], oranges, lemons, millet, panicum, sorgo, wax,
subject to him by force. He said that he was about to go and a quantity of gold in that island. It lies in a latitude
to dinner, and that he would return afterward to have the of nine and two-thirds degrees toward the Arctic Pole,
cross set up on the summit of the mountain. They replied and in a longitude of one hundred and sixty-two degrees
that they were satisfied, and then forming in battalion from the line of demarcation. It is twenty-five from the
and firing the muskets, and the captain having embraced Acquada, and is called Mazaua.
the two kings, we took our leave. •Mazaua – is also known as Limasawa.
• On asking them which port was the best to get •We remained there seven days, after which we laid our
food, they replied that there were three, namely, Ceylon, course toward the northwest, passing among five islands,
Zubu, and Calaghann, but that Zubu was the largest and namely, Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baybai, and
the one with most trade. They offered of their own Gatighan. In the last-named island of Gatigan, there are
accord to give us pilots to show us the way. After the bats as large as eagles. As it was late we killed one of
cross was erected in position, each of us repeated a Pater them, which resembled chicken in taste. There are doves,
Noster and an Ave Maria, and adored the cross; and the turtledoves, parrots, and certain black birds as large as
kings did the same. . The captain asked the kings for the domestic chickens, which have a long tail. The last
pilots for he intended to depart the following morning, mentioned birds lay eggs as large as the goose, and bury
and [said] that he would treat them as if they were the them under the sand, through the great heat of which
kings themselves, and would leave one of us as hostage. they hatch out. When the chicks are born, they push up
He asked the captain-general to send him some men to the sand, and come out. Those eggs are good to eat.
help him, so that it might be done sooner; and said that There is a distance of twenty leguas from Mazaua to
he intended to act as our pilot himself. The captain sent Gatighan. We set out westward from Gatighan, but the
him some men, but the kings ate and drank so much that king of Mazaua could not follow us [closely], and
they slept all the day. Some said to excuse them that they consequently, we awaited him near three islands,
were slightly sick. Our men did nothing on that day, but namely, Polo, Ticobon, and Pozon. When he caught up
they worked the next two days. with us he was greatly astonished at the rapidity with
• One of those people brought us about a porringer which we sailed. The captain-general had him come into
full of rice and also eight or ten figs [i.e., bananas] his ship with several of his chiefs at which they were
fastened together to barter them for a knife which at the pleased. Thus, did we go to Zubu from Gatighan, the
most was worth three catrini. The captain seeing that that distance to Zubu being fifteen leguas.
native cared for nothing but a knife, called him to look at • At noon on Sunday, April seven, we entered the
other things. He put his hand in his purse and wished to port of Zubu, passing by many villages, where we saw
give him one real for those things, but the native refused many houses built upon logs. On approaching the city,
it. The captain showed him a ducado but he would not the captain- general ordered the ships to fling their
accept that either. Finally the captain tried to give him a banners. The sails were lowered and arranged as if for
doppione worth two ducados, but he would take nothing battle, and all the artillery was fired, an action which
but a knife; and accordingly the captain had one given to caused great fear to those people. The captain sent a
him. When one of our men went ashore for water, one of foster-son of his as ambassador to the king of Zubo with
those people wanted to give him a pointed crown of the interpreter. When they reached the city, they found a
massy gold, of the size of a colona for six strings of glass vast crowd of people together with the king, all of whom
beads, but the captain refused to let him barter, so that had been frightened by the mortars. The interpreter told
the natives should learn at the very beginning that we them that that was our custom when entering into such
prized our merchandise more than their gold. places, as a sign of peace and friendship, and that we had
•Ducado – Spain currency discharged all our mortars to honour the king of the
•Doppione – duplicate village. The king and all of his men were reassured, and
•Those people are heathens. They are very heavy the king had us asked by his governor what we wanted.
drinkers. Those people are constantly chewing a fruit The interpreter replied that his master was a captain of
which they call areca, and which resembles a pear. They the greatest king and prince in the world, and that he was
cut that fruit into four parts, and then wrap it in the going to discover Malucho; but that he had come solely
leaves of their tree which they call betre [i.e., betel]. to visit the king because of the good report which he had
heard of him from the king of Mazaua, and to buy food -In his point of view, the incident was simply a mutiny.
with his merchandise. The king told him that he was -Filipino soldiers and laborers revolted because their
welcome [literally: he had come at a good time], but that privileges were removed.
