Reference No :FIPL/ED/APUFIDC/MSW/VSKP/1 September 2015

Detailed Project Report of Visakhapatnam

Submitted to
Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance & Infrastructure
Development Corporation

Submitted by
Feedback Infra Private Limited
ENERGY DIVISION
Detailed Project Report-Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT ................................................................
......................................................... 7
1.1 URBANIZATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH ................................................................
............................................ 7
1.2 PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................
....................................... 8
1.3 STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................
..................................... 10
1.4 PRESENT PROJECT DETAILS ................................................................
............................................................ 11
1.5 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................
................................ ........................................................ 11
1.6 SCOPE OF WORK ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................ 12
2 PROFILE OF ULB’S - VISAKHAPATNAM CITY ................................................................
........................................ 15
2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................. 15
2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF VISAKHAPATNAM ................................
....................................................... 16
2.3 SALIENT FEATURES OF VISAKHAPATNAM ................................................................
.................................... 16
2.4 LAND USE PATTERN................................................................................................
PATTERN .......................................... 18
2.5 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF VISAKHAPATNAM ................................
......................................................... 19
2.6 SOCIO –ECONOMIC
ECONOMIC DETAILS ................................................................
............................................................ 21
2.7 FISHING ..............................................................................................................................
................................ .............................. 24
3 ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ............................ 26
3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................. 26
3.2 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE ..............................................................................................
.............................. 26
3.3 MARKETS, RESTAURANTS, PARKS AND OTHER OTHER COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS’
DETAILS ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................................. 27
3.4 STORAGE OF WASTE ................................................................................................
......................................... 35
3.5 EXISTING COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BY GVMC .......................... 38
3.6 TRANSFER STATION ................................................................................................
......................................... 41
3.7 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE ................................................................
........................................ 42
4 WASTE QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION ................................
......................................................... 50
4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................... 50
TABLE 4.1: TOTAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN
CITIES ................................................................................................................................
................................ ................................. 52
4.2 QUANTIFICATION OF WASTE ...............................................................................................
............................... 52
4.3 WASTE QUANTIFICATION ................................................................................................
.................................... 58
4.4 COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF GVMC ................................................................
................................................ 59
4.5 FUTURE GENERATION TRENDS ................................................................
....................................................... 59

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4.6 WASTE CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................................

................................ 61
5 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN ................................................................
....................................... 64
5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................. 64
5.2 OVERVIEW OF THE RECOMMENDED C&T PLAN: ................................
.......................................................... 64
5.3 SEGREGATION AND STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE ................................
................................................. 66
5.4 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE:................................................................
................................................. 70
5.5 SECONDARY STORAGE ................................................................................................
...................................... 74
5.6 SECONDARY COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION ................................
..................................................... 74
5.7 TRANSFER
FER STATION ................................................................................................
......................................... 75
5.8 INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENT FOR THE ENTIRE VISAKHAPATNAM CITY ......... 76
5.9 DESIGN RECOMMENDATION FOR COLLECTION & TRANSPORTATION PLAN –
HANDLING FUTURE WASTE: ................................................................
........................................................... 82
6 IDENTIFICATION OF MSW PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES ................................
................................................... 85
6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................. 85
6.2 MSW PROCESSING
NG TECHNIQUES ................................................................
..................................................... 85
6.3 SCREENING TECHNOLOGY CRITERIA................................................................
CRITERIA .............................................. 92
6.4 GOVERNING FACTORS FOR CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY ................................
................................................. 93
6.5 SELECTION OF THE MOST SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY FOR GVMC ................................
................................. 94
7 PLANNING FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY ON CLUSTER
APPROACH ................................................................................................
................................ .......................................................... 95
7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................. 95
7.2 PLANNING OF INTEGRATED MSW FACILITY................................................................
.................................. 96
7.3 ASPECTS UNDER THE CLUSTER APPROACH ................................................................
.................................. 97
7.4 CONCEPT PLANNING................................................................................................
....................................... 100
7.5 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT OF CLUSTER FACILITY ................................
......................................................... 104
7.6 ATTRIBUTES OF A CLUSTER APPROACH ................................................................
...................................... 105
8 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF TREATMENT PLANT ..............................................................
.............................. 106
8.1 ITEGRATED WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY ................................................................
................................ 106
8.2 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF TREATMENT PLANT ................................
....................................................... 121
8.3 MATERIAL BALANCE................................................................................................
....................................... 121
8.4 DESIGN OF PRESORTING & RDF PLANT ................................................................
........................................ 122
8.5 DESIGN OF COMPOST PLANT ................................................................
......................................................... 132
8.6 MARKET PRICE OF COMPOST ................................................................
........................................................ 144
8.7 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR COMPOST ...............................................................
............................... 144

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9 WASTE TO ENERGY ................................................................................................

................................ ........................................... 146
9.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND................................................................................................
.................................. 146
9.2 RDF BASED POWER PLANT ............................................................................................
............................ 147
9.3 FUEL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................ 150
9.4 SITE ................................................................................................................................
................................ ................................... 150
9.5 PLANT TECHNICAL FEATURES ................................................................
...................................................... 151
9.6 PROJECT COST AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ................................................................
.................................. 175
9.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................
......................................................... 176
9.8 RISK PERCEPTION ................................................................................................
................................ ........................................... 179
10 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL .............................................................
............................. 184
10.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................... 184
10.2 PROPOSED LANDFILL SITE DESCRIPTION................................................................
.................................... 184
10.3 MOEF GUIDELINES FOR LANDFILL DESIGN ................................................................
................................. 184
10.4 DESIGN OF LANDFILL AND LANDFILL SIZING..............................................................
SIZING .............................. 186
10.5 LANDFILL DESIGN PARAMETERS & VOLUME CALCULATIONS ................................
.................................. 187
10.6 ASSESSMENT OF LEACHATE QUANTITY................................................................
....................................... 194
10.7 DESIGN OF LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM..............................................................
.............................. 195
10.8 SPACING OF PIPES ................................................................................................
................................ ........................................... 196
10.9 LANDFILL GAS COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ................................
....................................... 197
10.10 DESIGN OF LANDFILL COVER AND SEQUENCE OF ITS LAYING................................
.................................. 197
10.11 LANDFILL GAS EVACUATION SYSTEM ................................................................
.......................................... 197
10.12 LAND FILLING OPERATIONS ................................................................
.......................................................... 198
10.13 VEGETATIVE COVER................................................................................................
COVER ........................................ 200
10.14 CONSTRUCTION OF LANDFILL ................................................................
....................................................... 200
10.15 SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................
................................................... 203
11 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION (IEC) ................................
............................................. 205
11.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................... 205
11.2 IDENTIFICATION AND ORIENTATION OF RESIDENT’S WELFARE COMMITTEES: ... 206
11.3 IDENTIFICATION AND MOBILIZATION OF NGOS OR SOCIAL WELFARE GROUPS NGO
INVOLVEMENT ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................ 207
11.4 ORIENTATION OF KEY PERSONALITIES, SOCIAL ACTIVISTS AND POLICY MAKERS
INVOLVEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATORS
COMMUNICATOR ................................
.............................................. 209
11.5 CONDUCT SANITATION CAMPAIGNS ................................................................
............................................ 210
11.6 MEDIA CAMPAIGNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS ................................
.................................... 212

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11.7 SUCCESS STORY OF PRAJAVANI (A WEB BASED PUBLIC GRIEVANCES SYSTEM IN

VISAKAPATNAM) ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................ 214
12 CAPACITY BUILDING ................................................................................................
................................ .......................................... 216
12.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................... 216
12.2 CAPACITY BUILDING METHODS
ME ................................................................
.................................................... 216
12.3 CAPACITY BUILDING IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................
.............................................. 216
12.4 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR CAPACITY BUILDING ................................
................................................. 216
12.5 TRAINING NEEDS ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................ 217
12.6 PROPOSED COURSE CONTENTS FOR TRAINING ................................
.......................................................... 218
12.7 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM ................................................................
....................................... 219
12.8 MONITORING OF SWM SERVICES: ................................................................
................................................. 222
13 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE ......................... 227
13.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................... 227
13.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................
......................................... 227
13.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................
.................................. 227
13.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................
..................................... 228
13.5 NOISE LEVELS ................................................................................................
................................ .................................................. 228
13.6 MITIGATIONS ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................... 229
13.7 SAFETY MEASURES ................................................................................................
......................................... 231
13.8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING
DURING OPERATION STAGE ......................... 235
14 PROJECT STRUCTURING ................................................................................................
.................................... 236
14.1 POSSIBLE PPP OPTIONS ................................................................................................
.................................. 236
14.2 PROJECT FINANCING OPTIONS ................................................................
...................................................... 241
14.3 PROJECT COST & REVENUE MODEL ................................................................
.............................................. 246
15 REFERENCES: ................................................................................................
................................ ..................................................... 248

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List of Abbreviations

APUFIDC Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance & Infrastructure Development Corpor

Corpora‐
tion

CPHEEO Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation

DPR Detailed Project Report

DTDC Door to door collection

GoAP Government of Andhra Pradesh

GVMC Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation

JNNURM Jawaharlal
al Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

RDF Refuse Derived Fuel

ULB Urban Local body

W2E Waste to Energy

MTPD Metric Tonnes per Day

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1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

Municipal solid waste management is an important as it it impacts health, env
envi‐
ronment and aesthetic society if it is not managed properly. Hence to improve
quality and standard of living in the state, the Government of Andhra Pradesh
(GoAP) has proposed to strengthen the Municipal Solid Waste Management sy sys‐
tem covering collection, segregation, recycling, transportation, processing and
disposal with option for composting, waste to energy, disposal in all 110 urban
local bodies (ULBs) in Andhra Pradesh, which is in line with national objective
of SWATCH BHARATH MISSION,
MISSION, a prestigious project of Govt of India.
The GoAP intends to institutionalize a holistic Integrated, sustainable enviro
environ‐
ment and eco‐friendly
friendly Municipal Solid waste Management System in the urban
local bodies (ULBs) of the state. In view of this, Government
Government has appointed
APUFIDC a government entity and nodal agency for the development of projects
in Urban Infrastructure. APUFIDC will be responsible for preparation of d de‐
tailed project reports for 110 ULB’s in the state of Andhra Pradesh. As part of
the process, all the 110 ULB’s have been divided in to 5 zones and APUFIDC iin‐
vided Request for Proposal (RFP) from empanelled consultants to prepare D De‐
tailed Project Report for Municipal solid waste management, in compliance
with MSW rules 2000 under the aegis
aegis of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986
and the guidelines issued there under from time to time.
After the bidding process, the work of five zones has been awarded to 5 diffe
differ‐
ent empanelled consultants. The consortium of Feedback Infra Pvt Ltd & Ec Eco‐
savee Systems (P) Ltd have been awarded with work of preparation of DPR of
Zone‐11 consisting of 14 ULB’s in three districts viz. Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam, Viziana‐
garam and Srikakulam.
1.1 URBANIZATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Urbanization is now becoming a global phenomenon, but its ramifications are
more pronounced in developing countries. High rate of population growth, d de‐
clining opportunities in rural areas and shift from stagnant and low paying aag‐
riculture sector to more paying urban occupations, largely contribute to u ur‐
banization.
The annual rate of growth of urban population in India is 3.35% (Census of IIn‐
dia, 2011). The proportion of population living in urban areas has increased
from 17.35% in 1951 to 31.2% in 2011(Census, 2011).The total population of
India, as per 2011 census,
census, is 1210.1 million, of which 833.0 million is rural
comprising about 68.8 % and 337.1 million is urban constituting to 31.16 %. In
Andhra Pradesh, the urban population of 28.3 million inhabits 353 towns of di
dif‐
ferent size classes. According to the provisional
provisional population 2011, Andhra
Pradesh has 7 percent of India‟s
India‟s total population. The urban population of AAn‐
dhra Pradesh is 33.41 percent of total population of 84.6 million, and it ranks

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5th in the all India level in 2011. Studies indicate that urban gro
growth that is be‐
ing experienced in Andhra Pradesh could be attributed largely to rural migr
migra‐
tion to existing towns and cities.

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1911- 1921-
1921 1931- 1941- 1951- 1961- 1971- 1981- 1991- 2001-
1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH

Figure 1-1: Decadal Growth Rate of Urban Population of India and Andhra Pradesh
Generationi

Urbanization in conjunction with change in lifestyle contributes to higher waste

generation, and unscientific waste handling causes health hazards and urban
environment degradation. Figure shows past and projected Per capita waste
generation in India. Solid Waste Management, in current situation, is already a
mammoth task in India and is going to be more complicated with the increase
in urbanization, changing lifestyles and increase in consumerism. Financial co
con‐
straints, institutional weaknesses, improper choice of technology and public
apathy towards Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) have made this situation worse
worse.

800

600

400

200

0
1971 1981 1991 1997 2025

Per capita waste generation (g/day)

Figure 1-2
2: Past and Projected Trend of Percapita Waste Generationii

1.2 PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH

WITH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
With the 74th Constitutional Amendment specifying powers of ULBs and rre‐
sponsibilities of Local Self Govt. and PIL filed in Supreme Court of India in 1996

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alleging GOI, State Governments, Union Territories & ULBs failing to dischar
discharge
obligatory duties regarding MSW management. In March 1999, Expert Commi Commit‐
tee set up by Supreme Court, submitted detailed recommendations for all Class
I cities and various stakeholders for implementation. Municipal solid waste
Management and Handling rules
rul ‐2000
2000 also specifies solid waste management
as a obligatory function of urban local bodies , but in actual practice the solid
waste management is given the last priority and the duties are either not pe per‐
formed or poorly performed consequently the city has to face numerable pro prob‐
lems related to environment and sanitation .
The major deficiencies associated with the system are described in the follo
follow‐
ing sections
Rapidly Increasing Areas to be Served and Quantity of Waste:
Waste
The solid waste quantities generated
generated in urban centres are increasing due to rise
in the population and increase in the per capita waste generation rate. The iin‐
creasing solid waste quantities and the areas to be served strain the existing
SWM system.
Inadequate Resources:
Resources
While allocating resources including finance, SWM is assigned with a low prio
prior‐
ity resulting in inadequate provision of funds. The inadequacy of human rre‐
source is mainly due to the absence of suitably trained staff.
Inappropriate Technology:
Technology
The equipment and machinery presently
presently used in the system are usually that
which have been developed for general purpose or that which have been
adopted from other industry. This results in underutilization of existing rre‐
sources and lowering of the efficiency.
Disproportionately High Cost of Manpower:
Mostly out of the total expenditure, around 90% is accounted for manpower of
which major portion is utilized for collection. Since citizens tend to throw the
waste on the adjoining road and outside the bin, the work of the collection staff
is increased. Hence, the cost of collection increases considerably.
Societal and Management Apathy:
Apathy
The operational efficiency of SWM depends on the active participation of both
the municipal agency and the citizens. Since the social status of SWM is low,
there
ere is a strong apathy towards it, which can be seen from the uncollected
waste in many areas and the deterioration of aesthetic and environmental qua
qual‐
ity at the uncontrolled disposal sites.
Low Efficiency of the System:
System

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The SWM system is unplanned and is operated in an unscientific way. Neither

the work norms are specified nor the work of collection staff appropriately ssu‐
pervised. The vehicles are poorly maintained and no schedule is observed for
preventive maintenance. Due to shortage of financial resources,
resources, the vehicles are
often used beyond their economical life resulting in inefficient operation. Fu Fur‐
ther, there is no co‐ordination
ordination of activities between different components of the
system. The cumulative effect of all these factors is an inefficient SWM ssystem.
1.3 STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Considering average 450 gm/capita/day of solid waste and increase of 5% per
year on account of increase in the population and change in lifestyle of the pe
peo‐
ple, it is it is assumed that urban India will generate 2,76,342
2,76,342 TPD by 2021,
4,50,132 TPD by 2031 and 11,95,000 TPD by 2050. As per CPCB, only 68% of
the MSW generated in the country is collected of which, 28% is treated by the
municipal authorities. Only 19% of the total waste generated is currently
treated.

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Karnataka
Chhattisgarh

Maharashtra
Chandigarh

Punjab
Goa

Lakshadweep

Nagaland
Andhra Pradesh/ Telengana

Gujarat
Assam
Bihar

Jharkhand
Jammu & Kashmir

Kerala

Manipur

Uttrakhand
Arunachal Pradesh

Delhi

Haryana

Rajasthan
Sikkim
Himachal Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh
Orissa
Puducherry

Tamil Nadu
Daman Diu & Dadra

Meghalaya

Tripura

West Bengal
Mizoram
Andaman & Nicobar

Quantity Generated (TPD) Collected (TPD) Treated (TPD)

Figure
igure 1-3: MSW management in India as on Feb 2015iii

In Andhra Pradesh, 110 Municipalities and 15 corporations are generating

11500 TPD of MSW. In the above figure it appears that AP is treating almost all
the waste it is generating. But as per APPCB only 1595 TPD is being processed
(Source, APPCB Website). This indicates a huge gap in the generation and
treatment of solid waste which is matter of great concern. With rapid urbaniz
urbaniza‐
tion and improving in standard of living of the people, the waste generation is
increasing day by day. Dumped waste and unscientific disposal of solid waste
will ultimately lead to health hazard and pollution to environment.

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1.4 PRESENT PROJECT DETAILS

The project area awarded to M/s. Feedback
ack is ZONE 1, which covers ULB’s of
Visakhapatnam,, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts. The proposed area
“Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation” falls under the district of
Visakhapatnam.. The present report gives the information on Visakhapatnam
District comprising of two ULB’s
 Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC)
 Narsipatnam
 Yelamanchali

Figure 1-4: Project Area

A team of technical experts from Feedback Infra Pvt. Ltd met th

the officials of the
GVMC and discussed regarding the existing solid waste management system in
GVMC. The photographs with the officials and field visits carried in Visakhapat‐
nam are enclosed in PHOTO PLATE ‐ 1.
1.5 OBJECTIVES
The objective of the project is to prepare a holistic, integrated, sustainable, een‐
vironment friendly and executable municipal solid waste management system
which is in line with objective of the prestigious mission of Govt of India ‐
SWACH BHARATH ABHIYAN and to meet the following requireme requirements to imple‐
ment the Solid Waste Management in the ULB’s of A.P.
 Analyze the quantity and types of Municipal solid waste generated per ca cap‐
ita per day, in the ULB’s for different sources and types of waste generated
 Appraise the current mechanism for Primary
Primary and Secondary collection of
solid waste, including details of physical infrastructure such as Waste bins,
Collection points, Road length covered, number of Sanitary workers eem‐
ployed and type of vehicles used, etc
 Study the adequacy of existing infrastructure
infrastructure facilities for collection, tran
trans‐
portation and disposal of solid waste and list and quantify the deficiency

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based on the various available normative standards

 Appraise the daily collection at various stages, number of Shifts & trips
made by Vehicles, Carrying
C capacity, distance travelled to transfer stations,
treatment and disposal site,
 Optimization of transport routes and location of transfer stations for cost
effective transportation of waste.
 Existing tie up and arrangements of the Council, with Private
Private operators, for
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of solid waste.
 Assess the present mode of disposal of solid waste such as burning, co com‐
posting, landfills and any other methods, with particular emphasis on co com‐
pliance within regulatory
regulatory framework. Provisions in the existing system, if
any, for segregation of solid waste and recycling. Details of existing dum
dump‐
ing yards/compost yard such as area, facilities available, adequacy etc. If ffa‐
cilities for any waste processing / treatment exist, details such as plant size,
capacity, maintenance expenses, etc.
 Evaluate the existing solid waste management expenditure incurred by the
council with a view to determine efficiency of operations, in terms of cost
per ton of waste, cost per capita and other
other operating parameters as rel rele‐
vant
 Feasibility & Evaluation of the proposed landfill sites
 Suggestions for Institutional strengthening, staff requirement and training
 Amendments in laws if any
Based on the studies carried out and deficiencies noted prep
prepare Detailed Pro‐
ject proposal for improving the solid waste management practices in the Town,
which may meet the requirements of law and yet be cost effective and implimple‐
mentable in the urban local bodies under study. The Detailed Project Report
(DPR) shall suggest improvements to fulfill the requirements laid down in MSW
Rules 2000, notified by the MOEF, Govt of India.
1.6 SCOPE OF WORK
To meet the proposed objective, a broad scope of work has been out lined in
RFP as follows:
 Realistic assessment of quantity characterization
characterization of quantity, characteriz
characteriza‐
tion and classification of MSW, the current scenario in each ULBs.
 Planning‐ Detailed planning for resource requirements and implementation
strategy.
 Proposed DPR shall be in‐line
in line with SWM rules, 2000 of GOI and the toolkit
of the Govt. Of India for SWM projects.
 Scope of Work should adhere to:
 Keeping wet and dry waste stream separated at the household/
source level itself.

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 Doorstep collection, Segregation of wet waste.

 Composting of biodegradable waste.
 Recycling of
o dry waste by category.
 Strategies for 100% source segregation and door to door collection of
household and commercial waste, street sweeping, silt removal, vegetable
and fruit market waste, slaughter house waste, etc and suitable incentive
structure to promote
romote source segregation and recycling.
 Identification of ideal site for setting up compost production and gener
genera‐
tion of green energy through bio‐mechanization
bio mechanization in the proposed
ULB/Cluster of ULBs as per feasibility.
 Transportation of resources from secondary
secondary collection point to the pr
pro‐
posed processing plant with the detailed process.
 Analysis of the need for transfer station and its basic design features.
 Tie‐ups
ups for inorganic waste and suggestions for suitable technologies for
processing.
 Options and strategies
stra for processing of organic waste.
 Opportunities for involvement of various group of the society in MSWM aac‐
tivities.
 Techno‐economic
economic and environment analysis of various options for MSWM
processes and institutionalization.
 Road map towards achieving zero ze landfill facility
 Innovative incentive structure to the operating personnel for motivation
and for ensuring sustainability of MSWM
 Exploring innovative processes and their enforcement for making the hab habi‐
tation litter free, bins free and dump free so as to prevent health hazards.
 Creating and sustaining the supply chain for recycled waste (products and
employments).
 Availability of land for proposed landfills.
 Implementation strategy including resource requirement.
 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign models and een‐
forcement plans.
 Streamlining and optimization of transportation system.
 Options for using the inert material like construction and demolition waste.
 Opportunities for reclamation and bio‐mining
bio mining of old dump site.
 Impact of the proposed MSWM system on community health and enviro environ‐
ment
 Proposed Measures for involvement of stakeholders in MSWM
 Measures for leadership development and change management
 The study should also consider the existing project being implemented on
cluster basis
asis in consultation with the concern Municipal Commissioners
and C&DMA. The consultant shall study the land availability for landfill in

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each ULB within the proposed cluster and the distance to the centre of the
clusters, and quantity rejects to be taken to the land fill. In each region clu
clus‐
tering is to be done wherever practicable.
 The DPR submitted should be practical and thoroughly implementable with
zero land filing and with operation & maintenance strategies of MSWM.
 The DPR should propose a practical action plan for each ULB with cost iim‐
plications and financial requirements for each suggested methodology and
consolidating for each cluster and overall cost of implementation for the
entire zone / state.
 The DPR should also suggest implementation strategies
strategies for the MSWM
plans for. (i) Individual ULB’s which not part of the clusters
clusters. (ii) For the
clusters of ULBs. (iii) For improvement in the clusters in which MSWM pr pro‐
ject is under implementation.
 The consultant should provide independent DPR’s for each pr proposed clus‐
ter and for ULB’s.
 Based on the feasibility study, the numbers of clusters that can be formed in
the region are to be proposed. The DPR for the ULB which the common
processing unit is proposed for the cluster should contain the complete d de‐
tails of the technology and cost estimation of the processing unit.

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2 PROFILE OF ULB’s - VISAKHAPATNAM CITY

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Visakhapatnam, popularly known as Vizag, is a fast developing port city in IIn‐
dia. Visakhapatnam is the second largest urban agglomeration in Andhra Pr Pra‐
desh state. On account of rapid industrialization, there has been signif
significant mi‐
gration into the city. The city was originally a small fishing village but due to its
natural harbor, it developed into a major port. It has experienced rapid indu indus‐
trialization with the growth of major industries, including steel, petroleum rre‐
finingg and fertilizer. With the formation of “Greater Visakhapatnam” in 2005 the
city’s development is set for a quantum leap. The city of Visakhapatnam has iim‐
plemented a number of reforms including e‐governance
e governance and citizen
citizen‐friendly ini‐
tiatives. Visakhapatnam has has been the first city in the country to implement ee‐
governance and still leads in offering a variety of services to its residents online.
The location map of the study area is shown in Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1: Location map of Visakapatnam, Narsipatnam and Yelamanchili

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2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF VISAKHAPATNAM

Visakhapatnam's history
histor stretches back to the 6th century BCE. Historically, it
was considered part of the Kalinga region, and later ruled by
the Vengi kingdom, the Pallava and Eastern Ganga dynasties. Archaeological
records
rds suggest that the present city was built around the 11th and 12th cent
centu‐
ries CE with control over the city fluctuating between the Chola Dynasty and
the Gajapati Kingdom until its conquest by the Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th
century. Conquered by the Mughals in the 16th century, European powers
eventually set up trading interests in the city, and by the end of the 18th cent
centu‐
ry it had come under French rule. Control passed to the British in 1804 and it
remained under British colonial rule until India's independence in 19471947. After
independence, Visakhapatnam developed into one of the country's chief ports
and became the headquarters of the Eastern Naval Command of the Indian Na‐
vy.. The city is often known as The Jewel of the East Coast, The City of Desti‐
ny and the Goa of the East Coast. Coast Visakhapatnam's 's beaches (such
as Ramakrishna Mission Beach and Rushikonda), parks (such as Kailasagiri and
VUDA Park), museums (such as the Kursura Submarine Museum and Visakha
Museum), and proximity
roximity to areas of natural beauty (such as the Kambalakonda
Wildlife Sanctuary, Araku Valley, and Borra Caves)) have helped the city b be‐
come a significant tourist destination.
destination
The Corporation is working closely with other planning and service delivery iin‐
stitutions in the city for improving the quality of life. GVMC has entered into
partnerships with the resident welfare associations and
and the slum communities
in undertaking solid waste management and management of neighbourhood
parks. The impact assessment identified difficulties for the city in operation and
maintenance of this additional infrastructure created in poor settlements.
2.3 Salient
nt features of Visakhapatnam

Climate Climatic Features Southwest Monsoon Temper

Tempera‐
ture:
Max: 34 OC, Min :17.5OC
Temperature over the plains: Max 44 OC Min
12.8 OC,
Hilly region‐ 20 OC and Average annual Rainfall:
95 cms
Population The population of about 18, 83, 185 people is
spread in an area of 533 sq.km.
Geographical Features Latitude‐ 170 30’ 15” to 18 011’ 15” North
Longitude ‐ 820 57’ 37” to 830 28’ 12’’East

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Distance from major Cities Mumbai ‐ 1361 km

Delhi ‐ 1880 km
Bhubaneshwar‐ 425 km
Total Length
ngth of City Roads 2825 km
Transportation Airport ‐8.7
8.7 km (North) from the city
Railway stations – 12.7km (East) from the City
Substation 132 KV power substation is located at
Anandpuram which is 8km away from present
dumpsite i.e kapuluppada
Temples Simhachalam temple : 32 km (North) from the
city
Park Kailasagiri park :30 km (NE)
Language Official Language: Telugu,
Other languages: Hindi and English
Normal rainfall 1202 mm
Town plan Town plan map collected from the GVMC is een‐
closed Figure 2-2
Regional Significance Visakhapatnam was originally a small fishing
village. Mainly due to its natural harbour, it has
developed into a major port city. It has exper
experi‐
enced rapid industrialization with the onset of
major industries viz., Oil Refinery, a private se
sec‐
tor fertilizer factory, Hindustan Zinc Smelter and
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant. The construction of
the outer harbour and Steel Plant have consi
consid‐
erably changed the character of the city. On aac‐
count of rapid industrialization and urbaniza‐
tion there has been tremendous amount of m mi‐
gration into the city. Today the services and iin‐
formation technology contribute significantly to
the economy.
Administrative & political For administrative convenience GVMC is divided
Setup into 6 zones.
nes. Apart from these zones the neig
neigh‐
bouring Anakapalle and Bhimunipatnam
(Bheemilli) municipalities were merged under
GVMC in 2013. Apart from the two municipal
municipali‐
ties, the 10 villages merged with the GVMC are

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K.Nagarapalem, Kapuluppada, Chepaluppada,

Nidigattu,
attu, JV Agraharam, Thadi, Salapuvanipale,
Rajupalem, Valluru and Koppaka.

Figure 2-2: Town map of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation

2.4 Land use pattern

The land utilization pattern for Visakapatnam
Visakapatnam City is given in table below:

Land Use area in sq.km Percentage (%)

Residential 108.47 20.35
Industrial 26.09 4.89
Roads & Railways 93.6 17.56
Agricultural / Vegetation 58.42 10.96
Hills & Forests 138.94 26.07

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Water bodies 12.3 2.31

Ports 56.44 10.59
Vacant Land 38.74 7.27
Total 533.00 100.00

Table 2.1: land utilization pattern for Visakhapatnam Cityiv

2.5 Demographic Features of Visakhapatnam

Present Scenario
Visakhapatnam
hapatnam is currently ranked as the second largest urban agglomeration
in Andhra Pradesh. For administrative convenience GVMC is divided into 6
zones. Apart from these zones the neighboring Anakapalle and Bhimunipatnam
(Bheemilli) municipalities were merged
merged under GVMC in 2013. Apart from the
two municipalities, the 10 villages merged with the GVMC are K.Nagarapalem,
Kapuluppada, Chepaluppada, Nidigattu, JV Agraharam, Thadi, Salapuvanipale,
Rajupalem, Valluru and Koppaka.
The population of Vizag urban agglomeration
agglomeration increased from 1.05 million in
1991 to 1.32 million in 2001. The growth of population was more than 80%
during 1971‐81 81 and 37.11% during 1991‐2001.
1991 2001. Due to formation of GVMC and
merger of surrounding villages, several well established urban compone
components of
the city are located within the GVMC. The details of population of the Municipal
Corporation Visakhapatnam and now functioning as the Greater Visakhapa
Visakhapat‐
nam Municipal Corporation are given in Table 2.2

Municipality Area Population in lakhs Density

(sq.km) (Per-
Year Year Year
sons/Sq.k
1991 2001 2011
m)
(2011)
GVMC 533 9.87 13.45 18.83 3533
Table 2.2: Population Generation trends

The population forecasting has been carried

carried out by using the four methods
mentioned below.
Arithmetic Progression Method
This method is generally applicable to large and old cities. In this method the
average increase of population per decade is calculated from the past records
and added to the present
resent population to find out population in the next decade.

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Geometric Progression Method

In this method, percentage increase is assumed to be the rate of growth and the
average of the percentage increase is used to find out future increment in pop
popu‐
lation.
Incremental Increase Method
In this method the increment in arithmetical increase is determined from the
past decades and the average of that increment is added to the average iin‐
crease.
Decadal Growth Method
In this method it is assumed that rate of percentage
percentage increase decreases and the
average decrease in the rate of growth is calculated. Then the percentage iin‐
crease is modified by deducting the decrease in rate of growth.
For the present report, the geometric progression method has been considered
for arriving at population projections for the year 2016 as well for the year en
end‐
ing i.e 2030 year. The projected tables were presented below.

Arithmetic Geometric Incremental Decadal

Sl No. Year Progression Progression Increase Growth
Method Method Method Method

1 2012 1761434 1778373 1758038 1771291

2 2013 1794740 1830078 1787330 1815531

3 2014 1828046 1883287 1816005 1860877

4 2015 1861352 1938043 1844062 1907355

5 2016 1894658 1994391 1871501 1954994

6 2017 1927964 2052377 1898323 2003823

7 2018 1961270 2112050 1924528 2053872

8 2019 1994576 2173457 1950115 2105170

9 2020 2027882 2236649 1975085 2157750

10 2021 2061188 2301679 1999437 2211643

11 2022 2094494 2368600 2023171 2266883

12 2023 2127800 2437466 2046288 2323501

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Arithmetic Geometric Incremental Decadal

Sl No. Year Progression Progression Increase Growth
Method Method Method Method

13 2024 2161106 2508334 2068788 2381534

14 2025 2194412 2581263 2090670 2441017

15 2026 2227718 2656313 2111934 2501985

16 2027 2261024 2733544 2132581 2564476

17 2028 2294330 2813021 2152611 2628527

18 2029 2327636 2894809 2172023 2694179

19 2030 2360942 2978974 2190817 2761470

Table 2.3: Ssummary

summary of population projections for Visakhapatnam city based on arit
arith-
metic progression, geometric progression, incremental increase & decadal growth met
meth-
ods.

3500000

3000000

2500000 Arithmetic Progression

Method.
2000000 Geometric Progression
Method.
1500000 Incremental Increase Method.

1000000 Decadal Growth Method.

500000

0
1

Figure 2-3: Population Projections for Visakhapatnam City

2.6 Socio –Economic

Economic Details
The economic impetus in Visakhapatnam over the past three decades has pr pro‐
vided numerous employment opportunities, which is evident from the popul popula‐
tion
on growth rates for the past three decades. The demographic trends of growth
essentially follow the geographical expansions, which were the result of various

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developmental initiatives in the infrastructure and on the industrial front. Du Dur‐

ing the first quarter
ter of the century, a very slow increase is recorded as there
was no major event except the opening of the East Coast Railway line. During
the second quarter of the century, a steady rise is recorded till Independence
was observed, with the establishment of of major institutions. A significant growth
of the city after partition, which lasted during the third quarter of the century, is
due to the development of port activities and industrialization. The new indu indus‐
trial policy declared by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 2005 gives boost
to new investors who are willing to invest in Andhra Pradesh. Visakhapatnam is
the district of plentiful opportunities.
The City having an investment of Rs. 20,000 Crores is the industrial capital of
the State. The City is recognized as the fifth‐fastest
fastest growing "Industrial Metro
Metrop‐
olis" in the Asian subcontinent and the fastest growing industrial city on the
East coast of India strategically located midway between Calcutta and Chennai.
The geographical advantage with a natural harbor and bountiful infrastructural
facilities helped the city acquire industrial importance and well known place in
the international market. The ideal industrial climate has led to the develo
develop‐
ment of core industries. Rich deposits of iron and aluminum ore ores in close prox‐
imity and good rail and road connectivity and Export oriented Zones and EXIM
parks present interesting possibilities for setting up major industries. The basic
requirements which are necessary for establishing an industry are power su sup‐
ply, raw
aw materials, transportation facilities etc are available in Visakhapatnam
and very large plants have come to be established in Visakhapatnam and env envi‐
rons. – Hindustan Ship Yard, Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels factory and such
others. The employment potential
potential is 2,00,000 workers. With its long coastal
line, fishing and travel & tourism is a major economic activity. There is also a
handful opportunity for development of brackish water, prawn culture & pisci
culture since this is an export oriented and a lot of investment can be poured iin‐
to it.
The state government as well the city administration have made concerted eef‐
forts to make Visakhapatnam the second economic development hub in the aar‐
eas of Information Technology Enabled Services, Pharma and Biotechnol
Biotechnology,
development of Consumer goods and Ancillary industries/Tourism after H Hy‐
derabad. Significant efforts in this direction include some of the recent projects
supported by the Corporation which include Upgradation of the local Airport,
setting up of VSEZ, Simhadri Power Plant, Special Economic Zone, Pharma City
at Parawada, Gangavaram Port, Gems and Jewellery Park and Apparel Export
Park amongst other Projects. There is a possibility of a few more manufacturing
unit being located in the close proximity to thethe City. The transport infrastru
infrastruc‐
ture has permitted industrial investment and growth in the region. In addition
to the international and national linkages, the Corporation has undertaken se sev‐

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eral initiatives to upgrade the municipal roads and public utiliti

utilities and ameni‐
ties to international standards.
GVMC has been divided into six zones totally consisting of 72 wards, zone – I
consists of wards 1 to 6, zone – II consists of wards 7 to 18, zone – III consists of
wards 19 to 30, zone – IV consists of wards 31 to 49, zone – V consists of wards
50 to 65 and zone – VI consists of wards 66 to 72. The basic infrastructure and
facilities are provided across all the zones, each zone has its own socio socio‐
economic characteristics. Table 2.4 presents ts zone wise descriptions of socio
socio‐
economic features of the City.

Zone Description
Zone‐I This zone consists of wards 1 to 6 having middle income and low
income group people and the slum population in this zone aac‐
counts to 1,40,793. National Highway (NH‐5)
(NH 5) passes by this zone.
Jodugullapalem fishing village falls under this zone with a popul
popula‐
tion of above 2500. Hanumanthawaka area in this zone is known
for its small animal slaughter house and another piggery slaughter
house. This zone is scarcely populated
populated and is mainly a hilly region.
The famous Rushikonda, which is one of the favourite tourist spot
in Visakhapatnam also falls under this zone. Places like
Madhurawada, Hanumanthawaka are considered as commercial
areas for this zone.
Zone‐II This zone consists
consists of wards 7 to 18. This is one of the major co
com‐
mercial zone in GVMC. One of the famous University in Andhra
Pradesh ie. the Andhra University falls under this zone. The famous
recreational centres like VUDA park and R.K.Beach also fall under
this zone.
zone. This zone mainly consists of High income group people
in areas like Kirlampudi layout, Beach road and MVP Colony.
Peddajalaripeta is a major fishing village with population above
24,000 falls under this zone. This zone also has good medical facil
facili‐
ties for eg. Visakha eye hospital, mental care hospital and R.C.D
hospital fall under this zone. This zone is also famous for cinema
talkies.
Zone‐III This zone consists of wards 19 to 30. This is also one of the major
commercial zone in the city of Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam and this zone lies in
the heart of city. Kurupam and Allipuram markets are the known
markets in the Vizag city. Bukkaveedhi, Kotaveedhi and Kotha
Jalaripeta are the fishing villages with a population of above 8000
fall under this Zone. This zone majorly
majorly has mixed income group
population. Important areas in city like Daspalla hills, Daba gagar‐

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dens, Rockdale layout, Suryabagh, Kobbarithota, Beach road and

Krishna nagar etc.., fall under this zone.
Zone‐IV This zone consists of wards 31 to 49. This zone has mixed income
group population with majority of middle and low income group.
Highest number of slums in Greater Visakhapatnam exists in this
zone with a population of 149212. This zone majorly has State &
Central Govt. Quarters like Port quarters, Zink qua
quarters (P), CSF
quarters and Loco diesel quarters etc.
Zone‐V This zone consists of wards 50 to 65 having middle and low iin‐
come group population and the slum population in this zone aac‐
counts to 121458. This is basically an industrial zone. Industrial
areas like Gajuwaka and Steel plant falls under this zone. This zone
also has major commercial establishments. Main markets like
Gajuwaka Banana market and Kanithi road market exists in this
zone.
Zone‐VI This zone consists of wards 66 to 72. This zone has maj
majorly middle
and low income group population. This zone is a scarcely popula
populat‐
ed zone.
Table 2.4: Zone Characteristics, Visakhapatnam City

Zone Slum Popul

Popula- No. of slums Notified Non noti-
tion slums fied
slums
I 1,40,793 128 128 44 84
II 50,014 52 37 15
III 84,150 66 66 11
IV 1,49,212 142 130 12
V 1,21,458 125 101 24
VI 95,305 87 14 73
Total 6,40,932 600 381 219
Table 2.5: Details of Slums in Visakhapatnam city

2.7 FISHING
Fishing is one of the major activities in the GVMC area. The export value of the
fishing products in India is in Crores of rupees, 70% of which is from Andhra
Pradesh and major portion of this is from Visakhapatnam. It is estimated that
around 6 lakh people of the state depend on fishing activity of which one fourth
are in Visakhapatnam. It is also observed that 50% of the total fisherman pop
popu‐

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lation (45,000) is residing in more than 11 villages of Visakhapatnam Urban

Mandal which shows that most of of the fisherman are concentrated in and
around Visakhapatnam fishing harbor as it provides livelihood and have potepoten‐
tial for better job prospects for them. The population in these villages varies
from just 20 persons in Cheepulapalem in Kapuluppada Mandal to 24,000 per‐
sons in Peda Jalaripeta village of Visakhapatnam Urban Mandal. It also ha hap‐
pened that due to the closing of Bheemunipatnam port in 1933 after commi commis‐
sioning of Visakhapatnam port in the same year, most of the fishing activities
have been shifted from Bheemunipatnam to Visakhapatnam. All fisherman vi vil‐
lages are connected with approach roads. Excepting a couple of hamlets, majo
major‐
ity of these habitations are provided with drinking water supply and common
traditional infrastructure such as temple and burial
burial ground. Most of the villages
in Visakhapatnam, Yendada and Kapuluppada mandals are deprived of educ educa‐
tion and health facilities and public toilets.

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3 ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

3.1 Introduction
The solid waste is heterogeneous and commingled. The trends seen are the
proportion of putrescible organic matter is greater in low income countries
than those of high income. The proportion of paper and plastic waste is more
with increasing national income, which shows that waste densit
density is a function
of national income. Moisture content is also higher in low income countries. The
composition of waste in a given urban centre varies significantly with sociosocio‐
economic status (household income).
The factors influencing the waste quantities are income, population, social be‐
haviour,, climate, industrial production, consumer behaviour and high standard
of living. Forecasting waste quantities in the future is as difficult as it is in pr
pre‐
dicting changes of waste composition. The factors promoting change in waste
composition are equally relevant to changes in waste generation. Most of the
requirement in Visakhapatnam is met from the exported goods from main land.
As such no activities of production are taken place in Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam. Therefore
most off the packing material was found on the streets of the town.
3.2 Sources of Solid Waste
Sources of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) may be broadly classified as follows:
 Domestic Origin: Kitchen waste (left over/rejected food materials), h hu‐
man waste, paper, plastic,
plastic, rags, metal, rubber, glass, cardboard, expired
medicine, containers of medicine/disinfectants, etc.
 Street/Kerb side Waste: Street/ sweepings comprising dust, grit, dry
leaves, papers, plastic, rubber, glass, cardboard, metal
metal‐pieces, etc. junk
containers,
rs, carcass of animals and so on.
 Market Origin: Paper, plastics, cardboard, packaging materials, etc.
 Industrial Solid waste: Scrap metals, alloys, ores, glass, paper, plastic,
chemicals and other industry specific items.
 Hospitals/Medical solid waste: Hospital
Hospital wastes include used bandages, iin‐
fected linen, Plaster of Paris, injection vials, medicine bottles and contai
contain‐
ers, disinfectants, diseased organs etc. apart from common solid waste
items (Paper, plastic and food materials etc.)
 Commercial Institutional
Institutional Origin: Paper, plastic, cardboard, packaging m
ma‐
terial etc. from shops and offices, left over food from hotels/restaurants
and miscellaneous items.
 Agricultural and Animal Waste; These also find their way into the urban
area through the agricultural marketing
marketing complexes, dairy & poultry farms,
Zoological & botanical gardens, etc.

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3.3 Markets, Restaurants, parks and other commercial establishments’ details

Waste quantification has been carried out for Visakhapatnam from the follo
follow‐
ing sources:

 Residential /Individual
ndividual houses
 Slums
 Market yards
 Road /Street sweepings
 Hotels & Restaurants
 Shops/Office/Institutions
 Hospitals/Nursing Homes/Pathological Laboratories
 Marriage/Function halls
 Construction waste
Residential and commercial area

The residential and commercial

commercial areas are major sources of generation of solid
waste. Based on the average per capita generation of municipal solid waste, it
can be estimated that the waste generation from the households is about 635
MT. The commercial areas like CMR central, RTCRTC Bus stand, Purna Market,
Nehru Bazaar, Beach Road, Madhurawada Junction generates high quantity of
solid waste.

The average per capita waste generation of solid waste in Visakhapatnam was
observed to be 0.45‐0.47
0.45 0.47 kg/per capita/day. It is noticed that the waste genera‐
tion from High‐income
income groups was found to be 0.40 – 0.45 kg/day and from the
low‐income
income groups between 0.35‐0.40
0.35 0.40 kg/day. The commercial and the street
sweepings also contribute for increase of the per capita waste generation for

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the city of Visakhapatnam.

