‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Research Title:

Global water crises

By: Walaa Khalil Wagan

Introduction:
The global water crises also known as lack access to clean water. Globally 844 million
people suffered of unclean water . Women and girls spending hours hauling water
everyday .and unfortunately 90% of all natural disasters are water related. Access to
clean water changes everything in people’s life, its stepping _stone to development. When
people gain an easily accessibility to clean water, they are better able to participate good
hygiene and sanitation . Children enjoy good health and are more likely to attend school.
Parents put aside their worries about water related diseases instead they can water crops
and livestock and diversify their incomes . Communities no longer vie for rights to a
waterhole.

Scientific Papers

Green chemistry and the global water crisis

By : Dennis L. Hjeresen
Among environmental issues facing the world today, land-based sources of water
pollution is one of the most pressing. Adequate supplies of satisfactory-quality
water are essential for the natural resources and ecological systems on which all
life depends. Green Chemistry offers a scientifically based set of solutions to
protect water quality. The growing global crisis in water resources provides an
important illustration of the influence of upstream pollution prevention. For the
past decade, scientists have sought to raise an alarm concerning the unsustainable
use of the planet’s water resources [1–4]. A key United Nations report indicates
that water shortages will touch 2.3 billion people, or 30% of the world population.
Hjeresen (2001)
 The Global Water Crisis, Privatization, and the Bolivian Water War
By: Madeline Baer
Global water shortages are emerging as a result of overpopulation,
overuse, pipe leakage, pollution, and waste. The poor suffer disproportionately
from water shortages and lack of reliable access to safe water and sanitation
services. Women bear the brunt of water scarcity and lack of water rights, as
women play a central role in the provision and management of water in poor
countries . As the World Bank notes, addressing the global
water crisis is essential for reducing poverty in the developing world.

(Baer 2008)

A different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater

Harvesting
Nicholas L. Cain

As the global water crisis has received increasing attention from policy
makers, activists, corporations and governments, a debate has grown over the best way to
help those who suffer without clean water. Despite years of discussion, small-scale
approaches like rainwater harvesting continue to get scant attention or support at the
international level. With positive evidence that small-scale water harvesting is not only
socially permissible in developing communities, but can actually help engage and activate a
wide range of stake holders, let us look at some of the applications and challenges in more
detail.
(Cain 2014)
 Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate
change
Munir A. Hanjra a, M. Ejaz Qureshi

The basic resource needed to produce food with continued increase in population,
limits are being met on International food trade is vital for global food security.
Food trade improves physical and economic access to food by increasing food
availability and lowering food prices for domestic consumers. Food trade and aid
also enable the global exchange of surplus food Future food security depends on
investments decisions made today for tackling climate change, conserving water
and energy resources, developing and adopting new seeds, renewed investments in
agricultural water.
(Hanjra and Qureshi 2010)

Lack of Effect of Drinking Water Barium

on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
by Robert G. Wones , Betsy L. Stadler , and
Lawrence A. Frohman

This study, performed under carefully defined experimental

conditions, did not show any significant impact of drinking water barium
at 5 and 10 pm on the known modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. A
trend towards increased serum calcium was observed though this
finding needs to be confirmed by other studies specifically designed
for that purpose.
(Wones, Stadler et al. 1990)
 Global challenges in water, sanitation and health
Christine L. Moe and Richard D. Rheingans

It is currently estimated that 1.1 billion people in the world lack access to improved
water supplies and 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation The global health
burden associated with these conditions is staggering, with an estimated 4000–
6000 children dying each day from diseases associated with lack of access to safe
drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene .the global organization
decade will require substantial economic resources, sustainable technological
solutions and courageous political will.
We must not only provide “improved” water and “basic” sanitation to those who
currently lack these fundamental services, but also to ensure that these services
provide:
 safe drinking water,
 adequate quantities of water for health, hygiene, agriculture
and developments
 sustainable sanitation approaches to protect health and
the environment.
(Moe and Rheingans 2006)

Virtual Water Trade

A realistic concept for resolving the water crisis
Lena Horlemann / Susanne Neubert

The aim of Virtual Water Trade is thus to compensate for water shortages
through the geographical shift of agricultural production and the sectoral shift
of water consumption
The consequences of strategic Virtual Water Trade for the people of countries
at a low level of development would be highly negative. As a result, its rigorous
introduction would threaten even their livelihood and independence.
(Horlemann and Neubert 2006)
 The Development of Biofuels within the Context
Of the Global Water Crisis
Sara Hughes
Lena Partzsch
Joanne Gaskell

Agricultural and energy policies that are seemingly unrelated to water use, such as
institutionalized support of biofuel production can have major water-related impacts. For
instance, expanding agriculture to meet countries’ growing demand for biofuels could place
extreme stress on global water resources
.(Hughes, Partzsch et al. 2006)

The Global Water Crisis:

Addressing an Urgent Security Issue
Edited by Harriet Bigas
With Tim Morris, Bob Sandford and Zafar Adeel
Series Editor: Thomas S. Axworthy