it was their custom for all ships that entered their ports to -He said that the Spanish Government used the mutiny to
pay tribute, and that it was but four days since a junk create an enormous plan of revolution against the
from Ciama [i.e., Siam] laden with gold and slaves had Spaniards.
paid him tribute. As proof of his statement the king -Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the
pointed out to the interpreter a merchant from Ciama, affairs of their country.
who had remained to trade the gold and slaves. -The Spaniards and friars wanted to exacerbate the
• The interpreter told the king that, since his situation so that they could remain in their posts for a
master was the captain of so great a king, he did not pay long time.
tribute to any seignior in the world, and that if the king
wished peace he would have peace, but if war instead, Key People
war. Thereupon, the Moro merchant said to the king •General Izquierdo
Cata raia chitathat is to say, “Look well, sire.” “These -He abolished the privileges of exemption from paying
men are the same who have conquered Calicut, Malaca, the annual tribute and from rendering the polo (forced
and all India Magiore [i.e., India Major]. If they are labor) of the soldiers and the laborers.
treated well, they will give good treatment, but if they -His first official act was to prohibit the founding of a
are treated evil, evil and worse treatment, as they have school of arts and trades.
done to Calicut and Malaca.” The interpreter understood -When the news of the uprising was received in Manila,
it all and told the king that his master’s king was more he sent the commanding general to Cavite, who
powerful in men and ships than the king of Portogalo, reinforced the native troops.
that he was the king of Spagnia and emperor of all the -His account centered on how the event was an attempt
Christians, and that if the king did not care to be his in overthrowing the Spanish government in the
friend, he would next time send so many men that they Philippines.
would destroy him. -His account on mutiny was criticized as woefully
• The Moro related everything to the king, who biased.
said thereupon that he would deliberate with his men, •GomBUrZa:
and would answer the captain on the following day. -They were tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite
Then he had refreshments of many dishes, all made from Mutiny.
meat and contained in porcelain platters, besides many -The three martyred Filipino priests are collectively
jars of wine brought in. After our men had refreshed known as:
themselves, they returned and told us everything. The a)Father Mariano Gomez
king of Mazaua, who was the most influential after that -A pure-blood Tagalog.
king and the seignior of a number of islands, went ashore -He was born in Cavite and is in his mid-70s.
to speak to the king of the great courtesy of our captain- -He held the most senior position of the three as
general. Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite.
-Zamal - now Samar -He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death
-Zubu - now Cebu penalty calmly as though it were his penance for being
-Barter- exchange of goods and services without money pro-Filipinos.
involves -He was condemned to death by a military court-
-Artillery - weapons for discharging missiles martial.
-Moro - a member of any several Muslims people of the b)Father Jose Burgos
southern Philippines -A half-blood Spaniard.
-Storax - brownish aromatic resin used in perfume -He was 35 years old at the time, and was active and
-Benzoin - is a sweet and smooth gum resin made from outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy.
the bark of a variety of trees known as styrax that smells -He was a parish priest in Manila Cathedral and had
like vanilla. been known to be close to the liberal Governor General
De la Torre.
Rafael Izquierdo, Official Report on the Cavite -He was condemned to death by a military court-
Mutiny martial.
c)Father Jacinto Zamora
About the Author -A half-blood chinaman.
-A Filipino scholar, scientist, and historical researcher. -A 36-year-old who was born in the Philippines.
-He wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in -He was a parish priest of Marikina and was to be known
Cavite. unfriendly to and would now countenance and arrogance
or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from -The news of the uprising was received by General
Spain. Izquierdo.
-He was condemned to death by a military court- -A few of the rebels were captured and taken.
martial. •Madrid
Accused of complicity with the mutineers: -The Central Government has announced its intention to
a) Antonio M. Regidor deprive the friars in these islands of all powers of
-A lawyer and councilman of Manila. intervention in matters of civil government and the
b) Joaquin Pardo de Tavera direction and management of educational institutions.
-A lawyer and member of the administrative council. -The authorities in this country were unable to control
c)P. Mendoza public opinion, and no opportunity was given to conduct
-A curate of Santa Cruz. a thorough investigation of the real facts or extent of the
d) Guevarra alleged revolution.
-A curate of Quiapo. •Mariana Islands
e)Priests: -This is where priests and lawyers who were accused of
-Mariano Sevilla being involved in the mutiny are sentenced to life
-Feliciano Gomez imprisonment.