It is noticed that the per capita waste generation is in the range of 0.45
0.45‐
0.47kg/per capita/day which falls under middle Income roup as per the pa pat‐
terns of composition characteristics and quantities mentioned in the Municipal
Solid Wastee CPHEEO manual.
The quantity of waste generation based on per capita population of Visakh
Visakha‐
patnam is estimated at site considering various ward wise activities which iin‐
cludes residential, commercial and street sweeping activities. For the present
DPR the
he per capita waste generation from Visakhapatnam is considered 0.48
kg/capita/day with data generated at site during site survey. The estimated
quantity is also matched with the CPCB document on MSW.
The reason for the higher per capita waste generation iss due to the packing food
material in Visakhapatnam and due to commercial establishments. The ratio of
residential, commercial and street sweeping is found to be around 32:57:11
which indicate the higher commercial waste generation. A detailed survey work
has been carried out as per the MSW rules 2000 collecting the waste samples
from individual identified residences, commercial areas from different wards.
However data generated in the previous age old data is also collected as seco
secon‐
dary data from each wards
wards and compiled with the present quantified waste
generation.

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Slums
There are more than 600 slums in the Visakhapatnam city. Haphazard Distrib
Distribu‐
tion of slums within the City is observed with outer fringe areas of the City ha
hav‐
ing major concentrations of slum population. In zone I, ward number 1, 2, 3 has
relatively overcrowded dwellings; therefore, slum distribution is marginal in
this area.
The quality of life in each of the slums is appalling with low level of municipal
facilities. Unlike the town wards,
wards, in the slum areas door step waste collection is
not possible, therefore, large size wheeled community dustbin is placed on the
outer boundary of each slum. These dustbins can be directly taken to the waste
processing and disposal site. The total waste
waste generation contributes in Hous
House‐
holds waste.

Market Waste
Next to household waste, one of the major contributors of municipal solid waste
quantity is the market waste. The four main vegetable & Fish / Meat markets are
Purna Market and other small and medium
medium markets. The total waste generated
from these markets was observed tobe 55-60 60 TPD. In addition to these there are
daily, by-weekly
weekly and weekly markets found in residential areas of the city. These
markets produce wastes, which are ideal for production
production of compost.

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Street sweepings and Drain cleaning

Daily sweeping of public roads, streets, lanes, and by‐lanes
by lanes is a routine activity
where there is habitation of commercial activity on one or both sides of the
streets isolated pockets or roads. Street sweeping waste is mainly inert waste
comprising of dust, sand and stones. This waste also contains litter, and animal
waste. Currently, most of the waste generated in the City is collected as street
sweeping, since wastes from majority of residential
residential and commercial establis
establish‐
ments are discarded on and along the roads.
It is therefore not possible to accurately assess the waste generation rate from
street sweeping. However based on the discussion with the sweepers and san sani‐
tary staff it was estimated that
that this waste is in the range of 60
60‐65 kg/km/day
for 4 lane roads, 40 kg/km/day for double roads and 30 kg/km/day for single
roads. For the total 2825 km of road length in Visakhapatnam it is estimated
that 65 MT of street sweeping wastes are generated per day. The total waste
generated through drain cleaning was observed to be 50‐54 50 54 tons/day. Since
the waste generation is a continuous process, waste collection, transportation
and disposal is required to be done daily. There can therefore be no holiday in
street sweeping primary collection, transportation, processing and disposal of
waste.
Drain cleanings are the major components of waste in urban areas. A major
portion of sanitary worker’s time goes for the cleaning of streets and drains.
Most of the wastee generation from drains will be plastics, silt, coconut shells,
and rubber. Drains can be cleaned and the waste will be thrown on the road
side.

Uses of appropriate tools play an important role in improving the efficiency of

the work force. The
he Equipment used for Manual Street sweepings in Visakh
Visakha‐
patnam are Short brooms, Containers and Long handled brooms to the wor work‐
force.
Class Type of street Frequency of swee
sweep-
ing
A. Shopping Daily

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Class Type of street Frequency of swee

sweep-
ing
B. Market Areas Daily
C. Town centre and minor Daily
streets
D. Sub‐urban shopping streets Daily
E. Residential streets (lanes / Daily
by lanes)
F. Roads and streets having no Daily
households / establishments
on either side.
G. Sub‐urban main streets Daily

Table 3.1: Street Sweepings

Hotels & restaurants

There are around 600 to 650 hotels, star hotels, Bar and restaurants in Visak
Visaka‐
patnam City. The waste generation from these hotels and restaurants is o ob‐
served to be 18‐21
21 tons/day. All of them are storing their waste on site in pla
plas‐
tic containers. Dry and wet waste may be stored separately. In case of resta
restau‐
rants, waste may be stored in smaller containers or plastic bags.
Marriage/ Function halls in Visakapatnam
These are places where large quantity of waste is
is generated but only occasio
occasion‐
ally during functions/marriages and other social gatherings. Waste generated
from the function halls comprise of mainly organic waste such as food waste,
flowers and leaves. Number of function halls in the city is about 160 and the
waste quantification for this category was done based on the survey, seating
capacity and average occupancy days in a year. The maximum quantity of waste
generation from these halls was observed to be 0.08 – 0.09 Kg/ per capita/day.
Hence the total quantity
quantity of waste generated from the function halls will be
around 14 TPD. The peak waste generation is during certain auspicious months
when there are maximum social gatherings taking place.
Commercial Establishments (Shops/office/institutions etc.)
The waste
ste from the commercial establishments lik e shops and offices, whol
whole‐
sale and retail stores, Paint shops, Jewellery shops and general stores have been
considered in this category. The number of commercial establishments is about
80,000. In order to assess the waste generated by these establishments, field
visits and field assessment surveys were carried out in the major commercial
areas of Visakhapatnam.

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Discussions were also held, with the shop owners on the amount of waste ge
gen‐
erated by each of them and
and disposal practices. Hence, based on the survey the
waste generation factor will be around 0.63 kg per unit. This quantity is o
ob‐
served to be very high. High quantity of packaging material leads to higher
waste generation. About 40 to 42 MT of waste is generated
generated from the comme
commer‐
cial establishments.
Hospitals/Health centers
About 664 Clinics, 50 hospitals and 66 nursing homes are present in different
areas of Visakapatnam city. Two types of waste are generated from these esta
estab‐
lishments, one is municipal refuse
re and other is bio‐medical
medical waste. These two
types of waste may be stored separately. About 2‐3
2 3 MT of waste is generated by
the Hospitals. Municipal waste may stored in black ploythene bag or in black
colored buckets. Biomedical waste may be stored separately.
separately. The municipal
vehicles will collect the waste and dump at Kapuluppada Dump site.
Construction waste
Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever any constru construc‐
tion/demolition activity takes place, such as, building roads, remodeling etc. It
consists mostly of inert and non‐biodegradable
non biodegradable material such as concrete, pla
plas‐
ter, metal, wood, plastics etc. A part of this waste comes to the municipal
stream. This waste is being dumped alo ng with the solid waste haphazardly. A
quantity of about 1‐2
1 tons of construction and demolition waste reaches the
dump site every day.
Waste generated from parks and gardens mainly comprise of organic waste
such as leaves, grass and bush cuttings. This type of waste also contains leftover
garbage by the visiting public in the parks and gardens.

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The waste quantification for this category was done based on the discussions
with the Forest officers, gardeners and sweepers involved in waste collection
and were estimated as 500 kg/unit for large parks like VUDA, Tenn
Tenneti, Kaila‐
sagiri, Thotlakonda park etc., and for small parks waste generation factor was
estimated to 120 kg/unit per day.
The total parks under recreational and open space are around 40. At this rate
the total solid waste generated from parks in the Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam city works out
to 5‐6 TPD.
Waste generation from the Institutions
Visakhapatnam is one of the important educational centers in Andhra Pradesh.
One of the famous Universities in India is Andhra University in Visakhapatnam.
The City has approximately
approximately 180 Primary schools, 45 secondary schools and 15
colleges. Garbage generation from this category was done based on the size of
the school or institution. The activities of these institutions generally do not
contribute much to the solid waste of the city.
city. Waste generation factor is also
assumed based on the capacity of the school. A quantity of about 4 4‐5 tons of
construction and demolition waste reaches the dump site every day.
Temples
Most of the waste from temples will be food waste, plastic, paper, leaves, flow‐
ers. Waste
Quantification for this category can be done based on the bins provided in the
temples. Approximately 5‐75 7 dust bins will be cleared from the temples daily.
Average waste generation per unit can be estimated as 12 kg/unit for medium
and
nd small temples and 108 kg/unit for big temples. At this rate quantity of
waste generation from the temples are estimated to 5.0 MT.
Waste from Chicken, Beef, Mutton and Fish Stalls
Waste quantification of this category was done based on the field visit aand field
assessment survey team, discussions with the vendors and the officials of the
Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam. Waste generation factor can be est esti‐
mated as 0.4 ‐ 20 kg/unit. The total waste generation from the Chicken, Beef,
Mutton and Fish Stalls are about 3‐4
3 tons per day.
Slaughter House
There are two slaughter houses located in Hanumanthavagu, for sheep & goats
and another is in Chengalrao peta for Beef only. It is estimated that 1,00,375
numbers of medium animals slaughtered per annum in the Hanumantha vagu
Slaughter house and 3650 numbers of big animals slaughtered per annum in
the Chengalraopeta slaughter house. Waste quantification was done based on
the CPHEEO manual, waste generation from the slaughter houses is 2.4 ton per
day. The total waste generated from the slaughter house is about 2.5 ‐3 tons per

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day.
Cinema Halls
Most of the waste generation from this category was paper, food, plastic, bo
bot‐
tles. Waste
Quantification of this category was done by the general assessment and sea
seating
capacity. Waste generation factor is 6 kg/unit. There are 35 cinema theatres in
the Visakhapatnam city and waste quantification was works out to be around
0.8 to 1.0 Tons per day.
Summary of Waste Generation
The average daily waste generation estimated
estimated in Visakhapatnam is around 920
tons. At this rate the gross per capita generation of solid waste in GVMC area
work outs to 470 gm/capita/day. Table 3.2 gives the breakdown of waste ge gen‐
eration from various sources and Figure 3-1 shows percentage of sources of
waste generated.
Sl. No Type of Waste Waste gener- % of Waste Ge
Gen-
ated eration
(Tons/day)
1 Domestic Household waste 635.00 69.02
2 Commercial Establishments
waste 42.00 4.57
3 Hotels & Restaurants
Restaurant 21.00 2.28
4 Institutional waste 5.00 0.54
5 Parks and Gardens 6.00 0.65
6 Street sweeping waste 65.00 7.07
7 Waste from Drains 54.00 5.87
8 Hospitals 3.00 0.33
9 Markets 60.00 6.52
10 Temples 5.00 0.54
11 Construction and demoli‐
demol
tion waste 2.00 0.22
12 Chicken, Mutton, Beef, Fish
stalls 4.00 0.43
13 Slaughter houses 3.00 0.33
14 Cinema halls 1.00 0.11
15 Function halls 14.00 1.52
Total 920.00 100

Table 3.2: Total Waste Generation

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% of Waste Generation
Domestic Household waste

Commercial Establishments waste

Hotels & Restaurants

Institutional waste

Parks and Gardens

Street sweeping waste

Waste from Drains

Hospitals

Markets

Temples

Construction and demolition waste

Chicken, Mutton, Beef, Fish stalls

Slaughter houses

Cinema halls

Function halls

Figure 3-1: Percentage of sources of waste Generations

3.4 Storage of waste

Storage of waste at the source is the first important step of solid waste maman‐
agement. Every household, shops establishments, market yar yards etc., generate
solid waste on day‐‐to‐day
day basis. The waste should normally be stored at the
source of waste generation till collected for disposal. Generally it is observed
that no bins for storage of waste at source are kept. Though few house holds
use bins, shops and establishments, institutions etc. normally do not have waste
storage bins. As a result most of the waste from the domestic places, instit
institu‐
tions and even from hospitals comes on to the street. The situation in Visakh
Visakha‐
patnam is no different and
and more over with open drainage system, it is observed
that the surface drains are clogged with wastes especially plastic bags etc. The
situation in slum areas is further worse, the drains being completely filled with
waste.
Seasonal variations in the waste
waste quantity arise from factors with respect to
both climate, cultural, and religious events. During monsoon, the waste b be‐
comes wet and heavy and total tonnage increases. Climate affects the gener
genera‐
tion of vegetative waste and at the end of the autumn season leaves may com‐
prise a significant proportion of the street sweepings. The wastes from ma mar‐
riage halls are generally more during the marriage season. About 15 15‐20% of
spoilage is anticipated in summer season especially with vegetables like tto‐
mato, cauliflowerr etc., so these factors does have bearing on the waste gener
genera‐
tion.

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Source segregation of recyclables and biodegradables (organic waste) will not

only provide an efficient way for resource recovery, but will also substantially
reduce the pressure and pollution
pollution at Landfill sites. It is understood that impl
imple‐
mentation of such practices takes time and requires significant cooperation
from the public. However, initiation should be made and efforts should be d di‐
verted to progressively increase the segregation practices.
practices. Community Partic
Partici‐
pation indicates various actions that could be taken by GVMC to increase the
public participation for the management of MSW. The sections below deal with
issues that need to be considered for source segregation and various options
available to GVMC to implement the system.
Individual houses
Mixed waste is stored in various containers like plastic bins, cartons, plastic
carry bags etc by households. Source segregation is not in practice in Visakh
Visakha‐
patnam. Domestic waste will be collected
collected by push carts followed by streets bins.
In most of the wards door to door collection is in practice, some types of rece
recep‐
tacles presently used for storage by Visakhapatnam households are:
 Buckets
 Plastic Bins
 Polythene bags/containers.

Slums
The solid
id waste generated is stored in on the street/roadside or thrown in the
surface drains or in the backyard of the house.

Street/Road sweepings

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Street sweepings comprise of natural wastes, road traffic wastes, behavioral

waste and silt from open drainages.
drainages
Natural waste ‐fallen
fallen leaves, decaying vegetation,
dust blown from unpaved areas etc.
Road traffic waste ‐rubber,
rubber, mud oils etc, excreta of an
ani‐
mals
Behavioral waste ‐litter
litter thrown by pedestrians
Open Surface Drainage waste ‐Silt,
Silt, plastic bags etc.

The sweepers are allotted certain stretches of the roads. Two sweepers are aal‐
located one side of the road; hence six (6) to Eight (8) sweepers are involved for
each stretch of the road. One sweeper is involved in sweeping the pavement &
kerb side and pilingg it at intervals. In some places only two sweepers were iin‐
volved for both the sides of the road.
Sometimes two or more piles are aggregated into a single big pile of sweeping.
The other sweeper is involved in collecting the waste heaps and transferring iit
into the handcart. The waste from the handcarts is dumped in a designated co
col‐
lection point. The Municipal vehicle picks it from the collection point. After
completion of a stretch of road, the sweepers reverse their roles and the pro
proc‐
ess is repeated.

Shops/Office/Institutions
Sanitary workers while sweeping the roads in the morning collect the waste
bags with wet waste placed outside the shops in their handcarts containing d de‐
tachable containers and some of the recyclable waste is being collected by
waste
ste collectors. The waste from these sources is dry recyclable waste. The
wastes are stored in plastic bins, plastic covers or swept directly to the streets.
Hotels & Restaurants
The Hotels & Restaurants are not having the facilities to store their waste on
site in large steel/plastic containers and dispose them accordingly. Proper se
seg‐

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regation of dry and wet waste is not being met by the generator. The same is
the case with small time restaurants, street side food vendors who throw off
their leftover food
d on the roads.
Market yards : Fruit & Vegetable Markets
The vegetable and fruit waste from Purna Market and other small markets need
to store their waste in the bins. In addition to these there are small daily, byby‐
weekly and weekly markets in different residential areas of the town apart
from the door to door fruit & vegetable vendors. These markets produce
wastes, which are ideal for production of compost. In view of this, it is desirable
that all vegetable market waste be stored separately.

Marriage/Function
Function halls
These are places where large quantity of waste is generated but only during
functions / marriages or other social gatherings are held. Hence these esta
estab‐
lishments are advised to install their own large size containers for storage of
waste at source.
Hospitals/Nursing Homes/Pathological Laboratories
Two types of waste are generated from these establishments, one is municipal
refuse and other is bio‐medical
bio medical waste. These two types of waste are stored
separately in hospital premises. The municipal
municipal vehicles carry the waste to the
dump site.
Construction waste
This waste should be stored within the site with a proper screen around it to
prevent scattering of the waste. The owner may request for providing appr
appro‐
priate skips/containers for storing
storing their waste on payment basis.
3.5 Existing collection and transportation system by GVMC

a) Primary Collection System: Door to Door Collection

Transportation of waste from secondary collection points at regular intervals is
one of the essential jobs in MSW Management. Presently segregation and Door Door‐
to‐Door
Door garbage collection is being carried out in 72 election divisions out of 72

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and Bheemli. Waste is collected from the Households and recyclables sold a
way by the workers and the Organic waste is collected into the plastic baskets
in the trolley. In‐Organic
Organic Waste particularly thin plastic carry bags which are
not purchased are separately collected into Gunny Bags.

Waste collection by push Carts:

Carts
Push Carts ( Total 800 Nos) a each one handled by 2 to
to 3 workers covering 200
to 250 houses for both collection and segregation. Presently 40% Households
are being covered in 45 Sanitary Divisions. In the remaining Households rec
recy‐
clables are segregated through Rickshaws (720 Nos) and In In‐Organic material
Segregated
regated at Windrows compost.
Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning:
Cleaning
In the afternoon the street sweeping and drain cleaning activity is being aat‐
tended by the workers and garbage is stored in the street dumper bins.

b) Secondary Waste Collection

The collection
ction and transportation of waste is practiced on all the days of the
year including the public holidays by GVMC. In GVMC, waste stored in open
spaces is either loaded manually or with the help of loaders (in case of huge aac‐
cumulations) in trucks. The vehicles
vehicles involved in the solid waste transportation
in Visakhapatnam include dumper
placers, tractors, mini vans, tippers (big & small). Dumper placers will carry the

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bin and unload the waste at the transfer station and will perform on an average
of 4‐5 trips per day. Mini tippers transport the waste from the open secondary
collection points to transfer stations. Dumper placers deployed with a capacity
of 4.5 cum for carrying the waste from Secondary collection point to the Kap
Kapu‐
luppada .

Hotels and Food waste

The leftover food from all the star hotels and other hotels is being collected by
pig farms daily in huge quantity may be approximately 20 MT per day.
Waste from Commercial Establishments
Mainly Dry Organic Waste like paper, Rubbish, Package Materi
Material, etc.., are col‐
lected into the dumper bins by servants. The Commercial Waste and Waste
from houses uncovered under Segregation collected into dumper bins (575
No.s) is approximately 300 MT.
c) Transportation
75 Dumper placers, 132 TATA Acres, 64 Small
Small Tippers Transport the Garbage
from storage point to transfer station and windrows compost. 10 Big Tippers
(Taras) Transport waste from transfer station to Kapuluppada.

d) Man Power
1313 permanent workers, 3919 Out Sourcing workers, 30 Permanent Drivers
Drivers,
and 200 Out Sourcing Drivers are working.
Scientific processing of Waste
GVMC by following Solid Waste management handling rules 2000 selected one

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of the least expensive and less capital intensive, but approved method of win
wind‐
rows composting. The windrows
windrow composting is De‐Centralized
Centralized in five locations
covering the entire city as follows:

S.No Location Coverage

1 KRM Colony II – Zone
2 Vepagunat IV & VI‐ Zones
3 Gajuwaka V‐ zone
4 Bheemali Bheemali Zone

3.6 Transfer station

Being area of Visakhapatnam city city is large and the disposal site is far from the
city, transfer station is established to transfer the waste from dumper placers &
truc ks. The transfer station is located at town road. The collection vehicles iin‐
cluding dumper placers, tippers and tractors
tractors will pick up the waste from the
secondary open collection points & dumper bins and transfer of waste directly
in the transfer stations.

A ramp facility is also provided to facilitate unloading of vehicles or dumper

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placer containers, directly into large

large container trucks at transfer station. Waste
is weighed at Weigh Bridge at the entrance gate, a record is being maintained
for in time, out time, weight of the solid waste disposing in to the transfer st
sta‐
tion and vehicle number. The big Tarus vehicle (20 ton capacity) transport the
waste to disposal site located at Kapuluppada which is 25 kms away from the
city.
3.7 Treatment and Disposal of waste

The collected waste from Households will be deposited into the concrete/mild
steel bins located in respective wards
wards by sweeper. The sanitary workers of m mu‐
nicipal corporation lifts waste from the bins, at a frequency of once in a day. The
waste from the road side bins and street sweepings is collected regularly and
transported to the disposal yard.

The waste generated from all the wards will be disposed at the dump site llo‐
cated near Kapuluppada. Currently, GVMC disposes the entire waste generated
at Kapuluppada disposal site. This site is operating for the last 7 years with
about 80 acres. Three JCBs and one bulldozer
bulldozer are employed by GVMC for solid
waste disposal management, including the operation of the waste disposal site.

`
The existing waste disposal site where crude open dumping is practiced with

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no leachate collection and treatment system and does not meet the current rre‐
quirements of the MSW 2000 Rules. Open burning of waste, indiscriminate di dis‐
posal, presence of stray animals & rag pickers at the disposal site and leachate
migration into the subsurface are common occurrences.

The total quantity

tity of waste generation and the quantity reaching the dump yard
may not be same. The total waste dumped at Kapuluppada dump site is about
600‐650
650 TPD, where as the total waste generation is about 920 TPD.
M/s. Maridi Eco Industries Pvt. Ltd is operating a biomedical waste treatment
plant in 5 acres within the Kapuluppada disposal site.

Compost Plant
There is a small compost plant in the Visakhapatnam city which is located in
ward no. 10 behind Eenadu office. It was established on pilot basis in the yea
year
2001 with coordination of NGO Ex‐nora.
Ex nora. Total area of the compost plant is 1.5
acres and is receiving a total solid waste of 5 to 6 Tons per day. There are 27
members working for this compost plant to segregate the recyclables and bi bio‐
degradable, and compost
compost plant maintenance. There are 3 dumper bins provided
in this compost plant to carry the inert material and disposes it in the Kapulu
Kapulup‐
pada disposal site. Composting is done in the aerobic process which is in pre
pres‐
ence of oxygen.
Institutional Aspects

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The Chief Medical Health Officer has the responsibility for overall SWM ma man‐
agement assisted by a team of Assistant Medical Health Officers, Sanitary SSu‐
pervisors, Sanitary Inspectors, Engineers, Ward Officers, Sanitary Officials and
Workers. At the central level
level there is an Executive Engineer assisted by Deputy
Engineers, drivers and helpers.
Sanitary staff for GVMC
Sr. No. Deployment of Sanitary Staff City Level Analysis
1 Chief Medical Officer of Health 1
2 Assistant Medical Officer of Health 6
3 Sanitary Supervisors 6
4 Sanitary Inspectors 51
5 Health Assistants 21
6 Sanitary masteries 55
7 Sanitary Workers 3772
Source: Greater Vishakapatnam Municipal Corporation
Engineering Staff required

Sr. No. Deployment of Sanitary Staff City Level Analys

Analysis
1 Chief Engineer 1
2 Superintending Engineer 3
3 Executive Engineer 16
4 Deputy Executive Engineer 22
5 Assistant Executive Engineer 73
6 Work Inspectors 80

Source: Greater Vishakapatnam Municipal Corporation

For the easy of management, entire Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam City is divided into 6 san
sani‐
tary zones. The zone wise distribution of sanitary workers is done in acco
accor‐
dance with the population density of the division and length of roads.
Key Concerns in the Existing System
 Secondary storage points are in very
ve poor condition
 Rag pickers who are taking out most of the recyclables which is having high
calorific value.
 Drain silt and Municipal solid waste is getting mixed
 Transfer station maintenance is not good
 No scientific disposal, waste is being dumped at Kapulluppada without any

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treatment and No scientific landfill.

Deficiency Analysis / Compliance of MSW Rules 2000
The below table shows the deficiency analysis in the MSW management system
existing currently.

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Component MSW Rules 2000 Compliance Photos

Generation Prohibit littering on the The municipal corporation has already
streets, promote segre‐e‐ initiated educating the citizen to store
gation of recyclable the waste at source by offering the ser‐
waste at source and en‐n‐ vice of door to door collection of waste.
sure storage of waste at Presently segregation and D2D garbage
source in two bins; one collection is being carried out in 72
for biodegradable election divisions out of 72 and Bhee‐
waste and another for mali. Waste is collected from the
recyclable material. Households and recyclables sold a way
by the workers and the Organic waste
is collected into the plastic baskets in
the trolley. But still waste is found on
the road sides.
Segregation at Set up treatment facili‐
i‐ Corporation is encouraging the source
source ties for biodegradable segregation at door to door /primary
waste using compost‐ t‐ collection. But still Segregation of
ing or waste to energy waste at the source of generation ab‐
technologies meeting sent. Recyclables including newspa‐
the standards laid pers, plastics and metals are collected
down in schedule IV. by rag pickers.

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Component MSW Rules 2000 Compliance Photos

Primary Collec‐ Organize Primary col‐ l‐ Each Push Cart ( Total 800 Nos) is
tion lection of biodegrad‐ d‐ handled by 2 to 3 workers covering
able and non‐‐ 200 to 250 houses for both collection
biodegradable waste and segregation. Presently 40%
from the doorstep, (in‐n‐ Households are being covered in 45
cluding slums and Sanitary Divisions. In the remaining
squatter areas,) at pre‐‐ Households recyclables are segregated
informed
rmed timings on a through Rickshaws (720 Nos) and In‐
day‐to‐day
day basis using Organic material Segregated at Wind‐
containerised tricy‐
y‐ rows compost. Unhealthy and unhy‐
cle/handcarts/pick up gienic waste disposal practices fol‐
vans. lowed by disposal in to drains and
open places.
Secondary Col‐ Abolish open waste Poor maintenance of collection points.
lection storage depots and Separate collection points for various
make provision of cov‐
v‐ streams of waste absent.
ered containers or Mixing of drain silt at this level
closed body waste Manual lifting and open transfer of the
storage depots. waste from the collection points lead‐
ing to spilling of waste . Personal pro‐
tection equipments used by the work‐
ers clearing the waste absent.
Street Sweeping Organize Street sweep‐p‐ In the afternoon the street sweeping
ing covering all the and drain cleaning activity is being at‐
residential and com‐ m‐ tended by the workers and garbage is
mercial areas on all the stored in the street dumper bins.

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Component MSW Rules 2000 Compliance Photos

days of the year irre‐e‐
spective of Sundays and
public holidays.

Transportation Organize Transporta‐ a‐ Corporation is putting efforts to dis‐

tion of waste in covered pose the waste by using 75 Dumper
vehicles on a day to day placers, 132 TATA Acres, 64 Small Tip‐
basis avoiding multiple pers Transport the Garbage from stor‐
and manual handling of age point to transfer station and wind‐
waste. rows compost. 10 Big Tippers Trans‐
port waste from transfer station to Ka‐
puluppada. But Open tipping trucks are
used which are highly unhygienic. Ar‐
rangement for lifting of waste from
congested by lanes of markets and re‐
mote areas of the city absent.
Community par‐ Community participation is absent ex‐
ticipation cept very small initiative at one or two
places
Public Aware‐ No significant educational programs,
ness campaigns, NGO activities for public
awareness on solid waste manage‐
ment, significance of recycling, reuse
and segregation of MSW.

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Component MSW Rules 2000 Compliance Photos

Disposal Minimise the waste go‐o‐ Scientific waste processing practices as
ing to the land fill and per MSW 2000 rules absent.
dispose of only rejects No scientific disposal. Unmanaged
from the treatment landfill site
plants and inert mate‐ e‐
rial
al at the engineered
landfills.

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4 WASTE QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

4.1 Introduction
Quantification of municipal waste generated was
was carried out by Feedback Infra
Pvt. Ltd from 10th April to 30 May, 2015 separately for different sources of
th

generation such as residential, commercial, institutional, street sweeping and

drain cleaning, markets, slaughter houses, function halls, cinema halls, etc.
Waste composition, characteristics and quantities of solid waste is essential for:
 It provides the basic data on which the management system is planned, d
de‐
signed and operated.
 The changes/trend in composition and quantity of waste over a perio
period of
time are
 known which help in future planning.
 It provides the information for the selection of equipment and appropriate
technology.
 It indicates the amount and type of material suitable for processing, recovery
and
 recycling.
 The forecast trends assist
assist designers and manufacturers in the production of
vehicles and equipment suitable for the future needs.
 The waste generation rates have been worked out on the basis of field susur‐
veys, waste sampling and discussion with the different waste generators and
the
he officials of the Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation. The results of the
study are set out in this section.
a) Sources of waste generation
A waste characterization study for Greater Visakhapatnam was carried on 22nd
May to 30th May 2015, to analyze the physical
physical and chemical characteristics of
waste samples. The sources of waste generation from GVMC are as follows.
 Residential /Individual houses
 Slums
 Market yards
 Road /Street sweepings
 Hotels & Restaurants
 Shops/Office/Institutions
 Hospitals/Nursing Homes/Pathological
Home Laboratories
 Marriage/Function halls

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 Construction waste
b) Methodology for waste quantification and characterization
Information on the nature of wastes, its composition, physical and chemical
characteristics and the quantities generated are basic requirements for devising
solid waste management plans. For the purpose of solid waste management, it
is important to look into the properties of the waste material apart from their
origin. Accordingly, they may be classified as:
 Biodegradable: Organic
Organic materials, which can be degraded by biological
agents, e.g., microbes are known as biodegradable. Examples are food mat
mate‐
rial, fruit and vegetable waste, garden waste (plant waste) etc.
 Recyclables: Plastic, Paper, metal etc
 Combustibles: Relatively dry
dry material having a high calorific value, such as
paper, plastic, rags, cardboard, etc. are known as combustibles.
 Hazardous; Certain items which are hazardous for human or animal health
and detrimental for the environmental either due to their chemical or patho‐
genic nature, are classified as hazardous waste e.g., hospital waste, certain
industrial etc.
 Inert; Dust, cinder, grit and other debris are known as inerts.
During the collection of municipal solid waste samples the major collection
sites are identified
fied which are covering a larger size of population. Based on the
type of area such as residential, commercial, industrial, market, slum etc. sa
sam‐
pling points are distributed uniformly all over the study area. The sampling
points are further classified based
based on economic status of population such as
high, middle and low income group.
About 10 kg of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is collected from ten points ou out‐
side and inside of the solid waste heap of city. The total quantity of waste so co
col‐
lected is thoroughly mixed and then reduced by method of quartering till a
sample of such a size is obtained which can be handled personally. The sample
so obtained is subjected to physical analysis.
The methodology adopted for collecting MSW samples at city is as per CPHEEO
manual based on the type of area such as residential, commercial, industrial,
market and slum etc.
The Physical Characteristics like moisture content, density, percentage of di
dif‐
ferent components such as, paper, plastic, glass, metal, organic matter, sand,
soil, bricks, stones etc were analysed.
The Chemical Characteristics like pH, percentage of Nitrogen, Potassium and
phosphorus, total carbon and C/N ratio were analyzed and represented in the
report. Calorific value of the municipal solid waste (in Kcal),
Kcal), Toxic characteri
characteris‐

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tics were also analyzed and given in the report.

The information on the quantity of wastes generated and its composition are
the basic needs for the planning of a solid waste management system. Quantity
and characteristics of solid waste
waste generated varies with income, socio
socio‐
economic conditions, social developments and cultural practices.
In high income countries the waste generated is more compared to that of low
income countries whereas the density of waste is low from high income cou
coun‐
tries
ries and high in low income countries indicating that more volumes of wastes
are generated in high income as compared to low income.
Review of National Statistics – Waste Characteristics
The characteristics of solid wastes also have been very inconsistent with time.
There have been tremendous changes with time, and these changes are eex‐
pected to continue.
Popula- Number Pa- Rub- Glass Met- Total Inert
tion Of Cit-
Ci per ber, als Co
Com-
Range ies Leathe postable
(in Mil- Sur- r, And Matter
lion) veyed Syn-
thetics
0.1 to 0.5 12 2.91 0.78 0.56 0.33 44.57 43.59

0.5 to1.0 15 2.95 0.73 0.35 0.32 40.04 48.38

1.0 to2.0 9 4.71 0.71 0.46 0.49 38.95 44.73

2.0 to5.0 3 3.18 0.48 0.48 0.59 56.67 49.07

>5 4 6.43 0.28 0.94 0.80 30.84 53.90

Table 4.1: Total Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in Indian Citiesv

During the sampling, we have analyzed the characterization study of waste. The
physical composition of waste is analyzed at site and the chemical composition
and Toxic Characteristics were analyzed at laboratory.
4.2 Quantification of Waste
The information on the quantity of wastes generated and its composition are
the basic needs for the planning of a solid waste management system. Quantity
and characteristics of solid waste
waste generated varies with income, socio
socio‐
economic conditions, social developments and cultural practices. The chara
charac‐
teristics
istics and quantity of waste generated based on the income pattern is pr
pre‐

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sented in the Table 4.2. It is noticed that in high‐income

income countries the waste
generated is more compared to that of low‐income
low income countries whereas the deden‐
sity of waste is low from high‐income
high income countries and high in low
low‐income coun‐
tries indicating that more volumes are generated in high‐income
high income coun
countries as
compared to low income.
Low income Middle income High income
countries countries countries
Waste genera‐ 0.4‐0.6 0.5‐0.9 0.7‐1.8
tion –per capita kg/capita/day kg/capita/day kg/capita/day
Composition (% by weight)
Metal 0.2 – 2.5 1‐5 3 ‐ 13
Glass, ceramics 0.5 ‐3.5 1‐10 4 ‐10
Food and or‐ 40‐65 20‐60 20‐50
ganic waste
Garden waste 40‐65 20‐60 20‐50
Paper 1‐10 15‐40 15‐40
Textiles 1‐5 2‐6 2‐10
Plastics/rubber 1‐5 2‐6 2‐10
Misc. combus‐ 1‐8 ‐ ‐
tibles
Misc. incom‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
bustible
Inert 20‐50 1‐30 1‐20
Density –kg/m 3 250‐500 170‐330 100‐170
Moisture ‐ % 40‐80 40‐60 20‐30
by wt.

Table 4.2: Patterns of composition characteristics and quantities of Municipal Solid

wastevi

Review of National Statistics

Statistic – Waste Quantification
Historically it is observed that the quantity of waste generated has been iin‐
creasing with improvement in life style. However, India still remains to be on a
very low per capita generation of municipal solid waste. From the solid waste
quantities generated in various Indian cities, it is seen that urban areas gene
gener‐
ate more waste than less urbanized.
MSW Survey
The quantity of waste generation is estimated and considered by using the fo
fol‐
lowing in the city.
 Secondary sources

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 Primary
ry survey results
Secondary Data Collection
As per municipal records quantity of waste generation in Visakhapatnam is
about 1090 MT/day. The sources of waste contributing to the total tonnage are
given in the following:
Sl.No Type of Waste Waste gen- % of Waste
erated Generation
(Tons/day)
1 Domestic Household waste 635.00 69.02
2 Commercial Establishments
waste 42.00 4.57
3 Hotels & Restaurants 21.00 2.28
4 Institutional waste 5.00 0.54
5 Parks and Gardens 6.00 0.65
6 Street sweeping waste 65.00 7.07
7 Waste from Drains 54.00 5.87
8 Hospitals 3.00 0.33
9 Markets 60.00 6.52
10 Temples 5.00 0.54
11 Construction and demolition
waste 2.00 0.22
12 Chicken, Mutton, Beef, Fish stalls 4.00 0.43
13 Slaughter houses 3.00 0.33
14 Cinema halls 1.00 0.11
15 Function halls 14.00 1.52
Total 920.00 100
vii
Table 4.3: Total Quantity of waste generation

Primary Survey
Procedure:
The methodology used for calculating the per capita waste quantification fofor
Residential, Commercial and street sweeping at Visakhapatnam city is given be‐
low.
Residential:
The per capita survey at residential area has been calculated at 6 random sse‐
lected wards. The 10 houses in each ward have been identified based on high
income, low income and poor group of people. Plastic bags have been supplied
to the identified households for collecting waste from the each individual house.

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After 24 hours the waste is collected and weighed with weighing machine.
The quantified waste has been divided with the number of family members to
get the individual contribution of waste. The survey was carried out for 3 days
continuously in all the wards. The average per capita has been considered for
further calculations. The data format used while carrying
carrying the survey at Visa
Visak‐
hapatnam is given in Table 4.4.
Ward Persons Residen- Commer- Street Total Waste
No tial cial sweep- waste genera
ing tion
(Kgs) (Kgs) (Kgs) In kgs rate

(kg/C/
day
6 39000 10530 5265 1755 17550 0.45
D 12 30000 9720 4860 1620 16200 0.54
a 24 17969 4636 2318 773 7727 0.43
y 31 21391 6931 3465 1155 11551 0.54
1 40 25641 6154 3077 1026 10256 0.4
45 9378 2757 1379 460 4595 0.49
6 39000 10296 5148 1716 17160 0.44
D 12 30000 7200 3600 1200 12000 0.4
a 24 17969 4528 2264 755 7547 0.42
y 31 21391 4492 2246 749 7487 0.35
2 40 25641 8308 4154 1385 13846 0.54
45 9378 2870 1435 478 4783 0.51
6 39000 10998 5499 1833 18330 0.47
D 12 30000 8100 4050 1350 13500 0.45
a 24 17969 4959 2480 827 8266 0.46
y 31 21391 5647 2824 941 9412 0.44
3 40 25641 10154 5077 1692 16923 0.66
45 9378 2870 1435 478 4783 0.51
Total 121149 60575 20192 201916 0.47

Table 4.4: Per Capita Survey Results

Commercial:
Randomly y 6 wards were selected for per capita survey at commercial centers.
The per capita survey at commercial places has considered at 6 random sse‐
lected wards. The bins identified are depending on the type of centers like thick
commercial complexes, thin commercial
commercial areas and streets containing market
yards. The capacity of each bin or heap of MSW at all the 10 points and the

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number of fillings of each bin in a day has been calculated and the averaged
value has been projected for the further calculations.
Street Sweeping:
The street sweeping data was collected on each day by weighing the heaps on a
road length having 1 km stretch. The same procedure was adopted at various
centers like commercial/residential etc. The data projected in the DPR is based
on the road length survey.
Primary Survey results
The methodology adopted for collecting MSW samples at Visakhapatnam is as
per CPHEEO manual based on the type of area such as residential, commercial,
industrial, market and slum etc.
To assess the waste generation levels primary survey was also carried out in sse‐
lected wards of Visakhapatnam City. Around six typical wards were selected
and data related to number of persons in each ward, the waste generation in
terms of residential, commercial and street sweeping waste
waste details were co col‐
lected on day to day basis. Waste Characterization was also carried during the
survey.

The primary survey carried by Feedback is shown in Photographs. The wards of

Visakhapatnam identified for survey purpose are 31, 18, 40, 54
54, 62 and 71. The
survey was conducted on three consequent days and waste contributing levels
of each of the ward was assessed in kgs.
The
he per capita waste generation is estimated based on the total municipal
waste generation to the corresponding population
population for each ward and extrap
extrapo‐
lated to arrive at the suggested waste generation from the whole of the Visa
Visak‐
hapatnam city.

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From the above table it’s seen that the average per capita generation for Visa
Visak‐
hapatnam city is about 0.47 kg/capita/day. The survey continued for other
identified wards of Visakhapatnam the respective wards identified are 3, 16, 33,
52, 68 and 71. The survey conducted for three consequent days and waste co con‐
tributing levels from each ward was assessed in kgs.
Ward Persons
ons Residen- Commer- Street Total Waste
No tial cial sweep- waste genera
ing tion
(Kgs) (Kgs) (Kgs) In kgs rate

(kg/C/
day
3 35000 10290 5145 1715 17150 0.49
D 16 21500 5547 2774 925 9245 0.43
a 33 21700 8072 4036 1345 13454 0.62
y 52 23400 7722 3861 1287 12870 0.55
1 68 38250 10328 5164 1721 17213 0.45
71 26075 6884 3442 1147 11473 0.44
3 35000 9240 4620 1540 15400 0.44
D 16 21500 5934 2967 989 9890 0.46
a 33 21700 7031 3515 1172 11718 0.54
y 52 23400 6037 3019 1006 10062 0.43
2 68 38250 14459 7229 2410 24098 0.63
71 26075 7979 3989 1330 13298 0.51
3 35000 9240 4620 1540 15400 0.44
D 16 21500 5676 2838 946 9460 0.44
a 33 21700 5208 2604 868 8680 0.4
y 52 23400 4914 2457 819 8190 0.35
3 68 38250 8033 4016 1339 13388 0.35
71 26075 6571 3285 1095 10952 0.42
Total 139164 69582 23194 231939 0.47

Table 4.5: Per Capita Survey Results

Apart from the above, waste generation was also assessed based on the capa
capac‐

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ity of each vehicle and the number of trips made in a day to the dumpsite. The
necessary details were collected and the waste quantity reaching the dumpsite
is found to be about 600 ‐700 tons per day which translates to about 0.45
kg/capita/day to 0.47 kg/capita/day.
4.3 Waste Quantification
Waste Quantities depend on the population. The total waste generation from
the municipality is estimated based on the population of the town and the per
capita waste generation. The future waste generation from each of the towns is
also been predicted. The
Th Future Generation trends of waste have been carried
out by population forecasting methods.
For the present report, the geometric progression method has been considered
for arriving at population projections for the year 2012 as well for the year en
end‐
ing i.e
.e 2030 year. The projected tables were presented below.
SUMMARY OF POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR VIZAG CITY BASED ON
ARITHMATIC PROGRESSION, GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION, INCREMENTAL
INCREASE & DECADAL GROWTH METHODS.
Arithmatic Geometric Incremental Decadal
Sl
Year Progression Progression Increase Growth
No.
Method. Method. Method. Method.

1). 2012 1761434 1778373 1758038 1771291

2). 2013 1794740 1830078 1787330 1815531

3). 2014 1828046 1883287 1816005 1860877

4). 2015 1861352 1938043 1844062 1907355

5). 2016 1894658 1994391 1871501 1954994

6). 2017 1927964 2052377 1898323 2003823

7). 2018 1961270 2112050 1924528 2053872

8). 2019 1994576 2173457 1950115 2105170

9). 2020 2027882 2236649 1975085 2157750

10). 2021 2061188 2301679 1999437 2211643

11). 2022 2094494 2368600 2023171 2266883

12). 2023 2127800 2437466 2046288 2323501

13). 2024 2161106 2508334 2068788 2381534

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14). 2025 2194412 2581263 2090670 2441017

15). 2026 2227718 2656313 2111934 2501985

16). 2027 2261024 2733544 2132581 2564476

17). 2028 2294330 2813021 2152611 2628527

18). 2029 2327636 2894809 2172023 2694179

19). 2030 2360942 2978974 2190817 2761470

Table 4.6: Population projection

4.4 Collection Efficiency of GVMC

The necessary details were
were collected and the waste quantity reaching the
dumpsite is found to be about 600 ‐700 tons per day which translates to about
0.45 kg/capita/day to 0.47 kg/capita/day. However it should be noted that the
quantity of waste reaching the dumpsite is about 75‐80%
7 80% of the generation
quantities only.
4.5 Future Generation trends
Based on Geometric progression projections and the per capita survey results
the waste quantification calculations were carried for the year 2030. The below
table gives the quantification details.
de

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VISAKAPATNAM CITY WASTE GENERATION CALCULATION SHEET FOR PROSPECTIVE POPULATION

Sl. No. Year Population by Waste Gen- Total Waste gener- Commercial Street Waste Gen-
Geometric eration Waste for ated from HH Waste @ Sweeping eration per
method Rate One day per day. @ 60% @ 10% Annum
(Kg/c/day). (in M.T.) 30% (in M.T.) (in M.T.) (in M.T.)