Experts reported that that the global water crisis is real and that there is urgency
in addressing the growing number of security risks associated with threatened
water supply and quality. They also, however, expressed hope and identified
opportunities that can be realized by the timely triggering of change in policies,
institutions, and the way society thinks about water.
(Bigas 2012)
 Water crisis: From conflict to cooperation—an
Overview
Bellie Sivakumar

The quantity of freshwater available per person in the world has been and continues to
decrease due toe combination of factors, including population increase, water pollution,
inadequate planning and management of transboundary and other shared waters, and
inefficient operation of water supply and distribution systems
Consequently, there is an increasing potential for water scarcity, crisis and associated
conflicts around the world in the future, especially in developing regions, if the current
trend in water consumption and management practices continues. The urgent need for new
ways of thinking, including an integrated framework (encompassing both the “hard
sciences” and the “soft sciences”), water education and training and communication of the
water issues and our studies to the different stakeholders in the water sector.
(Sivakumar 2011)

Water Crisis
Current Perceptions and Future Realities
Asit K. Biswas

Water crisis was not considered seriously at the Dublin and Rio conferences. It was put on
the world agenda primarily by the Stockholm Water Symposia. Water management is likely
to change more during the next twenty years compared to the past 2, 000 years
In terms of water availability, it concludes that one can now be cautiously optimistic of the
global water future. If there is to be a crisis, it is likely to be for two reasons, water
quality and lack of investments. Neither of these two issues is receiving adequate
attention at present.
(Biswas 1999)

Global water crisis: Partnerships for the future

VIBHU NAYAR AND V. SURESH
When it comes to public services like access to water and sanitation, it has been proved
that turning to the private sector is hardly the solution. Public Public Partnerships (PUP s),
on the other hand, have achieved remarkable successes worldwide by forging open,
democratic and dynamic relationships between State institutions and communities.
(Nayar and Suresh 2008)
 The Coming Water Crisis: A Common Concern
Of Humankind
Edith Brown Weiss
Many articles proclaim fresh water to be the new environmental crisis of this century.
For some, fresh water will be a crisis because the supply needed to satisfy basic human needs of
water for drinking, bathing, and sanitation will not exist, or will be too costly to afford. For others,
droughts will mean that people will not have the fresh water needed to grow crops and supply food.
For others, a lack of fresh water will damage, if not devastate, ecosystems, which people rely on to
support fisheries and to provide other essential services. For still others, severe and frequent
weather events will cause devastating floods and other water-related calamities.
In law, fresh water has been generally treated as a local issue, or one confined to specific
international river basins.
(Weiss 2012)

A low-energy forward osmosis process to produce drinking water

Zhaoyang Liu,* Hongwei Bai, Jonathan Lee and Darren Delai Sun

Drinking water scarcity is one of today’s most pressing challenges representing both
economical and ecological hazards. Rapidly expanding populations, coupled with increasing
standards of living, is straining a natural resource already afflicted by climate change.1
Wastewater reuse and seawater desalination have become the only viable means of
meeting demand in many places.2 At present the technologies used to produce drinking
water require enormous energy inputs which further aggravate greenhouse gas emissions
and accelerate climate change.
{Liu, 2011 #16}

The Toledo Drinking Water Advisory: Suggested Application of

the Water Safety Planning Approach
Savitri Jetoo 1,*, Velma I. Grover 2 and Gail Krantzberg

Water advisory and declared a state of emergency. This was as a result of elevated levels
of the toxin microcrystal in the final treated water, a dangerous toxin produced by the
algae cyan bacteria. The Toledo water crisis is a key focusing event that can advance
dialogue on eutrophication governance in the context of public health.
{Jetoo, 2015 #17}
Baer, M. (2008). "The global water crisis, privatization, and the Bolivian water war." Water, place, and
equity: 195-224.

Bigas, H. (2012). The global water crisis: Addressing an urgent security issue, United Nations University-
Institute for Water, Environment and Health.

Biswas, A. K. (1999). "Water crisis: current perceptions and future realities." Water International 24(4):
363-367.

Cain, N. L. (2014). "A different path: The global water crisis and rainwater harvesting." Consilience(12):
147-157.

Hanjra, M. A. and M. E. Qureshi (2010). "Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate
change." Food policy 35(5): 365-377.

Hjeresen, D. L. (2001). "Green chemistry and the global water crisis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73(8):
1237-1241.

Horlemann, L. and S. Neubert (2006). Virtual water trade-a realistic concept for resolving the water
crisis?, DEU.

Hughes, S., et al. (2006). "The development of biofuels within the context of the global water crisis."
Sustainable Dev. L. & Pol'y 7: 58.

Moe, C. L. and R. D. Rheingans (2006). "Global challenges in water, sanitation and health." Journal of
water and health 4(S1): 41-57.

Nayar, V. and V. Suresh (2008). "Global water crisis: Partnerships for the future." The Hindu, November
2.

Sivakumar, B. (2011). "Water crisis: from conflict to cooperation—an overview." Hydrological Sciences
Journal 56(4): 531-552.

Weiss, E. B. (2012). "The coming water crisis: a common concern of Humankind." TEL 1: 153.

Wones, R. G., et al. (1990). "Lack of effect of drinking water barium on cardiovascular risk factors."
Environmental health perspectives 85: 355-359.