-Ballesteros
-Jose Basa Summary
f)Lawyers: •Filipino soldiers and laborers were dissatisfied with the
-Carillo loss of their privileges from paying annual tribute and
-Basa conducting forced labor.
-Enriquez •It was removed during the time of Captain-General
-Crisanto Reyes Rafael de Izquierdo.
-Maximo Paterno •Izquierdo believed that by abolishing these privileges,
all such workers would be required to pay tribute and
Dates & Year labor on public improvements.
•January 20,1872 •Dissatisfaction and resentment spread among the Cavite
-There was an uprising among the soldiers in the San arsenal workers.
Felipe Fort in Cavite. 40 marines attached to the arsenal •They planned an attack against Spaniards.
and 22 artillerymen under Sergeant La Madrid. •On the night of January 20, 1872, they killed the
Commanding officer and other Spanish officers in commanding officer of the Cavite arsenal and other
charge of the fort were assassinated. officers.
-The news about the mutiny reached authorities in •When news of the mutiny reached Manila, General
Manila and General Izquierdo immediately ordered the Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of
reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. Spanish troops in Cavite.
•1871-1873 (Arrival) •This mutiny was used as a powerful lever among the
-Rafael de Izquierdo served as Governor and Captain- soldiers in Cavite by the Spanish residents and friars.
General of the Philippines. •Because friars feared that their power within the colony
-A complete change in the aspect of affairs. would soon be removed.
-He made it clear that his views were different from •They took advantage of the incident and presented it to
those of La Torre. the Spanish Government as part of a major conspiracy
-He intended to govern the people “with a crucifix in one throughout the archipelago with the object of destroying
hand and a sword in the other.” Spanish sovereignty.
-All of those who had offered their support to ex- •The alleged “revolution” of Cavite was to strengthen
Governor La Torre were classed as personas sospechosas the power of the friars in the Philippine Islands.
(suspects). •The Madrid Government came to believe the scheme
was true without conducting a thorough investigation of
Places the real facts or extent of the alleged revolution.
•Fort San Felipe, Cavite •Convicted the three martyred Filipino priests, whether
-It is the Spanish arsenal in Cavite. or not they were involved in the mutiny.
-Cavite arsenal is located within this area where they •This event led to the awakening of nationalism and
store their military weapons for specific purposes. eventually to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
-The Cavite arsenal's workmen were all natives in that of 1896.
town and the neighboring town of San Roque.
-The mutiny happened inside the Cavite arsenal.
•Manila
Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 (Jose D. Antonio Ma. Regidor, D. Pedro Carillo, D. Geryasio
Montero y Vidal) Sanchez, And D. Jose Mauricio De Leon
-Suspended to practice law due to the involvement of
About the Author uprising.
-Born on January 28, 1851 in the Andalusian town of Dates & Year
Gergal •April 4, 1871
-Government official residing in Manila in 1872 -D. Rafael de Izquierdo became Governor-General of the
-Civil Governor in colonial provinces of the Spanish Philippines.
Empire in 1875 •January 20, 1872
-Was one of the most knowledgeable Spanish historians -Cavite revolt
in the Philippines •Beginning of the Year of 1872
-At the time of Cavite Mutiny, he was a government -The authorities received anonymous communications
official residing in Manila. with the information of a great uprising would break out
-His book Historia General de Filipinas was produced in against the Spaniards.
Madrid in 1895 •Night of January 20
-Fireworks were displayed and rockets fired into the air.
Key People •9:30 PM of the January 20
•Jose Montero Y Vidal -A mutiny broke out among 200 Filipino soldiers under
-Spanish historian who wrote Spanish version of the the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid
Cavite Mutiny of 1872. •January 21
•Dr. T. H. Parado De Tavera -D. Felipe Ginoves waited the entire day for the rebels to
-He commented that the narrative of Vidal was give surrender.
noticeably biased against the Filipinos. •January 22
•D. Rafael De Izquierdo -Most of the rebels died and captured by the Spaniards.
-Successor of Governor General Carlos Ma. De la Torre. •January 27
•Sergeant La Madrid -Captain-General fixed his “cumplase” on the sentence.
-Caviteños leader who leads 200 native soldiers who •February 6
attack during the Cavite revolt. -11 rebels were sentenced to death
•D. Fernando Rojas •February 8
-Military Governor of Cavite -Camerino together with 11 individuals were sentence
-Sends off two Spaniards to give information to the with imprisonment.