1 2012 1778373 0.45 800 480 240 80 292,098

2 2013 1830078 0.46 842 505 253 84 307,270
3 2014 1883287 0.47 885 531 266 89 323,078
4 2015 1938043 0.48 920 552 276 92 336,008
5 2016 1994391 0.48 957 574 287 96 349,417
6 2017 2052377 0.48 985 591 296 99 359,577
7 2018 2112050 0.49 1,035 621 310 103 377,740
8 2019 2173457 0.49 1,065 639 319 106 388,723
9 2020 2236649 0.49 1,096 658 329 110 400,025
10 2021 2301679 0.50 1,151 691 345 115 420,056
11 2022 2368600 0.50 1,184 711 355 118 432,269
12 2023 2437466 0.50 1,219 731 366 122 444,838
13 2024 2508334 0.50 1,254 753 376 125 457,771
14 2025 2581263 0.52 1,381 829 414 138 504,168
15 2026 2656313 0.52 1,381 829 414 138 504,168
16 2027 2733544 0.52 1,421 853 426 142 518,827
17 2028 2813021 0.52 1,463 878 439 146 533,911
18 2029 2894809 0.53 1,534 921 460 153 560,001
19 2030 2978974 0.53 1,579 947 474 158 576,283

Table 4.7: Quantification Details

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4.6 Waste characterization

Physical Composition of Waste
The physical composition of municipal solid waste is normally presented as O
Or‐
ganic, Recyclables and Inert matter.

Waste samples were

were collected and analyzed for these three parameters and
data is presented in the below table.
Item Item wise Generation %

ORGANIC WASTE
Comprising of Leaves , Fruits, Vege‐
Veg
52.0
tables, Food Waste, Fine organic Mat‐
Ma
ter, Hay and Straw etc
RECYCLABLES
Comprising
rising of Rubber and leather,
23.0
Plastics, Rags, Paper, Wooden Matter
Coconuts, Bones, Straw, fibers
INERT MATTER
Comprising of ash, Crockery, Earthen
25.0
ware (pots), Stones and Bricks, Met‐Me
als, Glass, sand, silt from drains etc.

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Item Item wise Generation %

TOTAL 100

Table 4.8: Physical Composition of Waste (On

On site physical characterization study by Fee
Feed‐
back Infra)

Chemical Characterization of waste

Chemical characteristics considered for municipal waste are mainly, moisture,
nitrogen,
itrogen, phosphorous, potassium, C/N ratio etc. The characteristics of waste
for Indian waste are presented below: MSW sample was collected from the
dump yard of Visakhapatnam city and analyzed for various chemical characte
character‐
istics. The results are shown in the below table.
It is noticed that the C/N Ratio of the collected sample found to be 25.5 which is
normal with compared to CPHEEO norms. norms Calorific Value of the collected sa
sam‐
ple is about 1220 cal/gm which is on the higher side. Similarly the Moisture
content
ent of the sample was also on the lower side i.e 38.9 %. .
The total waste generation calculated for the ultimate year 2030 is 1579 TPD.
Out of which 821 TPD is organic waste, 363 TPD recyclables and 395 TPD are
Inerts/Rejects. The organic waste is proposed
proposed to be processed by setting up
compost /Bio‐mechanization
mechanization plant.
The recycle recoverable material generated at Visakhapatnam for the year 2015
amounts to 211 TPD. These materials include rubber, leather, plastics, rags, p
pa‐
per, wooden matter, coconut shells,
sh straw and fibres etc.
Chemical Characterization of waste
Sl. No. Item Unit Result
1 pH (5% solution) ‐ 8.01
2 EC(5% solution) µsiemens/cm 1108
3 Total Waste Soluble mg/gm 3.4
4 Moisture content % 38.9
5 Total organic Carbon % 18.4
6 C/N Ratio (Dry) ‐ 25.5
7 Calorific Value Kcal/kg 1220
8 Total Phosphorus % 0.76
9 Total Potassium as K mg/gm 0.92
10 Total Nitrogen as N % 0.72
11 Arsenic as As2O3 mg/kg BDL
12 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg 2.3
13 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 16.4

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Chemical Characterization of waste

Sl. No. Item Unit Result
14 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 8.6
15 Lead as Pb mg/kg 17.2
16 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 36.8
17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 91.6

Table 4.9: Chemical Composition of Waste (SV

SV Enviro Labs, Visakhapatnam)

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5 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN

5.1 Introduction
This chapter provides Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) for primary and
secondary waste collection system and transportation system for Visakhapa
Visakhapat‐
nam City. The proposed plan includes the planning, infrastructure requir
require‐
ments, quantities, and corresponding
corresponding cost estimates for the collection and
transportation systems were made in the end of the DPR. The proposed SWM
system is broadly based on 4R Environmental Protection Rules (Reduce, Rec
Recy‐
cle, Reuse, and Recover) and is in accordance with the MSW 2000 Rules. The
primary aspects of the proposed plan include the following:
1. Compliance with Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules of
2000.
2. Compulsory segregation at the source.
3. Provision of segregation infrastructure at all stages of collection and
transportation.
4. Waste to be covered at all stages of handling.
5. Reduction of manual handling of waste by providing of proper PPEs to the
workers.
6. 100% collection and transportation of the generated waste
7. Maximum recovery of resources by segregation of recyc
recyclables and biode‐
gradable waste.
8. Advocate 4R’s i.e. reduce, recycle, reuse, and recover materials in MSW
management
9. Promote information, education and communication across the stak
stake‐
holders to ensure system efficiency and sustainability
10. Ensure economic sustainability
sustainability of the proposed system by introducing
public private partnership in MSW management
11. Adequate health and safety provisions for workers at all stages of waste
handling
12. Regular environmental monitoring at waste processing and disposal ffa‐
cilities
13. Have robust complaint‐handling
complaint system in place
14. Conduct regular internal and external independent audits on the eff
effi‐
ciency of entire SWM system.
system
5.2 Overview of the recommended C&T Plan:
Collection and transportation, probably the most important component of the

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SWM
WM operation requires active involvement of the citizen, NGOs and private een‐
trepreneurs. Besides introduction of equipment and vehicles for minimum ha han‐
dling and exposure of waste, awareness creation is the key in developing mea
mean‐
ingful partnerships. The suggestions
suggestions in this section focus mainly on the mode of
operation, choices of vehicle & equipment and estimation of the requirements.
The suggestions are mainly for:
 Promotion of the practice of segregation and storage of waste at source in
two bins‐for
for biodegradable
biodegradable waste and another for recyclable waste, so as
to facilitate an organised and hierarchical system of waste collection and
disposal, without letting the waste to reach the ground in the primary and
secondary collection stages.
 Organization of door to
to door collection with community participation on
cost recovery basis and minimize the multiple handling of waste, iim‐
provement in the
 productivity of labour and equipment
 Containerized secondary storage facilities phasing out open storage
 Daily transportation
transportation of waste to the integrated MSW disposal facility.
 Container transportation using simple hydraulic system mounted vehicles.
 Awareness creation for source segregation and storage at source.
 Monitoring system to increase the productivity
Based on the existing
ting Collection and transportation system, the comprehensive
collection and transportation plan depicted below.

Primary Transfer
Storage Transportati
collectio station
on
n

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5.3 Segregation and storage of waste at source

Source segregation of recyclables and biodegradables (organic waste) will not
only provide an efficient
icient way for resource recovery, but will also substantially
reduce the pressure and pollution at Landfill sites. It is understood that impl
imple‐
mentation of such practices takes time and requires significant cooperation
from the public. However, initiation should
should be made and efforts should be d di‐
verted to progressively increase the segregation practices. Community Partic
Partici‐
pation indicates various actions that could be taken by GVMC to increase the
public participation for the management of MSW. The sections bel below deal with
issues that need to be considered for source segregation and various options
available to GVMC to implement the system.

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Segregation of waste at Source:

Segregation of the two different fractions of waste could be undertaken with
out mixing them,
m, but directly depositing to the separately bin / bag as and
when generated.
Category 1. Food & Green waste (wet waste)
Cooked/uncooked food, vegetable, fruit, meat, borne, fish waste, leaves, grass
Category 2. Recyclable & Non‐bio‐degradable
Non (dry waste)
Paper, Plastics, glass, metal, ceramic, rubber, leather, rags, used
cloths, wood, stone, sand, ash, thermocol, straw & packing mater
materi‐

The efficiency of the proposed Waste Management Plan described below is

driven by the separation of waste at the
the primary collection level. For this pu
pur‐
pose, following approach needs to be adopted by the residents as well as the
GVMC personnel.
 The waste will be stored by the generators in two separate bins, one for
bio‐degradable
degradable and one for recyclables.

 Waste collectors
ollectors will collect waste on a day‐to‐day
day day basis in two separate
bins‐green
green bins for bio‐degradable
bio degradable and white bins for recyclables.
However, it is not easy to implement source segregation practices immediately.
A prolonged campaign by GVMC will be required
required with adequate budgetary pr
pro‐
visions to impress the citizens that source segregation will provide them a
healthy environment and a better lifestyle.
Storage of waste at Source
Citizens could be encouraged to have separate storage facilities for
food/biodegradables
egradables and recyclables/non‐bio‐degradable
recyclables/non degradable so as to ensure that
no waste goes to ground and a system of ‘Single handling’ is developed. ResResi‐
dents will be made aware to segregate waste at the source and store it in sep
sepa‐
rate bins, prior collection and transported
transported by the private operator
operator.
A 3‐bin
bin system of storage of waste is suggested by MoEF in its guidelines of
solid waste management. However, such a system of segregation in the initial
stages of waste management is difficult for the community to practic
practice. How‐
ever, a single bin system could be encouraged which can be upgraded to a 2
2‐bin

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system progressively. In the single bin system all the wastes are to be kept in a
single bin.
As per the ‘2 Bin system of Solid Waste Storage at source’, each of the house
household
is encouraged to keep separate Bins / containers for Food/Green waste and R Re‐
cyclables/Non‐bio
bio degradable.
The household bin for food & green waste could be of 10‐ 10‐15 litres capacity
made of plastic / reinforced plastic / LDPE or metal. Bin or plastic bbags may be
used for recyclables,
ecyclables, non bio‐degradable
bio and domestic hazardous storage rre‐
quirements. Bins are preferred options as it is often difficult to separate the
plastic bag during the waste processing and disposal. Moreover, plastic bags
have a recurring
ng expenditure, which is often difficult to overcome in a long run.

Multi‐storied
storied residences, commercial complexes, in addition to storage facilities
in individual residences/shops, could also keep containers within their pre
prem‐
ises matching to collection system of the city.
Segregation of waste at source will be introduced along with door door‐to‐door
waste collection. Hotels, offices, shops and restaurants need to keep adequate
number of bins to facilitate easy handling and transfer of waste to Municipal
collection
ction system. Plastic, HDPE or reinforced fibre‐glass
fibre glass bins are reco
recom‐
mended for this purpose.
Hospitals and Nursing homes could use colour coded bins/bags for storage as
specified in the Bio‐‐medical
medical Waste (Management & Handling Rules)
Rules)‐1998. Hos‐
pitals should deposit only the food & bio‐degradable
bio degradable waste in the Municipal
System.
Construction& Demolition(C&D) waste has to be stored at the premises of the
construction either in skips or suitable containers and has to be directly em
emp‐
tied to the notified disposal site/sites
site/sites or by transported by availing Municipal
facility. However, in Visakhapatnam, the C&D wastes are in much demand for

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filling up the low lying flood prone area. Not much of C&D wastes find its way to
the municipal MSW system.
Garden or other bulk waste
waste has to be stored at premises and disposed directly
to skips / containers for the purpose or should be directly handed over to the
Municipal vehicle arriving on pre‐notified
pre days.
Meat, Chicken and fish stalls should store waste in non‐corrosive
non corrosive bin / b
bins of
about 60 litre capacity each and transfer contents to large container for biod
biode‐
gradable to be kept at the market just before lifting of such large containers or
handover to collection crew directly.
Each stall in vegetable and fruit market should store
store waste in bins and transfer
to a large container / skip stationed for secondary storage.
Street / food vendors will have to keep bins to store waste and transfer to m
mu‐
nicipal container. Marriage halls/function halls should keep large container
matching the Municipal system.
Provision of suitable containers at source is the responsibility of individual
generators. However GHMC initially shall provide bins to households to een‐
courage the source segregation. The main role of GVMC will be mainly to create
awareness
reness amongst the people with the support of NGOs. As segregation and
storage require a high degree of human awareness on the health and enviro
environ‐
ment perils of throwing waste on ground, a continued and concentrated effort
is required to create this awareness.

It is essential to keep the streets and public places clean at all times of day. This
is possible only if waste producers cooperate and effectively participate in the
waste management efforts of the Vizag City Municipal Corporation. If people
keep on throwing wastes on the streets indiscriminately, the Visakhapa Visakhapat‐
nam City Municipal Corporation cannot keep the City clean in spite of its best
efforts. People, therefore, have to form a habit of storing the waste at source in
their personal bin/bins
in/bins and discharge the same into the Municipal system only,

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at specified times.

In Ward No.18 the above practices are implemented perfectly. The same has to
be implemented in all other wards of GVMC.
5.4 Primary Collection of waste:
Door to door collection
collection services includes collection of waste from households
and commercial establishments, markets and other waste generating sources.
The vehicles used for door to door collections in general are tricy‐
cles/pushcarts, autotippers, and sometimes small compactors
compactors depending on the
area.
It is necessary for GVMC to provide a daily service to all households, shops
and establishments for the collection of putrescible organic/food/bio ‐
degradable waste from the doorstep because of the hot cli climatic conditions
in the City . This service must be regular and reliable – recyclable material can
be collected at longer regular intervals as may be convenient to the waste prpro‐
ducer and the waste collector, as this waste does not normally decay and ne need
not be collected daily. Domestic hazardous waste is produced occasio occasion‐
ally and so such waste need not be collected from the doorstep. People
could be advised or directed to put such waste in special bins kept in the City
for disposal
sposal of such wastes as per the directions given by Municipal Corpor
Corpora‐
tion.

Area Activity System Vehicles / Fre‐

Equipments quency of
service
Residential DTDC Common Collec‐ Tricy‐ Daily
tion bins cles/Auto
tippers
Slums DTDC Common Collec‐ 3.5/4.5 cu
cum Daily
tion bins bins
Commercial DTDC Common Collec‐ Tricycles / Daily
Areas tion bins / Auto tippers

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Transfer station

All the above Secondary Transfer Sta‐ Regular/ Daily

collection tions Static co
com‐
pactors

Table 5.1: Door To Door Collection (DTDC) systems

Door step collection - Households

The door to door collection of waste shall be done on a day to day basis b be‐
tween 6.00 am to 10.00 am. The GVMC shall ensure that infrastructure is made
available for undertaking this activity in compliance with MSW Rules 2000.
Each waste collector may be given a wheelbarrow with a bell be affixed to the
wheelbarrow or a whistle may be provided to the waste collector in lieu of a
bell. Each waste collector shall be given a fixed area for
for collection of waste.
Requisite number of wheelbarrows with 4/6 50 litres bins with suitable nu num‐
ber of workers shall be pressed into service to operate the Door
Door‐to‐Door collec‐
tion system in plain and narrow lanes. For this purpose, the city is divided ininto
units containing not more than 200‐250
200 250 households. Each unit is covered by
one Wheelbarrow. For regular door‐to‐door
door door collection each unit areas dwellers
shall be notified with general collection timings on various streets within the
unit. Exactly on the scheduled time a waste picker along with tricycle will arrive
at the place pre‐notified
notified and ring a specially designed gong to alert the resresi‐
dents. He will then pick up the waste from individual household unit and load it
into wheelbarrow separately as green
green and dry waste in to separate bins. A
separate arrangement for collection from slum areas is proposed.

The waste from the push cart bins will be unloaded into the common collection
dumper bin. There will be separate augment to picking dry wastes from tthese
collectors.

Mode of col‐ Area of Primary Collec‐ Secondary

lection collection tion Vehicle storage

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Door to Residential colo‐

col Wheelbarrows 1. Bio‐
Door nies high density with 6 nos 40 lit degradable
in gentle terrain capacity bins ‐4 in dumper
green color bins for container
Bio‐degradable 2. Non biode‐
waste, 2 yellow gradable‐
color bins for recy‐ Sell or dis‐
clables
Table 5.2: Primary
rimary collection from residential areas

Phase II:
At present GVMC MC is adopted the door step collection by Push carts and suff
suffi‐
cient no.of pushcarts are available with the GVMC, Hence it is recommended to
follow the similar kind of operations till the pushcarts life comes to an end i.e
for the 2 years. Meanwhile auto tippers
tippers would be introduced wherever the
short fall of push carts are there at present and will be replaced by 90% of the
pushcarts in subsequent years i.e. 2‐3 3 years and wherever the narrow lanes are
there, shall provide pushcarts.
Door step collection – Commercial Establishments
A direct and separate collection system is recommended for Large and Medium
Hotels and Restaurants, Hospitals (non‐infectious
(non infectious component of hospital waste
only), industries etc. Waste from these sources should be collected from the
source and transported to the treatment/disposal site directly. The objective of
the system is to eliminate this waste at the secondary storage area. This system
should operate on a user fee basis. GVMC may organize the system by using the
present fleet and d manpower by engaging sanitation workers of their own for
doorstep collection of hotel and restaurant waste. The hotels and restaurants
may be directed to use two‐bin
two bin system for the storage of food waste and other
recyclable material. Both the wastes should
should be collected separately in the veh
vehi‐
cle. Initially the source segregation may not be effective; the mixed waste shall
be transported directly to the integrated facility.
Markets waste can be stored in 1100cum bins. For each major market, compac‐
tor bins are
re to be provided compulsory. It is estimated that 5 bins each should
be provided at purna market, Banana market and Kaniti Road market at Gaj Gaju‐
waka. These bins can lift mini compactor and disposed off in the integrated ffa‐
cility and the number of trips can be done depends on the bins get filled up.
The existing tippers can be utilized for transportation of waste from bulk ge
gen‐
erators wherever required.
STREET SWEEPING
In order to improve the system, all the roads and lanes having habitation or

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commercial activities
ivities may be covered on a day to day basis. This may be done
by employing one person per 350 m in city centre including commercial & iim‐
portant areas, one person per 500 m in medium density areas and 750 m in
WBM roads i.e low density areas. If most of the
the households, shops and esta
estab‐
lishments are covered through door to door collection, hardly any domestic
waste is expected to be on the streets to be picked by the street sweepers. The
total road length (including BT, WBM and Earthen) in Visakhapatnam is ab about
2825 kms. The roads are categorized in to those in city center and busy area, in
medium density area, low density and fringe areas and the requirement of
sweepers are worked out as per the MoEF norms as presented in Table.
The worker engaged in street sweeping shall be provided with long handle
broom, metal trays, Gum boots, gloves, shovels and uniforms. The sweepers
should work in pairs, carrying out the following:
 Sweeping two ‘single beat’ lengths
 Collecting the sweeping in container cart.
 Cleaning the
he drains which are included within the street sweeping acti
activ‐
ity.
 Carrying the drain cleanings
 Depositing the sweeping & drain cleanings in the nearby container
 Cleaning the container stations with in the beat length
 Kerbside collection from shops/establishments
shops/establishments along the road/street
Daily sweeping is also required along the main roads, commercial centers, ma mar‐
kets in high density areas. Street cleaning needs to be undertaken on all days
including Sundays and public holidays with special focus on busy centr
centres, mar‐
kets, bus terminals, railway stations and tourist places. In order to improve the
system carryout inventory of all the main roads, streets and byby‐lanes and iden‐
tify the beats for street sweeping and drain cleaning. Based on the road length
data available
lable and the norms set out by MoEF and Government of India, it is ees‐
timated that GVMC could have around 1087 beats to be attended daily, 1711
beats on alternate days and 2119 beats once in a week.
Location Road Beat No. of Frequency
requency Crew re-
Length, Length, m Beats quired
km
City Centre, 380.40 350.00 1087 All Seven Mechanical
Commercia‐ Days Road sweep‐
land Important ing machine
Areas

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Medium Den‐ 855.58 500.00 1711 Alternate 978

sity Areas & day
Housing Colo‐
nies
Low Density 1588.93 750.00 2119 Once in a 454
Areas and week
Fringe Areas

Table 5.3: Distribution

istribution of road length &beat allocation for street sweeping

5.5 Secondary Storage

The main objective of the secondary collection system is to sto store the waste.
Waste is temporarily stored in the secondary collection points prior its trans‐
portation to transfer station and disposal site. At present dumper placer cocon‐
tainer of 4.5 cu.m. Capacity is being used for secondary storage of waste and
lifted daily
ily by GVMC staff. The existing bins are not in good in shape and not in
sufficient quantity, hence to improve existing storage system, it is proposed to
replace existing bins wit h 1100 lit bins. For storage of waste at markets and
bulk generators, propose
propos to use 1100lit bins.

It is suggested to continue the present bin locations and use waste sanitizing
agents and insect repellents to prevent the menace of breading of flies and
mosquitoes at the secondary storage points. For secondary storage facilitie
facilities are
to be developed are dumper containers of 4.5 m3 single dumper lifting vehicles
are proposed.
Phase II:
Over the period of 2‐3
2 3 year, waste collected in auto tippers shall be transferred
to Rear End Loaders, then transport to the integrated waste mana
management facil‐
ity. GVMC shall identify 3 collection points to transfer the waste in to Rear End
Loaders.
5.6 Secondary
y collection and Transportation
The strategies for improvement of waste collection and transportation for

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GVMC will be to follow an independent transport

transport system for each of the follo
follow‐
ing:
 Daily transportation of waste loaded in the containers to the transfer st
sta‐
tion.
 Transportation of waste from transfer stations to integrated facility
through 20 tonner tippers
 Direct transportation of Construction and Demolition waste to integrated
facility
All the storage bins of 1100lit capacity will be lifted by 25GVW mounted with
18cum capacity compactor and transport the waste directly to the processing
facility. We suggest using mini compactors of 8 cum with carrying capacity of
4MT for markets and hotels. Waste is collected in compactor will transport to
transfer station and in zone 1 waste is directly transport to processing and di
dis‐
posal facility. Wherever auto tippers deployed for door to door collection fr
from
households will go directly to transfer station and unload waste in to long haul
trucks for further transportation of waste in to processing site.

5.7 Transfer station

It is suggested to use existing transfer station located at town road for seco
secon‐
dary transportation
ansportation of waste except zone 1.

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Existing transfer station capacity would be so designed that there will not be
any noticeable queuing up at the Transfer Stations. The vehicles coming in and
going out are weighed by arranging weighing platforms. There
There is a provision to
wash the vehicles and bins at these Transfer stations.
Underneath the unloading platform which is an RCC deck, office and repair
shop and store are located. In addition to this, the following actions and prov
provi‐
sions will help to reduce the odour emission and also improve esthetics
1. Spraying of microbial culture
2. Greenbelt provision
3. GI sheeting

The entire Transfer station area is paved with concrete blocks and is maint
mainte‐
nance free. Separate arrangement is also envisaged to discharge the w
waste in an
appropriate manner from the tricycles and auto tippers brought from the
nearby areas to avoid duplication of the work.
The existing transfer station shall be used for transfer of waste from auto ti
tip‐
pers to Rear End Loaders.
5.8 Infrastructure Requirement
Requirement for the entire Visakhapatnam City
The following design basis has been considered for infrastructure calculations.
 Year of Waste Quantity for primary, secondary collection and storage vve‐
hicles calculations is 2015.
 Per capita waste generation is 0.48
0.48 Kg/capita/day & total waste is 920
MTPD.
 Assuming that only 60% from households, 30% from commercial, instit
institu‐
tional, market yards, slaughter houses etc. and 10% from street sweeping
based on past experiences.
 Considering that each wheelbarrow can make up 3 trips in a day.
 Capacity of each wheelbarrow is 0.17 tons.

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 The waste generation from slums was considered as 20% the residential
waste generation.

Primary, Secondary Collection and Transportation Vehicles and Storage

Bins
The infrastructure proposed for GVMC is based on waste generation. It is est
esti‐
mated that the total waste generation in the City is about 920 tones per day for
the year 2015. There are at present 438363 households which are generating
635 tones per day. It is proposed to arrange door to door collection from res
resi‐
dential areas and slum areas.

For every 200 households, a wheelbarrow is proposed to carry the waste and
the number of trips proposed for wheelbarrow is about 3 trips per day with a
waste lifting Capacity of 0.05 tones. The details
details are given in the below table.

Population 2015 1938043 Nos

House hold 438363 Nos
Per capita waste generation 0.48 Kg
Waste Quantification 920 TPD

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*Residential 552 TPD

Commercial 276 TPD
Street sweeping 92 TPD
Carrying Capacity of Wheel Barrow 300 H.H
Residential
No.of wheel barrows available 1600
No.of houses covered by available wheel barrows 320000
Capacity of the autotipper 1300 HH
No.of autos required 91 Nos
Excess @10% 9 Nos
Street sweeping
Road Length 2825 Kms.
Daily sweeping 380.4 kms
Alternate days sweeping 855.58 kms
Weekly once 1589 kms
Sweeping Machine for daily cleaning@major roads 2 nos
No.of sweepers required 1530 kms
Servicing Capacity of Wheel Barrow @ each sweeper 1530 Nos
Stand by (10%) 153 Nos
Total
al no.of wheelbarrows required 1683 nos

Table 5.4: Required infrastructure for collection of H/H waste & street sweeping waste
Wheelbarrow /handcarts required for the base year is 2015

The number of wheel barrows

barrows required at GVMC is about 1683 nos and it is
proposed that the wheel size of the Wheel barrow should be bigger in size as
the roads are very steep at GVMC due to the geographical location.

The dumper bins will be lifted by dumper placer trucks. The proposed number

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of bins is arrived based on waste quantification in commercial, residential and

slum areas. The bin capacities of 1100 liters, 4500 liters are proposed. The d
de‐
tails are given in below table.
The above infrastructure/vehicles are proposed based
based on primary collection
and secondary collection. A REL can make a minimum of 3 trips in each shift
clearing 30 bins. Where as a Taras Vehicle can make 3‐4
3 4 trips per day and will
clear a minimum of 15 TPD to 20 TPD waste. The details are provided here uun‐
der.
Requirement of Waste Transport vehicles & Bins of different capacities.
The manpower requirement for driving the vehicles and lifting the garbage is
based on shifts. The total work force required in the primary and secondary co
col‐
lections are formulated
ated in the below table.
Bin Particu- Capacity in li- Capacity in Numbers Re-
s lars ters Tons quired.
Bins Commer‐ 1100 0.40 815
cial
Bins Street 4500 2.25 48
sweeping
Bins Residential 4500 2.25 290
Table 5.5: Requisite Bin Details

Total Bins/
Trip
per Vehicles in Total Re-
s
Waste Ca- Nos. quire-
Vehicles
Quantity pacity Stand ment in
(No’ (No’
in by Nos
s) s)
tons -10%
10%
Primary Collection
Wheel Barrow 130000
160
(200 households in House‐ 0.05 3 1600
0
3 trips) holds
Autotippers 308363 0.3 3 91 9 100
(1500 houses in 3‐4
3 House‐
trips) holds
Bins
502 125
Bins‐Residential 0.4 1 126 1381
TPD 5
Bins‐Commercial 276TPD 0.4 1 690 69 759
Bins‐ Street sweep‐
p‐
92 TPD 0.4 1 230 23 46
ing

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Secondary
econdary Transportation (To Trans-
Tran
fer station)
Rear End Loaders‐18
18
600 12 3 17 2 19
cum
Compactors ‐ 10 cum 276 4 5 14 2 16
Secondary Transportation (To Dump site)
Taras vehicle 320 20 3 5 1 6
Table 5.6: Requisite Number of Vehicles

The above infrastructure/vehicles are proposed based on primary collection

and secondary collection. A REL can make a minimum of 3 trips in each shift
clearing 30 bins. Where as a Taras Vehicle can make 3‐4
3 4 trips per d
day and will
clear a minimum of 15 TPD to 20 TPD waste. The details are provided here uun‐
der.
Requirement of Waste Transport vehicles & Bins of different capacities.
The manpower requirement for driving the vehicles and lifting the garbage is
based on shifts.
fts. The total work force required in the primary and secondary co
col‐
lections are formulated in the below table.
Vehicles No. of Vehicles Staff per vehicle Shifts Total staff
Wheel barrow (200 1600 1 1 1600
households @ 3 trip)
Autotippers 79 3 1 227
Sweepers 1530 1 1 1530
Mini compactors 14 3 1 42
Big compactors 17 3 1 51
Long haul trucks 5 2 1 10
Total field Staff 3460

Designation No.of required staff

Project Manager 3
Supervisors 30
Mechanics 5
Electrical 5
Fitters 5
Total official /mechanical
/me staff 150
Table 5.7
7: Requisite Number of Vehicles Required Staff for SWM

Required tools & equipments

Each worker will be provided with a broom and a dustpan for waste collection
and adequate Personnel
Personne Protective Equipments (PPE).

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 Number of brooms required ‐ 2700

 Number of dustpans required ‐ 2700
 Number of pair of gloves ‐ 3000
 Number of pair of boots ‐ 3000
 Number of uniform ‐ 3460(A uniform for a worker will include two sets of
uniform for summers and
a two sets for winters).
The total infrastructure cost estimates required for the above have been given
in the coming chapter.
Workshop Facility
y for Vehicle Maintenance
The Municipal Corporation must have adequate workshop facilities for the
maintenance of theheir fleet of vehicles and containers, hand carts etc. Such
facilities may be created
c by the Municipal Corporation depa
departmentally or
through a contractual
ual arrangement. The workshop, public or private, should
have adequate technhnical staff, spares and preventive mainttenance schedules
to ensure that at lea
east 80% of the vehicles remain on the rroad each day and
the down time of repair/maintenance is minimized to the he extent possible.
Spare assemblies should be kept available which cou ould be given as
replacements untill necessary repairs are carried out.. The following items
were proposed at Work Shop. The organizational pattern at GVMC has shown
in below figure. Organizational pattern at Work Shop

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Fi
Figure 5-1: Organizational pattern at Work Shop

5.9 Design Recommendation for Collection & Transportation plan – Handling

future waste:
Storage at Bin system of storage at source is in practice at present, b
but
Source introducing waste segregation into the system with a ta tar‐
get to achieve 100% complete source segregation in 1 1‐2
years.
Due to bifurcation of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh in to AP &
Telangana, Vishakapatnam has got a huge potential of b be‐
coming a metropolitan city with the present rate of rapid
urbanization. This can further lead to development of ve ver‐
tical growth culture / high rise apartments / gated co com‐
munities etc. Keeping in view this development we propose
waste chute system with dust screw compactors for stor‐
age of waste at in these communities.
How it works: Waste which is collected through the chute
is compacted in dust screw compactor system, which
would be collected and transported by Rear End loaders
loaders.
Primary collec- At present door to door collection
tion is carried out by using
tion wheel barrows. Wheelbarrows have depreciation period of
3 years so wheel barrows may be replaced with auto ti tip‐
pers in high income group colonies and areas with wide
roads.
Auto tipper covers 1000 to 1200 houses per day.
Waste collected
ollected in autos may carry the waste to transfer
station directly so that the system can be bin free, partially.
Waste from slums may be collected in wheel barrows &
shifted to the autos at resource point’s enroute to the
transfer station.
Secondary GVMC shall target for community bin free system in 5
storage years.
Waste storage bins at markets and bulk generators may be
continued and lifted by compactors.
Transportation Refuse compactors may be introduced to handle increased
waste generation wherever possible
ossible for safe handling of
waste.
Transfer sta- Existing transfer station shall be modernized and mai main‐
tion tained.
Identify suitable places for 2 more transfer stations in city
to handle future waste generation.

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Case Study:
MSW Collection and Transportation
Transpor System in Singapore
Singapore is the place where collection and transportation system is very well
established and source segregation is also 100% with active participation from
the community. Waste generation in Singapore is mainly from housing apa apart‐
ments called HDB flats, Individual houses called as landed houses and trade
centers (hawker centers, shops and markets. The collection and transportation
system for these waste generators is very well designed and for recyclable
waste separate collection and transportation system is established.

New HDB flats:

Waste from each flats is disposed to waste collection chute available in each
floor for every flat and waste which is being thrown to the chute is collected in
dust screw compactor. Waste which is stored and compacted in dust screw is
collected and transported by REL (Rear end loaders commonly called as Mobile
refuse compactors)

Old HDB Flats:

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At old Flats, there are individual chutes with collection bins at the bottom which
is collected by collection crew bring to common bin centers there waste is being
disposed to roll off compactors for compacting the waste. The filled compactor
is lifted by hooklift vehicles. For some flats, bins are lifted by REL’s.

Trade Premises:
Waste
aste is collected from trade premises are collected and bring to bin centers by
collection crew .

Landed Houses:
Waste is stored at individual landed houses is being collected by Rear End
Loaders

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6 IDENTIFICATION OF MSW PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

6.1 INTRODUCTION
The most important objective of municipal waste management is a safe disposal
of the waste, generated daily. This would involve the following activities:
 Separation of recyclable fractions and recycling the same
 Beneficial utilization of organic fraction of the waste
 Disposal of inerts into a scientifically designed landfill
The disposal of waste involves processing to separate or utilize the waste fra
frac‐
tions organic and inorganic, of which the recyclables are sent for recycling
whereas the organics which dominate the proportion go to aerobic composting,
vermi‐composting
composting or waste to energy conversion. These different options rre‐
quire many inputs for decision making processes and would involve dif different
capital investments. A careful consideration of waste quantity generated is also
an important part of this decision making.
In the following sections the processing techniques and methodologies in use
are explained, subsequently an optimum model of waste processing and di dis‐
posal for the GVMC is arrived.
6.2 MSW PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
There are several MSW processing technologies which are being followed in
various parts of the world. Further, it is to mention that out of the various pr
pro‐
cessing technologies,
es, the technologies which are being used / considered for
use in Indian conditions are: (i) Composting, (ii) Anaerobic digestion to recover
biogas and electricity, (iii) Refuse Derived Fuel and (iv) Pyrolysis, as below u
un‐
der different technical groups
Waste
ste Processing Technology Group Waste Processing Technology
Biological Processing Technologies Aerobic Digestion (Composting )
Anaerobic Digestion
(Biomethanization)
Landfill as Bioreactor (Bioreactor
Landfill)
Thermal Processing Technologies Incineration
on (Mass burn)
Pyrolysis / Gasification
Plasma Arc Gasification
Physical Processing Technologies Refuse‐Derived
Derived Fuel (RDF)
Densification/Pelletization
Mechanical Separation
Size reduction
Table 6.1: List of
o Identified MSW Processing Technologies

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Biological Processing Technologies

Biological
iological technologies operate at lower temperatures and lower reaction rates,
this technology is mainly used for the conversion of organic waste. MSW co con‐
sists of dry mater and moisture.
moisture. The dry matter further consists of organic (i.e.
whose molecules are carbon –based)
based) and minerals also referred to as the ash
fraction. The organic can be further subdivided into bio degradable or refract
refracto‐
ry organics such as food waste and non bio degradable such as plastic. Biolog
Biologi‐
cal technologies can only convert bio‐degradable
bio degradable component of the MSW. B By‐
products can vary, which include electricity compost and chemicals. Various b bi‐
ological processing technologies are briefly described below.
Composting:
Composting is a natural micro‐biological
micro biological process where bacteria break down
the organic fraction of the MSW under controlled condition to produce a path
patho‐
gen‐free
free material called “compost” that can be used for potting soil, Soil
amendments (for example, to lighten and improve the soil structure of clay
soils) and mulch. The microbes, fungi, and macro‐organisms
macro organisms materials is placed
into one or more piles (windows) and the natural microbial action will cause
the pile to heat up to 65‐80
65 0C, Killing most pathogensgens and weed seeds. A
properly designed compost heap will reach 70 C within 6 to 10 days, and slo
0 slow‐
ly cool off back to ambient temperatures as the biological decomposition is
completed. Systematic turning of the material, which mixes the different cocom‐
ponentsts and aerates the mixture, generally accelerates the process of breaking
down the organic fraction and a proper carbon/nitrogen balance maintained
(carbon to nitrogen or C/N ratio of 20:1) in the feedstock insures complete and
rapid composting. The composting
composting process takes about 17 to 180 days.
There are two fundamental types of composting techniques i.e. open or win wind‐
row composting, this is done in outdoors with simple equipment and is a slo slow‐
er process. The other is closed system composting, where the com composting is
performed in an enclosure (e.g., a tank, a box, a container or a vessel).
Anaerobic Digestion:
In Anaerobic Digestion biodegradable material is converted by a series of ba bac‐
terial groups into methane and CO2. A first group break down large organ organic
molecules into small units like sugar this step is referred to as hydrolysis, aan‐
other group of bacteria converts the resulting smaller molecules into volatile
fatty acids mainly acetate, but also hydrogen (H2) and Co2 This process is called
acidification.
tion. The last group of Bacteria, the methane producers or methaogens,
produce biogas (methane and Co2) from the acetate and hydrogen and Co2 . This
biogas can be used to fuel boilers or reciprocating engines with minimal pr pre‐
treatment. In addition to biogas,
biogas, anaerobic bioconversion generates a residue
consisting of inorganic, non – degradable organics, non degraded bio degrad
degrada‐

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ble, and bacterial biomass. If the feedstock entering the process is sufficiently
free of objectionable materials like colorful plastic,
plastic, this residue can have market
value as compost. Anaerobic Digestion process is also referred to as Bio Bio‐
methanization process. A pictorial representation of this process is as below

Bio Reactor Landfill:

Landfill
A bioreactor landfill is a wet land fill designed
designed and operated with the objective
of converting and stabilizing biodegradable organic components of the waste
within a reasonable time frame by enhancing the microbiological decompos
decomposi‐
tion processes. The technology significantly increases the extent of wawaste de‐
composition, conversion rates and process effectiveness over what would ot oth‐
erwise occur in a conventional wet landfill. Stabilization in this context means
that landfill gas and leachate emissions are managed within one generation
(twenty to thirty years)
ears) and that any failure of the containment systems after
this time would not result in environmental pollution. There is better energy
recovery including increased total gas available for energy use and increased
green house reduction from reduced emissions
emissions and increase in fossil fuel of
off‐
sets. These factors lead to increased community acceptance of this waste pr pro‐
cessing technology. Management of a bioreactor landfill requires a different o op‐
erating protocol to conventional landfills. Liquid addition and rrecirculation is
the single most important operational variable to enhance the microbiological
decomposition processes. Other strategies can also be used to optimize the st sta‐
bilization process, including waste shredding, pH adjustment, nutrient addition
and temperature management.
Thermal Processing Technologies
Thermal technologies are those technologies that operate at temperature
greater than 2000C and have higher reaction rates. They typically operate in a
temperatures greater than 2000 C to 5,5000 C. Thermal
rmal technologies include aad‐
vanced thermal recycling (a state‐of‐the
state art form of waste to‐‐ energy facilities)
and thermal conversion (a process that converts the organic carbon based po por‐
tion of the MSW waste stream into a synthetic gas which is subsequentl
subsequently used
to produce products such as electricity , chemicals , or green fuels). The calorific
value of garbage will help to identify the treatment technologies like Waste
Waste‐to‐
Energy and other thermal processes. These technologies are briefly described

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below.
Incineration:
Mass‐burn
burn Systems are the predominant form of the MSW incineration. Mass Mass‐
burn systems generally consists of either two or three incineration units ran
rang‐
ing in capacity from 50 to 1,000 tons per day; thus facility capacity ranges from
about 100 to 3,000 tons per day. It involves combustion of unprocessed or mi min‐
imally processed refuse. The major component of a mass burn facility include
1. Reception of Refuse, handling and storage systems;
2. Combination and Steam generation System (a boiler);
3. Flue gas cleaning system;
4. Power generation equipment (steam turbine and generator);
5. Condenser cooling water system and
6. Residue hauling and Storage system
Pyrolysis:
In Pyrolysis, at high temperature of 7000 C to 12000C, thermal degradation of
organic carbon based materials is achieved through the use of an indirect, eex‐
ternal source of heat, in the absence or oxygen free environment. This therma
thermal‐
ly decomposes and drives off the volatile portions of the organic materials, rre‐
sulting in a Syngas composed primarily
primaril of Hydrogen (H2), Carbon monoxide
(CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH7). Some of the Volatile comp compo‐
nents form tar and oil which can be removed and reused as a fuel. Most Pyrol Pyroly‐
sis systems are closed systems and there are no waste gases or air emis emission
sources (if the syngas is combusted to produce electricity, the power system
will have air emissions control systems. The syngas can be utilized in boilers,
gas turbines, or internal combustion engines to generate electricity or used as
raw stock in chemical
hemical industries. The balance organic material that are non non‐
volatile or liquid that is left as a char material, can be further processed or used
for its adsorption properties (activated Carbon). Inorganic materials form a
bottom ash that requires disposal,
disposal, although some pyrolysis ash can be used for
manufacturing brick materials.
Gasification:
In Gasification process, thermal conversion of organic carbon based materials is
achieved in the presence of internally produced heat, typically at temperatures
of 6600 to 18000C, and in a limited supply of air/oxygen (less than stoichi
stoichio‐
metric, or less than is needed for complete combustion) to produce a syngas
composed primarily of H2 and CO. Inorganic materials are converted either to
bottom ash (Low‐temperature
temperature gasification)
gasification) or to a solid vitreous slag (High
temperature gasification that operates above the melting temperature of ino inor‐

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ganic components). Some of the oxygen injected into the system is used in reareac‐
tions that produce heat, so that pyrolysis (endothermic) gasification reactions
can initiate after which the exothermic reactions control and cause the gasific
gasifica‐
tion process to be self‐sustaining.
self sustaining. Most gasification systems, like Pyrolysis are
closed systems and do not generate waste gases or air emission sources during
the gasification phase. After cooling and cleaning in emission control systems,
the syngas can be utilized in boilers gas turbines or internal combustion een‐
gines to generate electricity or to make chemicals.
Plasma arc Gasification:
Gasification
In Plasma Arc Gasification process using alternating current (AC) and /or direct
current (DC) electricity is passed through graphite or carbon electrodes with
steam and /or oxygen/air injection (less than stoichiometric) to produce an
electrically conducting gas (aplasma)
(aplasma) typically at temperatures greater than
2,200 C. This system converts organic carbon based materials including tar oil
o

and char to syngas composed primarily of H2 and CO and inorganic materials to

solid vitreous slag. Like pyrolysis and conventional Gasification,
Gasification, Plasma Arc
Gasification is a closed system therefore there are no waste gases and no emi
emis‐
sion sources in the Plasma Arc Gasification process. After cooling and cleaning
in emission control systems the syngas production by plasma arc gasification
can be utilized in boilers gas turbines or internal combustion engines to gene
gener‐
ate electricity or to make chemicals. The final emission production is CO2 and
water. The furans and dioxins in the emission are extremely low and lower than
the recommended USEPAUSE or EU emission norms.
Physical Processing Technologies
Physical technologies involve altering the physical characteristics of the MSW
feedstock. The MSW is subjected to various physical processes that reduce the
quantity of total feedstock and increase its heating value. It may be dandified or
palletized into homogeneous fuel pellets and transported and combusted as a
supplementary fuel in utility boiler. These technologies are briefly described
below.
Refused Derived Fuel:
Fuel
The RDF process typically includes
in through pre‐separation
separation of recyclables
shredding, drying and densification to make a product that is easily handled.
Glass and plastics are removed through manual picking and by commercially
available separation devices. This is followed by shredding to reduce the size of
the remaining feedstock to about eight inches or less for further processing and
handling. Magnetic separator is used to remove ferrous metals. Eddy –current
separators are used for aluminum and other non‐ferrous
non ferrous metals. The resultin
resulting
material contains mostly food wastes non‐separated
non separated paper, some plastics (r
(re‐
cyclable and non‐recyclable)
recyclable) green wastes wood and other materials. Drying to

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less 12% moisture is typically accomplished through the use of forced air. Add Addi‐
tional sieving and classification
classification equipment may be utilized to increase the rre‐
moval of contaminations. After drying, the material often undergoes densific
densifica‐
tion processing such as palletizing to produce a pellet that can be handled with
typical conveying equipment and fed through
through bunkers and feeders. The RDF
can be immediately combusted on site or transported to another facility for
burning along or with other fuels. The densification is even more important
when RDF is transported off‐site
off site to another facility in order to reduce vvolumes
being transported. RDF is often used in waste to energy plant as the primary or
supplemental feedstock or co‐fired
co fired with coal or other fuels plants in kilns of
cement plants, and with other fuels for industrial steam production.
Mechanical Separation
ion:
Mechanical separation is utilized for removing specific material or contam
contami‐
nants from the inlet MSW stream as a part of the pre treatment process. Co
Con‐
taminants may include construction and demolition (C&D) debris, tyres, dirt
wet paper, coarse materials
materials and fine materials. Generally MSW reaching the
dumping sites is non segregated mixed waste containing C&D debris and other
contaminants. Therefore it is essential to remove these contaminants from the
incoming MSW by mechanical separation before proceeding
proceeding the waste further
by either biological physical and thermal technologies (except Plasma Arc
Technology).
Most of the rural towns it is seen that C&D debris (more than 90%) is reused
and the rag pickers take away most of the recyclable material at the collection
points only. Therefore the MSW reaching the dumping ground does not require
the elaborate mechanical separation process. This MSW has high organic co con‐
tent fit to be directly used for various technologies after manual sorting only.
Size Reduction:
Size reduction is often required to allow for more efficient and easier handling
of materials particularly when the fees stream is be used in follow on processes.
Sizing processes include passive moving and vibrating screens and trammels. In
order to reduce the size of the entire stream or portions of it mechanical
equipment such as shredders is utilized. This allows for other physical proces
process‐
es such as dryers magnetic and eddy current separators and densification
equipment to work more efficiently. Magnetic
Magnetic and eddy current separators may
be installed both up‐and
up down‐stream
stream of shredders to increase the recovery of
metals.
LANDFILLING PROCESS & LEACHATE TREATMENT
METHODOLOGIES FOR DISPOSAL OF INERTS / REJECTS ARISING FROM PR
PRO‐
CESSING OPERATIONS:
OPERATIONS

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The final
nal functional element in solid waste management system is treatment
and disposal. The present practice is to dispose of wastes by land filling or u
un‐
controlled dumping at the disposal yard (termed as compost yard). The pr pro‐
posed disposal system has been devised
devised synchronizing with the storage and
primary collection and taking into account also MSW (Mgmt & Handling)
Rules’2000.
Disposal of Waste:
The MSW rules 2000 laid down the criteria for disposal of waste as under.
Land filling shall be restricted to non‐biodegradable,
non biodegradable, inert wastes and other
wastes those are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing.
Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities
as well as pre‐processing
processing rejects from waste processing
processing facilities. Land filling of
mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same is found unsuitable for waste
processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till installation of alternate ffa‐
cilities, land filling shall be done following proper norms. Landfil
Landfill sites shall
meet the specifications as given in Schedule III of the above rules.
Land fill:
Ultimate solution for Waste Disposal is Sanitary Land Fill operation. All efforts
done by way of processing and recovery of recyclables are aimed at reducing
landfill
fill burden as well as for reducing pollution characteristics of the waste
sent to Landfill.
LEACHATE TREATMENT
Sources of Leachate generation from the project are as follows:
 Processing unit (Waste receiving platform & Windrow platform)
 Landfill
Leachatee generated from the landfill areas has been calculated and shall be
treated to meet standards of disposal into public sewers.
Leachate Management:
Management
The alternatives to be considered for leachate management are;
 Discharge to Lined Drains: This option is usually
usually not feasible. It can only
be adopted if the leachate quality is shown to satisfy all waste water di
dis‐
charge standards for lined drains, consistently for a period of several
years.
 Re‐circulation:
circulation: One of the methods for treatment of leachate is to re re‐
circulate it through the landfill. This has two beneficial effects: (i) the pr
pro‐
cess of landfill stabilization is accelerated and (ii) the constituents of the
leachate are attenuated by the biological, chemical and physical changes

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occurring with the landfill.

landf Re‐circulation
circulation of leachate requires the design
of a distribution system to ensure that the leachate passes uniformly
throughout the entire waste. Since gas generation is faster in such a pr
pro‐
cess, the landfill should be equipped with a well designed gagas recovery
system.
 Evaporation of Leachate: One of the techniques used to manage leachate is
to spray it in lined leachate ponds and allow the leachate to evaporate.
Such ponds have to be covered with geomembranes during the high rai rain‐
fall periods. The leachate
leachate is exposed during the summer months to allow
evaporation. Odour control has to be exercised at such ponds. As a stand
by, this proposal envisages construction of leachate evaporation ponds as
a buffer.
 Treatment of Leachate: The type of treatment facilities
facilities to be used depends
upon the leachate characteristics. Typically, treatment may be required to
reduce the concentration of the following prior to discharge: degradable
and non‐degradable
degradable organic materials, specific hazardous constituents,
ammonia and d nitrate ions, sulphides, odorous compounds and suspended
solids. Treatment processes may be biological processes (such as activa activat‐
ed sludge, aeration, nitrification (de‐nitrification),
(de nitrification), chemical processes
(such as oxidation, neutralization) and physical processes
processes (such as air
stripping, activated adsorption, ultra filtration etc).
 Discharge to Wastewater Treatment System: For landfills close to
wastewater treatment plant, leachate may be sent to such a plant after
some pretreatment. Reduction is organic content
content is usually required as a
pretreatment. The leachate will be treated to meet the standards of di
dis‐
posal into public sewer.
6.3 SCREENING TECHNOLOGY CRITERIA
The criteria for screening the potential technologies which meet the objectives
and goals.
a) Technology
chnology Reliability Criteria
Technologies that are proven internationally for large scale application of MSW
could be considered without reservations for Visakhapatnam District.
b) Environmental and Social Acceptability Criteria
Technologies that have minimum
minimum environmental and social impacts and co
con‐
form to the regulatory requirements (MSW Rules, 2000)
c) Waste sustainability Criteria
Technologies those are suitable for MSW characteristics of Visakhapatnam Di Dis‐
trict. A schematic representation of technology
technology selecting criteria has given b
be‐

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low.