Manila authorities concerning to the uprising. •February 15
•D. Domingo Mijares -Filipino priests were sentenced to die, while others were
-Informed commandant of Marine which immediately ten years of imprisonment.
relayed the news to Governor Izquierdo. •February 17
•D. Felipe Ginove -Native clergies together with Saldua were executed on
-He demands for rendition and waited for the rebels to the field of Bagumbayan.
give in. •April 3, 1872
•Don Jose Burgos, D. Jacinto Zamora, D. Mariano -Several men were suspended to practice law.
Gomez, •April 4, 1872
D. Antonio Maria Regidor, D. Joaquin Pardo De Tavera, -Izquierdo created an artillery force to be composed of
Pedro Carillo, Gervacio Sanchez, Jose Mauricio De Peninsulares.
Leon, Atty. Enrique Paraiso, Jose Basa, Pio Basa, •July 1872
Crisanto Reyes, Maximo Paterno And Several Other -The arrival of the new Spanish troops in Manila.
Filipinos.
-Pointed out as instigators and arrested due to Places
involvement with the revolt. •House of the Filipino Spaniard
•Camerino And 11 Indivduals Of Guias De La Torre -Where usually held the meetings of Filipino rebels.
-Sentence of imprisonment for the assassination of the •Cavite and Manila
Spaniards. •District of Sampaloc
•D. Jose Burgos, D. Jacinto Zamora, D. Mariano Gomez, -Held the fiesta of the patron saint, the Virgin of Loreto,
And Fransisco Saldua where the fireworks are rooted from.
-Sentenced to die by strangulation. •Field of Bagumbayan
•Maximo Inocencio, Enrique Paraiso, And Crisanto De -Place where Gomez, Zamora, Burgos, and Saldua put to
Los Reyes death.
-Sentenced of ten years imprisonment. •Sto. Domingo Church
•D. Jose Basa Y Enriquez, D. Joaquin Parado De Tavera,
-Special mass held in this church for the welcoming of and waited the whole day for the rebels to surrender.
new Spanish troops. Unfortunately, on the next day Ginoves launched an
assault that resulted to the suppression of the revolt.
Summary •Some of the prisoners pointed out several individuals as
•Historia General de Filipinas was the Spanish version of instigators and arrested.
Cavite Mutiny of 1872 written by Jose Montero y Vidal. •41 of the rebels were sentenced to be executed.
•According to Dr. Pardo de Tavera, Jose Montero y •On 6th of February, 11 rebels were sentenced to death
Vidal does not speak as a historian but rather speaks as a but by decree of the day following, commuted this
Spaniard. This version was baseless documentary sentence to life imprisonment.
evidence, exaggerates the mutiny, and even included the •On 8th of February, sentence to life imprisonment was
innocent patriotic Filipino leader. pronounced on Camerino and ten years imprisonment for
•D. Rafael de Izquierdo succeeded the control over the eleven individuals of the famous “Guias de La Torre”.
Philippines and during his term, the Cavite revolt of •On 15th of February, Filipino priests were sentenced to
1872 occurred. die by strangulation. While, Maximo Inocencia, Enrique
•In Vidal’s account, the reason behind the insurrection Paraiso and Crisanto de los Reyes were sentence for ten
was due to required taxes of workers in Cavite arsenal years imprisonment.
and abolition of the privileges. •On 17th of February, Gomez, Zamora, Burgos, and
•The factors that led to a yearning for independence Saldua were executed on the field of Bagumbayan.
among some Filipinos were: •On April 3, 1872, several men were suspended from
-Spanish revolution. practicing law due to their involvement with the Cavite
-Uncontrolled press promotion against the principle of mutiny.
monarchy. •Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and
-Attentatory of the most sacred respects towards the ordered the creation of an artillery forced composed
dethroned majesty. exclusively by Peninsulares.
-Democratic and republican books and pamphlets.
-Speeches and sermons of the apostles of these new Official Report of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 (Governor
ideas in Spain. General Rafael Izquierdo)
-Outbursts of the American publicists and the criminal
policy of the senseless Governor whom the About the Author
Revolutionary government sent to govern the -Born on September 30, 1820, in Santander, Spain
Philippines. -He served as Governor-General of the Philippines from
•The authorities received anonymous information about April 4, 1871, to January 8, 1873
the uprising against the Spaniards. They would execute -He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of
the fleet at Cavite left for the South including the friars. government, contradicting the liberal government of his
However, nobody paid attention to these notices. predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada.
•He stated that the conspiracy had been going on since
the days of La Torre. The meetings were usually in the Key People
house of principal leaders or native priests attended by •Native Clergy, Mestizo, And Abogadillos
curate of Bacoor (Cavite). -People who seem to be motivated and prepared for the
•The uprising was part of big conspiracy among native insurrection.
soldiers and multitude of civilians. They allegedly plan -Protested against the injustice of the government.
to execute all Spaniards including high ranking Spanish -Against the usury that some officials practice in
officers and friars. handling documents.
•On the night of January 20, the district of Sampaloc -Abogadillos – pettifogger, mediocre lawyer, small town
celebrated feast of the Virgin of Loreto. When the lawyer.
firework display fired into air. Caviteños allegedly •D. Jose Burgos and D. Jacinto Zamora
mistook the signal and assassinated the commander of -Parish priests of S. Pedro of Manila who had a great
the fort together with his wife. possibility to be head of the government.
•Two Spaniards where dispatched to inform Manila •Leader Camerino
authorities; however, they met the group of native on the -A pardoned leader who led 500 natives to helped the
way where they died. rebels of Cavite.
•D. Domingo Mijares informed the commandant of •Rebels of Cavite
Marine of what happened in Cavite, which immediately -Made the signals agreed upon by means of lanterns.
relayed to Governor Izquierdo. •Native Civillians in Bacoor
•Under the command of D. Felipe Ginoves, he formed a -Tried to fight against Spanish Navy but failed.
reinforcement of the Spanish forces to quell the revolt •Loyalist
-Arrested the parish priest of Bacoor.
-Found an abandoned vessel loaded with arms, including Manila, others from Cavite, and some from the nearby
carbines and revolvers. provinces.
•To carry out their criminal project, instigators protested
Dates & Year against the injustice of the government. They
•January 23, 1872 encouraged the rebellion by protesting what they called
-Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the the injustice of having obliged the workers in the Cavite
Spanish Minister of War about the Cavite Mutiny. arsenal to pay tribute starting January 1 (1872) and to
•January 1, 1872 render personal service, from which they were formerly
-Obliged the workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute exempted.
and render personal service. •They take advantage of indios’ ignorance by making us
•1869 of superstitions and made them believe that the Chief of
-Behind plans for un uprising. State (hari) will minister. And those who would not
•1862 revolt they would kill immediately.
-Due to earthquake the uprising was not carried out. •To those who revolted, they offered the wealth of the
•August 1, 1871 Spaniards and of the regular clergy, employment and
-Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported a ranks in the army; and to this effect they said that fifteen
confidential report No. 113. native battalions would be created, in which the soldiers
who revolted would have jobs as officers and chiefs. The
Places lawyers and abogadillos would direct the affairs of
•S. Pedro of Manila government, of the administration and of justice.
-Where the parish priest, Jose Burgos and Jacinto •D. Jose Burgos. or D. Jacinto Zamora, parish priests of
Zamora. S. Pedro of Manila were great probabilities to be the
•District of Tondo head of the government.
-Start of the revolution by setting fire to this area. •All the Spaniards, including the friars, would be
•Fort Santiago executed except for the women; and their belongings
-Regiment of artillery and infantry would seize this confiscated. Foreigners would be respected.
capitol. •This uprising has roots, and with them were affiliated to
•Town of Bacoor a great extent the regiments of the infantry and artillery,
-Camerino and his men located at the town of Bacoor many civilians and a large number of mestizos, indios,
and separated from the fort of San Felipe. and some ilustrados from the provinces.
-Place where parish priest arrested, and the loyalist
found an abandoned vessel loaded with weapons. •Revolution:
•Fort of San Filipe 1) Set fire to the district of Tondo
-Fort where rebels would find arms and ammunition. 2) Fire cannons to inform the rebels of Cavite of their
•Manila success
-The planned location for the start of the uprising. 3) 500 natives led by pardoned leader Camerino
-A junta or center of followers of the rebels. 4) Spanish navy that had placed there a gunboat and
-Established a society for the teaching of arts and trades. armed vessels
•Cavite 5) Loyalists went to arrest the parish priest of Bacoor
-Location of Rebels of Cavite that will abet at midnight. 6) Newspapers are solicited.