6.4 Governing factors for choice of Technology

The decision to implement any particular technology needs to be based on its
techno – economic viability, sustainability, as well as environmental implic
implica‐
tions keeping in view the local conditions and the available physical and fina
finan‐
cial resources. The key factors are
 The origin and the quality of the MSW
 Quantity of Waste generated
 Distances between the various municipalities falling in the particular
zone/cluster
 Market for the finals products ‐ Compost / anaerobic digestion Sludge /
power
 Commercial fertilizer Prices Prevaling
 Land Price, Capital and labour cost
 Capabilities and experience of the technology provider.
It needs to be ensured that the proposed facility should
should fully comply with the
environmental regulations laid down in the MSW Rules 2000 issued by MOEF,

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New Delhi and may be amended from time to time.

6.5 Selection of the most suitable technology for GVMC
The composition of urban waste has rapidly undergone a radical
radical change in the
fast few years in the country in tune with the growth of the economy resulting
in the increasing use of packaging material comprising of paper and plastics. At
Present about 1100 TPD of waste is being generated only from Visakhapatnam
zone
one which consists of huge quantities of compostable and combustible mater
materi‐
als.
The typical composition of MSW characteristics of Visakhapatnam are shown as
below.
Item Item wise Gener
Genera‐
tion %
ORGANIC WASTE: Leaves , Fruits, Vegetables, Food
Waste, Fine organic Matter, Hay and Straw etc 52.0
RECYCLABLES: Rubber and leather, Plastics, Rags,
Paper, Wooden Matter, Coconuts, Bones, Straw, fibers 23.0
INERT MATTER: Ash, crockery, earthen ware (pots),
Stones and Bricks, Metals, Glass, sand, silt from drains
etc. 25.0
TOTAL 100

Table 6.2: Composition of MSW

The organic component of waste can be converted into useful product(s) and
recyclables can be effectively recycled through a suitable technological option
depending
pending on the composition of the waste.
Considering the waste characteristics and quantity of waste being generated
the following treatment technologies are proposed for Vishakhapatnam district
 Anaerobic Windrow Composting
 Refuse Derived fuel( RDF) used to generate Power (WTE)
 Scientific landfilling
It is pertinent to mention that, recently State Government has also expressed its
interest in setting up of a Waste to Energy plant (WTE) in Vishakapatnam. The
design concepts of these proposed treatment facilities
facilities are explained in the su
sub‐
sequent chapters.
The treatment plant at Vishakhapatnam zone is called as Centralized Waste
Treatment plant (CWTP) with cluster approach which is explained in the next
chapter.

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7 PLANNING FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMEN

MANAGEMENT FACILITY
ON CLUSTER APPROACH
7.1 Introduction
This facility can be established as a Centralized Facility or a Decentralized
Facility servicing other ULBs nearby which are planned in the cluster, as a clu
clus‐
ter approach. Since each of the options i.e. stand alone
alone and cluster approach
have its own merits and de‐merits
de merits both the options have been presented in this
report. While in the earlier sections data on standalone facilities have been pr
pro‐
vided the current sections below present the concept and design for clu cluster ap‐
proach.
As it’s known that integrated waste management facilities essentially consists
of processing plant and plant for disposal i.e. engineered secured landfill. Some
of the major features of Integrated Solid Waste Management can be listed as fo fol‐
lows:
 Holistic approach to the waste streams thus maximizing synergetic ben
bene‐
fits in collection, recycling, treatment & disposal
 Maximize the opportunities for resource recovery at all stages ‐ from gen‐
eration to final disposal
 Accommodate aspirations of all stakeholders – from waste generators to
waste management and service providers
 Facilitate life cycle view of products and materials; thus, promoting grea
great‐
er resource use efficiency
 Integrate different response functions such as technical, managerial, fi‐
nancial, policy etc.
 Greater local ownership & responsibilities/participation through a co
con‐
sultative approach
The concept of Regional / Cluster–based
Cluster based approach is to discourage setting up of
individual waste processing or disposal facilities as far as possible.
possible. If individual
urban local body set up their facilities, it will result in mushrooming of many /
innumerable facilities within the zone which may be difficult to monitor. Ho How‐
ever, a bigger city / district may set up its own facility to avoid long d distance
transportation of garbage.
Here both the facilities i.e. processing and disposal or alternatively the pr
pro‐
cessing alone can take place in each ULB / municipality, the common facility
could be only for safe disposal of waste i.e. an engineered landfi
landfill.
Criteria for Cluster facility: The following criteria have been suggested in the
‘Action Plan for Management of Municipal Solid Waste’ by Central Pollution
Control Board in compliance to the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal Order da dat‐

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ed 05.02.2015 in the matter of OA No.199 of 2014. These criteria may be co

con‐
sidered for adopting cluster based approach for setting common waste pr pro‐
cessing and disposal facilities;
i) A detailed survey of State / UT with positioning of city / town / village
and distance between them.
ii) Based on local condition, fixing of criteria by the local body to transport
the waste for common disposal point without causing public nuisance and
traffic hurdles. An indicative distance of say upto 50 km for each local
body may be feasible. However
However smaller local bodies may difficult to aar‐
range transportation on daily basis. For such villages / towns, alternative
options can be worked‐out.
worked
iii) An adequate size of land will have to be acquired which should be free
from public objection. Common facility should not have settlement atleast
3‐5
5 km from its periphery.
iv) Common facility perhaps should not be designed for handling waste say
less than 3000‐5000
3000 5000 tons per day and this will be depending upon nu
num‐
ber of towns/villages covered and corresponding to wast
waste generation.
Common facility should consider giving some value back in terms of end
end‐
product and also to be sustainable.
v) Common facility should be ‘integrated’ with facilities for sorting, compost,
RDF and energy plant and followed by inert recycling / re reuse. Only a frac‐
tion of inert waste should go for land‐filling.
land
vi) Bigger cities generating more than 1000 tons/day should adopt combin
combina‐
tion of waste processing technologies which may include; composting,
RDF, waste‐toto‐energy (anaerobic or thermal). Such facilities
ilities should meet
existing environmental standards and even be designed with latest state
state‐
of‐the‐art
art technologies to meet stricter norms. However, State Govt.
should provide proper incentives so that such plants can be sustained and
techno‐economically
economically viable.
v
vii) Smaller town, say generating < 1000 tonnes can go for composting, RDF.
In further smaller town, where waste generation is less than 100 100‐ 500
tonnes per day, they can compost and produce RDF and send it to co com‐
mon facility for power generation. Even at District and sub divisional le
lev‐
el, centralized RDF / Compost facility can be set up.
7.2 Planning of integrated MSW facility
Andhra Pradesh is one of the fore‐runner
fore runner in initiating ‘Regional Cluster Based
approach’ for the MSW based Integrated Waste to Energy
Energy plants on PPP basis
by grouping the then 124 ULB’s into 19 clusters in the year 2004. Accordingly
in the similar lines the state has formulated an Integrated Municipal Solid

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Waste Management Strategy – 2014 as per which creation of clusters by clu club‐
bing the
he municipalities accompanied by regional cooperation and fair cost sha
shar‐
ing arrangements is emphasized.
Likewise for the present zone of study a cluster approach is being proposed by
considering the following aspects, this approach minimizes the scope of public
objections, facilitates construction of large landfill which can be managed pr
pro‐
fessionally in a cost effective manner
 The Waste would be processed and disposed of as per the characteriz
characteriza‐
tion and quantity of waste in the respective cluster / municipa
municipality.
 Transportation Costs
 Availability of area for setting up Integrated Solid Waste Management F
Fa‐
cility
 Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY)
 Ownership of Common Facility
 Form in which waste is to be transported – Raw waste or processed rre‐
jects
Three clusters are proposed in this zone district wise as
i. Vishakapatnam cluster
ii. Vizianagaram cluster
iii. Srikakulam cluster
The Processing technology for each cluster varies as per the quantification of
waste and waste characterization in each cluster. For selection of suitabl
suitable pro‐
cessing technology several parameters are considered namely Indian exper experi‐
ence, quantity and quality of waste, capital investments, scale of operation, rre‐
curring expenditure, environmental impact etc.
7.3 Aspects under the Cluster Approach
Waste Quantities
If the waste quantities generated from each of the municipality are equal i.e. all
in the same range than having a common facility in any one of the municipal
municipali‐
ties would not yield any major impact on the costs for other municipalities as
cumulatively thee waste quantities would not be of such a big quantity/volume
which would result in reducing capital costs. And also associated with it is the
cost towards transportation of waste from other municipalities to this facility
would also be high and may not getget circumvented with the reduction of capital
costs in view of the lesser cumulative over all capacity of the plant

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Normally common facilities are located in the municipality which generates

highest waste quantity for that particular cluster. However in th
the event that the
waste quantities in two municipalities are very high than also location of co
com‐
mon facility could be a problem as it would result in higher transportations
costs to the other municipality which need to transport waste
Transportation of Waste
Wast
Cluster approach is best designed when the relative distance between munic
munici‐
palities is less than or equal to 30 km. Any distances greater than 30 km would
not result in any major cost benefits. Capital costs may come lower but the oop‐
eration costs would be be higher and may not get circumvented with the lower
capital costs. Secondly transportation of waste over large distances require
good planning and command in operations as municipal waste is generated on
daily basis and any delays /breakdown in the system would bring in big crisis
to the municipalities. Fleet Management would become critical in such cases.
Area Availability
Common facilities would require more areas for establishing the integrated
waste management facilities. It would become the responsibi
responsibility of the munici‐
pality where the common facility is created to ensure that adequate areas are
catered to this purpose and also for future expansions
NIMBY
“Not In My Back Yard” commonly known as NIMBY syndrome is very much
prevalent for waste management facilities. It’s witnessed that people do not aac‐
cept any waste management facility in the vicinity for wastes generated by
them. And now for a cluster approach where common facilities are created
waste from other municipalities would reach this facility getting
getting public accep
accept‐
ability is a matter of concern. Even if the project is established, operations
operations‐
essentially transportation of waste from municipalities may be effected fr fre‐
quently due to obstructions from the people during operations phase. This aas‐
pect also
so needs to be considered while planning common facilities.
Ownership of Common Facility
Common facility serves various municipalities. Ownership of the common facil facili‐
ty is also a matter of concern even though the project is operated by a private
entity. There
ere are certain obligations and support to be given to the private ent
enti‐
ty for establishing and operating of the facility. Each of the municipality may
behave as it’s not their baby and the responsibility would fall under the munic
munici‐
pality where the common facility
facility is located who may be willing or may not be
willing to do so.
Form of Waste being transported
As discussed above, common facility could be for

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 Both processing and disposal units together i.e. integrated facility (Or)
 Only for disposal unit.
In the
he former case it requires waste to be transported in raw form i.e. garbage
while in the latter case waste will be inert i.e. rejects arising from processing
operations. It’s a known fact that raw waste occupies very high volume (no (nor‐
mally has a density of 0.45 to 0.5 kg/m3) and would require higher number of
vehicles for transportation which would have a very big bearing on the trantrans‐
portation costs.
While if the waste is processed at individual municipalities where the waste is
generated and only inerts sent
sent to common facility than the quantity to be tran
trans‐
ported also gets reduced and thereby the transportation costs also get reduced
drastically. Moreover in this case delayed transportation of waste will not iim‐
pact the operations of the municipality as it’s inert
inert and has no odour hassles.
In view of the above the benefits associated with cluster approach are both
technical and financial can be summarized as below
Technical:
 This gives greater access to technical resources and professional expertise
of differentt ULB’s
 Use of large and sophisticated equipment (e.g. compactors)
 Stacking of waste up to greater heights that provides larger waste dispo
dispos‐
al capacity per acre of land.
 Cost savings in disposal and treatment.
 Proper planning and development of the site will help reduce the public
opposition and NIMBY syndrome.
 Increased distances require the use of transfer stations to increase the eef‐
ficiency of the transportation systems.
 Most importantly share scarce natural resources, such as land between
the ULB’s and consequently help in provision of scientific collection, ma
man‐
agement, processing and disposal of MSW in an efficient manner within
respective zone.
 Furthermore, they facilitate the monitoring of environmental outcomes
and performance due to a reduced number
number of sites. The approach enables
smaller ULBs to achieve compliance with minimal financial burden.
Financial:
 Reduction in the fixed costs per unit of waste
 Cost saving due to sharing of O&M cost

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 Cost Sharing of professional management

 Improved bargaining
bargaining power to buy better equipment and systems at
lower costs
7.4 Concept planning
In view of the above factors, a cluster approach is devised with the following
proposed processing facilities and disposal plan for Vishakhapatnam zone. A
centralized waste treatment
tr facility is proposed at Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam, based on
the waste quantification and characterization.
S.No Name of the ULB Waste Proposed plants
generation
TPD
Vishakapatnam
Zone
I Srikakulam
1 Srikakulam 70 Proposing Presorting +RDF+ Co Com‐
post plant +SLF
2 Amudalavalasa 19 Raw garbage Transport to
Srikakulam
3 Ichchapuram 18 Proposing presorting + Compost
Plant with balance combustible
waste transport to Srikakulam RDF
plant
4 Palasa kasibuga 18 Proposing presorting + Compost
Plant with balancence combustible
waste transport to Srikakulam RDF
plant
5 Rajam 9 Raw Garbage Transport to
Srikakulam
6 Palakonda 15 Raw Garbage Transport to
Srikakulam
149
II VIZIANAGARAM
7 Vizianagaram 117 Proposing Presorting +RDF+ Co
Com‐
post plant +SLF
8 Bobbili 19 Proposing Presorting + Compost
Plant with balance combustible
waste transport to Vizianagaram
RDF plant
9 Parvathipuram 25 Raw Garbage Transport to Bobbili

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plant
10 Salur 15 Raw Garbage Transport to
Vizianagaram
11 Nellimarla 12 Raw Garbage Transport to
Vizianagaram
188
III VISHAKAPATNA
M
12 GVMC 920 Proposing Presorting +RDF+ Co
Com‐
post plant +WTE+SLF
13 Narsipatnam 19 Raw Garbage Transport to Vizag
plant
14 Yellamanchali 12 Raw Garbage Transport to Vizag
plant
951

Table 7.1: Details of cluster

 As per the above plan each municipality should establish processing facil
facili‐
ties in their respective municipalities
 Transport rejects / inerts arising from the processing facility to the co
com‐
mon
on treatment facility. For this purpose required logistic support needs to
be established.
 Common facility for Waste disposal – in the form secured engineered
landfill in the municipality generating the highest quantity of waste for the
cluster under consideration,
consideration, in this case at Visakapatnam as stated above.
 MOU between the participating ULB’s with cost sharing arrangements
(comprising of fixed O&M cost, creation of ESCROW account, revision of
tariff suitably from time to time, etc)
 A framework should be established whereby a Project Coordination
Committee for each cluster is constituted which comprises represent
representa‐
tives of each participating Authority and the Company/ Utility; and impo
impor‐
tant project decisions during the project development, implementation
and
nd operational stages are taken through this committee.
The summary of the design for these options are presented in the subsequent
chapters
Visakhapatnam Cluster # 1
This cluster consists of a Centralized Waste Treatment Facility (CWTF) inclu
includ‐
ing processing
ng & disposal at Kapuluppada in Visakhapatnam District. This will

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consist of the following facilities

i. Composting,
ii. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
iii. Waste to Energy (WTE) plant
iv. Secured Landfill Facility (SLF)

Figure 7-1: Visakhapatnam Cluster

In this cluster the 3 ULB’s of Visakhapatnam District i.e. Yellamanchili,

Narsipatnam and Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) are proposed
to be involved. The entire waste being generated from these 2 ULB’s along with
GVMC
VMC waste would be processed and disposed at this CWTF, at Kapuluppada,
Visakhapatnam which is about 48km and 70km respectively.
In Vizianagaram and Srikakulam ULB’s composting, RDF and SLF facilities are
proposed. Subsequently, the RDF generated post processing
processing here would reach
Vizag CWTF and is stored along with the RDF of GVMC. The travelling distance
for this RDF will be 67km and 115km respectively, on daily basis. This entire
RDF should be disposed in the WTE plant proposed here.
The inert’s / rejectss generated from the processing of MSW in this cluster will
be disposed in the Engineered Secured Land Fill proposed here at CWTF. A pi pic‐
torial representation of this cluster is illustrated in the fig 7.1
Vizianagaram Cluster # 2
The waste generation from the ULB’s in Vizianagaram ranges from 12TPD to
117 TPD hence these ULB’s are aggregated to form Cluster # 2, comprising of
Nellimarla, Salur, Bobbili, Parvathipuram and Vizianagaram. The Centralized

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Waste Treatment Facility (CWTF) in this cluster is proposed

proposed at Vizianagaram
which is the major municipality amongst all, consisting of following facilities,
i. Composting,
ii. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
iii. Secured Landfill Facility (SLF)

Figure 7-2: Vizianagaram clustre

The waste generated at Parvathipuram is transported to Bobilli which is 15km,

here the organic wastes of both ULB’s are treated by composting and the ino
inor‐
ganic waste is transported to Vizianagaram RDF plant, at a distance of 61km.
The raw garbage from Salur
Salur and Nellimarla are sent directly to CWTF, which
are 57km and 11km respectively.
The RDF generated post processing here would reach WTE plant at Vizag CWTF
in Cluster # 1. Inert’s / rejects are disposed in the engineered SLF at
Vizianagaram CWTF. A pictorial
pictorial representation of this cluster is illustrated in
the fig 7.2
Srikakulam Cluster # 3
This cluster comprises of the ULB’s in Srikakulam District wherein the waste

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generation varies from 9TPD to 70 TPD in Rajam, Amadalavalasa, Palakonda,

Ichapuram, Palasa
sa Kasibugga and Srikakulam. Most of the ULB’s are small with
only 1 major municipality being Srikakulam; hence the Centralized Waste
Treatment Facility (CWTF) in this cluster is proposed here, consisting of follo
follow‐
ing facilities,
i. Composting,
ii. Refuse Derived
ed Fuel (RDF)
iii. Secured Landfill Facility (SLF)
The total waste being generated in Rajam, Amadalavalasa, Palakonda is pr pro‐
posed to be sent to the CWTF for processing and disposal, travelling 41km,
14km, 41km respectively. However the organic MSW of Ichapuram and Palasa
Kasibugga are processed by composting in the respective ULB’s and only the rre‐
jects & inorganic waste are sent to CWTF for further processing and disposal,
which is at a distance of 131km and 82km respectively.
The RDF generated post processing here here would reach WTE plant at Vizag CWTF
in Cluster # 1. Inert’s / rejects are disposed in the engineered SLF at Srikakulam
CWTF. A pictorial representation of this cluster is illustrated in the fig 7.3

Figure 7-3: Srikakulam cluster

7.5 Institutional Aspect of Cluster Facility
The cluster facility entails some kind planning of a sound Institutional aar‐
rangement that enables the coming together of the partnering ULB’s (14 No’s).
The participating municipalities should establish a cluster / zonal management
organization. This management organization serves two key purposes

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a. It serves as the formal management structure for regional projects.

b. It implements the planned project, providing the necessary authority for
financing, operating and monitoring the SWM activities.
Different types of cluster / zonal management structures are currently in use.
The type of structure chosen depends on such factors as available financing,
applicable laws and existing government bodies
bodies or district organizations, like
a. Inter‐municipal
municipal Agreements
b. Authorities, Trusts and Special Districts
c. Non‐profit
profit Public Corporation
d. Regional council
e. Private sector participation
7.6 Attributes of a Cluster Approach
It is constituted specifically to provide
provide a solid waste processing and disposal ffa‐
cility for the three districts (14 ULB’s). It should be governed by a board of ddi‐
rectors, a council, authority or some similar executive over sighted body,
unique to the organization. It is usually not dependent on taxes for funding, but
raises funds through service charges (or tipping fees) paid by its customers i.e.
the partnering local bodies. It may or may not involve the participation of pr pri‐
vate sector service provider. It often requires special legislation and ordinances
for its establishment.

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8 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF TREATMENT PLANT

8.1 ITEGRATED WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY
GVMC is generating approximately 920 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW)
per day, which is mainly disposed in the open dumpsite near Kapuluppad
Kapuluppada
which spreads in an area of 73 acres. Currently, GVMC disposes the entire waste
generated at Kapuluppada disposal site. This site is operating for the last 7
years. Three JCBs and one bulldozer are employed by GVMC for solid waste di dis‐
posal management, including
including the operation of the waste disposal site. This site
is still operating and receiving waste from all over GVMC area.
The present dump site falls under the category of uncontrolled solid waste di dis‐
posal facility. Due to this scenario, anaerobic decomposition
decomposition of organic content
of the waste is leading to landfill gas generation, comprising mainly of methane.
As, this site is not scientifically managed, there is no control over the escape of
the landfill gas into the atmosphere.
Out of total area of 73 Acres,
Acres, about 60% of the land is filled with waste. As per
our proposal we shall close the existing waste for land reclamation to create
space for construction of integrated treatment Facility.
SITE DESCRIPTION::
The proposed site for integrated treatment Facility
Facility is located at Kapuluppada in
Bhimlipatnam Mandal. The total area of the site is around 73 acres and the site
falls under survey No. 314 of Kapuluppada Village. The land is situated on the
down hills of three hillocks which form the boundary of the N North, East and
southeast side of the plot. The land is steeply sloping from North & East dire
direc‐
tions. The site is 24kms far from Airport and 0.5 kms from the NH5.
The site steeply sloping from the North to South & East to west direction with a
contour variation
tion from 60 m to 30 m (30 m height difference between lowest
point to highest point). According to GVMC officials, garbage is being dumped in
the site for the last 7 years. A power line with transformer feeding to the bi
bio‐
medical waste plant is situated at the edge of the plot. M/s. Maridi Eco Indu
Indus‐
tries Pvt. Ltd is operating a biomedical waste treatment plant in 5 acres. A
weighbridge is situated near the entrance to the biomedical plant, which is cu
cur‐
rently weighing the garbage lorries.
The land is located on the down hills of three hillocks which form the boundary
of North, East and Southeast side of the disposal site. Map of the site location is
provided in the Figure 10.1. The average height of ground level at the proposed
site is about 30 m above mean sea sea level. The proposed integrated treatment F Fa‐
cility site is plain to undulating terrain due foot hill area. Area within the 5 km
radius around the site is mixed type of hill and plain land.

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The hydrology of proposed land fill site is located in secondary aquifers with
intergranular porosity. Ground water level in the proposed site is in the range
of 5‐10m.
10m. The nearest piezometer location is Bheemunipatnam.
Red gravelly soil occupies most part of the region (45%), apart from coastal
sandy soil, which stretches
stretches throughout the beach. The coastal sediments have
low bearing capacity, high permeability and poor foundation characteristics.
The soil type of proposed land fill site is coastal sandy soils. The soil profile of
the land fill site is red clay soil up to one meter depth, red sandy clay with gra
grav‐
el up to three meter depth, soft disintegrated rock up to five meter depth,
weathered rock up to nine meter depth
AREA STATEMENT
As per the proposal, we shall propose Integrated Waste Treatment facility at
Kapulupada
lupada dump site. Below is the area statement broadly showing the area of
each main facility at the integrated facility.
S.no Facility Area in Acres
1 Waste Dump Capping 14.80
2 Compost & RDF Plant 10.00
3 Power Plant 10.00
4 RDF Storage area 2.70
4 Other Supporting infrastruc‐ c‐ 10.00
ture, roads, green belt etc..,
Total Area 47.50

With the above area statement and looking at the narrow shape of dump site,
land for development of scientific landfill for inerts is not sufficient at
Kapuluppada dump site.
si
Scientific landfill for inerts shall be proposed at new site identified by the GVMC
at Tanguddipalli, with approx 200 Acres area available and this site is 20 kms
far from kapuluppada dump site and 40kms far from city.
CLOSURE OF DISPOSAL SITE AND LAND
LA RECLAMATION
The focus of this plan is to stop uncontrolled dumping on the site, control fires
and re‐contour
contour and stabilize slopes so that a final cover can be installed. Recl
Recla‐
mation of land is a relatively new approach used to expand municipal solid
waste
te (MSW) capacity and avoid the high cost of acquiring additional land.
Once it gets filled, the landfill must be closed and no solid waste should be rre‐
ceived at the site.
To utilize the available space optimally Feed back after a detailed survey is pr
pro‐
posing
ing the reclamation at Kapuluppada in a scientific manner at disposal yard.

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The existing features of dump site shown in below figure.

QUANTITY ASSESSMENT & DESIGN PARAMETERS

Kapuluppada dump site is located at 20 km from the city and is in operation
since
ce 2007.The quantity of existing waste in this dumpsite has been calculated
by means of two methods.
From daily incoming waste data and
By existing physical nature of the dump site, i.e. height, area and waste quality.

Sl. No Description Dump Site

Method I for Estimation of Existing Quantity of the Waste
1 Average quantity of waste disposed (MTD) 500
2 Period of disposal (Years) 7
3 Quantity of Waste accumulated (MT) 1277500
4 Quantity of waste accumulated after deg‐
de 638750
radation (moisture and volatile loss ‐50%)
Method II for Estimation of Existing Quantity of the Waste
1 Area of waste dumped (Acres) 73
(but waste filled
in 60% area)
2 Height of the waste (m) 4 mtr average
height

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3 Volume of the waste (m3) 709034

4 Density (MT/m3) 0.85
5 Quantity
uantity of waste (MT) 602680
Adopted Quantity of Waste (MT) 602680 MT

As per our physical observation, we have adopted method II for closure of exis
exist‐
ing waste. Large quantity of waste is degraded and most of recyclable from the
dump has been removed by rag pickers at site from many years.
Total area en marked for closure of existing waste is 14.8 Acres.
Design parameters for Waste dump capping:‐
capping:
Bund Details :
Ht. of Main Bund : 3. m
0
Excavation BGL : 1. m Av
5 g.
Top Width of Bund : 3. m
0
Berm Width : 4. m
0
No. of Berms : 3. nos
0
SLF Slopes :
Main Bund Outer 2 : 1
Slope :
Main Bund Inner 3 : 1
Slope :
Slope of Dump 3 : 1
Above Bund Top :
LF Final Slope : 2 : 1
0

SLF Dimensions :
Area Perime- EL
ter
Total Landfill Area : 59991 sq 1016 rm @+ 100.0 m
m t 0
LF Garland Drains : 1012 rm @+ 100.0 m
t 0
Landfill Dimensions : @ BBL = 29136 sq 828 rm @+ 97.00 m

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m t
Landfill Dimensions : @ GL = 41206 sq 862 rm 100.0 m
m t @+ 0
Landfill Dimensions : @ BL = 49279 sq 932 rm 103.0 m
m t @+ 0
Landfill Dimensions : @ ABL = 36171 sq 816 rm 108.0 m
m t @+ 0
4 m wide Berm ‐ LF @ ABL = 32968 sq 785 rm 108.0 m
Dimensions : m t @+ 0
Landfill Dimensions : @ ABL = 22051 sq 670 rm 113.0 m
m t @+ 0
4 m wide Berm ‐ LF @ ABL = 19432 sq 639 rm 113.0 m
Dimensions : m t @+ 0
Landfill Dimensions : @ ABL = 10707 sq 524 rm 118.0 m
m t @+ 0
4 m wide Berm ‐ LF @ ABL = 8679 sq 486 rm 118.0 m
Dimensions : m t @+ 0
Landfill Dimensions : @ ABL = 2733 sq 307 rm 123.0 m
m t @+ 0

SLF Volume :

29136. 49278.
38 + 97
31366
BBL: Vol ‐ I X 8.0 = 1 cum
2

49278. 36170.
97 + 82
21362
ABL: Vol ‐ 2 X 5.0 = 4 cum
2

32967. 22050.
51 + 84
13754
ABL: Vol ‐ 3 X 5.0 = 6 cum
2

19431. + 10706.

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93 74

ABL: Vol ‐ 4 X 5.0 = 75347 cum

2

8678.5 2733.0
9 + 6

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 X 5.0 = 28529 cum

2
2733.0
6 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 6 X 3.0 = 4100 cum

2
Volume of waste : = 77280 cum
7
Assuming Waste t/cu
Density : = 0.85 m
6568 ton-
Quantity of waste : = 86 nes

Kapuluppada Dump Site Pictures

Environmental Conditions of Dump site:

site
Presently the waste received, gets dumped without any treatment, which has
resulted into huge accumulation of waste as mentioned above. The main issues
pertaining to the environmental and aesthetic condition are as below:
• Leachate Pollution

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• Air‐ Pollution‐ smoke, odor and others

• Flying of waste such as plastic
• Health hazards, breeding of flies and rodents
Besides these all three sites do not have any peripheral access or organized su
sur‐
face runoff management/ drainage system.
Reclamation and reuse plan:
plan
Presently the dump is spread over the site of 70 Acres and part of this dump
has to be relocated for creating vacant land for establishing of new facilities.
Area requirement for establishing processing facilities is estimated to be
around 50 Acres.. It is therefore, necessary to relocate existing waste over this
area. The proposed procedure to relocate this spread of MSW is as follows.
Identify and earmark the area required for establishing the new facilities on the
73 acres layout.
Identify the area where the excavated waste from the above site is to be tran
trans‐
ported and dumped. The locations suggested by us are the valley porti
portions be‐
tween any two dumps and then profile the entire dump into a single contagious
mass with slopes of 1:3.
Heap up the transported waste to as high as possible in the valley portions and
also over the existing dumps
Excavators and JCBs should be deployed
deployed to transfer excavated waste into
trucks/conveyors. This dumping of the transshipped material will be in accor
accord‐
ance to the finalized levels of both top and slopes. The transshipped material
shall also be subjected to a regular consolidation with spiked & vibratory com‐
pactors.

Relocated waste

Once the total relocation of waste is completed, the dump will be brought to its
final shape. Requisite soil layer will be laid over the final profile. Above the soil

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covers vegetative soil will be laid to support vegetation.

Gass collection and venting system will also be provided to collect the LFG gas
generated. If the gas quantities are large the same will be sent to the power
plant and if the quantities are less LFG will be vented out or connected to flaring
system
The capped portions of this landfill should be maintained throughout the coo
coop‐
eration period.
Handling of Fresh MSW (in Excess) over the first year of construction period:
period:‐
This fresh waste should be allowed to be dumped at predetermined locations
on the dump by diverting
diverting /guiding these vehicles to the respective unloading
places.
After sizeable quantity of about fresh waste trucks are unloaded on each of ththe‐
se location, leveling operations in layers of not more than 500 mm thick and d du‐
ly consolidated by spiked vibratory
vibratory compactor should be carried out. This prpro‐
cess continues till the day’s quantity of 920 Tons is dumped, leveled and co com‐
pacted on each day. After this operation, a daily cover of soil will be spread on
this leveled and compacted area and again compacted.
compacte

Requisite soil layer and vegetative solid layer will be laid over the final profile.
Gas collection and venting system will also be provided to collect the LFG gas
generated. If the gas quantities are large the same will be sent to the power
plant and
d if the quantities are less LFG will be vented out or connected to flaring
system. The capped portions of this landfill should be maintained throughout
the cooperation period.
This kind of multilocational operation requires proper hard passages for the
free
ee movement of incoming trucks. During this process, every care is taken to
ensure proper drainage of storm water to be ultimately discharged into drains
after ponding up for a short period without allowing any mix up with leachate.
Detailed
tailed procedure of Reuse Plan:
After retrieving area’s required for establishing of new facilities and receiving

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fresh waste the balance dump will be earmarked for partial closure. The co com‐
pletion of the partial closure of landfill by relocating the waste dumped spread
across the total site is the most important and priority component of the pr pro‐
ject because the area required for the setting up of other facilities /components
of the project is depending on the completion of the component of partial cl clo‐
sure.
The methodology for
for partial closure encompasses the following sub tasks
/activities.
Sub Task –1: Estimation of Waste Quantity
Sub Task –2: Relocation of waste
Sub Task –3: Provision of final cover system
Sub Task –4: Drill and provide gas collection bores and grid to coll
collect Landfill
gas for effective flaring / Reuse to Power
Sub Task –5: Leachate extraction and collection net work
Sub Task‐6 ‐ The post closure maintenance of the partially closed dump site
throughout the cooperation period.
Each of the subtasks are explained
explained in detail in the following sections
Capping of existing waste lying in the site covered with a varied height shall be
done by relocating and consolidating the waste on a footprint of proposed cacap‐
ping area and shall be scientifically capped.
Various tasks
sks involves in capping work are as follows.
Sub Task –1
1 : Estimation of Waste Quantity:
Quantity
Estimation of the quantities of waste lying in the site at different locations and
assessment & deployment of vehicles (earth moving machinery/bulldozers and
tippers) for the relocation of the waste to the area earmarked for the partial
closure in accordance with the closure plan. If required Approach road to this
closure point to be constructed for hassle free movement of men and machinery
during the construction.
Sub Task –2:: Relocation of waste:
waste
Devising a plan of action for leveling, compaction and planned relocation of the
existing waste (as above) to the area earmarked for capping of the site. Leve
Level‐
ing, consolidation and reformulation of slope and surfaces to plann
planned levels and
profiles. The proposed procedure to relocate this spread of solid waste is as fo
fol‐
lows.
Heap up the spread waste to as high as possible in the capping area.
Excavators should be deployed to transfer this heaped waste into trucks whe
wher‐

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ever the land is more than 100mts and shall be transshipped to within the foot
print area. This dumping of the transshipped material will be in accordance to
the finalized levels of both top and slopes. The transshipped material shall also
be subjected to a regular consolidation with spiked & vibratory compactors.
The closure activity of the dump will be initiated from one end and gradually
extended to the top.
Equipment required relocated and leveled are
JCB’s – for excavating of waste
Dumpers (10T) – for transportation
transpo of waste
Landfill compactors ‐ the garbage can be dry rolled and compacted to a satisfa
satisfac‐
tory level.
Grader ‐ this equipment will be employed to level area and the slopes to given
gradient wherever and whenever required.
Sub Task – 3: Provision of final
f cover system:
A final capping cover is usually composed of several layers, each with a specific
function. The surface cover system must enhance surface drainage, minimise iin‐
filtration, support vegetation and control the release of landfill gases. The cap‐
ping cover to be adopted will depend on the gas management system. The final
cover system must consist of a vegetative layer supported by a drainage layer
over barrier layer and gas vent layer.
Capping of the landfill is taken up at the recommended slope
slope and with the re
rec‐
ommended layers. This capping is provided to ensure
Prevention of Infiltration of rain water into the landfill during post closure p
pe‐
riod.
To eliminate the possibility of explosions due to accumulated gases in the lan
land‐
fill by suitably providing
oviding for passive gas venting systems
The various steps to provide final capping to the dump site are as given below.
Level and compact the dump and bring it to final formation of the MSW. The
slopes provided will be 1:3.
Provide liner system comprises of combination of barrier materials such as
natural clay and amended soils. A drainage layer and leachate collection system
is placed over the composite liner system. The effectiveness of barrier layer b
ba‐
sically depends on the hydraulic conductivity of the
the clay/amended soil liner.
The final cover consists of the following components,
Top cover layer of 450mm thick comprising of 300mm thick top soil and
150mm of good vegetation supporting soil

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Drainage layer
Barrier layer with permeability less than 1 X 10‐‐7cm/sec
7cm/sec comprising of
clay/GCL
Gravel Layer: This layer will be 20cm thick and made up of C & D debris or
gravel as the case may be, both on top and slopes. This layer will be compacted
with 5T roller. Light bull Dozer will be used to obtain uniform thickness of the
layer.
Top soil: Virgin and rich top soil will be conveyed to the site and spread in an
uniform layer of 30cm. This layer after uniformly spreading will be rammed iin‐
to place with powered earth rammer ensuring moderate compacting for the
easy
sy penetration of roots of the proposed shrubs and grass on this layer. This
layer will be suitably watered to maintain the required moisture levels till pla
plan‐
tation takes place.
Shrubbery and lawns and pathways: Appropriate landscaping plan will be pr pre‐
sented
ed for approval. The proposal will be with a minimum of 3 alternatives. The
shrubs selected will be hardy and at the same time ornamental and flowering.
The lawns will be developed by transplanting with selected variety of dhoop
grass or seeding
The paving will be with 25mm thick precast concrete blocks suitably laid over a
bed of sand and cement jointed.