•Madrid •He mentioned that the uprising should have started at
-The place where the center or junta received inspiration Manila at midnight abetted by Cavite rebels. However,
for the uprising. Caviteños allegedly mistook the signal and went ahead
of time.
Summary •Since 1869, the instigators planned to carry out an
•Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the uprising, but due to the earthquake in 1862 it was not
Spanish Minister of War, dated Manila, January 23, executed.
1872, •Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo files a confidential
•He blamed the Cavite Mutiny on the native clergy, report no.113 regarding the prohibition of the founding
some local residents, intellectual, and even El Eco of the school of arts and trades in Manila. He then stated
Filipino, a Madrid- based reformist newspaper. that in Manila, a junta or center existed.
•He calls the military mutiny an “insurrection”, an •This junta or center was inspired from Madrid where
“uprising”, and a “revolution”. newspaper like El Eco Filipino where sent in the
•The insurrection was motivated and prepared by the Philippines from Madrid.
native clergy, by the mestizos and native lawyers, and by •Izquierdo assured that he will do everything to put
those known here as abogadillos. Some are residents of down and punish any uprising.
FIRST CRY OF REVOLUTION B. Santiago Alvarez, Cry of Bahay Toro, (Zaide 8,
pp. 303)
A. Pio Valenzuela, Cry of Pugadlawin, (Zaide 8, - Another version if the "Cry" which launched the
pp.301-302) Philippine Revolution, is that written by Santiago
- The controversial "Cry of Pugad Lawin which Alvarez, a prominent Katipunan warlord of Cavite, son
has been confirmed by no other eyewitness of the event of Mariano Alvarez, and relative of Gregoria de Jesus
than Dr. Pio Valenzuela, is the second and later version (wite of Andres Bonitacio). Unlike Masangkay, Samson
of the first rally of the Katipunan by Dr. Valenzuela and Valenzuela, Alvarez was not an eyewitness of the
himself. The first version which he gave told of the "Cry historic event. Hence, his version cannot be accepted
of Balintawak" as the first staging point of the Philippine equal in weight to that given by actual participants of the
Revolution. event. Although Alvarez was Cavite at the time, this is
- He related the first version, when events were his version of the first "Cry" as follows:*
still fresh in his memory and as he abandoned the
revolutionary cause after its outbreak and fled to Biñan, some even exiled. One of them was an uncle of mine
Laguna, for safety. whom I had visited on that night to kiss hand, and he
died in exile.
- Taking advantage of Governor General Ramon
Blanco' proclamation of amnesty to the revolutionists, - It is interesting to note that Captain Olegario
Valenzuela returned to Manila on September 3, 1896, Diaz, Spanish commander of the Guardia Civil Veterana
and surrendered to Blanco. He was imprisoned to Fort of Manila, who investigated the discovery of the
Santiago, where, upon investigation, he told Fransisco Katipunan, also included in his official report findings
Olive, the Spanish investigator, that the "Cry' was staged on the site and date of the first rally of the Revolution.
at "Balintawak on Wednesday, August 26, 1896."1 According to his report, the first "Cry" "occurred at
However, much later, Dr. Valenzuela, with a fading Balintawak on August 25, 1896, as follows:"*
memory and without consulting the written documents
of the Philippine Revolution, wrote his Memoirs of the - Sunday, August 23, 1896
Revolution. In his memoirs, he claims that the "Cry" ' - As early as 10 o'clock in the morning, at the barn
was held at Pugad lawin on August 23, 1896, as follows. of Kabesang Melchora *Melchora Aquino - Z.], at a
- The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, place called Sampalukan, barrio of Bahay Toro,
Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Katipuneros met together. About 500 of these arrived,
Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was Balintawak, the ready and eager to join the "Supremo" Andres Bonifacio
first five arriving there on August 19, and I, on August and his men....
20, 1896. The first place where some 500 members of - Monday, August 24, 1896 There were about
the Katipunan met on August 22, 1896, was the house 1,000 Katipuneros.. The "Supremo" decided to hold a
and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Aside from meeting inside the big barn. Under his leadership, the
the persons mentioned above, among those who were meeting began at 10 o'clock in the morning.. It was 12
there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon o'clock noon when the meeting adjourned amidst loud
Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views cries of "Long live the Sons of the Country (Mabuhay
were only exchanged, and no resolution was debated or ang mga Anak ng Bayan)!
adopted.
- It was at Pugad Lawin, in the house, store-house, - One of the participants in the drama of the Philippine
and yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where Revolution of 1896 was Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of
over 1,000 members of the Katipunan met and carried Supremo Andres Bonifacio, and the "Lakambini of the
out considerable debate and discussion on August 23, Katipunan
1896. the discussion was on whether or not the - She was the custodian of the secret documents, seal,
revolution against the Spanish government should be and some weapons of the Katipunan, and constantly
started on August 29, 1896, Only one man protested and risked her life in safeguarding them. After the outbreak
fought against the war, and that was Teodoro Plata of the Revolution in August, 1896, she went to live with
*Bonifacio's brother-in-law -Z.] Besides the persons her parents in Caloocan, while Bonifacio and his men
named above, among those present at this meeting were gathered in the hills of Balintawak for the war of
Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso Pacheco, Tomas Remigio, liberation.
Sinforoso San Pedro, and others. After the tumultuous
meeting, many of those present tore their cedula - When warned that the Spanish authorities were
certificates and shouted "Long live the Philippines! Long coming to arrest her, she fled to Manila and later joined
live the Philippines!" her husband in the mountains and shared the hardships
and sacrifices of a patriot's life with him. According to
her version of the First "Cry," it occurred near Caloocan monument depicting the event was erected near the site,
on August 25, 1896, as follows:* financed by funds donated by the people, and was
- The activities of the Katipunan had reached inaugurated on September 3, 1911. In his memoirs,
nearly all corners of the Philippine Archipelago, so that General Masangkay recounts the "Cry of Balintawak. '
when its existence was discovered and some of the as follows.*
members arrested, we immediately returned to Caloocan. - On August 26th [1896-Z], a big meeting was
However, as we were closely watched by the agents of held in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio Samson,
the Spanish authorities, Andres Bonitacio and other then the cabeza of that barrio of Caloocan. Among those
katipuneros left the town after some days. It was then who attended, I remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio
that the uprising began, with the first cry for freedom on Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio
August 25, 1896. Pantes, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco
- Meanwhile, I was with my parents. Through my and Francisco Carreon, They were all leaders of the
friends, I learned that the Spanish were coming to arrest Katipunan and composed the board of directors of the
me. Immediately, I fled town at eleven o'clock at night, organization. Delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan,
secretly going through the rice fields to La Loma, with Cavite, and Morong (now Rizal), were also present.
the intention of returning to Manila, I was treated like an
apparition for, sad to say, in every house where I tried to • Retraction of Rizal
get a little rest, I was driven away as if the people therein • Martial Law
were frightened for their own lives. Later, I found out • Conversion of Religions of the Filipinos
that the occupants of the houses which I had visited were • The Last Filipino General
seized and severely punished and

- The conspiracy having been discovered,

Bonifacio and his followers hurriedly fled to the nearby
town of Caloocan. On the 23rd of August, 1896 - Z.]
Bonifacio moved to the barrio of Balintanac(Balintawak
- Z.] Followed by 200 men from Caloocan; on the 24th
they were attacked by the Guardia Civil in the outskirts
of the said town and they retreated to their hiding places.
- The Supreme Council called for a big meeting to
be held the following day [August 25 - Z.] in the above
mentioned barrio [Balintawak- Z.]. More than 5,000
members attended. The meeting began with a discussion
of what course should be taken in the face of the new
situation and in the view if the arrests that were being
made. There were some who were disposed to go back
and surrender to the Spanish authorities. Bonifacio was
strongly opposed to such a course. He was taking up
arms at once. Put to a vote, Bonifacio's proposal was
approved by an overwhelming majority. See how strong
an influence he wields!
- Orders were immediately sent out to Manila,
Cavite, Nueva Ecija, and other provinces for the
Katipuneros to strike at dawn on Sunday, August 30th.

- The historic first rally of the Philippine

Revolution of 1896 occurred at the rustic barrio of
Balintawak, a few kilometers north of the city of Manila,
on August 26, 1896, according to this eyewitness
account by Katipunan General Guillermo Masangkay,
Bonifacio's childhood friend.

- Similarly, this date and site were officially

adopted by the government during the early years of the
American regime, after having consulted the surviving
katipuneros and prestigious historians at the time. A