Landscaping
The landscape concept would be to create a ‘park‐like’
‘park like’ environment within the
Dump Site. Lush greenery with extensively landscaped areas ar are set aside with‐
in the site, such as the central commercial hub, entrance plaza, pocket parks
and perimeter fringes to ensure that forested, landscape areas achieved. These

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areas shall not be used for any use other than the prescribed use. However th
the‐
se areas may be used to have natural drains, which are not cemented but lined
with interlocking blocks to ensure percolation of rainwater and such drains will
only be used to convey rainwater runoff.
While linear planting is to be carried out along the roads, informal and mass
plantings are proposed for the large landscape areas.
The following guidelines are to be followed to achieve the nature of landscape
envisaged.
To complement the network of roads, the roadside trees are very important.
Large shade trees are planted at 10m center to center to achieve a canopy env
envi‐
ronment in the shortest possible time. These roadside trees not only provide
shade, but also, more importantly, soften facades of all the buildings.
The buffer zone would be densely planted with quick growing trees to have the
forested effect. Here, function screening is the main priority, thus heavy foliage
and low branching trees are preferred. To create identity, different areas
should have different varieties planted – one area for color, o one area for form,
one area for fragrance and one area for shade.
To the extent possible only native species and locally available species of trees
and plants should be used.
Sub Task – 4: Drill and provide gas collection bores and grid to collect Landfill
gas for effective flaring / Reuse to Power
Landfill gas is generated as a product of waste biodegradation. In landfill sites
organic waste is broken down by enzymes produced by bacteria in a manner
comparable to food digestion. Considerable heat is generated
generated by these reactions
with methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphite, carbon d di‐
oxide and other gases as the byproducts.. Methane and carbon dioxide are the
principle gases produced with almost 50 – 50 per cent share.
When methane is present
present in the air in concentrations between 5 to 15 per cent,
it is explosive. Landfills generate gases with a pressure sufficient enough to
damage the final cover and largely have impact on vegetative cover. Also, b be‐
cause only limited amount of oxygen are present
present in a landfill, when methane
concentration reach this critical level, there is a little danger that the landfill
will explode.
The quantity of gas generated from the landfill can be estimated. (Volume of
Gas Generated, V = C X W X [P/100] m3/year ; C = Coefficient of Generation (6
m3/ton/year) ; W = Weight of Waste ;P = Percentage of Organic Component) or
the SCSLMOP International LFG model that employs a first‐order
first order decay equ
equa‐
tion identical to the algorithm in the U.S. EPA’s landfill gas emissions mo
model

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(LandGEM) and determined the potential LFG recovery rate for the landfill. The
international LFG model is described in detail below.
Gas management strategies would follow the following three plans,
Controlled Passive Venting
Uncontrolled Release
Controlled
rolled Collection and Treatment
A gas venting system is proposed for the partial closure at Kapuluppada dump
site. This gas will be vented through gas vent pipes of 150mm diameter perf perfo‐
rated HDPE pipes. The landfill gas collection is facilitated by instal
installing perforat‐
ed HDPE pipes of 150 mm dia vertically down reaching about 80% of the
dump/fill depth site at 30 mtr center to center distance.
These vertical vent pipes are connected to the gas collection manifold placed at
the top of the fill site buried conveniently
conveniently under top soil cover. The gas from
manifold is either flared or energy recovered depending on the quantities avai
avail‐
able.
The installation of the gas collection and flaring systems is installed simultan
simultane‐
ously with the laying of the final cover.
With the help of blower gas through the pipes shall be collected and taken to
flaring unit. The collection system is a network of 150mm HDPE perforated
pipes connected to flaring unit. The flaring unit consists of collection chamber,
blower, ignition mechanism,
mech control valves and sensors.
Sub Task – 5: Leachate extraction and collection net work:
work
Normally its seen that for all old unlined dump sites /landfill there is a possibi
possibil‐
ity of segregated pondage of leachate in the closed dump site foot print area. In
such a case if leachate evacuation if attempted by gravity flow through pipelines
from the sides may not be effective and may lead to large quantities of leachate
storage within the foot print area wherever the levels are irregular. To avoid
this situation
tion it is expected that leachate be pumped out by locating leachate
pumping wells within the foot print area of the dump closure where the bottom
of the dumpsite shows distinct depressions. During construction works exact
location of these wells can be identified.
identified. Additional wells will also be provided
at periphery if needed.
During the first year of reformation of slopes if there are any specific areas
found from where leachate tends to flow from the sides, in all such locations
suitable shallow wells will
will be constructed to remove leachate. All the leacahte
from the dump will be collected in leachate collection tanks from where it
would be pumped to leachate treatment plant for final treatment and disposal.

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Sub Task ‐6:

6: The post closure maintenance of the partially closed dump site
throughout
oughout the cooperation period:
As part of the post closure maintenance plan the following activities will be o
ob‐
served by the developer
Periodical inspection of the complete capped portions of the dump site atleast
once in every three months
 Monitor
 Land surface care
 Leachate collection
 Methane control by ways of flaring or reuse
 Maintain flaring equipment if provided
 Monitor Air quality
 On and within the capped dumpsite
 Surrounding areas
Air quality parameters monitors are
re Methane, Sulphurdioxide and Suspended
particulate matter
Monitor ground water quality within the capped dumped site and neighboring
areas
Under the post closure the various works that would be undertaken along with
the frequency is given below:
Item Scope of work Frequency Responsibility
1 Inspection ‐ To identify areas of Quarterly Project Man‐
Site inspection subsidence and ager
their repair by lev‐
elling the areas with
earth and recapping

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Item Scope of work Frequency Responsibility

With landfill cover
as per the specifica‐
tions used for clo‐
sure.
2 Inspection – Inspection of gas Monthly Project Man‐
Gas collection collection manifold ager
systems and flaring system;
and repair of any
malfunctioning
units/sections.
3 Leachate Col‐
Co Collection and Daily/regular Project Man‐
lection Sy
Sys‐ transportation of ager
tems leachate to the aer‐
ated lagoon sites
(offsite) for treat‐
ment
4 Landscape Watering and main‐ Regular Horticulturist
Maintenance tenance of land‐
scape areas
5 Environmental Environmental Monthly Project Man‐
Monitoring monitoring to as‐ ager
certain ground wa‐
ter and air pollution
due to the closed
landfill

Drainage System:
Surface water runoff is a significant component in a landfill design and shall be
clearly designed. The design includes a garland drainage system all around the
landfill which shall
all be lined and shall be connected to a storm water collection
pond. Water collected in the pond shall be tested for storm water quality p pa‐
rameters and if it meets the discharge standards shall be discharged, otherwise
the same shall be considered as leachate
leachate and sent to the leachate treatment
plant.
Artificial and natural features at the landfill site control surface water and
groundwater when integrated, the artificial and natural features must be effe
effec‐
tive in controlling run‐on
run and runoff of surface waters
ters as well as preventing
groundwater from penetrating the landfill liner. When the landfill is closed, the
drainage control system must be designed to function for the long
long‐term use of

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the site. Rainfall must be removed from the final cover surface witho
without soil ero‐
sion or excessive water infiltration. The greatest risk to the site is from ponding
of surface waters in areas of land subsidence.
The following features must be included in the design of drainage control facil
facili‐
ties:
(1) Collection and routing
routing of surface waters off the landfill surface in the
shortest possible distance;
(2) Selection of channel and drainage ways that will carry waters at adequate
velocities to avoid deposition;
(3) Use of sufficient surface slopes to maximize the removal o
of surface runoff
and at the same time minimize surface scour; and
(4) Material specifications for the drainage features that allow repair and rre‐
placement as the landfill settles
Layout plan
As per our estimates the total quantity of waste approximately 6 lakh tons shall
be relocated and capped to an area of 14 Acres as en marked in the below la lay‐
out plan. Total height of the proposed capping shall be 28 mtrs and shall be
maintained in a slope of 1:3. Detailed cross sections of the drawings are aan‐
nexed for reference.
8.2 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF TREATMENT PLANT
INTRODUCTION
Designing any waste management facilities the following points to be taken into
consideration
 Waste quantities generated,
 Design period,
 Waste characteristics of the proposed city.
The Treatment
atment plant for Visakhapatnam city is proposed at the Kapuluppada,
which is an existing dump yard with area of 73 Acres .Out of total area about
60% of the land, is filled with waste. As per our proposal we shall close the eex‐
isting waste for land reclamation
reclamation to create space for treatment plant constru
construc‐
tion.
8.3 MATERIAL BALANCE
The generated MSW in Visakhapatnam District and the waste reaching to the
processing facility may not be same. It will depend on the efficiency of collecting
the waste. However by implementing
implementing the good MSW practices in Visakhapa
Visakhapat‐
nam District the efficiency of collecting MSW may also increases. As per the

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records the total MSW generated in Vishakhapatnam city is around 920 TPD.
The plant is designed for 951 TPD with cluster approach conc concept from
yelamanchali and Narsipatnam which is explained in earlier chapters.
In this chapter, the design of recycling for the integrated waste management ffa‐
cility is presented in detail. The recyclable unit has been designed to process
the recyclables into
to by products. The inerts (rejects) would be disposed to the
landfill whereas the organic material (compostable in nature) would be sent to
the compost plant and the light combustibles (RDF fluff) would be utilized to
produce energy.
8.4 DESIGN OF PRESORTING & RDF PLANT
The waste reaching the integrated waste management facility is mixed waste,
hence, needs to be segregated before its treatment to produce energy/compost.
At present, mixed waste will be reaching treatment facility but subsequently aaf‐
ter implementing
nting our proposed collection system of wet waste and dry waste
from households/commercials the load to the segregation unit will be reduced.

Figure 8-1: Material balance

Component Tonnage (TPD) Percentag

Percentage (%)

Compost 100 11%

RDF 290 30%

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Rejects 190 20%

Moisture Loss 291 31%

Recyclables – PET, Glass, 50 5%

Cardboards etc

Metals 2 0.2%

Huge articles – tires , boul‐

bou 28 3%
ders etc..,

Total 951 100%

Table 8.1: Material balance

WASTE RECEIVING PLATFORM:-

PLATFORM:
The waste receiving at the treatment plant will be unloaded into the Roofed
RCC waste platform after weighing and inspection of the waste. The bulky m ma‐
terial like huge boulders, tyres, coconut trunks
trunks and other heavy materials are
sorted out manually. After this the waste is fed using cactus Crab to the feed
hopper of pre‐processing
processing section. The inclined conveyor belt below hopper
takes the waste to manual sorting stations.
MANNUAL SORTING PLATFORMS:-
PLATFOR
Manual Screening is done to separate big objects which cannot be handled by
the downstream equipments and machinery. A team of people, in the Manual
Pick‐up
up Zone, would inspect and pick out undesirable items from the belt
(items of large‐sized
sized and/or harmful objects such as machinery parts, lead acid
batteries, dead animals, big stones, tyres etc.). The items picked up are dropped
onto gravity chutes for disposal appropriately. Large sized combustible objects
like textiles, PET bottles, tree cuttings, wooden logs/boxes, etc shall also be
picked out manually and put in separate bins provided for the purpose. Such
Combustibles objects shall be cut into smaller pieces by a Cutter / Chipper sesep‐
arately to convert it to RDF.

Figure 8-2: Manual sorting station

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 Proposed 2 line of sorting stations

 Ascending conveyors
 Light weight steel construction which will provide space underneath for up to
3 collecting containers for different fractions of valuables.
 The platform
latform will have two staircases with handrails at the upstream end of
the platform and two security ladders at the other end of the platform.
 Sorting platform will have sorting workplace, discharge chutes and provision
of collecting containers.
 Sorting Conveyor
MAGNETIC SEPERATORS:-
SEPERATORS:
Fractions after manual sorting belt shall be carried by a Belt Conveyor subjec
subject‐
ed to Magnetic separation and Homogenized (size reduction) through a ShreShred‐
der to reduce the particle size down to less than 100 mm (the Magnetic SSepara‐
tor separates ferrous materials mixed with MSW). Two number

Figure 8-3: Magnetic Seperator

SHREDDERS USED FOR HOMOZENINATION:-

HOMOZENINATION:
Shredders are used to reduce the size of the waste down to 100mm. Size reduc‐
tion helps in easy bio degradation and screening of waste. Also reduces the vo
vol‐
ume and load on to the pre sorting screens.

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Figure 8-4: MSW Shreder

8.3.4 PRE SORTING TROMMEL:-

TROMMEL:
Waste after size reduction
reduction is fed into trammel with 50mm perforations. The
undersize material (‐50mm)
( 50mm) are mostly organic material and over size are ino
inor‐
ganic and combustible materials. The undersize is then transferred to compost
plant for aerobic composting. The over size is
is further sent to aeration & scree
screen‐
ing to convert into RDF.

Figure 8-5: Srikakulam cluster 50 mm tormmel

 Trommels shall be provided on each line of the process 50 TPH capacity.

 Diameter of the Trommel will be 1.5m dia x 10m length
 The Trommel will have 50mm perforated welded mesh openings
 Power required will be 35 Hp with 960rpm.

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Figure 8-6: Sorting Stations and Screening

AIR DRYERS/HOT AIR GENERATORS:-

GENERATORS
The oversize material (+50mm) coming out of trommels shall be passed
through Air dryers where wet MSW is dried by injecting hot air into the system.
The moisture content shall be brought down to 15%. The hot air is generated in
a fixed grate specially designed
designed Hot Air Generator (HAG). Alternately the hot air
will be tapped from the power plant flue gas.
BALLISTIC SEPARATOR
The Ballistic Separator is equipment designed to separate solid waste at the iin‐
let, depending on characteristics of size, density and shape. The equipment co
con‐
sists of an access ramp formed of longitudinal drilled sheets, which have a ba
bal‐
listic type movement as a result of their two crankshafts located transversally
on the top and bottom parts of the ramp. The inclination of the machine and the
oscillatory movement of the paddles allows for the separation of the inlet flow
in 3 different fractions
 3D: Rolling elements, heavy elements, stones, etc.
 Fine elements: Sand, remains of food, etc.
 2D: Planar, lightweight elements, paper, chipped
chipped plastic etc

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Figure 8-7: Process flow of Ballistic Separator

Figure 8-8: Typical view of Ballistic Separator

The output materials of the ballistic separator

separator shall process as shown below
 3D fraction which consists of heavy materials shall go to landfill
 Fines which consists of organic content shall go to composting plant
 2D fraction which consists of lighter particles like paper, plastic etc..shall

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go to
o bailing for RDF storage
RDF BAILING & STORAGE:-
STORAGE:
The 2D fractions from ballistic separators generally called Refuse Derived Fuel
(RDF) Fluff. It will have a calorific value in the range of 2000 ‐ 2500 kcal/kg
with 15‐20%
20% moisture and 15‐20%
15 ash which can be incinerated in a boiler of
the Power Plant. RDF produced shall be transported to the Power Plant through
a Belt Conveyor for incineration or shall be providing a go down for storage of
RDF material for at least 15 days.

Figure 8-9: Srikakulam cluster RDF Bailing

RDF PROPERTIES:--
MSW collected from different sources has different calorific values. However,
after drying and separation of non‐combustible
non combustible fraction, the RDF produced
shall have an average calorific
ca value of 2000‐ 2500 kcal / kg with particle size of
the size of about 100 mm acceptable for combustion in the Boiler of a Power
Plant. The physical properties of RDF fluff produced shall have the following
properties
Physical Properties of RDF Bale
 Shape :‐ Irregular
 Size :‐ 100mm x 100mm
 Bulk Density :‐‐ 100kg/m3 ‐200 Kg/m3
Proximate analysis
 Moisture : 10 % ‐ 20 %
 Ash content : 10 % ‐ 20 %
 Volatile matter : 40 % ‐ 60 %
 Fixed carbon : 10 % ‐ 20 %
Ultimate analysis
 Moisture : 10 % ‐ 20 %

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 Mineral matter : 15 % ‐ 25 %
 Carbon : 35 % ‐ 40 %
 Hydrogen : 5 % ‐ 8 %
 Nitrogen : 1 % ‐ 1.5 %
 Sulphur : 0.2 % ‐ 0.5 %
 Oxygen : 25 % ‐ 30 %
Combustion Properties
Gross Calorific Value
lue of RDF (Avg.) : 3,000 kcal / kg
 Ash Fusion Temperature
o Initial Deformation temperature : 860 o C
o Softening temperature : 950 o C
o Hemispherical temperature : 1040 o C
o Fluid temperature : 1100 o C
Chloride Content : 0.04 %
Elemental
al Ash Analysis (% of Oxides)
 Silica : 53.10 %
 Alumina : 11.18 %
 Iron Oxide : 4.87 %
 Titanium dioxide : 0.89 %
 Calcium Oxide : 13.15 %
 Magnesium oxide : 2.90 %
 Sodium oxide : 5.79 %
 Potassium oxide : 1.56 %
 Sulphur trioxide : 2.55 %
 Phosphorous
rous pentoxide : 1.43 %
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF ALL THE PRESOR
PRESORT-
ING & RDF UNITS
The Presorting unit consists of waste receiving platform , presorting shed and
RDF unit consists of RDF process shed and RDF storage go down
Parameter General Requirements
Waste receiving Open to Sky

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platform Concrete platform with proper slope shall be provided

to prevent leaching into the ground and to provide
hard surface to facilitate machine movement.
Retention period is 3 days
1.2 to 1.5m high externall brick wall shall be provided
to avoid wastes being blown away by the wind and
prevent spillage outside.
The drain will be provided out side the wall. There will
be an opening provided in the bottom of the wall to
drain the leachate into the drain. The op opening is of
30cm x 20cm size covered by wire mesh structure so
that only liquid can pass through.
Function of the waste receiving platform is used to
unload the incoming waste . This is the starting point of
the treatment facility. On this platform any bul
bulk articles
like tyres, boulders shall be man picked and removed.
Slope shall be maintained to collect lechate and
transport. The detention period is 3 days.
Presorting shed Roofing is required to protect from rain & Sun
Concrete platform with proper slope pe shall be provided
to prevent leaching into the ground.
The Facility will be equipped with with hopper, feeding
conveyor, manual sorting stations, magnetic separator,
shredders, trommels of 50 mm, reject conveyors and
transfer conveyors. The under sized organic material
will be conveyed by transfer conveyor to composting
area and oversized shall be transferred to RDF pr pro‐
cessing unit.
RDF Process Shed Roofing is required to protect from rain & Sun
Concrete platform with proper slope shall be provided
for workability.
The facility will be equipped with conveyors, Hot air
generators/Air dryers , ballistic separators to separate
incoming waste into 3 fractions and bailing units.
RDF Godown Roofing is required to protect from rain & Sun
Concrete platform with th proper slope shall be provided
for workability.
Storage capacity is for 7 days to store RDF

Design of Presorting/RDF Plant

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The following are the design concepts adopted to arrive at the sizes of various
components of presorting plant.
Waste Receiving Platform:-
Platform:
Description Quantity

MSW Incoming waste in to the plant in TPD 951 TPD

Duration 3 days
Total quantity of waste for 3 days 2853 MT
Density of MSW in ton/cum 0.45
Volume of Waste in cum 6340 cum
Stacking Height of waste on windrow plat form in meters 2.5 mtrs
Area required to stack the each day waste on windrow plat
0.56
form in sqm/day (with base (60m x20m) and top (50m
sqm/cum
x10m))
Area required for windrow platforms in sqm 3580 Sqm
Add extra for working space movement 25%
Total Areaa required 4475 Sqm
Dimensions of Windrow platform 90m x 50m

Presorting shed:- Size of the shed proposed for presorting section is ‐ 50m
x 15m
RDF Process shed::- Size of the shed proposed for presorting section is ‐
50m x 25m
The above dimensions
sions are arrived based on equipment length, no of lines and
quantity handled.
Storage go down:- Size of the shed proposed for storing RDF ‐ 100m x 25m.
The RDF stored will be used for proposed power plant at Kapulupada site. The
RDF storage also designed
designed to store RDF from Srikakulam and Viziyanagarm di
dis‐
tricts.

S.No Equipment Nos Capac-

ity Purpose
Pre Sorting & RDF Proposed 2 lines with 8 hrs
specification for working
each line
1 Feed hopper 4 For homogeneous waste transfer
onto conveyors.
2 Z conveyors 4 10 TPH For conveying Raw waste to

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manual sorting stations

3 Manual Sorting Belt 4 lines 10 TPH For handpicking recyclables
4 Magnetic Separators 2 For separation of Ferrous metals
fixed on conveyors.
5 Shredders 2 50 TPH Reducing the size of the waste for
easy screening.
6 Rotary Cage Drum‐
Drum 2 50 TPH For segregating large size Co
Com‐
trommel sieve of ponents for sorting
50mm
7 Chain belt Conveyor 2 20TPH For conveying undersize to co
com‐
post plant
8 Z conveyor 2 20 TPH For conveying oversize tto RDF
plant
9 Air dryers 2 For drying waste to entering into
ballistic seperator
10 Ballistic Separator 2 30 TPH For separation of lighter and
heavier materials
11 Baler 2 25 TPH To bale the combustible material
for easier transportation

Table 8.2: List of Processing Machineries & Equipments (Mechanical)

Mobile Equipment for presorting and RDF plant operations

S.no Name of the Equipment Nos

1 Grab Loaders 4
2 Front End Loader 4
3 Fork lifts 4
4 Tippers 2

Table 8.3: Mobile Equipment

8.5 DESIGN OF COMPOST PLANT

The undersize materials of trommel screen shall is the input material for co com‐
post plant and also fines from ballistic separator is also added into tthe compost
plant.
Composting is a process of microbial degradation where organic matter is br
bro‐
ken down by a succession of organisms in a warm, moist aerobic environment
(controlled conditions).

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Composting is a form of recycling. The composting process of organic waste

helps in decreasing the amount of solid waste that must be sent to a landfill
thereby reducing disposal costs. Composting also yields a valuable product that
can be used by farmers, landscapers, horticulturists, government agencies and
property
ty owners as a soil amendment or mulch. The compost product improves
the condition of soil, reduces erosion and helps suppress plant diseases.
Composting is an age old practice and the word compost is as old as agriculture
itself. The solid wastes of plant
plant and animal origin are utilized for conservation
of carbon and mineralization.
The Compost Production Process
Composting is a process involving bio‐chemical
bio chemical conversion of organic matter
into humus (Lignoproteins) by mesophilic and thermophilic micro organ
organisms. A
composting process seeks to harness the natural forces of decomposition to sse‐
cure the conversion of organic waste into organic manure. Composting can be
done in two ways:
(a) Aerobic Composting.
(b) Anaerobic Composting.
Aerobic composting is more advantageous
advantageous than anaerobic composting because
of
 Rapid decomposition, normally completed within 6 to 8 weeks resulting
in reduction of area required.
 Process is exothermic and the heat generated helps in destruction of
harmful pathogens, eggs of disease carrying vectors and nullification of
weed seeds.
 Production of foul smelling gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide is mi
min‐
imized.
 Nutrients are fairly preserved.
In order to accelerate and control the aerobic composting a specially formula
formulat‐
ed biological innoculum will be used to treat the organic waste, which is the key
element in our technology. The innoculum will be subject to continuous iim‐
provement in composition
The processes involved in composting are as follows:
 Organic waste is delivered in a windrow.
 Biological
gical Inoculums is sprayed on the waste in required quantities
 Water is sprayed on the waste or by addition of biological inoculums

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 Each windrow is turned on 6th and 11th days outside to the center to pr
pro‐
vide aeration. This also destroys insect’s larvae.
 Turning is carried out by using front end loaders etc.
 On 16th day windrow is broken down
 It is then passed through a rotary screen of about 35mm&16mm square
mesh to remove oversize contrary material
 The oversized material +35mm & +16mm is sent to air cla classifier with
lighter particles to RDF and heavier particles to landfill for disposal
 The under size (‐35mm
( & ‐16mm)
16mm) material is send to curing shed for
maturation for 2 to 3 weeks.
 The material after curing is send to 4mm perforations fine screen. The
+4mm fractions are send to
 Screened compost is to be stored for 30 days to ensure stabilization
The schematics of composting process are as follows:

Figure 8-10: Flow of compost process

The organic material
material present in MSW can be converted into a stable mass by
aerobic decomposition. Aerobic microorganisms oxidize organic compounds to

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carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen and carbon from organic compounds
used as a source of energy, while nitrogen is recycled.
recycled. Due to temperature rea
reac‐
tions, temperature of mass rises.
The final product so produced will be black in colour, fine powdery in nature,
has an earthy aroma and is completely free from pathogenic organisms and
weed seeds. This product is the one, which has undergone sanitization and st
sta‐
bilization. This ensures pH and C/N ratio at the required levels.
Important factors responsible for a scientific decomposition over a specific p
pe‐
riod of time are as follows:
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio
The decomposition of organic
organic matter is effected by the presence of carbon and
nitrogen. Decomposition of organic matter is brought about by living orga organ‐
isms, which utilize the carbon as a source of energy and the nitrogen for buil build‐
ing cell structures. More carbon than nitrogen
nitrogen is needed but if carbon is too
high, decomposition decreases. In the soil, another factor enter into the series
of nitrogen cycles, occurring when carbon is in great excess, it is the presence of
nitrogen in the soil in a form available to bacteria. In case too great a ratio, it
will result in living microbial cell’s making use of the available soil nitrogen in
the proper proportion. This condition is known as “Robbing’ the soil of nitrogen
and has the effect of delaying the availability of nitrogen as a fertilizer for gro
grow‐
ing plants. A C/N ratio of 20 has been widely accepted as the upper limit at
which there is no danger of robbing the soil of nitrogen.
The optimum C/N ratio for composting therefore cannot be optimum one for
the soil, since, the living
living organisms utilize about 30 parts of carbon for each part
of nitrogen an initial C/N (Available quantities) ratio of 30:01 would seem most
favorable for rapid composting.
Moisture Content
Aerobic decomposition can proceed at any available moisture content from
30% to 100%, if aeration can be provided.
In practical aerobic composting, high moisture content must be avoided b be‐
cause water displaces air from interstices between the particles and thereby
give rise to anaerobic conditions. On the hand too low moi
moisture content de‐
prives the organisms of the water needed for their metabolism.
The maximum moisture content for satisfactory aerobic composting will vary
with the material used. Investigation indicates that the moisture content of the
municipal refuse fall
fall in the range of 40 to 60% which is most satisfactory range
for aerobic composting. Additives of various types are used with materials such
as night soil, sewage sludge, garbage slop, which contain excessive amounts of

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moisture. When the moisture content is too low (below 40%) it may be correc
correct‐
ed by adding water to it.
Temperature
Proper temperature is a very important factor, particularly in the aerobic co
com‐
posting process. High temperature is essential for the destruction of pathoge
pathogen‐
ic organisms and undesirable
undesirable weed seed. The optimum temperature range is
between 50°C to 70° C, around 40° C usually being the most satisfactory. The
temperature increase in the mass leads to sanitization where harmful pathpatho‐
gens, weed seeds are killed. This is also an important
important one in the composting
process.
Aeration
Aeration is necessary for thermo‐phillic
thermo phillic aerobic composting in order to obtain
the rapid decomposition, fast decomposition that is characteristic of the pr pro‐
cess and also is useful in reducing high initial moisture
moisture content in composting
materials. Several different aeration techniques have been utilized with varying
degrees of success. Turning the material is the most common method of aer aera‐
tion when composting is done in stacks. Hand turning of the compost in pil piles or
pits is most commonly used for small villages and farms. Mechanical turning is
most economical in large municipal installations. The most important consi consid‐
eration in turning compost apart from aeration is to ensure that the material on
the outside of the pile is turned into the centre, when it will be subjected to high
temperature. In hand turning with forks, this can be readily accomplished
accomplished‐e.g.,
piles or windrows on top of the ground are simply reconstructed with the m ma‐
terials from the outer layers layers placed on the inside of the new piles.
In case of composting in pits, or trenches, the material can be moved from one
pit to another for aeration or if a little space is left at the end of the pit at the in
ini‐
tial filling, the material can be turned within
within the pit. The loss of volume of the
material during the stabilization period will facilitate turning within the pit.
Mechanical equipment for turning windrows in large composting operation has
been developed extensively as a result of the increased interestinterest in composting
as a method of refuse disposal.
The important criterion for the high degree of aeration is for the avoidance of
anaerobic conditions, maintenance of high temperature and the control of flies.
pH Value
Decomposition will be faster at a neutral
neutral pH range because most microorga
microorgan‐
isms grow faster under these conditions. Under aerobic conditions, there will
be a drop in pH‐value
value initially which later begins to rise resulting in a slightly
alkaline in the final stage.
Alkaline characteristics in the decomposing stage conditioned with high te
tem‐

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perature leads to loss of nitrogen through volatilization of ammonia. This o

oc‐
curs mostly when composting materials have a low C/N ratio. Organic matter
with pH‐value
value of 5.5 to 8 is suitable for decomposition.
decompositio
Use of Inoculum
Special inoculum containing several pure strains of developed, laboratory
laboratory‐
cultured micro‐organisms,
organisms, which are essential in the decomposition of organic
matter, can be used for accelerated decomposition and quality improvement.
Microorganism
ism like:
 Bacillus sp.
 Trichoderma sp.
 Aspergillus sp.
 Phanerochaete sp.
Use of inoculum like consortium of degrading micro organisms / cow dung sso‐
lution has been recommended mainly to reduce period of decomposition to
around 40 to 45 days and also to prevent
prevent foul smell and leachate generation.
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF ALL THE COMPOST
PLANT FACILITIES
The Composting Plant apart from Tipping floor & presorting shall be consisting
of the following facilities and components:
1. Windrow Platform
Platf
2. Monoosn shed
3. Preparatory Section
4. Curing Shed
5. Refinement Section
6. Godown
Parameter General Requirements
Windrow Platform Open to Sky
Concrete platform with proper slope shall be provided
to prevent leaching into the ground and to provide
hard surface to facilitate machine movement.
Retention period is 28 days
1.2 to 1.5m high external brick wall shall be provided
to avoid wastes being blown away by the wind and
prevent spillage outside.
The drain will be provided out side the wall. There will

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be an openingng provided in the bottom of the wall to

drain the leachate into the drain. The opening is of
30cm x 20cm size covered by wire mesh structure so
that only liquid can pass through.
Function of the windrow platform is to treat organic
waste from the presorting ng unit to the windrow pla
plat‐
form and the waste will be piled up in a trapezoidal
shape with a height of 2.5. There will be seven rows for
each days waste and these rows of waste will be shifted
for every week into the new position. Innoculum will
be spread onto the fresh waste to speed up the degr
degra‐
dation of the organic matter. The detention period is 42
days.
Monsson Shed Roofing is required to protect from rain.
Height clearance of 5.5m is required for dumping,
spreading, mechanical aeration, and proper ventilation
Concrete platform with proper slope shall be provided
to prevent leaching into the ground and to provide
hard surface to facilitate machine movement.
Retention period is 7 days
1.2 to 1.5m high external brick wall shall be provided
to avoid wastestes being blown away by the wind and
prevent spillage outside.
The drain will be provided out side the wall. There will
be an opening provided in the bottom of the wall to
drain the leachate into the drain. The opening is of
30cm x 20cm size covered by wiree mesh structure so
that only liquid can pass through.
Function of the Monsoon shed is protect the deco decom‐
posed waste from rain before going to primary scree
screen‐
ing. The semi decomposed waste can be stored in the
monsoon shed for 15 days. The waste will be pi piled up
in a trapezoidal shape with a height of 2.5.
Preparatory Sec‐
c‐ Roofing is required to protect from rain & Sun
tion Concrete platform with proper slope shall be provided
to prevent leaching into the ground.
The Facility will be equipped with with hop
hopper, feeding
conveyor, trommels of 35/16 mm, reject conveyors
and transfer conveyors. The under sized digested m ma‐
terial will be conveyed by transfer conveyor to curing
area and rejects shall be conveyed by tipper to the

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landfill.
Curing Shed Roofing is required
quired to protect from rain & Sun.
Concrete platform with proper slope shall be provided
to prevent leaching into the ground and to provide
hard surface to facilitate machine movement.
Digested material will be stacked in the curing area for
15 days for further
rther digestion and maturation of the ddi‐
gested material
Refinement Sec‐
c‐ Roofing is required to protect from rain & Sun
tion Concrete platform with proper slope shall be provided
for workability.
Vibro screen (4mm) rejects material above 4mm and
density separator
rator segregates metals (ferrous and non
ferrous), pebbles, sand and asll undigested but same
sized contaminants by weight.
Godown Roofing is required to protect from rain & Sun
Concrete platform with proper slope shall be provided
for workability.
Storage capacity is for 7 days.

Design of Compost Plant

The following are the design concepts adopted to arrive at the sizes of various
components of compost plant.
Windrow Platform:-
Platform:
Description Quantity

MSW Incoming waste in to the plant in TPD 475 TPD

Duration 28 days
Quantity of waste after 28 days assuming 30% reduction 420 TPD
Total average quantity of waste for 28 days 11305 MT
Density of MSW in ton/cum 0.5
Volume of Waste in cum 22610 cum
Stacking Height of waste on windrow plat form in meters 2.5 mtrs
Area required to stack the each day waste on windrow plat
0.60
form in sqm/day (with base (30m x20m) and top (20m
sqm/cum
x10m))
Area required for windrow platforms in sqm 13566 Sqm
Add extra for working space movement 30%
Total Area required 17636 Sqm

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Description Quantity

175 m x
Dimensions of Windrow platform
100m

Table 8.4: Windrow Pltform

Monsoon Shed:-
Description Quantity

MSW Incoming waste in to the plant in TPD 333 TPD

Duration 7 days
Quantity of waste after 7 days assuming 5% reduction 316 TPD
Total average quantity of waste for 7 days 2269 MT
Density of MSW in ton/cum 0.5
Volume of Waste in cum 4539 cum
Stacking Height of waste on windrow plat form in meters 2.5 mtrs
Area required for windrow platforms
pla in sqm 1815 Sqm
Add extra for working space movement 30%
Total Area required 2360 Sqm
25m x
Dimensions of Monsoon shed
100m

Table 8.5: Monsoon Shed

Primary Screening Shed:-

Shed: Size of the shed ‐ 40m x 15m
Curing Shed:-
Description Quantity

MSW Incoming waste in to the plant in TPD 160 TPD

Duration 15 days
Quantity of waste after 15 days assuming 5% reduction 152 TPD
Total average quantity of waste for 28 days 2340 MT
Density of MSW in ton/cum 0.7
Volume of Waste in cum 3343 cum
Stacking Height of waste on windrow plat form in meters 2.5 mtrs
Area required to stack the each day waste on windrow plat
0.79
form in sqm/day (with base (10m x20m) and top (10m
sqm/cum
x0.3m))
Area required for windrow
windr platforms in sqm 2636 Sqm
Add extra for working space movement 35%

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Description Quantity

Total Area required 3558 Sqm

35m x
Dimensions of Windrow platform
100m

Table 8.6: Curing Shed

Refinement Section:-
Section: Size of the shed ‐ 30m x 15m
Storage go down:- Size of the shed proposed for storing 100TPD for 7 days is
‐ 35m x 25m
List of Processing Machineries & Equipments (Mechanical)
The organic waste received is routed to composting plant and decomposing the
waste for a period
iod of 30 days and screening after 15 days to separate minute
particles of glass, plastic, metals has been provided. The reject area and the
course manure area are set apart. The rejects from the 1st and 2nd screen are
directed towards land fill & RDF site and the reject of 3rd and 4th screen are sse‐
cured for use as pit fill manure and the cover material /absorbent.
Air classifier is used at outlet of primary screens rejects to separate lighter &
heaver fractions. Heavier fractions are send to landfill and lighter fractions to
RDF unit for bailing.
Equipments are used to turn waste at regular intervals and used to shift the
waste for feeding to the machinery. Rejects are pushed and the finished mater
materi‐
al is also moved to bagging area. The front end pay loaders
loaders are essential for
above activities.

S.No Equipment Nos Capaci-

ty Purpose
Windrow manag
manage-
ment
1 Backhoe excavator 4 For windrow formation
with FE bucket
2 Track type Excavator 2 For windrow formation and turning
3 Slurry Pump 2 Spraying the leachate and
innoculum slurry on the windrows

PRIMARY SECTION Proposed 2 lines with 8 hrs wor

work-
(Coarse Segreg
Segrega- ing

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tion)
1 Front End Loader 2 to collect and feed fermented waste
to the feeder belt
2 Chain Belt Feeder 2 20 TPH to collect and feed fermented waste
Conveyor to the main feeder belt
3 Chain Belt Feeder 2 20 TPH to carry the fed fermented waste iin‐
Conveyor‐ Z type to the next screen
4 Trommel Screen 2
Screen‐ 20 TPH to screen out oversized (>35mm)
35mm fermented waste
5 Chain Belt Process
ocess 2 to carry <35mm screened material
Conveyor‐ 35 to the next screen
6 Chain Belt L type Re‐
R 2 to carry >35mm screened material
ject Conveyor‐35
7 Trommel Screen 2
Screen‐ 20 TPH to screen out oversized ( >16
16mm <30mm) rejects
8 Chain Belt process 2 20 TPH to carry <16 mm fermented material
conveyor‐16 to distribution system
9 Chain Belt Reject 2 20 TPH to carry >16mm screened rejects
Conveyor‐16 ADS
10 Drag Chain type con‐
co 2 to distribute semi screened material
veyor in the curing sheds
11 Hydraulic Power 2 to generate hydraulic power for all
Pack the above equipments

SECONDARY SE
SEC- Proposed 2 lines with 8 hrs wor
work-
TION ( Refinement) ing
1 Drag Chain conveyor 2 10 TPH to distribute the screened (<16mm)
material to next screens
2 Bucket Elevator 2 10 TPH to lift the digested and screened m
ma‐
terial vertically to feed into next
equipment
3 Trommel‐ 2 10 TPH to screen <16mm material thro
4mm/vibro sieve 4mm screen
4 Chain belt conveyor‐
conveyor 2 To carry <4mm screened material

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Z type
5 Chain Belt conveyor‐
conveyor 2 to carry screened oversized (
L type <16>4mm) material
6 Grinder 2 to grind digested Organic material
coming out of the Reject conveyor
7 Chain belt conveyor‐
conveyor 2 to transfer the ground Organic m
ma‐
Z type terial
8 Gravity separator 2 to remove heavy impurities mainly
with Aspirator sand and glass pieces
9 Chain Belt conveyor 2 to carry the screened compost to the
godown
10 Chain belt conveyor 2 to carry oversized impurities co
com‐
ing out from Gravity separator
11 Hydraulic Power 2 to generate Hydraulic Power
Pack
12 Front end loader 2 to feed semi finished material
REJECTS SHIFTING
1 JCB ( Loader with 2 to load rejects into the tippers
Backhoe)
2 Hydraulic Tippers 4 to transport rejects to the landfill
site

Table 8.7: Equipments

quipments required for compost plant

Figure 8-11:: 35/16mm primary screen & refinement screens for compost

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8.6 MARKET PRICE

CE OF COMPOST
The price of compost is varying from Rs l,500 to Rs.2500 per ton in different
parts of the country. The price of compost depends on the quality/grade of
compost, production process and place where compost sold.
MARKET PRICE OF COMPOST AT VARIOUS
VARI PLACES
Place Manufacturer Plant(s) At Price
(Rs./Ton)
Nasik (Maha‐
Nasik Municipal Nasik 1,750 (Loose)
rashtra)
Corporation 2,050 (Packed)
Delhi Krishi Rasayan Puri & Delhi; 2500
Delhi Excell Industries Ahmedabad, Calicut etc.; 2500
Ahmedabad, Calicut,
Ahmedabad Exceil Industries 2500
etc.;,
Kerala Various Various 2500
Andhra Pra‐
Various Various 1500 ‐ 2500
desh

Table 8.8: Market for compost

8.7 Performance standards for compost

Processing of Municipal
unicipal Solid Waste would be undertaken to ensure that the
compost produced after such Processing is reckoned as being Fit for Sale
The sampling procedure for compost testing is as set out below. The compost
proposed to be sold shall be placed in at least
least ten heaps of almost equivalent
size. One random sample from each of these heaps shall be taken. Such random
samples shall then be thoroughly mixed and a single random sample taken and
tested. In case the composition of this single random sample satisfies the crite‐
ria set out in the table given below shall be certified as being “Fit for Sale”.
Apart from the regular procedure we ensure the samples thus collected are also
analyzed in the authorized test houses periodically.
S. No Description Standards
i Moisture,
isture, percent by weight 15.0‐‐25.0
ii Colour Dark Brown to Black
iii Odour Absence of foul odour
iv Particle Size Max. 90% material
should pass through
4.0 mm IS Sieve
v Bilk Density (g/Cu.cm) 0.7 – 0.9
vi Total Organic Carbon, percent by weight, 16.0

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S. No Description Standards
Minimum
nimum
vii Total Nitrogen (as N) percent by weight 0.5
minimum
viii Total Phosphates (as P2O5) percent by 0.5
weight minimum
ix Total Potash (K2O) percent by weight min‐
mi 1.0
imum
x C.N. Ratio 20:1 or less
xi PH 6.5 – 7.5
xii Conductivity (as dsm‐1)
dsm not more than 4.0
xiii Pathogens Nil
xiv Heavy metal content (as mg/Kg) percent
by weight, maximum
Arsenic (as As2O3) 10.00
Cadmium (as Cd) 5.00
Chromium (as Cr) 50.00
Copper (as Cu) 300.00
Mercury (as Hg) 0.15
Nickel (as Ni) 50.00
Lead (as Pb) 100.00
Zinc (as Zn) 1000.00

Table 8.9: Composting Standards

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9 WASTE TO ENERGY
9.1 Project Background
The proposed RDF to Power Project is approximate 8 MW Power Plant based
on incineration of RDF, produced
produced from MSW Processing Facility. The RDF can
be fired in a specially designed boiler to produce steam which when passed
through a steam turbine connected to an electrical generator will produce ele
elec‐
tricity through a conventional steam cycle.
An area of about
bout 10 acres is available for setting up of the power plant in exis
exist‐
ing Kapuluppadada dump yard site. Adequate area will be earmarked for the
expansion while preparing the layout for the proposed power plant envisaged
under this project.
The Project Site is located at Kapuluppada, in Visakhapatnam the site is easily
accessible by road, railway lines and by port. Major National highway is at NH
NH‐5
(at Madhurawada) which is about 2 kms from the Project Site and the nearest
railway station is Visakhapatnam. The
The Power generated can be transmitted to
the nearest Substation at Endada, which is about 19 km. from the Project Site.
Municipal Solid Waste
RDF Production from MSW:
MSW
The parameters of RDF properties are directly dependent upon the properties
of MSW which by the basic nature is not a single type of fuel, but is rather a mi
mix‐
ture of various components. On a generalized basis the various components of
MSW are as follows and its utilization is as follows.

S. Component Percentage Used to Prepare

No.

1 Organic Material
M 50 to 52 % RDF/Composting
3 Recyclables 23 % Plastics, rubbers
etc.
4 Inert Material 25 % Eco Bricks

Table 9.1: MSW Component

Note: All the above data is based on waste characterization

Process of MSW to RDF Conversion: As it seen it the Dry Organic matter which
is converted into RDF. The generalized process is as follows.
 The solid municipal waste is unloaded in the premises of the plant, is
stacked as heaps. A specific chemical is sprayed on the h
heaps to accelerate
the bacteriological decomposition, to reduce the volume and to control

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odor nuisance.
 These chemicals also decompose plastics and polyethyne. The decodecom‐
posed heap is sorted manually for removal of glass, stones and then aal‐
lowed on to the sieves for separation of sand, dust and other inorganic
substances. These screened materials are allowed on to the magnetic se
sep‐
arators for segregation of iron pieces.
 MSW then is homogenized and taken to the rotary screen for separating
different size articles.
articles. Large size fractions are passed through magnetic
separators before taking into primary shredder for further size reduction.
 MSW in India contains high moisture percentage and requires to be dried
up by hot air generated in a hot air generator. It is then screened to sep
sepa‐
rate sand/ grit material. The heavy non‐combustibles
non combustibles like stones or glass
are separated by Air Density Separator.
 The light combustibles like paper/ textile/ biomass separated in the pr
pro‐
cess are called RDF fluff. RDF fluffs are further processed in secondary
shredder and densification unit to produce RDF cakes which have appro
approx‐
imate size of about “6 x 6 x 12” inches.

Figure 9-1: RDF Cake

 It is RDF which can be used for incineration to generate

generate steam and subs
subse‐
quently. RDF can be used as an alternate fuel to conventional fuels such as
coal. The heat content of RDF depends on the densification of the waste
and its combustion characteristics. Hence, RDF yield and calorific value
are inversely
y proportional to each other; higher calorific value requires
higher densification which shall subsequently reduce the yield.
9.2 RDF based Power Plant
It is this RDF, solid and liquid (if any) produced from the MSW which shall be
used as fuel to generate power.
power. The potential of Power Generation from MSW is
as follows:

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Period MSW Generated (TPD) Power Generation

(MW)

2002 97174 1638

2007 148066 2550
2012 214865 3688
2017 303627 5192

Table 9.2: Power Generation

ion Potential from MSW

Also it is important to note that the similar RDF plants also exist in India which
is as follows.
 Hyderabad‐6
6 MW
Project was implemented in two phases (i) production of fuel pellets from
MSW; and, (ii) generation of 6.6 MW of power from
from pellets.
The pelletisation plant has the capacity to produce 210 tpd of RDF in the
form of fluff / pellets by processing 700 tpd of garbage.
 Vijayawada ‐ 6 MW
M/s Shriram Energy Systems Ltd., Hyderabad have set‐up
set up a 6 MW power
generation project at Vijayawada
Vijayawada based on combustion of processed MSW.
About 150 tonnes per day (tpd) of Refuse Derived Fuel is being produced
by processing 600 TDP of MSW of Guntur and Vijayawada cities based on
the technology developed by the Technology Information Forecasting and
Assessment Council (TIFAC), Department of Science & Technology.
 Lucknow (5 MW)
The project aims to process about 300 tonnes per day of Municipal Solid
Waste of Lucknow city to obtain about 115 tonnes per day of dry volatile
solids. To produce about 50,000
50,000 cubic meter biogas and about 75 tonnes
of organic fertilizer per day.
The produced biogas is to be used in five biogas engines to generate 5MW
of grid quality power.
Commissioning of this project has been terminated by the project deve
devel‐
opers due to some
ome operational problems.
problems
 Delhi (21 MW)
Jindal ITF Centre, 28, Shivaji Marg, New Delhi‐110015,
110015, Timarpur
Okhla Waste Management Plant generates 21 MW energy using approxi‐
mate 1600 to 1700 TPD of municipal solid waste.

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JITF Urban Infrastructure Ltd (Formally Jindal Urban Infrastructure) won

the bid to develop the project on a Built Own Operate and Transfer
(BOOT) basis, in a Public private partnership with the Delhi Government
as legal Entity: Timarpur Okhla Waste Management Co Pvt Ltd.
The Okhla Waste to Energy
Energy (WtE) project is India’s first large scale Waste
Waste‐
to‐Energy
Energy facility that aims to disposes and process 1/3rd of the Delhi
garbage and converts into the much‐needed
much needed Clean Renewable Energy,
enough to serving 6 lakh homes.
Regulatory Framework in Power Sector
Se
As per Electricity Act 2003 (Act), any generating company can set up a thermal
power station without obtaining any license. SWACHHA ANDHRA CORPOR CORPORA‐
TION intends to sell the power to the state distribution license; certain prov
provi‐
sions of regulations of Andhra
Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission
(APERC) would be applicable here. Further, the Act also has laid down provprovi‐
sions which direct the Regulatory Commission to make it binding for the Distr
Distri‐
bution utilities to buy a specific portion of their energy
energy requirement from rre‐
newable sources of energy. Further, the National Tariff Policy also stresses on
the aspect of purchase of electricity through non‐conventional
non conventional energy sources
and also states that the proportion of purchase from renewable sources must
be increased gradually.
APERC was constituted under the provisions of the erstwhile Electricity Regul
Regula‐
tory Commission Act, 1998 and is vested with the authority to regulate the
working of the electrical utilities in the State and is charged with various ffunc‐
tions, inter‐alia,
alia, including the determination of retail Tariff Rates for the end
users of electrical energy. APERC has been issuing a number of order and reg regu‐
lations in compliance to the functions vested in it by the provisions of the laws.
APERC has alsolso taken out a policy for promoting Renewable energy whose sal sali‐
ent points are as follows.
Any person generating electricity from renewable sources, irrespective of iin‐
stalled capacity shall have mandatory open access to any Licensee's transmi
transmis‐
sion system and/or
nd/or distribution system or grid as the case may be.
On an application from such person, the transmission licensee or distribution
licensee or STU shall provide appropriate interconnection facilities, as feasible,
within the time period specified under thethe standards of performance regul
regula‐
tions applicable to respective Licensees.
Such interconnection shall follow the grid connectivity Standards as may be
specified by the Authority.
APERC has notified the Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission
(power
wer procurement from renewable sources) Regulations, 2004 in which it

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has mentioned that tariff for purchase of electricity by the distribution lice
licen‐
sees. Also as per the provisions of the said Regulations, APERC shall determine
the tariff separately for different
different technologies and it was also permit an allo
allow‐
ance considering various factors including the technology used and social co con‐
tribution of the project.
The RDF based power generation plant to be developed by Swachha Andhra
Corporation at Visakhapatnam for the proposed power plant in Visakhapatnam
does not fall in any of the above categories for which tariff has been determined
by APERC.
9.3 Fuel Analysis
RDF Fuel Properties
The RDF characteristics produced is actually dependant on the MSW produced
by the
he various cities. Unlike fossil fuel like coal or gas, RDF properties vary from
season to season and city to city since it is directly linked to the MSW prope
proper‐
ties. As already stated earlier in this report, it is the Dry Organic matter of MSW
that is primarily
arily processed into RDF and it is this portion which varies.
The RDF Properties of the Pluff which will be used for the plant on a genera
general‐
ized version would be as follows.

Sr. No. Description Unit Value

1 Moisture Content % 10.00

2 Ash % 20.00
4 Volatile
tile Matter % 63.00
5 Fixed Carbon % 7.00
6 Calorific Value kcal/kg ~2250

Table 9.3: Tentative RDF properties

The important to understand that the RDF properties defined above is a genegener‐
alized average version
sion of the RDF properties obtained from the MSW pr pro‐
cessing plants in Gujarat, and for each season this RDF property would change.
HBE in its MSW processing plants would aim to process the MSW to produce
the RDF of the properties outline above. However since
since there is no control on
the type of MSW which is generated by the various cities, the actual RDF could
have variations from the properties outlined above. Also as indicated by HBE,
broadly the GCV of the RDF will vary between 2000‐3000
2000 3000 kcal/kg over the yyear.

9.4 Site

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The tentative land requirement for the main plant and the balance of
plant is given below.

S. No Location Area in Acres

1. Fuel Storage Yard 1

2. Main Plant 3

3. Fuel Handling System 1

4. Water pond 1 & 2 2

5. RO plant +Clarifier + Common Monitoring+ ba‐ 1
sin+ Ash Silo
6. Cooling water + Circulating Water 2
7. Total 10

Table 9.4: Land requirement

9.5 Plant Technical Features

Selection of Steam Cycle
The two major considerations for the selection of the steam cycle parameters is:
 Higher Plant gross efficiency
 Consideration of metallurgy of boiler tubing, piping and turbine comp
compo‐
nents based on operating temperature and pressure.
The selected Steam cycle is Rankine cycle with superheat (and no reheat) steam
generation
ation and single extraction (for Deaerator heating) cum condensing in a
steam turbine for power generation.
Higher the pressure and temperature, higher will be the efficiency, the increase
in temperature having a more pronounced effect. The selection of the pressure
and temperature depends on various factors like availability and cost of tu tur‐
bines in this range, boiler feed water quality (at higher pressure and temper
tempera‐
ture the boiler feed water quality requirement becomes more stringent), cost of
boiler, etc.
tc. The practically attainable limits of temperature are limited by the
metallurgy of the boiler tubing, piping and turbine components.
Plant Systems
Power plant process description : The power plant is based on Rankine cycle
with one regenerative heating
heating in which fuel is fired in a boiler, which generates
steam. The steam generated in the boiler is expanded in a steam turbine gene
gener‐

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ator to generate electricity. The steam turbine will exhaust steam to a water
cooled condenser where it is condensed and fed to the Deaerator by condensate
extraction pumps. In the Deaerator the oxygen present in the “feed water to the
boiler” is removed by direct heating by steam. The steam for deaerating and
heating the feed water is supplied from the steam turbine extraction. The heat‐
ed feed water is pumped into the boiler‐using
boiler using boiler feed pumps.
Water requirement and availability: The water is required as a make up to the
cooling tower based cooling water system as well as steam cycle in addition to
the general services requirement
requ of the plant.
Description of RDF fired Boiler
The Boiler will be capable of firing RDF. The RDF will be uniform / non
non‐uniform
in size, properties may vary from season to season and calorific value may vary
over a narrow range. Various aspects suchsuch as corrosion, erosion, clinker fo
for‐
mation, etc will be taken into account while designing boiler for firing RDF.
The critical aspect of the boiler is indicated below:
 Pressure parts will be so designed that corrosion and erosion are avoided
by avoiding high flue gas velocities and sharp changes in direction of flow.
Suitable firing system would be designed to burn RDF and to take care of
clinker formation.
 The RDF from the storage to an underground hopper (3 m x 0.5 m) and
then to a Belt feeder which in turn feed the boiler receiving chute through
a belt conveyor. This chute supplies the RDF to a lower chute through a
hydraulic ram. The fuel from the lower chute is conveyed through a drag
chain feeder, which in‐turn
in turn distributes the fuel to an air swept sp
spout and
high‐pressure
pressure air will be used to distribute the RDF uniformly. The rate at
which fuel is deposited into the air swept spout is based on the fuel d de‐
mand.
 The furnace will be water wall type with a protective coating, or refract
refracto‐
ry lining for furnace
furnace walls. In order to reduce the corrosion the boiler will
be either refractory lined internally with Silicon Carbide refractory or w wa‐
ter wall coated with eutectic coating. Number of passes in the boiler may
be decided keeping in view of the erosion properties
properties of the ash in flue gas.
 The Boiler will have a Gas re‐circulation
re system to re‐circulate
circulate the flue gas
thus enabling the reduction in un‐burnt
un burnt carbon, reduction in the excess air
required. Thus provision of a gas re‐circulation
re circulation system will increase ththe
Boiler efficiency.
 Super heater will be located either in the convective zone or provided in
the radiant zone with baffle protection arrangement to avoid erosion of

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tubes.
 Boiler drum will be designed to take into account maintenance and rre‐
placement of Boiler
B bank tubes.
 All other pressure parts like evaporator, economizer, etc will be designed
similar to conventional boilers
 Soot removal can be either by steam soot blowing or by continuous ra rap‐
ping and hammering of Superheaters, economizers, evaporators eetc.
Steam soot blowing is cheaper from investment point of view but the coils
near the soot blower will have to be replaced frequently due to erosion by
high‐pressure
pressure steam. In view of the extensive dust deposits expected on
tubes, the boiler will have an adequate cleaning system in place to remove
combustion dust settled on boiler surface impairing heat transfer, which
ultimately affects the steam generation. Steam operated soot blowers or
mechanical cleaning devices in adequate numbers may be provided so
that effective removal of dust is ensured.
 The boiler is designed to fire 100% RDF, either solid or liquid. Other fe
fea‐
tures of the boiler will be similar to any other conventional boilers.
 The minimum temperature of exit flue gas temperature may be limited to
150 ºC considering sulphur content in the fuel.
 It is important to keep SPM in flue gas as limited to 50 mg/Nm3 which is
much below the CPCB requirement. Number of fields in ESP will have one
spare field, so that even in case of one field down condition SPM levels are
maintained at 50 mg/Nm3.
 Suitable sealing arrangement will be provided in the fuel feeding system
and the stoker/traveling grate for preventing cold air ingress into the fu
fur‐
nace.
 Required Chimney height will be provided according to the CP
CPCB re‐
quirements.
Turbo Generator System
The steam turbine will be horizontal, single uncontrolled extraction condensing
type. The turbine is designed for main steam parameters according to the net
plant output across the Generator Terminals
All casings and stator blade carriers design will be such as to permit examin
examina‐
tion of the blading without disturbing shaft alignment or causing damage to the
blades.
The casing towards the lower pressure region will have a bottom exhaust aar‐
rangement configuration and the
the exhaust casing will be suitable for connection

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to the condenser without air leakage and hence suitable for maintaining the
condenser vacuum.
The turbine will be provided with liberally rated hydrodynamic radial and
thrust bearings.
All bearings will be accessible without having to remove cylinder covers.
The glands will preferably be of labyrinth type and sealed with steam.
A pressurized lubrication and control oil system will be provided for the turbo
generator unit to supply oil at the required pressure
pressure to the steam turbine, gea
gear‐
box, generator and governing system.
The turbine governing system will be designed for high accuracy, speed and
sensitivity of response.
The governing system will have the following important functions:
 Speed control
 Over speed control
 Load control
 Inlet steam pressure control
The governor will be configured to incorporate the controls while operating in
parallel with the grid.
Other Mechanical System
Condenser :The condenser shall be of surface type condenser designed as p per
the requirements of Heat Exchange Institute Standards for Steam Surface Co
Con‐
densers The cooling water for the condenser will be supplied from the cooling
tower basin through cooling water pumps and the water will be treated.
Ejector System: One steam operated
operated hogging ejector of single stage will be pr
pro‐
vided for the initial pulling of the vacuum in the system.
Condensate Extraction Pumps: Condensate Extraction Pumps of suitable type
can be provided. The pump shall be selected for a normal continuous flow rate
equivalent to the maximum steam flow to the condenser under all operating
conditions.
Boiler Feed water Pumps: The pumps will take suction from the feed water
storage tank and will supply feed water to boiler through the feed control st
sta‐
tions.
Deaerator
erator and feed water storage tank: For de‐aerating
de aerating and heating of the feed
water, suitable type deaerating heater will be provided.
Plant water system and Water Balance: The water requirement for the project

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can be fulfill by using Bore water, river water

wate or sea water.
The water will be stored in a storage tank/reservoir. The raw water from re
res‐
ervoir will be treated in water treatment plant.
The treated water will be used for Boiler and other plant requirement.
Waste effluents collected from the plant will
will be retreated and reused.
The cooling water system shall cater to the cooling water requirements of Co
Con‐
denser, Generator Air cooler, TG Lube Oil cooler, Compressor etc.
Compressed Air System: A suitable air compressor system will be required for
meeting the instrument and service air requirements of power plant.
Cranes & Hoists: TG Building will be provided with an EOT Crane with pendant
operation, for erection & maintenance requirements of turbo generator.
Ventilation system: TG Building ventilation system
system would be dry type ventil
ventila‐
tion with louvers and roof‐mounted
roof exhausters.
Air Conditioning System: Air conditioning system will be required for main co
con‐
trol room.
HP/LP Piping: The piping for the plant will consist of HP piping and LP piping.
Fuel handling
dling system
The RDF plant will be made available at the Boiler RDF storage shed. A grab
crane for loading RDF into the ground hopper will handle the RDF stored in the
storage building. Alternatively The RDF will be dosed into a long ground hopper
using dozers.
zers. The RDF from the long ground hopper will feed a belt conveyor. It
would be ensured by manual operation that the dozed RDF falls onto a belt
conveyor, which will feed the Boiler RDF receiving bin. The RDF from the RDF
receiving bin will be pushed in by
by a hydraulic ram to a drag chain feeder, which
will control the feed of RDF to the boiler. The drag chain feeder will feed the
RDF to an air swept spout. From the air swept spout, the RDF will be distribu
distribut‐
ed pneumatically to the boiler traveling grate. The
The RDF handling system will be
provided with all necessary fire protection system and dust suppression sy sys‐
tem. The belt conveyor will be hooded type.
The RDF handling system will be designed with adequate margin over and
above the RDF consumption rate of the
t boiler.
Ash handling system
Ash generated during the operation in the power plant will be suitably collected
and disposed.
Workshop and laboratory facilities
The workshop will be equipped with sufficient machineries to carryout routine

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plant maintenance
nce requirement like machining, cutting, welding etc. The labo
labor‐
atory will be equipped with instruments and apparatus to carryout analysis wwa‐
ter and effluent.
Fire fighting facilities
Fire protection system will be provided as per LPA norms. The water for tthe
Fire water system (FWS) will be fulfilled by treated water from water treatment
plant.
The fire protection for the power plant will be as follows:
 Hydrants covering TG building, boiler areas, fuel‐handling
fuel handling plant, pump
houses, miscellaneous building etc.
etc. The system will be complete with pi
pip‐
ing, valves, instrumentation and nozzles.
 Portable and mobile fire extinguishers will be provided in strategic loc
loca‐
tions throughout the plant, especially in the control room and near tran
trans‐
formers.
 Fire alarm and detection
detection system will be provided for control room, ele
elec‐
trical room and cable galleries.
Electrical Equipment and Systems
General Description: The system consists will consist of one number STG for
required 6 to 8 MW power plant, the generation voltage being 6.6 kV.
Design description: The design concept of the electrical system as a whole is
based on the requirements for the safe and reliable performance of steam tu
tur‐
bine generator set and the interconnected electrical system with provision for
easy maintenancee and overhauling.
Grounding:
 Generator neutral will be earthed through Neutral grounding resistor
(NGR).
 Generator Transformer HV neutral will be solidly earthed.
Generators:
The generator coupled with steam turbine will have the following salient tec
tech‐
nical features.

Description Value
Type Synchronous generator
Rated capacity 10 MVA to suit the Turbine rating
Generator Air cooled

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Secondary cooling Water

Rated speed 3000 rpm

Table 9.5: Tentative Generator Parameters

Generator will conform to IEC‐34.

IEC 34. The generator will be capable of withstan
withstand‐
ing short circuit level as per IEC.
Tentatively The generator winding will be star connected and
Surge diverters and protective capacitors will be provided near STG to protect
the insulation of the generators from the onslaught of surges, both from stee
steep‐
ness of wave front and magnitude of surge level.
The generator will be provided with either brush less excitation system consis
consist‐
ing of exciter with rotating diode assembly along with Permanent Magnet Ge Gen‐
erator (PMG) or static excitation achieving high degree of operational reliability
and minimum maintenance.
The excitation system will have fast response time to meet the system requir
require‐
ment.
AVR response time will bebe short so that it can control generator during system
disturbances requiring rapid changes in excitation to maintain the system d dy‐
namic stability margins.
Excitation system will be provided with power system stabilizer for achieving
dynamic stability under
under varying operating conditions. The excitation system
will have in‐built
built protective as well as limiting devices so as to safeguard the
generator and excitation system against all possible faults, troubles and malmal‐
operation, if any.
The static thyristor excitation
excitation system will be equipped with features such as
cross current compensation, volt / frequency ratio controller, slip stabilization,
rotor angle limiter, stator and rotor current limiter, follow
follow‐up circuits, field
suppression gear.
The generator will be
be provided with seal oil system, stator water cooling sy
sys‐
tem and C02 system for purging of hydrogen.
Generator Transformers
The generator transformer will be designed to deliver the total output of the
generating unit into the system and will have the following
following salient technical fe
fea‐
tures. It shall be suitable for Bi directional power flow.

Description Value
Type Oil filled, outdoor type

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Voltage Ratio 6.6/33 kV

Frequency 50 Hz
Vector Group YNd11
Percentage Impedance 10% Apprx.
Capacity 10/12 MVA
Cooling ONAN
Taps Type OCTC
Taps Range +/‐2.5 %
HV side Grounding Solidly

Table 9.6: Tentative Generator Transformer Parameters

Auxiliary Transformers
Two numbers of 6.6 kV / 415 V LT transformers are considered.
considered.

Description Value
Type Oil filled, outdoor type
Voltage Ratio 6.6/0.433 kV
Frequency 50 Hz
Vector Group Dyn11
Percentage Impedance 6.25% apprx
Capacity 1.25 MVA apprx ( to suite site cond
condi‐
tions)
Cooling ONAN
Taps Type OCTC
Taps Range
Rang +/‐5
5 % in steps of 2.5 %

Table 9.7: Auxiliary transformer parameter

Busducts
LT Busduct: The secondaries of the LT transformers will be connected to the
individual 415 V power control centres through 415 V busducts. The busducts
will be non‐phase
phase segregated type with hard drawn high conductivity electr
electro‐
lytic grade aluminum alloy of electrical grade 63401‐WP
63401 WP as per IS 5082. The
continuous current rating of the busducts is selected considering the full load
secondary
econdary current of the transformers.

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Busduct Supports & Enclosures: The supports and buses are to be designed to
withstand the electro‐mechanical
electro mechanical and thermal stresses set up during short ci
cir‐
cuit condition without damage or deterioration of the material. TThe maximum
temperature of the bus and the enclosure will be limited to 90 Deg. and 70 Deg.
respectively.
MCC and PCC
Motor control centers (MCC) and Power Control Centre (PCC) will be of sheet
steel cubicle and fully draw‐out
draw out type Construction with dust & &vermin proof and
free standing type. The PCC and MCC will consist of vertical sections, each sesec‐
tion having separate compartment for individual motors/drives/MCC feeders.
Each compartment will have a control unit for a circuit which will comprise
switch fuse,
se, contactors, relays, push.‐buttons
push. buttons and indicating lamps in the case of
MCCs and air circuit breakers, relays, push‐buttons
push buttons and indicating lamps in the
case of PCCs.
The buses will be of electrolytic aluminum or copper supported on FRP susup‐
ports and will be designed to withstand, without damage, for a fault of min
mini‐
mum 50 KA RMS at 415V for one (1) second duration.
Switches will be TP / TPN, air break type capable of safe breaking of the full
load current on connected feeders. MCCB will also be used in lieu of switch and
fuse.
A few DC motors in the system of emergency services would be provided with
starters with DC magnetic contactor, wherever required.
Equipment for Hazardous Areas:
Electrical equipment such as motors, push button stations, lighting fixfixtures,
junction boxes etc. located in hazardous areas will be provided with increased
safety or flameproof type enclosures as per relevant standards and area class
classi‐
fication requirements.
Protective System
For protection of equipment against abnormal system conditions, adequate
protective devices will be installed in the respective switchgears and/or control
and relay panels. A group of such protective devices may be necessary to pr pro‐
tect the equipment under different abnormal conditions arising in the system
system.
Each equipment will be provided with an unit as well as backup protection.
Besides this, protection against lightning surges will be provided with lightning
arresters at suitable locations for outdoor equipment over and above the
shielding wires and lightning
lightning masts. In any case, proper discrimination and sse‐
lectivity will be provided so as to isolate only the faulty elements, keeping the
healthy part of the system in service. The protective relays will be of numerical

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type.
The major electrical equipment will be provided with the protections as listed
below:
 Generator Protection
 Over & Under voltage
 Under & Over frequency
 Field failure
 Reverse power
 Low forward power
 Voltage restrained over current
 Generator differential
 Stator standby earth fault detection
detecti
 Local breaker back up / struck up
 Negative sequence
 Rotor earth fault protection
 Ground differential or sensitive directional stator earth fault relay with
necessary instrument transformers / CBCTs.
 Transformer and 33 kV Line Protection will be as follows:
follows:
 Transformer differential
 Restricted earth fault relay
 Distance relay of numeric type
 Directional over current and earth fault relays
 Non‐directional
directional over current and earth fault relays for primary & secon
second‐
ary
 Transformer HV side standby earth fault relay
re
 Over fluxing relay
 Under / Over frequency & dF / dt relay
Grounding and Lightning Protection:
The plant grounding system will be designed as per the requirements of IEEE
IEEE‐
80/IEEE 142 / IS‐3043.
3043. Earthing system will include earth pits, forming eart
earth‐
ing bus
us and connections to earth. Earthing grid and interconnections of all

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equipment requiring earthing to the grid will be arranged. The main earthing
grid will be formed with GI conductors of size not less than 50x6 mm. Sizes of
other equipment will be as per
per the IS and statutory regulations.
The earth mat of the station will be designed such that the total ground impe
imped‐
ance does not exceed 1.0 ohm. Each large structure and building complex will
have a ground loop around its perimeter. The ground loops around each struc‐
ture will be connected to the ground grid and interconnected with each other.
The fence within the ground grid will be bonded to the plant ground system.
The power plant ground grid will be tied together with the switchyard ground
grid. The grounding
nding system will be connected to all metallic equipment, electr
electri‐
cal as well as non‐electrical
electrical (except underground pipelines), located at the plant
site. All these will be connected at two distinct points. This will include all stru
struc‐
tures, buildings, towers,
tower etc.
The chimney and powerhouse building will be equipped with lightning proteprotec‐
tion. Lightning protection conductors located on the top of the structures will
be connected to the ground loop surrounding the structures with down comers
as per the provisions
ons contained in the latest issues of Indian Electricity Rules
and IS 2309.
Lightning protection system will be complete with Horizontal / Vertical
conductor/spikes, earthing electrodes and Installation accessories as per the
codes and practices for lightning protection IS 2309 and recommendations of IS
3043. Lightning protection will be envisaged for the tall structure, including
chimney, boiler, TG hall and Cooling tower.
Power and Control Cables
HT cables will be of aluminum conductor XLPE insulated,
insulated, screened, sheathed,
armored and over all extruded FRLS, PVC sheathed. The outer sheath of the
cable will be supplied by extrusion over the armoring and will be of fire retar
retard‐
ant low smoke (FRLS) type PVC compound confirming to the requirements of
typee ST2 compound of IS: 5831.
The LT cable will be of 1100 volt grade, single or multi core, stranded aluminum
conductor, extruded HR Type C PVC armored with galvanized steel wire or strip
for multicore cables and aluminium wire or strip armoured for single core ca‐
bles, outer sheathed with extruded HR Type C PVC type complying with IS:
1554 Part I &II.
1100 volt grade, multi core, stranded annealed high conductivity copper cocon‐
ductor (class 2 as per IS 8130) extruded PVC compound type A insulated, cores
identified
fied by numerals, cores laid up, inner sheathed with extruded PVC co
com‐
pound type ST1 armoured with galvanized steel wire / strip and outer sheathed
with extruded FRLS PVC compound type cable complying with IS: 5831.

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Illumination System
The plant lighting system
system will comprise the following categories.
 Normal 240 V single phase AC lighting system
 Normal‐cum‐Emergency
Emergency 240 V Single phase AC lighting system
 Emergency DC lighting system
 Normal 415 V AC Lighting System
Normal 240 V single phase AC lighting system: In this system, the lighting ci cir‐
cuits will be fed by the 1 phase, 2 wire normal AC supplies available from the
normal lighting distribution boards. The plant lighting (illumination level) is
varying at different locations of the Plant depending on the util
utility and nature of
work expected to be carried out at that area.
Normal cum Emergency 240 V AC lighting system: Certain lighting fixtures co con‐
sidered essential should be connected to this system. In this system the lighting
circuits will be fed from another lighting distribution board from normal /
emergency section of the 415 V main switchboard. The lighting fixtures co con‐
nected to this system will be available whenever normal supply is available in
the plant and also whenever emergency DG set supplies the pow power to this bus
section during blackout conditions. During blackout conditions, the lighting fi
fix‐
tures connected to this system will go off and will come back as soon as the DG
set starts feeding power to the 415 V normal emergency bus section.
Emergency DC Lighting System (Emergency self contained battery backup) :
These lights will be with portable self‐contained
self contained battery / automatic charger
units. These portable emergency light units will be switched on automatically in
the event of loss of normal AC supply.
supply
Normal 415 V AC systems: For these systems, the distribution will be by 415 V,
3 phase, 4 wire, 50 Hz supply with effectively earthed neutral. This supply will
be derived from 415 V, 3 phase, 3 wire, 50 Hz unit service switchgear by
providing
ing a 415 / 433 V delta / star lighting transformer of 25 KVA (Dry type).
The transformer will be Class B, EPOXY encapsulated. The secondaries of ligh
light‐
ing transformers will be connected to 415 V 3 phase, 4 wire, AC lighting distr
distri‐
bution boards (MLDB / LDBS). The MLDB / ELDBs ELDBs will be provided with nu
num‐
ber of outgoing circuits controlled by MCBs to feed the LDB’S covering all iin‐
door & outdoor Areas.
Lighting Supply Distribution System: LDB will have 3 phase, 4 wire incomer and
number of 1 phase outgoing circuits controlled by by MCBs. Lighting panels fee
feed‐
ing the lighting fixtures in indoor areas will be controlled from the respective
lighting panels located in various buildings in the plant.

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Station DC System
The DC power system provides DC power to protection and control requir require‐
ments and the essential loads that are required to function on a loss of AC po
pow‐
er. The DC system comprises of:
 110 V DC battery
 Battery chargers (float cum boost charger)
 DC distribution boards
Battery: The batteries will be sized for the required load and
and one hour duty ccy‐
cle duration, taking into account approximate temperature correction, design
margin and ageing compensation factors. The battery will be maintenance free
lead acid type conforming to latest version of IS and suitable for indoor oper
opera‐
tion. The plates will be designed for maximum durability during all service co
con‐
ditions including high rate of discharge and rapid fluctuation of load.
Battery Chargers: Two sets of battery charger (float cum boost) of suitable cca‐
pacity will be provided for quickk boost and trickle charging. The charger will be
natural air cooled, solid state type with full wave, fully controlled, bridge rect
recti‐
fiers. The charger will be provided with automatic voltage regulation, current
limit circuitry, smoothing filter circuit and
an soft‐start
start feature. Voltage control
will be stepless, smooth and continuous. The charger will be self self‐protecting
against all AC and DC transients and steady state abnormal currents and volta
voltag‐
es.
DC Distribution Boards: The main DC distribution boards and other DC switch‐
boards will be suitably designed to meet the requirement of the plant and these
boards will have short‐circuit
short circuit ratings consistent with the available short circuit
current.
Uninterruptible Power Supply System
The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system furnishes a reliable and inte
inter‐
ruption free source of required voltage, three/single phase power to equi
equip‐
ment/instrument vital for plant control and emergency shutdown.
2 X 100%, 230 V AC Single Phase, 50 Hz, UPS System, complete will be fu fur‐
nished
shed for the Power Plant sized to feed essential AC loads like DCS and other
C&I equipment. The DC supply for the UPS system will be sourced from station
DC system.
The UPS system will be provided with two (2) nos. 100% capacity inverter. An
alternative 2300 V A.C. single phase source through by pass transformer and ststa‐
bilizer is provided through a static transfer switch to feed the vital A.C. loads
during the failure of both the inverters. The changeover from inverter to by by‐

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pass transformer will not be more than 5 ms.

Emergency DG Set
1No. 315 kVA emergency DG sets will be provided to cater the loads during
emergency conditions. Emergency Diesel Generator would be feeding all eme
emer‐
gency loads of SG / STG.
The emergency generator will be provided with the following
following controls:
 A local control and relay panel will be provided for emergency generator
located in building.
 Remote control facility to operate Emergency Generator from the Main
Control Room will be provided.
 DG set will be installed indoor and housed in
in a separate building.
Cable Installation System
The system comprises of cable trays and concrete encased underground
trenches. The tray and conduit system provides support and mechanical prote protec‐
tion for cables. The cable trays will be of the steel pre‐fabricated
pre ricated type, connec
connect‐
ed together as an integrated unit. The vertical spacing between any two cable
trays will be 300 mm minimum. Separate cable trays will be used for HT power,
LT power, and control & instrumentation cables. All outdoor runs of cables will
be routed on overhead trays or buried directly in ground depending upon the
layout considerations to be worked out during detailed engineering.
33 kV Switchyard
33 kV Switchyard will be provided, as power will be evacuated at 66 kV level.
The generator is connected to the 33 kV switchyard through a generator tran
trans‐
former. The 66 kV switchyard will be provided with the following bays in si sin‐
gle bus configuration 1 No. Generator Transformer cum Line Feeder. The
switchyard will be of outdoor air insulated type.
type. The outdoor switchyard layout
shall be designed on the clearances as per CBIP manual. The equipment buses
will be with ACSR conductor. For the outgoing 66 kV line, the terminal point
shall be the Take‐off
off gantry in the switchyard
The switchyard will be of outdoor air insulated type. Provision for Future eex‐
pansion of one more bay is considered in the switchyard. The switchyard will
be provided with necessary current transformer, capacitor voltage transfor
transform‐
ers, surge arrestors, protective relays etc.
All electrical equipment and system shall be designed, constructed, tested and
installed in accordance with the latest edition of IS and/or IEC codes and stan
stand‐
ards and shall comply with Indian Electricity rules and their latest amenamend‐
ments, wherever applicable. In addition, recommendations made in CBIP (Ce (Cen‐

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tral Board of Irrigation & power) will be followed for good engineering practice.
The switchyard will be complete with Circuit Breaker, Disconnecting switches,
Voltage Transformers, Lightning arresters, Current
Current Transformers, ACSR, Ins
Insu‐
lators, Clamps, Connectors and other necessary hardware and Galvanized steel
structures.
Cable trenches will be provided in the switchyard to accommodate power and
control cables from marshalling kiosk in the yard to the respecti
respective panels in the
Switchyard Control Room. The cables entering the control room will be laid in
pipes with suitable sealing at wall openings to prevent entry of water into the
building through the cable Trench.
The control, monitoring and operation of the 3333 kV switchyard will be through
a dedicated operator interface station in the Central Control Room of the power
plant.
Current Transformers: The current transformers will be single phase, core type,
oil immersed, self cooled outdoor hermetically sealed type.
type. The current tran
trans‐
formers will be used for relaying and metering of 50 Hz, 3 phase system having
a nominal system voltage of 33 KV.
Voltage Transformers: The voltage transformers will be single phase two
limbed core type, oil immersed, self‐cooled
self outdoorr type suitable for use on the
stipulated electrical system. The voltage transformers will be used for metering
operated as a group of these, star connected pm 50 Hz, 3 phase system.
Lightning Arrestors :The lightning arrestor will be heavy duty, station cclam
type, discharge Class III, gapless Zinc Oxide type rated for 30 KV and suitable
for use in 33 KV solidly earthed neutral system, 10 kA current rating.
Busbars: Busbars and electrical connections in the outdoor area will be of al alu‐
minum. Busbars will be in continuous lengths between supports and provision
will be made for expansion and contractions with variation in conductor te tem‐
perature including sliding supports where necessary. Busbars and connections
will be so arranged and supported that under all circumstances,
circumstances, including short
circuit conditions, the clearances specified will be maintained. The tubular bu
bus‐
es will be of aluminium alloy for electrical purposes. The tubes will be hard
drawn extruded from pure electrolytic aluminium rods and will confor
conform to IS:
5082.
Stranded conductors ‐ The stranded conductors will be ACSR,
Insulators and Hardware: The porcelain used for string and post insulators will
be sound, free from defects, thoroughly vitrified and smoothly glazed. Insul
Insula‐
tors will have a good luster
l and of uniform brown colour.
Clamps, Connectors, Fittings and Accessories: The connectors and clamps will

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be made of aluminium alloy casting conforming to A6 of IS: 617. All bolts, nuts
and washers will be of mild steel and hot dip galvanized.
Control
ol and Instrumentation
For ease of operation the entire plant has been divided in the following sub
plants like:
 Steam Turbine Generator (STG) along with its auxiliaries, vacuum and
condensate system etc. (Operation, Control and Monitoring from DCS at
CCR).
 Steam Generator (SG) along with its auxiliaries air & flue gas system, fuel
feeding system etc. (Operation, Control and Monitoring from DCS at CCR).
 Auxiliary Electrical System (Operation, Control and Monitoring from DCS
at CCR).
 Compressed Air system (Control
(Control from Local with status monitoring at
DCS.
 Fire Alarm and detection system (At Fire House and Repeat Alarm at CCR.
 Cooling Water System (Operation, Control and Monitoring from DCS at
CCR.
 The I&C System will be configured to perform the following bas
basic func‐
tions.
Automatic sequencing of the start‐up
start up and shutdown of major equipment and
auxiliaries including group/plant level start‐up
start up to minimize operator’s inte
inter‐
vention under normal operating conditions would be present.
Regulation functions for various valves and dampers to achieve guaranteed pe
per‐
formance and to achieve the most fuel‐efficient
fuel operation.
Acquisition, display and archiving of plant data and generation of reports.DCS
based Control System [both binary sequential and modulating] synthesized
from one general family of identical, interchangeable and multifunction har
hard‐
ware has been envisaged for the plant.
The entire unit operation and monitoring i.e., start up, loading, normal oper
opera‐
tion; shutdown etc. will be possible through operator’s CRTs lo
located at Central
Control Room.
The Central Control Room (CCR) will house operator’s stations, printers, auxi
auxil‐
iary console for emergency stop/reset push buttons and critical parameter aan‐
nunciation, console for Electrical System and engineering station toget
together with
Generator control and protection panel, Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
Panels, Generator Metering and Synchronizing Panels, Switchyard Relay Panels,

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Switchyard Metering Panels, Electrical Control panels, Fire Detection and Pr

Pro‐
tection panel, plant
ant communication system panel, etc.
All electronic system cabinets for DCS, interposing relay cabinets, Uninterrupt
Uninterrupti‐
ble Power Supply (UPS) cabinets and power distribution boards, UPS Inverter
Panels, Battery Charger and electrical interface panel if any, etc. will be located
in the Control Equipment Room (CER) adjacent to the CCR.
Both Central Control Room (CCR) and Control Equipment Room (CER) will be
air‐conditioned
conditioned and false ceiling & false flooring for convenience of cable ma
mar‐
shalling.
In the event of loss of a major plant item, activities of binary and analog co
con‐
trols will be coordinated to ensure that the plant is automatically brought to a
safe holding condition consistent with maintaining maximum generation pe per‐
missible under reduced plant availability.
availability. Local monitoring and control facil
facili‐
ties will be provided for operations, which demand local attention.
Local monitoring will be provided in cases where such indications are required
for maintenance [like discharge pressure gauge for pump], commissionin
commissioning and
tuning of equipment and where recommended by equipment manufacturers for
local supervision in case of emergency.
All control valves will be provided with hand wheel and local monitor to pe
per‐
form local operation.
Instrumentation Special Requirements
This section provides the instrumentation requirements, measurement philo
philos‐
ophy and concepts applicable for the project.
An indicative DCS system Architecture will be provided.
For hardware configuration, the following guidelines will be followed:
 For protection
ction of Boiler, Turbine and Generator modular redundant
hardware will be considered.
 For balance protection, all control loops and sequential logic and related
measurement, redundant hardware will be considered.
 For Open Loop Controls all Trip contacts will
will be based on single sensor,
fail safe type. However dual redundant sensors with provision for on
on‐line
selection may be considered for few critical applications only.
 For balance measurements, non‐redundant
non redundant hardware will be considered.
Separate sensor for
for control & protection and separate sensor for monito
monitor‐
ing purposes will be considered.
 For critical controls 1 out of 2 redundant sensors/transmitters will be

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used.
 Other closed loop controls and interlocks logic for main plant and utility
packages (likee water treatment, air compressor, fuel handling and ash
handling system etc.) will be implemented with single sensors.
 Group wise as well as individual start‐up
start up through CRT will be provided for
plant start‐up.
up. Basic safety protection will be maintained fofor individual
drive start/stop. During group operation, all protections will be maimain‐
tained. Provision will be there to over‐ride
over non‐safety
safety related interlocks
from operator’s console.
 Plant Operation will be carried out through CRT based operation.
 All Signal
nal and Control Cables will be of FRLS type and heat
heat‐resistant in hot
zones. All cables from field to junction box will be through flexible conduit
upto tray/sub‐tray/rigid
tray/sub tray/rigid conduit. For Network Cables GI Conduit will be
provided. All junction boxes will be provided with 20% spare inlet & ou out‐
let ports. Clip‐‐on
on type Elmex or equivalent make terminal blocks will be
provided with 20% spare. All unused cable entry ports will be shielded
with rubber grommets. JB housing will conform to IP‐ IP‐65 and JB covers
will be provided with handles.
 Field termination of all inputs/outputs is necessary in marshalling cab
cabi‐
net. No cable will be directly terminated in cards/modules. System will be
able to accept both grounded/ungrounded type inputs.
 Contacts inputs will be dry/potential
dry/potential free type. Alarm contacts will be eei‐
ther close or open to alarm (configurable). Contact inputs will be provided
with contact bounce filtering to protect against input device bounce and
electrical noise on input lines. All inputs will be taken throu
through interposing
relays for isolation and contact multiplication.
 Contacts outputs will be provided for various drives such as solenoid
valves, MCC / Switchgear control circuits etc and the contact rating will be
5 amps at 230 V AC, 50 HZ inductive. Provision
Provision in output card will be such
that use of external snubber resistors will not be required. Each output
will be fed through an independent interposing relay having minimum 2
NO & 2 NC contacts (mounted in separate relay panel).
 All Instrumentation cable trays
trays will be closed and vertical type and will be
preferably located beside walkways. All sub‐trays
sub trays will be perforated Gl or
Al. All cable entry points to instruments, junction boxes and panels will be
provided with suitable dust and water tight double comp compression type
glands.
 For Testing of the DCS, Factory Simulation Test should be carried out

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apart from standard inspection and testing procedures.

 I&C equipment, installed in hazardous area, will be intrinsically safe in aac‐
cordance with relevant standard. All
All intrinsically safe equipment will be
certified by recognized national and international agencies.
 Safety earthing and I&C system earthing will be separate. Safety earthing
bus will be connected to main plant earthing pit. Separate earth pit/s will
be provided
ovided for system earthing bus (electronic earth). Electronic earth
will be cabled directly to the corresponding earth bar. Separate earthing
will be provided for intrinsically safe system.
Civil Works
Power block area: The Powerhouse and control room will be a RCC framed
structure or steel structure. The Powerhouse roof will be of steel truss with co
col‐
our coated steel sheeting. Necessary provision will be made for EOT cranes
with approach platform, ladders etc. The wall cladding will be of brickwork up
to roof.
oof. Necessary Rolling shutter/Door/window opening as per Factory Man Manu‐
al norms will be provided. All the floors will be covered with RCC slabs. Mezz
Mezza‐
nine and STG floor openings will be provided at maintenance bays and all round
platforms considered. The control
co room is fully Air‐conditioned
conditioned with false Cei
Ceil‐
ing and under deck insulation has been considered. Cable cellar room, switc
switch‐
gear, battery & battery charger floors also considered in the control building.
The adequate number of service rooms with toilet facilities etc. will be provided
for personnel. Suitable staircases, handrails and plinth protection will be pr
pro‐
vided. The foundations on which the building structures rest will be isolated
spread foundation as per the soil conditions.
TG foundations will be of RCC framed type as per the requirements and found founda‐
tion structures will be isolated from floor slab. The foundations on which the
boiler and supporting structure rests will be suitable for the soil conditions. Geo
technical investigation is yet to be carried out at the site, post the investigation
supporting structures would be designed accordingly
The bunker will be a structural steel framed structure of appropriate length and
width, having steel floors and roof at required levels as per design requir
require‐
ments. The traveling conveyor feeder will be located above the bunkers. A
staircase up to the roof level will be provided.
ESP structure will be of steel structure with all‐round
all round maintenance platform of
minimum 1.2m width at ESP bottom level. Foundation for the ESP will be su sup‐
ported on suitable foundations as per soil condition.
Chimney: RCC chimney will be provided with suitable foundation and sizes of
the chimney will be 1.80 M dia. & 70.0 M height. The specific design criteria for
chimney will conform to the following: ‐

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 Wind load in accordance to IS: 875 (Part 3): & IS: 4998 (Part I):
 In the analysis of wind loads, computations for along wind and across
wind loads will be made by both simplified method and random response
method as required by IS: 4998 (Part I).
 Seismic loading in accordance with IS: 1893‐2002‐
1893 Zone II: The seismic
analysis for the chimney will be carried out by response Spectrum Method
conforming to IS: 1893 for stack like structures.
 The permissible stresses in concrete and steel for the different load co
com‐
binations will be as per IS: 4998 (Part I).
 Shell; the chimney shell will be of reinforced concrete. The shell
will be of 70 meters height above grade level.
 Aviation Lighting: The aviation lighting will warn aircraft the
chimney obstruction
obstruction to air navigation during daylight, twilight, and
night hours. The aviation lighting will be flashing high inten
intensity
lights during daytime with reduced intensity for twilight and night
night‐
time operation. Intensity step changing will be controlled by a pho‐
toelectric light detector. The lighting will conform to the standards
of the Civil Aviation
Aviation Department of the Government of India, the
NAA / DARA, the ICAO, and IS: 4998.
 Lightning Arrestor: Lightning protection system complete with air
terminal rods,
rods, circumferential conductor, down conductors duly
earthed or connected to the general grounding system for the plant
will be provided in accordance to the provisions of IS: 2309.
 Platforms and Access: External Platforms: These will be provided
at various levels as per operation & maintenance requirements. GI
caged ladder will be provided on the outer face of the shell above
sampling port platform.
 Internal painting ‐ Two coats of acid / alkali & heat resisting paint
over one coat of primer.
 External painting
pain ‐ For full height two coats of polyurethane ena
enam‐
el paint over an epoxy sealing coating 3m wide alternate bands of
red and white.
RDF Storage: The RDF storage will be RCC construction and storages capacity
shall be as per system requirement. Suitable capacity
capacity of Grab crane will be co
con‐
sidered. The storages will be covered with tubular truss with suitable ventil
ventila‐
tion sheets.
Other Equipment Foundation: All equipment foundations (inside & outside

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buildings) & fan foundations are block foundation. Staircase and other pedes‐
tals are also to be taken independent of flooring / pavement.
Ash Silo: Ash silos will be steel hopper supported on RCC with RCC framed
structure.
Pipe racks: The steel pipe racks are designed as rigid frames in the transverse
direction and
d braced in the longitudinal direction. Pipe rack columns will be
supported on RCC foundations with bottom of base plates at 300 mm above
ground level as considered. The Tier deck will be suitably designed as per sy
sys‐
tem requirement.
Raw water reservoir: The The reservoir will have compartment accommodating
raw water. The reservoir will be earthen with necessary pitching. High
High‐density
polythene film of sufficient thickness will be used to prevent any seepage.
Raw water Pump house: The pump house will be of RCC framed structure
above the sump. The sump will rest on suitable soil strata below the ground
level. The wall cladding will be of brickwork and necessary Rolling shushut‐
ter/Door/window openings as per factory manual norms will be provided.
Treated Water system:
system: The Water Clarifier will be of circular shape with RCC
wall partially below GL and partially above GL. Clarified water reservoir tank
will be partially over ground closed at top. The pump will be mounted on peped‐
estals adjacent to the tank. The Pump house will accommodate pumps for fire
protection, DM plant etc. The size of the building will be decided based on the
size of pumps, their maintenance, handling requirement etc. The building will
be designed as a RCC framed structure with brick / solid / hollow block clad‐
ding.
DM water plant will be housed in open type. Wherein the vessels and exchan
exchang‐
ers are located outside with suitable foundation. DM Plant electrical/control
room will be of RCC framed structure and sidewalls will be with brick / solid /
hollow blocks. The DM water storage tank outside the DM plant will be su sup‐
ported on sand bitumen pad with ring wall.
ETP, the treated effluent from D.M. plant building and other treatment areas
will be discharged to a common sump. Similarly service water from BoiBoiler/STG
areas will be collected in a sump, treated and pumped to the guard pond. The
treated effluent will conform to the requirement of pollution control board. The
treated water can be used for gardening/ development of green belt.
Chemical house will be
be housed in RCC framed structure and protected by antianti‐
corrosion paint. Chlorination plant will be provided with RC roof slab & partial
side cladding to protect against rainwater. Sides will be kept open partially for
the flumes to escape out. A safety shower
sh also is considered.

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Chemical / Environmental laboratory floor finish, doors, windows etc. will be as

per standard. Testing platform finished with ceramic tiles, washbasin, piping,
wooden shelves, etc. will be provided as per requirement.
Guard pond willll be in RCC construction and open to sky with necessary piping,
pump room, etc., complete. For other details refer to mechanical section of this
document. Effluent water will be pumped and conveyed by CI / RCC pipes class
NP2. The pipe will be buried and minimum‐filling
filling cover over the pipe will be
1.2 m. Discharge point will be protected from erosion by providing suitable
concrete lining.
RDF Handling System: Transfer tower will be of structural steel framed strustruc‐
ture supported on RCC pedestals. At ground level it will be provided with RCC
paving inside the structures and 1m wide plinth protection all around. Belt co
con‐
veyor will be of structural steel with steel columns, steel gantries and AC sheet
roofing and will rest on RCC pedestals and RCC footings.
Switch
itch yard Structures: Necessary roads and drains will be provided in
switchyard area. Towers, masts, equipment supporting structures and trenches
will all be of RCC foundation. Trench wall will project 150 mm above the paved
/ graded level to prevent ingress
ingress of storm / rain water. All trench, floors will be
given a slope of minimum 1 in 750 and the slope will lead to a sump, where
pump can be installed for drainage. Cover for cable trenches will be as per
standards. Oil soak pits, Oil separation pits, Oil drains
drains to the oil separation pits
will be provided.
Transformer yard: Transformer foundations such as Generator Transformer,
Unit transformers / Auxiliary transformers, will be founded on isolated spread
footings and pedestals depending on the final soil investigation
investigation report. Indivi
Individ‐
ual transformer foundations will have its own pit which would cover the area of
the transformer and cooler banks, so as to collect any spillage of oil or oil drai
drain‐
age in case of emergency. The oil pit will be filled with granite
granite stones of 50 mm
size uniformly graded to a depth of minimum 150 mm. The individual oil pits
will be connected to an oil collection pit, which will be sized to accommodate oil
volume of the largest transformer connected to it, without backflow. The Oil pit
will be connected to an oil water separator, with a separate chamber for sep sepa‐
rated oil, with provision for pumping and reuse of oil. Dimensions of the di dis‐
charge pipe will consider rainfall intensity also. The water will be discharged
into the nearest drain by gravity flow or pumping. The area around the tran trans‐
former will be covered with gravel and galvanized chain link fence with MS aan‐
gle fence posts with painting will be erected. A curb wall of 300 mm height
above gravels will be provided. The portion
portion of the fence covering the rail track
will be made of removable type for movement of transformer during erection /
maintenance. For small transformers of width not exceeding 5 meters, a gate

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will be provided for access of transformer. In addition a small

small gate, 1.2 m wide
will be provided for man entry. The gates will have provision for locking. Th The‐
se gates will not be self‐locking.
self locking. Cable trenches will be of RCC construction and
with chequered plate covers, where panels are located. Chequered plate co cover
will also be provided over the balance width not occupied by panels. Pre Pre‐cast
cover to be provided over cable trenches, where there is no MCC / PCC or co con‐
trol panels installed. Sufficient slope will be provided in the base slab of cable
trenches to drain
in out seepage water / floor wash water.
D.G shed: The D.G shed will be of RCC framed structure with under slung crane.
The dimension of the building will be decided by taking into account the
maintenance requirement. The foundation of DG will be isolated from the floor.
Alternatively acoustic enclosure type DG can be also be used depending upon
the manufacturer.
Stores & Workshop: The dimensions of the building will be decided by taking
into account the maintenance requirement. Side cladding will be brick brickwork.
The foundation of equipment will be isolated RCC footing. Adequate ventilation
and lighting will be provided with steel glazed side hung windows. Main door
will be of adequate size to allow entry of lathe and other equipments. DimeDimen‐
sion of the building
ng will be decided at the time of detailed engineering.
Non Plant Building: The Administration building will be of RCC framed stru struc‐
ture and air‐conditioned.
conditioned. All internal partitions will be partially in half brick
masonry and partially glazed in Aluminum frames.
frames. Canteen building will be of
RCC framed structure with brick / block masonry curtain walls and air air‐
conditioned. Joinery and finishing of structures will be as per specifications. The
Gate complex will be provided with Iron Gate, painted as per specif
specifications. The
Cycle & Scooter/Car parking Area will be of precast RCC “Y” shaped frame with
AC sheet roof, and the sides are kept partially cladding and partially open.
Flooring will be paved with precast cement blocks. Security and Time office
with two Dormitories
rmitories will be of RCC framed structure and sidewall will be of
brick/solid/hollow block masonry. The Watch Towers at all corners of the plant
boundary will have RCC elevated platform with roof.
Roads & Drainage: All roads in the plant area will be well‐designed
well designed bitumen
roads. The main roads from the plant entry up to the main plant area are 7.5m
wide with 1.5 m wide berm to accommodate large truck movement. Secondary
roads will be 4.0m wide with 1.0 m berm. The crown of the road will be minmini‐
mum 200mm above ve FGL. The final finished road will have a camber of 1 in 60.
Camber on top of water bound macadam surface will be 1 in 40.
Paving : Boiler and transformer areas will be paved with RCC slab 100mm thick
in M15 grade concrete, and 230 mm thick rubble soling
soling will be provided below
the paving. Higher thickness as required will be provided in area of vehicles

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movement.
Drainage: Surface drainage will be designed based on the maximum rainfall iin‐
tensity prevalent in the area over the last 25 years. Building wilwill be provided
with plinth protection all around, sloped towards side drains. The side drains
will be connected to the main drains on either side of the roads.For pipe drains,
concrete pipe class NP2 confirming to IS: 458 will be used. However for road
crossing,
sing, class NP3 pipe will be used. If sufficient clearance cannot be provided
between the top of pipe and road top, the pipe will be encased in PCC/RCC. For
the process drain, catch pits will be provided at the source location and they
will be interconnected
interconnected by buried RCC / CI pipelines and connected to waste w wa‐
ter treatment plant.
Sanitary & Plumbing Fittings: All sanitary fittings and plumbing fixtures will be
of the best quality and make with water conserving features. All water supply
fittings in toilets,
s, kitchen etc viz., Bib cocks, pillar cocks, P
P‐traps, towel rail,
shower rose, gratings etc., will be of best quality chromium plated brass of aap‐
proved make. All water supply pipes for internal plumbing of buildings will be
of GI pipe of medium class conforming
conf to IS‐1239
1239 of approved make. Galvani
Galvaniz‐
ing of pipes will conform to IS‐4736.
IS
Sewage system & Compound Wall: For the plant area sanitary sewerage dispo dispos‐
al, separate septic tank will be provided at suitable locations near each building
areas. Effluent from
rom the septic tank will be connected to the common
wastewater treatment plant. The treated effluent will be utilized for watering
the trees within the plant. Sewage generated from the plant and canteen
wastewater will be treated in a full‐scale
full treatment system to satisfy the stan
stand‐
ards prescribed by the pollution control board.
Compound Wall: Boundary wall will be constructed around the proposed po pow‐
er plant areas. Boundary wall will be of brick masonry, with barbed wire fen
fenc‐
ing above.
The figure given below
below shows schematic diagram of waste to energy po
pow-
er plant:

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Figure 9-2: RDF Based WTE Plant

9.6 Project Cost and Financial Analysis

Project Estimation
The project cost has been estimated based on the following parameters
parameters
 Cost of land development has taken as Rs 1 Crore per acre.
 Plant equipment has been estimated based on the quotes received from
the reputed EPC contractor/ manufacturers;
 Plant & Machinery costs are inclusive of Spares cost;
 Tentative Transmission
Transmission Charges has been taken as Rs 20 Lakhs per MW as
per APERC guidelines;
 Certain estimates have been taken as per the prevailing market rates and
available in house data;
 Preliminary expenses have been considered for fees for Review Enginee
Engineer‐
ing, Project Management,
Management, Travel expenses and all statutory expenses.
 Taxes and duties have been considered in the price;
The summarized position of the project cost estimate is as follows.

Component Cost (Rs. Cr.)

Site Development 1
Civil Construction 4.5
Plant & Machinery
inery 24

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Transmission 1.5
Preliminary Expenses & Preoperative Expens‐
Expen 1
es
Total 32
Table 9.8: Tentative project cost

The total project is Rs 32 Cr which is Rs. 4 Cr per MW.

9.7 Project Implementation
Development
lopment Methodology
The project development can be divided into three (3) phases which is
 Pre Development
 Supply, Erection /Construction and Commissioning.
 Operation & Maintenance
Considering the above, it is proposed that Pre Development activities such lland
acquisition and necessary project clearances/ allocation shall
shall be taken care by
the Owner,, while the plant construction would be done through an EPC contra
contrac‐
tor. Post commissioning of the plant, Operation & Maintenance of the Plant
would either be done through in a house team or a separate O&M contractor
who will run the plant for Owner.
Owner
Plant Supply and Construction
The plant construction would be done through a reputed EPC contractor who
will take complete responsibility of Supply of Material, Erection of E&M items,
Civil and Structural construction and Commissioning of the plant including
offsite works such Raw Water pump house and its pumping station and TranTrans‐
mission line.
The EPC Contractor shall be responsible for all basic and conceptual enginee
engineer‐
ing,
g, detailed systems engineering, design and drawings of all mechanical and
electrical systems, detailed designs and drawings for all civil works, manufa
manufac‐
ture of equipment as applicable. The EPC contractor shall also be responsible
for design and engineering,
engineering, supply and erection of any bought out items or any
sub contractor appointed by the EPC contractor for specialized items. The cocon‐
tractor shall also be responsible for project planning, project management,
quality control and expediting to maintain the contract
contract schedule.
In order to ensure that the power plant is completed in time and performs at
the expected level throughout its operating life, adherence to a high standard of
quality will be ensured during all phases of project execution from the initial
design stage till commissioning and take over. All necessary features required

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for trouble free operation and convenience of maintenance will be taken into
account at the initial stages itself in EPC Contractor’s basic engineering, detailed
designs and drawings.
awings. During EPC contract engineering stage, EPC contractor’s
design and drawings will be checked by the Consultant in order to ensure co com‐
pliance with the specified quality requirements and good engineering practice.
EPC Contractor will also be required to submit an overall quality plan covering
specified quality requirements, manufacturer’s standard quality assurance pr pro‐
cedures and statutory requirements. Separate quality plans will be finalized
with the EPC Contractor for both shop manufacturing activities
activities and site activ
activi‐
ties.
The various categories of engineering personnel required during construction
are detailed below:

Discipline Nos. re‐ Experience

quired
Site In‐charge 1 15‐20
20 years of experience in power
plant of minimum capacity 5 MW.
Engineers / Su‐
u‐
pervisors
Mechanical En‐
n‐ 2 6‐8
8 years of experience in Boiler, Tu
Tur‐
gineer bine and Aux. & BOP in Power Project of
minimum capacity 20 MW.
Electrical Engi‐
i‐ 1 6 – 8 years of experience in Power Pr
Pro‐
neer ject of minimum capacity 20 MW
C&I Engineer 1 6 – 8 years
rs of experience in Power Pr
Pro‐
ject of minimum capacity 20 MW
Civil Engineer 1 6 – 8 years of experience in Power Pr
Pro‐
ject of minimum capacity 20 MW
QA / QC Engi‐
i‐ 1 6 – 8 years of experience in Power Pr
Pro‐
neer ject in QA / QC discipline and NDT Test
(minimum NDT Level‐‐1)
Planning / Pro‐
o‐ 1 6‐8
8 years experience in Power Project
gress Report Sites
Materials Man‐
n‐ 1 6‐8
8 years experience in Power Station
agement Sites

Table 9.9: Manpower Construction

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Project Schedule
The project schedule of 16 months is assumed for the EPC contract considering
prudent Project execution practice.
pra The schedule is given inTable 9.13.
Operation & Maintenance
Operation & Maintenance of the Power Plant is envisaged to be done by a sep
sepa‐
rate O&M contractor who will have the sufficient skilled and unskilled ma
man‐
power to carry out the same.
The O&M group will be inducted during the project execution stage, so that they
are aware of the plant design features, operation & maintenance
maintenance futures of the
plant systems and equipments. The Plant Manager heading O&M Contractor
will have the prime responsibility for the operation & maintenance of the po
pow‐
er station. He will be assisted by a team of operation & Maintenance Engineers
as indicated
dicated in O & M Group Organization chart. The plant manager will be su
sup‐
ported be supported by Personnel from Finance & Administration to carry out
day to day activities of Power Project.
The O&M manpower requirement is as follows:

Discipline Nos. re‐ Experience

quired
Power Station Su‐
S 1 15‐20
20 years of experience in power
perintendent project of minimum capacity 20 MW
Maintenance En‐E 5 7‐8
8 years of experience in power pr
pro‐
gineers (Mechani‐
(Mechan ject of minimum capacity 20 MW
cal / Electrical /
C&I)
Shift Engineer 4 7–88 years of experience in power pr
pro‐
ject of minimum capacity 20 MW
Control Room Op‐
O 4 5‐6
6 years of experience in power pr
pro‐
erators ject of minimum capacity 20 MW
Control Room Op‐
O
erators
Plant Operators 20 5‐6
6 years of experience in power pr
pro‐
ject of minimum capacity 20 MW
Technicians 10 5‐6
6 years of experience in power pr
pro‐
ject of minimum capacity 20 MW
Workmen‐Skilled
Skilled 20 Apprx

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Workmen‐ Un‐ 50 Apprx

skilled
Aux Staff 16 Administrative, Accounts and Misc
works

Table 9.10: Manpower O&M

9.8 Risk Perception
Risk Analysis
The Project of such unique nature possesses different kind of risk. The primary
risk lies in the movement of RDF to the plant and its consumption and its assasso‐
ciated cost. While there is proven technology
technology for burning of RDF for power ge gen‐
eration, the inherent risk of change in basic raw material, i.e MSW can happen
from season to season and city to city. The other primary risk is the approval of
the provisional tariff from the Regulator
Regul for the project,, any deviation from the
proposed tariff would require a reassessment
rea sessment of the project viability
Broadly the project would need to be risk perspective which is as follows

Description Risks Remarks

Regulatory Low No Regulatory barrier exists.
Market Low Regulatory
gulatory pressure of power off
take
Land Low No barrier
Water Low Nearby River source and avail
availa‐
ble
Environment Low No barriers exists
Fuel Transpor‐ Medium Transportation of RDF
tation
Equipment Medium RDF properties varies with se
sea‐
son
Transmission Low Nearness to evacuation centre
Fuel Low Captive fuel
Economics High Tariff approval from APERC
Table 9.11: Risk Analysis

Clearances
The various statutory and non statutory clearances required for the pr
project is
as follows

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Clearance Type Agency

Registration of Company S Registrar of Companies
Water Supply Arrang
Arrange‐ S District Collector, State Govt.
ment
Pollution Clearance S APPCB
Environment Clearance S APPCB
Chimney Height Clearance S National Airports
ts Authority
Land Acquisition NS Private Discussion
Right of Way NS Local Authorities
Tariff Approval NS APERC
Transmission NS APTRANSCO// Distribution Utility
Installation NS Electorate Inspector
Start of Operation NS Electorate Inspector

Table 9.12: Clearances

Conclusion
In any project development, inherent risks do remain. However in case of this
project, the primary risk in any power project which is fuel, is getting mitigated
considering the fuel would
would be sourced from its own company with which it
would sign a Fuel Supply Agreement. Also considering that in the future, there
cannot be any forseaable decline of production of Municipal Solid Waste, hence
availability of fuel is not a concern. Since all the elements of the project inclu
includ‐
ing land, water, technology, and fuel are available the project should be taken
up for development.

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TNTATIVE BAR CHART FOR 1 X 8 MW RDF BASED POWER PLANT

‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐EPC EXECUTION‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Clear‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
ances‐‐‐‐‐

S. Description of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 14 1 1 17 1 19 Remarks
N activity 1 2 3 5 6 8
o
Owner Preparation
EPC Contract Works
1 Award of Main
Plant Contract
2 Basic Engineer‐
ing BTG
3 Basic Engineer‐
ing BOP
4 Layout marking
5 Detailed Engi‐
neering BTG
6 Detailed Engi‐
neering BOP
7 Procurement

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BTG
Supply of Boiler
parts
Supply of Tur-
bine
8 Procurement
BOP

9 Supply of Struc‐
ture & Equip‐
ment
10 Mechanical
works

11 Drum Lifting First Milestone Drum

lifting
12 Electrical works

13 Instrumentation
works

14 Hydrotest of Second milestone Hy‐

boiler drotest of Boiler
15 Pre commission‐
ing

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16 Commissioning
17 Boiler Light Up
18 Turbine Barring
gear
19 Performance Third Milestone
tests Commercial operation
date
20 Commercial op‐ CO
eration date D

Table 9.13: Implementation schedule

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10 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL

10.1 Introduction
Disposal of Solid Waste
Land filling shall be restricted to non‐biodegradable,
non biodegradable, inert wastes and other
wastes those are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing.
Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities
as well as pre‐processing
processing rejects from waste processing facilities. Land filling of
mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same is found unsuitable for waste
processing. Under unavoidable
unavoidable circumstances or till installation of alternate ffa‐
cilities, land filling can be done following proper norms. Landfill sites shall meet
the specifications as given in schedule III of the CPHEEO manual.
The basic steps essential for the landfill designs are:
 Landfill sizing
 Site layout
 Landfill layout
 Leachate management
 Landfill gas management
10.2 Proposed landfill site description
The landfill site is proposed at Tangudipalli village which is 40kms from city
and 20 kms from kapuluppada dump site. Tangudupalli
Tangudupalli site is a fresh land with
approximate 200 acres area available to develop landfill facility.
10.3 MoEF guidelines for Landfill Design
Main aspects covering the landfill Design & Construction are:
 To minimize the possibility of contaminating surface
surface and ground water.
 To have control over gaseous emissions.
 To maximize resource productivity.
Leachate control by liner system within a landfill involves prevention of perc
perco‐
lation of leachate from waste in landfill to the subsoil by a suitable protectiv
protective
system (liner system). The liner system is a combination of drainage layer and
barrier layers. As per CPHEEO manual a competent liner system should have
low permeability, should be robust and durable and should be resistant to
chemical attack, puncture and
and rupture. A liner system comprises of combin
combina‐
tion of barrier materials such as natural clay, amended soils and flexible geo
membrane made of HDPE.
As suggested by MoEF a composite liner of two barriers made of different mat
mate‐

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rials, placed in immediate contact

contact with each other provides a beneficial co com‐
bined effect of both the barriers. The liner system suggested by MOEF is a geo
membrane layer over clay or amended soil barrier. A drainage layer and
leachate collection system is placed over the composite liner
liner system. The effe
effec‐
tiveness of barrier layer basically depends on the hydraulic conductivity of the
clay/amended soil liner and density of the geomembrane against puncture.
The clay/amended soil liner is effective only if it is compacted properly and geo
membrane
embrane liner is effective only if it has the density or mass per unit area
(minimum thickness is specified) is sufficient enough against punctures.
As per MSW Rules’2000
Layer No. Material Description Thickness

Layer 1 Barrier soil layer comprising of clay

clay or amen
amend‐ 100 cms
ed soil with permeability coefficient less that 1
x 10‐7 cm/sec
Layer 2 High density polyethylene (HDPE) geo me mem‐ 1.5 mm
brane
Layer 3 Drainage layer 30 cm
Total Thickness 130 cms
Table 10.1: Layer configuration is proposed for the bottom of the landfill

The cross-section
section of the bottom liner system is given below

Figure 10-1: RDF Based WTE Plant

Property Value
1 Thickness 1.5mm
2 Density 0.94 gm/cc
3 Roll Width X Length 6.5 X 171mm
4 Tensile Strength
a Tensile Strength at Yield 23 N/mm

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Property Value
b Tensile Strength at Break 43 N/mm
c Elongation at Yield 13%
d Elongation at Break 700%
e Secant Modulus (1%)
5 Toughness
a Tear Resistance (initiation) 187 N
b Puncture Resistance 530 N
6 Durability
a Carbon Black  2%
b Oxidation induction time in Mins > 100
c Accelerated Heat Ageing Negligible
Strength
Changes after 1
month at 1100C
7 Chemical Resistance
a Resistance to Chemical Waste Mix‐ 10% Strength
ture Change Over
120 days
b Resistance to Chemical Reagents 10% Strength
Change Over 7
days
8 Environmental Stress Crack Resistance 1500hrs
9 Dimensional Stability 2%
10 Seam Strength 80% or more (of
Tensile
Strength)
Figure
igure 10-2: Typical Property Values for Geo membrane

10.4 Design of Landfill and Landfill Sizing

The volume of waste to be dumped in the landfill is worked out based on qua quan‐
tities that will be send to landfill. The
The table below shows the quantity of inerts
going to landfill each year.
year
Percentage Total Inerts per
Year TPD of inerts annum in MT
1 951 0.20 69423
2 970 0.20 70811
3 989 0.20 72228
4 1009 0.20 73672
5 1029 0.20 75146

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6 1050 0.20 76649

7 1071 0.20 78182
8 1092 0.20 79745
9 1114 0.20 81340
10 1137 0.20 82967
11 1159 0.15 63470
12 1182 0.15 64739
13 1206 0.15 66034
14 1230 0.15 67355
15 1255 0.15 68702
16 1280 0.15 70076
17 1306 0.15 71477
18 1332 0.15 72907
19 1358 0.15 74365
20 1385 0.15 75852
21 1413 0.10 51579
22 1441 0.10 52611
23 1470 0.10 53663
24 1500 0.10 54737
25 1530 0.10 55831
26 1560 0.10 56948
27 1591 0.10 58087
28 1623 0.10 59249
29 1656 0.10 60434
30 1689 0.10 61642
2,019,919
The quantity of inert material
material proposed for the landfill design for 30 years per
peri‐
od is 18.90 lakh tones. From the table it can be observed that the percentage of
inerts have been proposed from 20% to 10% due to introduction of innovative
technologies like brick making from inerts,
inerts, use of fly ash in roads or used to fill
low lying areas or soil cover etc..,.
10.5 Landfill design parameters & Volume Calculations
Basic Data :
Capacity of LF : 2800000.00 cum
Size of LF : 550 x 387 M Approx.
Location : VSKP
Likely shape of Landfill : Rectangular in plan
Assuming density : 0.75 t/cum
Total Tonnage: 2100000 Tons

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Bund Details :
Ht. of Main Bund : 3.0 M
Ex. Below GL : 1.5 M Avg.
Top Width of Bund : 5.0 M
Berm Width : 4.0 M
No. of Berms : 1.0 Nos
SLF Slopes :
Main Bund Outer Slope : 2 : 1
Main Bund Inner Slope : 3 : 1
Slope of Dump Above Bund Top : 4 : 1
LF Final Slope : 20 : 1

SLF Dimensions :
Area Perimeter EL
Total Landfill Area 218508 sqm 1898 rmt @+ 100.00 m
:
LF Garland Drains : 1890 rmt @+ 100.00 m
Landfill Dimen‐ @ BBL = 169338 sqm 1678 rmt @+ 98.50 m
sions :
Landfill Dimen‐ @ GL = 176970 sqm 1714 rmt @+ 100.00 m
sions :
Landfill Dimen‐ @ BL = 192720 sqm 1786 rmt @+ 103.00 m
sions :
Landfill Dimen‐ @ ABL = 158600 sqm 1626 rmt @+ 108.00 m
sions :
4 m wide Berm ‐ @ ABL = 152160 sqm 1594 rmt @+ 108.00 m
LF Dimensions :
Landfill Dimen‐ @ ABL = 121880 sqm 1434 rmt @+ 113.00 m
sions :
4 m wide Berm ‐ @ ABL = 116208 sqm 1402 rmt @+ 113.00 m
LF Dimensions :
Landfill Dimen‐ @ ABL = 89768 sqm 1242 rmt @+ 118.00 m
sions :
4 m wide Berm ‐ @ ABL = 84864 sqm 1210 rmt @+ 118.00 m
LF Dimensions :
Landfill Dimen‐ @ ABL = 0 sqm 0 rmt @+ 123.00 m
sions :

SLF Volume Calcula-

Calcul
tions: Cumula
Cumulative
SLF Volume Phase. 1 238521 cum 238521 cum
SLF Volume Phase. 2 219773 cum 458293 cum
SLF Volume Phase. 3 364114 cum 822407 cum

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SLF Volume Phase. 4 446160 cum 1268567 cum

SLF Volume Phase. 5 330825 cum 1599392 cum
SLF Volume Phase.
Phas 6 446160 cum 2045552 Cum
SLF Volume Phase. 7 296991 cum 2342543 Cum
SLF Volume Phase. 8 400530 cum 2743073 Cum
Total Design Tonnage with
0.75 T/Cum 2057304 Ton

Phase 1 - SLF
Volume :
20026.50 + 28518

BBL: Vol ‐ I x 2.5 = 60681 Cum

2
28518.00 + 16458

ABL: Vol ‐ 2 x 5.0 = 112440 Cum

2
14430.00 + 6210

ABL: Vol ‐ 3 x 5.0 = 51600 Cum

2
4950.00 + 570

ABL: Vol ‐ 4 x 5.0 = 13800 Cum

2
0.00 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 x 5.0 = 0 Cum

2
Volume of waste : = 238521 Cum
Assuming Waste
Density : = 0.75 t/cum
ton-
Quantity of waste : = 178890 nes
Phase 2 - SLF
Volume :
40053.00 + 53107.5

BBL: Vol ‐ I x 2.5 = 116451 Cum

2
53107.50 + 34287.5

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ABL: Vol ‐ 2 x 5.0 = 218488 Cum

2
30907.50 + 15927.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 3 x 5.0 = 117088 Cum

2
2175.50 + 331.50

ABL: Vol ‐ 4 x 5.0 = 6268 Cum

2
0.00 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 x 5.0 = 0 Cum

2
Volume of waste : = 458293 Cum
Assuming Waste
Density : = 0.75 t/cum
ton-
Quantity of waste : = 343720 nes
Phase 3 - SLF
Volume :
62361.00 + 78979.5

BBL: Vol ‐ I x 2.5 = 176676 Cum

2
78979.50 + 54879.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 2 x 5.0 = 334648 Cum

2
50443.50 + 30183.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 3 x 5.0 = 201568 cum

2
26515.50 + 10095.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 4 x 5.0 = 91528 cum

2
7195.50 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 x 5.0 = 17989 cum

2
Volume of waste : = 822407 cum
Assuming Waste
Density : = 0.75 t/cum

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ton-
Quantity of waste : = 616805 nes
Phase 4 - SLF
Volume :
101287.
84669.00 + 5

BBL: Vol ‐ I x 2.5 = 232446 cum

2
101287.50 + 77187.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 2 x 5.0 = 446188 cum

2
72751.50 + 52491.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 3 x 5.0 = 313108 cum

2
48823.50 + 32403.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 4 x 5.0 = 203068 cum

2
29503.50 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 x 5.0 = 73759 cum

2
Volume of waste : = 1268567 cum
Assuming Waste
Density : = 0.75 t/cum
ton-
Quantity of waste : = 951425 nes
Phase 5 - SLF
Volume :
127159.
106977.00 + 5

BBL: Vol ‐ I x 2.5 = 292671 cum

2
127159.50 + 97779.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 2 x 5.0 = 562348 cum

2
92287.50 + 66747.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 3 x 5.0 = 397588 cum

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62023.50 + 40323.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 4 x 5.0 = 255868 cum

2
36367.50 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 x 5.0 = 90919 cum

2
Volume of waste : = 1599392 cum
Assuming Waste
Density : = 0.75 t/cum
119954 ton-
Quantity of waste : = 4 nes
Phase 6 - SLF
Volume :
149467.
129285 + 5

BBL: Vol ‐ I x 2.5 = 348441 cum

2
120087.
149467.50 + 5

ABL: Vol ‐ 2 x 5.0 = 673888 cum

2
114595.50 + 89055.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 3 x 5.0 = 509128 cum

2
84331.50 + 62631.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 4 x 5.0 = 367408 cum

2
58675.50 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 x 5.0 = 146689 cum

2
Volume of waste : = 2045552 cum
Assuming Waste
Density : = 0.75 t/cum
153416 ton-
Quantity of waste : = 4 nes

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Visakhapatnam

Phase 7- SLF
Volume :
172693.
149311.50 + 50

BBL: Vol ‐ I x 2.5 = 402506 cum

2
138573.
172693.50 + 50

ABL: Vol ‐ 2 x 5.0 = 778168 cum

2
101853.
132133.50 + 50

ABL: Vol ‐ 3 x 5.0 = 584968 cum

2
96181.50 + 69741.5

ABL: Vol ‐ 4 x 5.0 = 414808 cum

2
64837.50 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 x 5.0 = 162094 cum

2
Volume of waste : = 2342543 cum
Assuming Waste
Density : = 0.75 t/cum
175690 ton-
Quantity of waste : = 7 nes
Phase 8 - SLF
Volume :
169338.00 + 192720

BBL: Vol ‐ I x 2.5 = 452573 cum

2
192720.00 + 158600

ABL: Vol ‐ 2 x 5.0 = 878300 cum

2
152160.00 + 121880

ABL: Vol ‐ 3 x 5.0 = 685100 cum

2
116208.00 + 89768

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ABL: Vol ‐ 4 x 5.0 = 514940 cum

2
84864.00 + 0.00

ABL: Vol ‐ 5 x 5.0 = 212160 cum

2
Volume of waste : = 2743073 cum
Assuming Waste
Density : = 0.75 t/cum
205730 ton-
Quantity of waste : = 4 nes

Therefore Total area required for landfill is 54 Acres

10.6 Assessment of Leachate Quantity
Leachate refers to the liquid that has passed
passed through or emerged from solid
waste and contains dissolved and suspended materials removed from the solid
waste. The leachate generation is primarily a function of precipitation and it is
directly proportional to rainfall intensity and surface area. Le
Leachate is basically
generated by the following two means,
From active landfill area
After closure of landfill site
Leachate quantity can be estimated for Landfill and the leachate network is een‐
visaged in such a way that leachate from the processing facilit
facility and landfill will
be conveyed to the centralized treatment plant to be treated to meet disposal
standards.
Formula
I = P – PCR/O – AET +/-
+/ S
Where,
I‐ Rate of Infiltration
P‐ Precipitation
PCR/O‐ Coefficient of Runoff
AET ‐ Actual Evapo‐Transpiration
S‐ Soil Moisture Content Retention Capacity
Empirically,
For Capped portion of landfill: I= 0.01 P
For Uncapped Portion of landfill: I= 0.7 P
Landfill with temporary cover: I= 0.3 P

Using the above formulae leachate quantity is assessed.

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Leachate quantity estimation from landfill:

As per the records the average annual rainfall in Vishakhapatnam is 975mm.
Formula: I = P – PCR/O – AET +/‐ S
Where,
I ‐ Rate of Infiltration
P ‐ Precipitation
PCR/O‐ Coefficient of Runoff
AET ‐ Actual Evapo‐‐Transpiration
S – Soil Moisture Content Retention Capacity
Empirically,

For Capped portion of landfill: I= 0.01 P

For Uncapped Portion of land‐
lan
fill: I= 0.7 P
Landfill with temporary cover: I= 0.3 P
Average total precipitation per
year = 975 mm/year
= 0.975 m/day
= 9.4E‐08 m/sec
Total area of the landfill = 218508 Sqm
Area of the landfill
Operated landfill = 13110 Sqm
Closed landfill = 196657 Sqm
Temporary closed landfill = 8740 Sqm

Volume of the leachate for:

Operated landfill = 74.6 Cum/day
m/day
Closed landfill = 16.0 Cum/day
Temporary closed landfill = 21.3 Cum/day
111.8 Cum/day
Leachate generation per day = 110 Cum

Leachate Treatment is explained in detail below sections

10.7 Design of leachate collection system
The primary function of Leachate
Leachate Collection System is to collect and convey
leachate out of the landfill unit and to control the depth of the leachate above
the liner. The leachate collection system should be designed to meet the h hy‐

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draulic performance standard of maintaining less than 30cm depth of leachate

or head above liner, as suggested by USEPA Manual. Flow of leachate through
imperfections in the liner system increases with an increase in leachate head
above the liner. Maintaining a low leachate level above the liner helps to im‐
prove the performance of the composite liners.
The main components of leachate collection system are drainage layer and co
con‐
veyance system. Leachate conveyance system is a network of pipes by which
the leachate is collected through perforated HDPE pipes and collected in a
sump. The drainage shall be provided as per the standards recommended by
MSW Rules, 2000. The other design parameter which governs the leachate co col‐
lection is the spacing between the pipes.
pipes
10.8 Spacing of Pipes
As suggested by USEPA Manual, the
the pipe spacing may be determined by the
Mound Model.
In the Mound Model, the maximum height of fluid between two parallel drai
drain‐
age pipes is equal to

Where, C = Q/k
hmax = Maximum Hydraulic Depth (30 cm)
L = Distance between the Pipes
k = Permeability off Drainage Layer (0.01)
α = Slope (2%)
To calculate the inflow rate basically Darcie’s equation would be used;
Q = K*I*A
Q = inflow rate
K = Permeability of Drainage Layer (0.01) I = Gradient (2% or 0.02)
A = Area
Estimating inflow rate for unit area;
Q = (0.01)
0.01) X (0.02) X (1 X1) = 0.002
Again applying this to Mound Model;
C = 0.002 / 0.01 = 0.02

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Thus applying other inputs also the equation solves for L = 5.12 m (adopt 5 m)
10.9 Landfill gas Collection and Management System
As only process comprising mainly plastics
plastics are sent to landfill the waste going
to landfill can be categorised as inert and gas generation would be very minimal
or negligible. The quantity of gas generated from the landfill can be estimated
with the help of method suggested in CPHEEO Manual (Volume (Volume of Gas Gene
Gener‐
ated, V = C X W X [P/100] m /year; C = Coefficient of Generation (6
3

m3/ton/year); W = Weight of Waste; P = Percentage of Organic Component).

V = C X W X [P/100] m3/year
C = Coefficient of Generation = 6 m3/ton/year
W = Weight of Waste = 656886 Tons/Annum
P = Percentage of Organic Component = 05
Volume of Gas generated = 197065 m3/year

10.10 Design of landfill cover and sequence of its laying

A final landfill cover is usually composed of several layers, each with a specific
function. The surface cover system must enhance surface drainage, minimise iin‐
filtration, support vegetation and control the release of landfill gases. The lan
land‐
fill cover to be adopted will depend on the gas management system. The lan land‐
fill cover proposed is in line with the recommendations of by the MoEF and
CPHEEO and consists of the following components:
 Top cover layer of 450mm thick comprising of 300mm thick top soil and
150mm of good vegetation supporting soil
 Drainage layer with 300mm thick
 Clay Liner with 600 mm of thickness
 450mm thick gas collection.

Figure 10-3: Landfill Sequence

10.11 Landfill Gas Evacuation System

The gas management strategies should fallow one of the fallowing three plans.

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 Controlled passive venting

v
 Uncontrolled release
 Controlled collection and treatment
For all MSW landfills, controlled passive venting is recommended. Only for
small (less than 100 tons per day) shallow (less than 5m deep) and remotely llo‐
cated landfills, should uncontrolled release
release be allowed. Landfill gas monitoring
will be adopted at all sites and remedial measures (such as flaring) undertaken
if gas concentrations are above acceptable limits. Controlled collection and
treatment/use will be adopted only after the feasibility of such a system is ees‐
tablished and proven by an agency having experience in this area.

Figure 10-4: Landfill Pattern

10.12 Land filling Operations

The solid waste generated shall be sent to the landfill at any point of time. The
sampling procedure and testing will be standardized in consultation with the
Independent engineer and will be closely, regularly monitored.
Secured Landfill is provided to dispose off solid waste material. The most iim‐
portant design feature of a landfill apart from other constructional aspects is its
volume, which depends on the area available, and other environmental aspects
which limit the depth and height of the landfill. The design further deals with
the prevention of infiltration
infiltration of the leachate into the ground water by proper
lining and under drainage system to collect the leachate and pump the same for
the treatment and disposal.
Main aspects covering the landfill Design & Construction are:
 To eliminate the possibility of contaminating
contaminating surface and ground water.
 To have control over gaseous emissions.

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 To maximize resource productivity.

The development of the landfill site shall be undertaken as proposed in the
plan. This includes the following activities
 Daily waste inspection
 Daily waste segregation.
 Daily waste spreading/placement.
 Waste compaction and leveling.
 Daily covering of waste with soil.
 Traffic movement within the site.
 Collection and handling of Leachate.
 Treatment and disposal of leachate.
 Collection and handling of Landfill Gas (LFG).
 Maintenance of surface water drainage system.
 Excavation/import and transportation of covering (earth) material for daily
covering.
 Stock piling of covering materials.
 Soil compacting.
 Transportation of construction and demolition waste.
w
Provision for daily cover, final cover, intermediate cover
Daily and intermediate covers of soil will be placed over the wastes on a regular
basis to ensure that odour generation is minimized. Waste is covered at the end
of each working day with soil or alternatively a daily cover by means off geogeo‐
textiles, geo‐membrane,
membrane, etc. Most importantly, the leachate generation is also
reduced. It is a conventional practice to level and compact the waste as soon as
it is discharged at the working areas.
Due to the
he high cost, and difficulty of obtaining approval for Landfill sites, it is
desirable to explore all options to maximize the use of airspace to extent the life
of operating facilities. Better compaction is a valuable tool in achieving this oob‐
jective.
Compaction
paction offers many benefits including, enabling the maximum amount of
waste to be emplaced within the space available, reducing the impact from lilit‐
ter, flies, vermin, birds and fires and minimizing short‐term
short term settlement. The
waste should be compacted to a density of about 0.9 to 1.1 tonnes/m3 is the o
op‐
timum.

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Daily Cover / Intermediate cover / final cover

The soil of 4 to 6 inches should be applied on the waste coming in. Waste will be
covered at the end of each working day with a daily cover. If a stretch of waste
is not to be filled over in the immediate future (for example ‐ for one week), it
will be covered with a thicker interim cover. Prior to the commencement of
monsoon season, an Intermediate cover of 40‐65
40 65 cm thickness of soil should be
placed on the
he landfill with proper compaction and grading to prevent infiltr
infiltra‐
tion during monsoon. The landfill cover system will extend above the elevations
denoted in drawing.
The total height of the waste when completed filled to the planned height; the
Landfill will
ill be capped as per the MSW 2000 Rules. Passive Gas vents will be
suitably placed in this layer so that the small quantity of gas that is formed
would be released to flare. The possibility of having large quantity of landfill
gases is very less as the waste
waste going into the landfill would be of inert nature.
450mm thick soil layer would be placed for vegetation.
The drainage layer of gravel 300mm would help in draining of the excessive
water entering the topsoil layer. A separate drainage outlet provided ffor such
water by way of drainage chutes.
10.13 Vegetative Cover
The main aim of the vegetative cover is to see that topsoil cover is not eroded.
In order to do so, the MSW 2000 Rules, suggest a vegetative cover that should
be provided over the completed site in
in accordance with the following specific
specifica‐
tions:
 Selection of locally adopted non‐edible
non edible perennial shrubs which are rre‐
sistant to drought and extreme temperatures
 Shrubs grown should be such that their roots do not penetrate more than
30 mm. This condition shall apply till the landfill is stabilized.
Selected plants should have ability to thrive on low‐nutrient
low nutrient soil with minimum
nutrient addition.
Gas vents – The quantity of gas generated is quite low. One vent is provided.
10.14 Construction of Landfill
Laying off bottom liners & Sub layers
The base liner at the landfill will be a composite liner comprising of the section
below
 The base of the landfill shall be a minimum of 2 m above the highest
groundwater level.
 Clay liner of 1000mm thick of low permeability of 10‐7cm/s
cm/s is placed at the

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base of the landfill.

 HDPE liner of 1.5 mm thick will be laid as per the design considering the
height of the landfill.
 300m drainage layer for leachate collection system
 A geo‐textile
textile barrier shall be placed over the drainage me
media to ensure only
liquid percolates into the drainage layer and thus ensuring that the drai
drain‐
age media does not get clogged.
 The base of the landfill shall be effectively graded to attain a clear slope of
2% towards the Leachate collection sump.
 A network of perforated lateral HDPE pipes of requisite size as per design
and header pipe shall be placed in the landfill for effective collection of any
Leachate generated in the landfill as per the standards.
 The Leachate collection pipes shall be embedded in a drainage
drainage media of 300
mm for effective collection of Leachate and final discharge in to Leachate
sump.
 Daily and intermediate covers of soil shall be placed over the wastes on a
regular basis to ensure that odour generation is minimized. This also facil
facili‐
tates
es easy movement of waste dumping trucks into the landfill. It further
minimizes the bird menace if any by way of minimizing the exposure of
waste. These layers also minimize rain water infiltration into the Land Fill.
 The land filling is generally taken up in a phased manner (Cells) to facilitate
phased closing and for each year in this core.
 When each cell is completed an intermediate cover is laid out.
 When all the cells are full, capping of the landfill is taken up at the reco
recom‐
mended slope and with thethe recommended layers. This capping is provided
to ensure
 Prevention of Infiltration of rain water into the landfill during post
closure period.
 To eliminate the possibility of explosions due to accumulated gases in
the landfill by suitably providing for passive
passive gas venting systems
 To provide aesthetics.
 When the final levels are arrived a cover is provided comprising of
1. Gas collection layer of 450 mm thick
2. Barrier layer of clay 600mm thick
3. Drainage Layer with thickness of 300 mm.

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4. Over this shall be placed

placed a layer of 300 mm soil and 150 mm top soil
for vegetation growth to improve aesthetics in the area and also for
minimizing soil erosion.
Clay Liner
While the clay is being compacted, measures should be taken to avoid the fo for‐
mation of cracks and fissures. A thick layer helps to maintain the integrity of the
liner against desiccation cracks. It is advisable to compact the clay liner using a
sheep foot roller, in lifts not exceeding a maximum compacted thickness of 30
cm, and the above parameters (proctor density
density and moisture content) should
be monitored for each lift.
QA/QC – Clay Liner / HDPE Liner
The clay liner should be tested periodically prior to placement of Geo memem‐
brane‐HDPE
HDPE liner for adherence to prescribed standards. Testing methods used
to characterize
terize proposed liner soils should include grain size distribution,
Atterberg limits, and permeability. The quality control of the HDPE liners will
be ensured by the following:
Prior to acceptance of the liner from the manufacturer/supplier, it would be
verified
erified that it meets the required specifications tested by an independent lla‐
boratory for the lots of materials procures. The installed HDPE liner should
meet the following criteria against the test methods.
Criteria for HDPE liner and test methods
S.No Property
operty Value Test method
1 Thickness Density 1.5mm (60 ASTM D5199,
mil) 0.94 D5994.D1593
2 Roll Width 7 m wide

3 Tensile Strength (a) Tensile 24 kN/m ASTM D638

Strength at yield (b) Tensile 42kN/m 15%
Strength at Break (c) Elongation at 700%
Yield (d) Elongation at
a Break
4 Toughness: (a) Tear Resistance 200 N ASTM D1004
(initiation) (b) Puncture Re‐ R 480 N ‐94°F ASTM D5494
sistance (c) Low Temperature Brit‐
Bri ASTM D746
5 tleness
Durability: (a) Carbon Black (b) 2% A‐1 ASTM D1603
Carbon Black Dispersion
Dispersi (c) Accel‐ Negligible ASTMD3015
erated Heat Ageing Strength
Changes after
1 month at

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S.No Property
operty Value Test method
6 Environmental Stress Crack Re‐
R 1500hrs ASTM D1693
sistance
7 Dimensional Stability ±2% ASTM D1204
8 Seam Strength (Shear) 80% or more ASTM D4437
(of tensile
strength)
Monitoring wells
The main purpose of monitoring wells is for periodic monitoring of the quality
of ground water in and around the landfill facility. The monitoring wells shall
be two nos. in the upstream and two nos. in the downstream directions of
ground water flow. The cross‐section
cross section of a monitoring well is shown in Figure
10-5

Figure 10-5: Details of monitoring well

10.15 Supporting infrastructure

infrastructur
A layout has been developed showing all the below supporting infrastructure at
proposed Kapuluppada site. All the drawings of each infrastructure has been
developed and annexed separately for reference.
 Gate
 Guard Room
 Weighbridge and scale room

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 Admin building
uilding , lab & rest rooms (G+1)
 Electrical panel room & DG
 Workers Dining
 Vehicle workshop
 Storage shed
 Vehicle wheel wash
 Wash rooms
 Process plant area
 Presorting & RDF Unit
 Compost process unit
 Waste capping area
 New landfill area
 Power plant area
 Leachate
hate treatment plant
 Roads & drains
 Boundary wall
 Green belt

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11 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION (IEC)

11.1 Introduction
IEC & Public Awareness on waste management is an extremely important co com‐
ponent for any successful Solid Waste Management programme, in addition to
‘proper legislation, technical support and funding. This has also been a key
strategy under the Swach Bharath Mission of Govt of India. This targets the
“Behavioral Change communication” to ensure that waste management is
mainstreamed with thethe general public at large. It also covers issues of proper
management of municipal waste. The focus of the program is on the hous house‐
holds, commercial establishments, etc. Sensitization of community towards eef‐
ficient waste management and its related health and and environmental cons
conse‐
quences is the key because a clean community is a direct reflection of a clean
city / town.

Goals of IEC Program

a) To raise the awareness among the people about importance of cleanl
cleanli‐
ness, solid waste management
b) To Motivate people positive
p behavioral changes
c) To propose source segregation
d) To promote principle of 3 R’s

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3 R’s:
One of the goals behind IEC is to make principle of 3 R’s as a part of life at every
stage of waste management. The 3 – R’s (Reduce, Re‐use use and Recycle) have
produced
roduced demonstrative cost effective methods in handling of urban waste and
also in conservation of resources.
The solid waste management hierarchy has been globally recognized as per the
following illustrative diagram.
Enhancing Reuse & recycling and minimization
minimization of generation with source se
seg‐
regation are essential to the success of any Solid waste management program.
It hinges on voluntary participation from the members of community (waste
generators) and requires a robust awareness program on a continual basis.
MSW has got a direct relationship with pollution of air, water, soil and sanit
sanita‐
tion, hence it is extremely essential to impart a need based education and
awareness to various levels of society.
Strategy of IEC:
Following steps needs to be followed for development of effective Strategy for
IEC:
a) Need Assessment
b) Goal Setting
c) Framework of IEC
d) Development of IEC activities
e) Development of Dissemination Plan
f) Evaluation of Dissemination plan
11.2 Identification and Orientation of Resident’s Welfare Committees
Committees:
Management
anagement of solid waste and its effectiveness is primarily dependent on the
attitude, co‐operation
operation and participation of the local community. People in all
walks of their day‐to
to‐day
day activities generate waste, which however, can be co col‐
lected only once or maximum
maximum twice in a day. The other critical aspect of waste
management is the location of waste management facilities such as dumper
bins or the disposal site. There have been number of cases where in the co com‐
munity has objected to the location of these facilities
facilities in their neighbourhood.
Popularly known as ‘Not in My Back Yard (NIMBY) Syndrome’, it is the general
perception of the public that location of any of these solid waste facilities will
create the problem of health and hygiene. In light of the above facfacts, it becomes
imperative that a successful implementation of any solid waste management
system will need effective cooperation and co‐ordination
co ordination of the local commun
communi‐
ty in various aspects of waste collection, transportation and disposal.
The steps involved in implementing and ensuring community participation will

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comprise of the following activities;

Identification of Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) whose members can
contribute expertise or resources and can share the responsibilities of planning
and implementing
mplementing the program.
Identification and mobilisation of Non‐Governmental
Non Governmental Organisations or other
social welfare groups in the city
Identification of areas of SWM where community participation is elicited like
schools, institutions, offices, commercial areas,
areas, common community areas
(parks), etc.
Orient the citizens, key personalities, social activists, politicians and local
corporators towards environmental education and solid waste management
Conduct sanitation campaigns in various parts of the city emph
emphasising on areas
where their co‐operation
operation / participation is sought
Carry out mass media campaigns on various aspects of solid waste manag
manage‐
ment
It is also important to identify areas where the active involvement of commun
communi‐
ty participation is elicited and work
work out the modalities of the same. Some of the
areas that have emerged from experience elsewhere in the country, in which
the community can contribute to waste management, are,
Avoid indiscriminate throwing of waste by residents, shop keepers, etc on the
streets
Segregate and store the waste at source
Hand over the waste to the sanitary workers
Understanding the importance of dumper bins at various localities of the city
and their criticality in the efficient management of waste and therefore co
co‐
operating while the shifting of dumper bins
Understanding the importance of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recovering of
various recyclables in the waste and their utility.
Once the above is explained to the representatives of RWA’s the same will be
conveyed to the community
community directly or through various means of technology,
so that a sense of community ‘ownership” is developed. People involved in
planning and implementing a project will feel that the program belongs to
them. Community ownership helps to ensure greater participation
participation on colle
collec‐
tion day as well as community pride about the outcome of the program.
11.3 Identification and Mobilization of NGOs or Social Welfare Groups NGO iin-
volvement

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The success of IEC is largely depending on the voluntary participation of the

community ty at large. The local government, the developer and Non
Non‐Government
Organizations (NGO’s) etc have a large role to play in this regard. In recent
years it can be observed that NGOs have taken up initiatives to work with local
residents to improve sanitation.
sanitation. They have been playing an active role in orga
organ‐
izing surveys and studies in specified disciplines of social and technological sc
sci‐
ences. In the field of garbage management, such studies are useful in identifying
areas of commercial potentials to attract private
private entrepreneurs. They can play
an important role in segregation of waste, its collection and handling over to llo‐
cal authorities.
Many NGOs are committed to improve SWM practices to protect the enviro environ‐
ment and have been very active in this field, hence are successful in creating
awareness among the citizens about their rights and responsibilities towards
solid waste and the cleanliness of their city. These organizations promote env
envi‐
ronmental education and awareness in schools and involve communities in the
management of solid waste. They may be persuaded to actively support the
new strategies recommended in this report and associate in public awareness
campaigns. Any organization willing to perform independently in conducting
programs for sections of public
public on the new SWM strategies should be encou
encour‐
aged to do so through direct support or through use of the corporation rre‐
sources / facilities.

A few visuals to capture mass awareness programs in Hyderabad

The corporation can involve NGO’s as ‘pressure groups’
groups’ which can bridge the
gap between government and civic society in waste management. The NGO
programmes can be tailor made to suit the requirement of the city, so as it
serves the purpose of
Creating mass awareness, ensuring public participation in segregation
segregation of rec
recy‐
clable material and storage of waste at source. The awareness programs should
be suitably designed to take the concept of SWM and source segregation into
the community through audio‐video
audio video means and through folklore methods so

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that the message

sage percolates deep down into the society.
Provide employment through organizing door‐to‐door
door door collection of waste.
Ensure public participation in community based primary collection system.
Encourage minimization of waste through in‐house
in house backyard composti
composting,
vermi‐composting
composting and biogas generation.
Most of the slum pockets can be covered by staging street plays to educate the
slum dwellers and general public.
Use of Schools and Colleges
Children are powerful communicators and most of the information receive
received at
schools is sure to influence their parents and the respective households. To get
more response to the efforts in MSW management, the corporation may mot moti‐
vate schools in the city to display posters, messages in the class rooms, school
campus and if possible
sible take rallies early mornings carrying placards, banners
which convey brief messages against littering and illicit dumping of waste in the
city. The strategy should be channelized into each lane and by lane so as the
message is received strongly by the people. Large number of schools if involved
simultaneously would be an added advantage to publicize the big picture in a
short duration and more effectively. Important environmental events like envenvi‐
ronment day, earth day, water day, etc can be utilized as platforms to gather
children along with their parents to convey this message.

11.4 Orientation of Key Personalities, Social Activists and Policy Makers IIn-
volvement of Professional Communicators
If messages are not conveyed in the right way, they may not yiel yield the desired
results. Professional inputs are necessary in developing a strategy for effective
communication of strategies. If key community leaders / personalities partic
partici‐
pate in the planning process, they can help build community acceptance and
support for the project. In addition, local officials will know the mood and iin‐
terests of the community and can help avoid or overcome sensitive issues.

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Most large advertising agencies have Social Marketing experts to convey civic
messages effectively. They can be contacted at the city level to create suitable
messages with catchy titles for various uses, preferably free or at cost as a pu
pub‐
lic service, so as these messages get the “best buy” tag by getting publicized
through well known personalities.
Involving Commercial
ercial Sponsors
Firms and organizations can be encouraged to adopt certain areas of waste
management and sponsor the cleanliness drive. An incentive mechanism can
be introduced to reward the Good Samaritans or the associations championing
the program in thee communities and contributing towards civic cleanliness.
Waste Management & Corporate Social Responsibility: CSR has become an iin‐
tegral part of operations in any organization because CSR is a responsibility of
an enterprise for their impact on the society.
society. Hence, options may be explored in
getting sponsorships from the CSR funds of organizations or check in fitting
waste management into CSR, because it reduces the impact on the environment
and contributes to employment and development of green economy. Th This will
inturn enhance the brand image and reputation of the sponsoring organization.
Therefore, CSR can become a communicating and dialogue arm of sustainable
waste management in the city.

11.5 Conduct Sanitation Campaigns

People’s attitudes influence not only
only the characteristics of waste generation,
but also the effective demand for waste collection services. Attitudes may be
positively influenced through awareness‐building
awareness building campaigns and educational
measures on the negative impacts of littering, improper segregation
segregation at source,
inadequate waste collection with regard to public health and environmental
conditions, and the value of effective disposal. While many current initiatives
lead to visually cleaner areas, it does not encourage sustainable practices that
reduce littering and illegal dumping in the long run. More emphasis is required

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on awareness creation relating to the implementation of the waste hierarchy.

As such, waste minimization and waste separation at source needs to be een‐
couraged to enhance reuse and recycling activities. Willingness to pay for
waste services will also improve with increased awareness as a result of iin‐
creased insight into the benefits of waste services, as well as the actual cost
thereof.
Such campaigns should also inform people of their responsibilities as waste
generators and of their rights as citizens to waste management services. Co Cor‐
poration should undertake massive public awareness campaigns on sanitation
and establishing its link to public health, hygiene and the environmen
environment through
various means including ‐ radio, social media, documentaries, plays, wor work‐
shops, etc. For this purpose a dedicated environmental awareness section is
required which can function with the Medical and Health Section in the corp
corpo‐
ration whose prime responsibility
responsibility is to continuously undertake awareness
campaigns and drive home the point like
 Clean‐upup campaigns in schools;
 Printing of pamphlets on different topics;
 A waste message in the municipal newsletter / newspaper;
 Celebration of environmental days/events;
 Training and workshops for generators of waste;
 An hour slot per month on the local radio station to discuss different
environmental issues and answer queries;
 Display slogans on transport vehicles and containers to encourage the
public to keep
eep their town/ city clean.
 Door to door education: This involves the deployment of some of the
community members (who were given training themselves before going
out) to go to people’s houses talking to them about environmental iis‐
sues, including waste management,
management, especially illegal dumping.
 Introduce innovative ways of attracting the involvement of stakehol
stakehold‐
ers, wherever there is incentive people will participate. However, the
focus should be on preventing littering and not incentives for cleaning
after littering.
ttering. The latter might drive a wrong behaviour.
 Promote Reuse and Recycling techniques by instructing operators pr pro‐
ducing domestic and non‐domestic
non domestic products, food as well as non
non‐food to
seriously endeavor to use re‐usable
usable packaging materials so that aft
after
the delivery of goods, the packaging materials could be collected back
and used over and reused again.
 Direct operators to promote incentive and product discount to consu
consum‐
ers for the return of packaging or bottling materials in good condition,
to the wasteste producers or retailers to promote re re‐use. The cost of

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packed articles and article without the packaging material could be kept
different with a choice to the consumers to take the article without the
packaging material at low cost.
 Should suggest manufacturers
manuf to introduce the Multi‐‐use bottling prac‐
tices. Hard‐toto‐recycle packaging like PET bottles metalized plastic films
and multi‐film
film packs must be phased out unless producers take respo
respon‐
sibility for their recall and recycling or re‐use.
re
 Promotion of viewing
viewing the waste as a resource, thereby encouraging
economic competitiveness through resource efficiency. Efforts should
be made to encourage collection of such re‐usable
re usable material through
waste collectors, waste producers, NGOs and private sector instead o of
allowing reusable waste to land up at the disposal sites. Bottles, cans,
tins, drums, cartons can be reused and excess packaging materials can
be recycled.
11.6 Media Campaigning and Environmental Awareness
Information Hot-line
line
The key to success of any public‐education,
publi education, awareness and motivation program
is to provide maximum means of communication for the public to interact,
promptly and conveniently with the policy‐makers
policy makers and to seek clarification /
share ideas or give suggestions which can be constructively used in the waste
management program. A telephone hot line or Post Box number for written
communications could be an ideal way to have inputs from people. This should
be manned during working hours (or even later) by polite, responsive and d dy‐
namic persons who are well informed and have a liking for the subject at all
times. These communication channels (one or more) can be set up and mon moni‐
tored by using suitable in‐house
in house staff or linking it to the environmental awar
aware‐
ness section.
This awareness wing should be be financially independent by allocating appropr
appropri‐
ate budget for the associated activities, as below
Publicity through local cable network may be 20 times a day on alternate days
in the first year and twice a week in the following year.
Advertisement in all local newspapers twice in the first quarter and to be rre‐
peated once in a quarter subsequently.
 Distribution of pamphlets and display of banners over a period of one
year.
 Organize one street play in every slum through NGOs for one year.
 Organize 4no’s of rallies by students per year for two years.
 Awareness training to municipal staff. 1/2 day for sweepers & 1 day for
supervisors.

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 Awareness campaigns through group meetings over a period of one

year
Use of Cable TV and Cable channels:
channels
This is a very powerful
powerful medium and can be used to advise citizens not to litter
and instead keep two bins for the storage of waste at source, one for biod
biode‐
gradable waste and another for recyclable waste. Citizens may also be advised
to cooperate in handing over their waste to the waste collector on a day to day
basis as per the collection arrangements and timings prescribed by the munic
munici‐
pality. This network can also publicize the contact numbers of the officials for
addressing their grievances on Solid Waste Management.

Use of Hoardings/banners:
Hoardings/banners
Special Hoardings/banners may be put in the town covering messages seeking
public participation. Alternatively, all Municipal‐licensed
Municipal licensed Hoardings should
have a space reserved for civic messages. This will add a "socially
"socially‐aware" im‐
age to the advertisers and will not reduce the usefulness of the hoarding to
them at all. The messages can be those developed by advertising agents to
promote any of the recommendations of this new waste‐management
waste management policy.
The Hoardings should also publicize the
t hot‐line
line numbers etc.
Advertisements in Newspapers:
Newspapers
Advertisements may be given in local news papers from time to time to create
public awareness. Local newspapers can also be requested to start a regular
Suggestion Box on the city page to improve Solid Waste Management services
in the town. They may also be requested to give coverage to successful initi
initia‐
tives that have overcome such problems in a constructive way.

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Issue of handbills:
Council may get handbills printed with photographs showing the ne new system
of waste management and advise the people to cooperate in making their town
clean and healthy. Such handbills could be prepared from the professionals for
effective delivery of message. Council can use newspaper delivery services for
distribution
n of handbills besides distributing the same through health depar
depart‐
ment network.
Use of networking websites and instant message sharing technologies
Council may use the emergence of latest message sharing technologies like
whatsapp, facebook, twitter, etc to disseminate information, take complaints
and address the grievance of the general public.
public
11.7 Success Story of PRAJAVANI (a web based public grievances system in
VISAKAPATNAM)
Prajavani is an e‐governance
governance initiative by the combined efforts of District A
Ad‐
ministration
istration and National Informatics Centre (GOI) in Visakhapatnam Di Dis‐
trict. PRAJAVANI system not only gives citizens an avenue to track the pr pro‐
gress on their grievance, but also provides the District Collector an effective
tool to monitor the performance of
o various departments.
 A new grievance mechanism is highly useful to those who are living in
remote areas of the district to send their complaints across the author
authori‐
ties without much ado;
 The petitioner will know to which officer the complaint is marked aand
what is the time frame for response;
 The software was designed in local language “Telugu” for easy access to
urban and rural people.

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The District Collector has envisaged the prajavani system and stream lined
with well‐planned
planned systematic approach adopted in receipt of petitions from
public.
The following procedure is followed:
followed
 Instant response to the petition
 Ascertaining the information from the officers concerned on the spot
 Giving time frame for redressal of grievance,
 Handing over acknowledgement
acknowledgem to the petitioner.
The monitoring system to expedite the redressal of grievances
 Prajavani operators work under the supervision of petition monitoring
section at Collectorate. They play a major role in timely disposal of co
com‐
plaints. They check daily unmarked
unmarked petitions and they send to co con‐
cerned officer, and also make time frame for disposal. Prajavani oper
opera‐
tor feeds the disposals in the computer and complaints get disposed off.
 The District Collector reviews the District Officers in monthly review
meetings.
 Special Officers are entrusted with the follow up action on grievance p pe‐
tition by reviewing the Mandal level Officers.
Aims of the District Administration:
 Implementation of Government programmes and schemes to the public
with utmost importance with a speedy disposal.
 Respond to the public problems and grievances and to gear up the go gov‐
ernment mechanism for redressal of the same.
 Reduce the pain of public going to Collectorate for follow up action of
off.

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12 CAPACITY BUILDING
12.1 Introduction
The subject of Solid d Waste Management has remained neglected for the past
several decades with the result that the level of service is highly inadequate and
inefficient. For improving the Solid Waste Management (SWM) services it is ees‐
sential to adopt modern methods of waste management methods with right
choice of technologies, which can work in the given area successfully. Simult
Simulta‐
neously, measures to be taken for institutional strengthening and internal cca‐
pacity building so that the efforts made can be sustained over a period of time
and the system put in place can be well managed. For sustainability of waste
management practices in any given area, training and capacity building of the
employees and everyone responsible for Solid Waste Management in the Urban
Local Bodies is thehe most important aspect without which the effective waste
management would be unattainable.
In Solid Waste Management (SWM) the people, partnerships, coalitions, rre‐
sources and skills are essential to its successful implementation and hence all
these are included
ncluded under the large umbrella of the term “capacity
“capacity”.
12.2 CAPACITY BUILDING METHODS
There are many approaches to providing capacity building services, like:
 Providing access to repositories of information and resources (for exa
exam‐
ple, databases, libraries and
an web sites)
 Trainings (public, customized or on‐line)
on
 Consultation (for example, facilitating, expert advice and conducting rre‐
search)
 Publications
 Web based forum for interaction among different players
12.3 CAPACITY BUILDING IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The approach
pproach to capacity building in SWM should be not only about technology
and economics but also about:
 Understanding the administration systems for waste management and rre‐
lated activities (multidisciplinary and cross‐sectoral).
cross
 Understanding the need for human resource development to achieve be
bet‐
ter results in SWM.
 Focus on building sound institutions and good governance for attaining
improved SWM. Delineating strategies for sustenance of achievements.
12.4 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR CAPACITY BUILDING

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The following
ing diagram illustrates the capacity building framework in general.
The framework is premised on four core areas: (i) situation analysis (ii) crea
creat‐
ing the right vision and mission (iii) drawing up the correct strategy and corr
corre‐
sponding action, and (iv) measures
mea for sustainability.
12.5 TRAINING NEEDS
The plan should invariably indicate the target group or agencies to be capac
capaci‐
tated for effective implementation. The major key factor for any training is d
de‐
pend on identification of target groups, for effective waste
waste management iim‐
plementation there are various groups/levels of people in the community who
are major target groups.
The following are major target groups:
 Senior level officers‐Decision
officers makers
 Middle level officers‐Managers
officers and technical staff
 Junior Level –Technical
Technical staff
 Unqualified ground‐level
ground staff
 Elected members
 Members of NGOs and private participants if any

Appropriate training programmes have to be organized for staff on the co con‐

cepts of SWM, health, environmental, legal implications and function
functional aspects
depending on the knowledge levels and their organizational positions. Every
person involved for the SWM in ULBs has to be well‐versed
well versed with the process,
methods of SWM implementation.

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12.6 PROPOSED COURSE CONTENTS FOR TRAINING

Training needs should be identified for various levels including top and middle
management, supervisors and ground staff. The training should be customised
to the level of competence and awareness of the manpower involved in the
SWM system. Training needs could be identified at at each organizational level. A
training calendar could be devised with course content depending on the need
assessment.
General contents of the training courses at various levels are outlined below.
The suggested general course content for training the various
various levels of people
in the SWM system is as given below:
 Introduction to SWM
 Sources and types of solid waste, waste generation rates density, comp
compo‐
sition
 Ill‐effects
effects waste generation and improper disposal in terms health and
environmental aspects
 Importance
rtance of SWM
 Salient features of the Municipal Waste (Management & Handling ) Rules
2000
 Practices in other parts of the country through audio visual presentations,
films
 Waste reduction and material recovery
 Importance of segregation & storage, primary collection
collection systems
 Rag picker activity and the role of informal sectors
 Role of governing bodies
 Planning an efficient sweeping and collection system,
 Tools and Equipments for SWM
 Transfer depots, container collection,

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 Transportation‐ vehicle selection, alternatives

Transportation ernatives for collection vehicles, vve‐
hicle routing
 Processing options, composting, market for compost
 Sanitary land filling,
 Statutory and environmental requirements, site selection and procur
procure‐
ment, site development, operation, monitoring and closure of ssites
 Role of community, NGOs and their participation
 Private Sector participation
 Technical and Financial aspects of SWM
 Institutional aspects of SWM and their strengthening
 Management Information System of SWM
As per the training need assessment and the targeted audience. The training
content has to be updated regularly and frequently so that latest developments
could be included in the material.
The training programmes for the workers could be conducted in an informal
manner and in the local language.
12.7 MANAGEMENT
NAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Good management is the key for effective implementation and success of Solid
Waste Management. This requires collection of critical information which is not
just for keeping the records up to‐date
to date but used effectively for taking corrective
measures as well as proper planning for future. Existing information has to be
collected to have an overall idea of the prevalent situation and develop an eef‐
fective management system for the future. Information that highlights any defdefi‐
ciency in the existing system can be used in taking corrective measures and
such information has to be collected at regular intervals to monitor the system.

Geographic Information System (GIS) and MIS has to be integrated into the
SWM system. Similarly, citizen interface
interface could be maintained by frequently
seeking their feedback and suggestions.
Information that needs to be recorded and studied includes relevant info
infor‐

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mation of the
department for planning process as well as specific information related to eem‐
ployee performance, effectiveness of the training programmes, availability, aad‐
equacy, operation and maintenance of the equipments and vehicles involved in
SWM, the performance of the processing plants, information related to landfill
sites etc.
A list of items on
n which the data should be collected and kept on record for
planning purpose and monitoring the activities done by various sections of
SWM has to be prepared and be utilized by the local bodies. A check
list/format would be developed for data collection for the records and info
infor‐
mation. (Sample format attached)
The following information needs to be collected and updated from time to time:
1. Profile of the Town
a Area of the town/city;
b Population of the town/city;
c Decadal growth of population;
d Number
umber of wards, their area and population
e Ward‐wise
wise information in regard to
Population density in different wards;
No, of Households, shops and Commercial Establishments
Vegetable/fruit/meat/fish markets
Number of Hotels & Restaurants
Number of Hospitals
Hospi and Nursing Homes
Number of Industries
Number of slum pockets /their population
Road length and width
Percentage of area covered with under‐Ground
under Ground sewage system
Percentage of area having surface Drains
Percentage of area having no drainage Facility
2. WASTE GENERATION
a Seasonal variations in daily waste generation
b Total quantity of waste produced annually during last 3 years
c Breakup of the quantity of wastes generated
Household, shops and establishment waste;
Vegetable and food market waste;
waste
Meat, fish and slaughter house waste;
Construction & demolition waste
Hospital waste
Industrial waste
d Average quantity of waste produced each day.

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e Average number of carcass removed each day

3. STAFF POSITION
a Number of sanitation workers deployed
deployed in the city for the collection
of waste
b Number of sanitation workers deployed for the transportation of
waste
c Ward‐wise
wise allocation of sanitation workers
d Sweeper‐‐population ratio in each ward
e Sweeper‐‐road length ratio in each ward
f Sweeper‐‐supervisor ratio in each ward
4. OTHER MANPOWER INVOLVED
Contract workers
NGO / CBO ‐ Voluntary workers
Private players and their detailed information
Welfare Measures for workers like Uniforms, Housing, Healthcare,
Loan for education.
5. WASTE STORAGE
STOR DEPOTS
a Number of sites designated/notified for temporary waste collection
(Dust bins/open sites etc.)
b Type and size of Dustbin/open site provided in each ward.
c Ward‐wise
wise Quantum of waste generated each day
6. TRANSPORTATION
a Number of vehicles
vehicles available with the local body for the transport
transporta‐
tion of waste, their type, size and age.
b Number of trips made by each vehicle in one shift.
c Number of vehicles used in:
First shift
Second shift &
Third shift
d Quantity of waste transported in i each shift.
e Total quantity of waste transported each day.
f Percentage of waste transported each day.
7. COMPOSITION OF WASTE GENERATED
a Total quantity of Organic Waste
b Total quantity of Inorganic Waste
c Toxic Material Content
d Recyclablele waste
8. WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL
a Number of waste processing and disposal sites in the city.
b Their distances from the Centre of the city.

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c The area of these sites

d The quantity of waste treated/disposed of at each site
f The expected life
l of each land filled site
9. FINANCIAL ASPECTS
a Operating cost
Cost of collection per ton/day
Cost of transportation per ton/day
Cost of disposal per ton/day
b Allocation of revenue and Capital budget for SWM Vis a Vis the City
Corporation's budget
budg

12.8 MONITORING OF SWM SERVICES:

For the day‐to‐day
day monitoring of SWM services, the following data may be co
col‐
lected, compiled and analyzed.
Daily Reports:
Daily reports of the following to be sent by supervisors to higher officials
Collection of waste::
 Number
umber of sweepers required to report for duty
 Number of sweepers actually reporting for duty
 Number of sweepers absent
 Areas left unattended
 Arrangements made or proposed to be made for clearing the backlog
Inspection by supervisors for street sweeping & primary collection
 Number of persons under his supervision
 Number of persons supervised during the day
 Number of cases where performance found satisfactory
 Number of cases where performance was not up to the mark
 Action taken or proposed to be taken
 Complaints
aints received and attended
Inspection of cost recovery services such as Hotels, Hospitals, commercial
streets and offices
 Number of cost recovery sites
 Number of sites inspected

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 Deficiencies noticed
 Complaints received and attended
 Action taken or proposed
propose to be taken
Inspection of Bulk Community Waste Storage Sites:
 Number of sites in the area under his charge
 Number of sites inspected
 Number of sites found well maintained
 Number of sites found ill maintained or needing repair or replacement
 Action taken
 Number of unauthorized waste disposal sites or sites identified during
field visits.
 Action taken
Inspection of secondary waste collection points
 Number of sites in the area
 Number of sites inspected
 Number of sites found well maintained
 Number of sites
es found ill maintained or needing repair or replacement
 Action taken
 Number of unauthorized waste disposal sites or sites identified during
field visits
 Action taken
Inspection of silt removal sites & building waste disposal sites
 Number of silt removal sites inspected
 Number of sites found satisfactory
 Number of sites where silt was found lying outside the man hole or su
sur‐
face drain
 Number of construction sites/construction waste disposal sites visited
 No of sites where construction waste where there was unauthorised
dumping
 Action taken
 Daily Report to be sent by Zonal Engineers

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Transportation of waste
 Number and type of vehicles and equipment required to report for duty
 Number and type of vehicles and equipment which actually reported for
duty
 Breakdownss reported during the day and action taken
 Number of trips made to the disposal site by each vehicle
 Number of bins cleared during the day
 Number and locations of bins left un‐cleared
un and
 Arrangements made or proposed to be made for clearing the backlog
Quantities
antities of waste transported
 Number of vehicles deployed during the day or night
 Number of trips made
 Quantity of waste transported
 Number of vehicles which did not make adequate trips
 Number of vehicles which carried less garbage
 Action taken or proposed to be taken against defaulters
There should be route maps and duty charts with each of the supervisory staff,
who should check whether work on site is going as per schedule and whether
vehicles and manpower are giving their optimum output. Mobile phones o or
other communication networks essential for effective communication and
monitoring of services should be provided to Zonal Engineers & supervisors.
Inspection of Processing Sites:
 Whether the plant was functional during the week
 Whether it received the garbage as prescribed regularly
 Whether the site is properly maintained and waste stacked properly.
 Quantity of Bio organic fertilizer / desired material produced
 Quantity of production sold during the week
 Quantity of end product in stock
 Any irregularity
irregularit noticed
 Action taken
Inspection of Waste Disposal Site:

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 Name of the site inspected

 Whether all the staff were present on duty during the week
 Whether the required machinery was available on site on all the days
 Whether the approach road and internal roads are properly made
 Whether the weigh bridge is functional and properly used
 Quantity of waste received at the site on the days during the week
 Whether the entire waste was spread, compacted and covered on the
same day.
 Whether communication facilities
facilities such as telephone, wireless etc., rre‐
mained functional during the week.
 Whether shelter and drinking water facility is adequate
 Deficiencies noticed
 Remedial action taken or proposed to be taken
Training Programme Monitoring
 Topic of the training
 Date off training programme
 Type of training programme
 Targeted organization level
 No. of attendees
 Feedback from the attendees
Complaint Redressal Mechanism
 Name of the complaint cell
 Ward/Location of the complaint cell
 Nature of complaint
 Details of the complaint
complai
 Action taken
Monitoring and Evaluation of Daily Reports
Monitoring & Evaluation Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of activities pr pro‐
vides with better means for learning from past experience, improving service
delivery, planning and allocating resources, and
and demonstrating results as part
of accountability to key stakeholders. It also help as a tool for focused iim‐

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provement and to identify key issues.

Tools such as Performance Indicators, Formal surveys, Rapid Appraisal Met Meth‐
ods, Participatory Methods, Cost‐benefit
Cost and cost‐effectiveness
effectiveness analysis, Impact
Evaluation etc could be used for monitoring and evaluation. The output as well
as outcome will be thoroughly monitored using the appropriate tool. This will
help proper evaluation of the capacity building activities
activities and taking corrective
action, as found required.

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13 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE

13.1 INTRODUCTION
Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) is aimed at mitigating
the possible adverse impact of a project during Construction
Construction Phase and for een‐
suring to maintain the existing environmental quality. The CEMP converses all
aspects of planning and construction of the project, which are relevant to env
envi‐
ronment. It is essential to implement the CEMP right from the planning stage
and then continuing it throughout the construction stage. Therefore the main
objective of the CEMP is to identify the project specific activities that would
have to be considered for investigation of the significant adverse impacts and
the mitigation measures required.
The impacts due to development works construction will be first minimized by
adequate planning and taking construction activities as per PERT and CPM
Chart. The specific measures that shall be put to practice to minimize the iim‐
pact on the environment
nment are discussed below:
13.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT
Provision shall be made for sprinkling of water on loose soil to avoid dust ge
gen‐
eration. The debris and unutilized construction material and earth from the
construction site shall be removed immediately to recycle within the project so
that no nuisance dust is generated due to wind. The vehicles employed by the
developers shall be checked for vehicular emissions. The developers shall also
impress upon the service agencies to get vehicles regularly checked for vehic
vehicu‐
lar emissions. Construction Activities shall not be allowed at Night.
The mitigation measures shall include regular maintenance of machinery and
provision of personnel protective equipments to workers where needed. The
steps shall be taken to reduce the impact
impact of noise by carrying out plantation
from the very beginning.
A Leachate Treatment Plant with tertiary level of treatment shall be provided to
avoid any odor pollution from the Leachate generated from the Plant. Extensive
plantation to mitigate the impact
impact of noise and to improve the ambient air qua
qual‐
ity shall be provided.
13.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT
Construction work requires large quantities of water to be used in various
processing plants for material preparation; curing purposes, cooling water in
equipments, domestic
mestic usages in colonies, etc. wastewater will be generated in
various forms in the processing plants and workshops. Additionally, during the
construction work, muck transportation and transportation of materials; large
quantities of suspended particulate matter will be generated to end up in the
water body. As the construction period is long such impacts can permanently

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deteriorate the water quality in the area, if adequate mitigation measures are
not adopted.
The run‐offoff during development shall be controlled
controlled by removing construction
related solid waste as construction debris, loose soil etc. quickly. Further land
clearing activity shall be kept to the absolute minimum by working at the sp spe‐
cific sites one by one where construction is to take place. A sep
septic tank shall be
provided with toilet facilities to meet the daily needs of labor during working
hours. Workers shall be discouraged from toilet in open.
Both roof top rainwater harvesting and storm water run‐off
run off shall be tapped for
recharging the aquifers
aquifer and storage.
13.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT
To avoid erosion of the top soil the development shall be planned to be done in
the shortest possible time and land clearing activity shall be kept to the abs
abso‐
lute minimum by working at the specific sites one by one where coconstruction is
to take place so as to increase detention and infiltration.
The activities that result in soil being laid bare shall be scheduled in such a way
that some type of vegetative cover appropriate to the site shall be established
prior to onset of monsoons. Natural waterways/drainage pattern shall be mai main‐
tained by providing culverts where needed. The solid waste generated from the
construction activities shall be effectively recycled within the project.
13.5 NOISE LEVELS
The sound will be generated during
during almost all the construction activities such
as tunneling, blasting, movement of vehicles, operation of construction m ma‐
chines and equipments, repair and maintenance work, operation of DG sets, etc.
Continuous exposure of workers to high sound levels may result
result in annoyance,
fatigue, and may cause temporary shift of threshold limit of hearing and even
permanent loss of hearing.
Construction phase will generate noise at various locations in the project area
and is likely to affect residents and construction workers. The simultaneous o
op‐
eration of some equipment may increase the noise manifolds, however, resu resul‐
tant increase in noise levels will depend upon location of such equipment with
respect to habitation, availability of the silencers/ mufflers, condition o
of the
equipment, losses during transmission, etc. Increase in vehicular traffic in the
area will also contribute to high sound levels in the area.
Sound attenuates with the distance and even if all the attenuation factors are
removed, direct sound levels reduce
reduce by 6 dB(A) with every doubling of di dis‐
tance. Further, the sound level reduces substantially when the wave passes
through a barrier. Therefore, if location of construction equipment is planned

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keeping in view the safe distance from habitation, impact ccan be greatly re‐
duced on large section of population. Workers who are directly exposed need to
use Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs) to reduce the impact.
13.6 MITIGATIONS
The best way of impact mitigation is to prevent the event occurring. All efforts
should
ld be made to locate the developmental activities in an area free of agricu
agricul‐
tural lands, ecologically sensitive, erosion, forests, flooding, human settlements,
landslides, natural scenic beauty, water logging. However, practically, this is not
possible as project design criteria govern the location of various activities.
Therefore, the next step is to look at the raw materials/technologies/ processes
alternatives which produce least impact i.e. adopting or using processes or
technologies which are efficient and produce recyclable wastes/ minimum
waste/wastes that can be easily disposed, without seriously affecting the env envi‐
ronment. However, if the developmental activities produce the adverse impact,
action has to be taken to mitigate the same. Following are some some of the reco
recom‐
mendations on mitigation measures for various Environments and Noise Le Lev‐
els.
Air Pollution Mitigation:
 Locate stockpiles of sand in sheltered locations or provide wind breaks.
 Keep the stockpiles to the minimum practicable height and use ggentle
slopes.
 Ensure that all dust generating materials transported to and from site (i.e.
in trucks) are covered by tarpaulin.
 Keep site vehicles and plant well maintained and regularly serviced. All
vehicles must comply with the Traffic Licensing Direc
Directorate emission
standards at all times.
 Do not burn waste materials on‐site.
on
 Use covered containers for organic waste and empty frequently before
decomposition.
 Take account of the wind conditions when arranging activities that are
likely to emit aerosols,
aeroso fumes, odors and smoke.
 Educate the personnel at site on the above issues through tool box mee
meet‐
ings
Water Pollution Mitigation:
 Segregation of different types of wastes at source and avoid their mixing
up in the river.

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 Accumulation of oil wastes in depressions should be minimized in order

to avoid possible contamination of the ground water system.
 Surface runoff from oil handling areas/devices (workshops and DG oper
opera‐
tion areas) should be treated for oil separation before discharge into the
environment.
 If oil wastes are combined with sanitary sewage, oil separation will be
necessary at the wastewater treatment facility.
 The growth of aquatic weeds is to be monitored in the reservoir and eex‐
cess weeds shall be removed.
 The proposed plant includes an RO system in the design.
Land Pollution Mitigation:
 Proper and secure bunding.
 Minimize the amount of land disturbance, develop and implement stri
strin‐
gent erosion and dust control practices.
 Consolidate infrastructure requirements (e.g., roads and drains) fo
for effi‐
cient use of land.
Noise Pollution Mitigation:
 Location of the construction equipment to be decided keeping in view the
safe distance from habitation.
 Contractors will be required to maintain properly functioning equipment
and comply with occupational
occupational safety and health standards.
 All the construction equipment will be required to use available noise
suppression devices and properly maintained mufflers.
 Staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of equipment
within noise sensitive areas
areas to be avoided, whenever possible.
 Minimize the use of noise producing equipment during night hours to
avoid the disturbance to locals and wild animals of surrounding area.
 Monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction
phase of thee project. In case of exceeding of pre‐determined
pre‐determined acceptable
noise levels by the machinery will require the contractor(s) to stop work
and remedy the situation prior to continuing construction.
 Noise from the DG set should be controlled by providing an ac
acoustic en‐
closure or by treating the enclosure acoustically.
 Educate the personnel at site on the above issues through tool box mee
meet‐
ings

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13.7 SAFETY MEASURES

Occupational Health, Safety and associated risks:
 The organization shall identify the occupational health
health and safety (OHS)
hazards and the associated risk on ongoing basis, to facilitate setting of
OHS objective and targets, control risk and to keep this information up to
date.
 While identifying occupational health and safety (OH&S) hazards and risk
duringg initial OH&S review the following criteria should be considered.
 All activities where previous records of Incidents, Accident occurred.
 Inputs from regular Plant visit and meetings.
 All activities routine and non‐routine,
non‐routine, where substantial hazards and risks
are involved including contracted & company own activities / facilities.
 Evaluation of feedback from investigation of previous incidents/accidents
 Examination of all existing OH&S procedure and practice.
 While identifying significant OH&S risks consideration
consideration shall also be given
to
 Chemical hazards.
 Physical hazards, Biological hazards. o Monotonous work.
 Hazard Due to layout and design deficiency.
 Prepare a Register of OH&S hazards and associated risks, which shall iin‐
clude the departments &Facility
&Faci layout chart.
EHS & Social Roles and Responsibility:
Define and communicate role, responsibilities and authority for effective fun
func‐
tioning of EHS & Social management systems:
 Organization shall comply with the relevant applicable policies such as
environmental,
vironmental, quality and fund standard guidelines.
 Shall define roles, responsibilities and authorities w.r.t EHS and applicable
social guidelines from statutory bodies.
 Monitoring of effective implementation, Compliance to rules/acts.
 Initial training needs
needs to be addressed and provide awareness and comp
compe‐
tence.
 Calibration and Maintenance of EHS equipment.
 Maintenance of updated On – Site Emergency Plan.

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 Handling and investigation of incidents/ accidents, non‐conformities,

non‐conformities, ta
tak‐
ing action to mitigate impacts and completing corrective and preventive
actions.
 Conduct internal EHS & social compliance audits.
Training & Awareness.
To lay down the procedure for for identification of training needs and providing
appropriate training to all Employees and contract employees to ensure effe effec‐
tive implementation of EHS & Social management systems at all levels and fun func‐
tions. The organization shall do the necessary training
training need identification at all
level and functions.
The training shall in general address the following areas:
 General Awareness Training
 General awareness and employees roles and responsibilities in achieving
conformance with policy, objective and targets.
 Relevant EHS & Labour laws rules and regulations.
 EHS & Social induction training o Policy goals and objectives.
 Applicable legislative requirements.
 Requirements that are conditions of employment. o Benefits of improved
personal performance.
 The potential
ential consequence of deviation from specified operating proc
proce‐
dures.
 Emergency Preparedness and Response.
 Job Specific Training
 The potential consequence of deviation from specified operating proc
proce‐
dures.
 SOP/WIs for the work areas and occupational hazards
hazards of their activities.
 Emergency Preparedness and Response.
Communication & Consultation:
To lay down the procedures for consultation and communication, both internal
& external in relation to EHS,
 Suggestions from all employees through suggestion.
 Internal
ernal Communication.
 Policy will be communicated to all employees through training and di
dis‐

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playing at various prominent locations.

 External Communication.
Emergency Preparedness & Response Plan.
To establish and maintain procedures in order to identify potential
potential foreseeable
accidents/ emergency situations and to prevent, control and mitigate the ass
asso‐
ciated environmental impacts and Occupational Health & Safety risks and to
test effectiveness of such procedure. If required review/revise such procedures
periodically.
 Some of the key measures include:
 Maintain all fire extinguishers in working condition. o Provide training to
employees on fire fighting.
 Explosion Prevention.
 Explosive Mitigation.
 Corrective and Preventive action.
 Avoidance of Major Spillage
Spilla of any chemical.
 Prepare emergency response plan and disaster management plan as per
applicable norms.
Non Conformity, Corrective & Preventive Actions.
The organization shall establish, maintain documented records of accidents, iin‐
cidents, operating procedures
procedures defining the responsibilities and authority for
identifying and investigating non conformance and taking action to improve the
EHS & SMS Performance.
 Non conformance which may affect the EHS performance shall be ident
identi‐
fied through :
 Reporting incidents
cidents (including near misses).
 Carryout investigation to find out the root causes of accidents and inc
inci‐
dents.
 Maintaining corrective & preventive action & maintaining records. o The
SOPs shall be suitably amended to address the reason for change.
 Suggestions
estions shall be drawn for mitigating the consequences of accidents
and avoiding the reoccurrence of accidents/incidents.
 Establishing procedures for identification on non conformance. o Results
of mock drill of onsite emergency plan.
General Measures:

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 Vehicle
ehicle speed will be restricted to 15 km/hour at site to minimize pote
poten‐
tial for dust generated in the surroundings.
 Appropriate measures will be employed to minimize windblown litter and
dust during transportation by either covering trucks or transporting
wastes in enclosed containers.
 Heavy Goods Vehicles holding areas to be provided for vehicles waiting to
deliver loads at work sites so as to avoid queuing on other connecting
roads.
 Fixed noise sources to be located away more than 50 m away from the si
site
fencing.
 Site workers working near high noise equipment to use personal prote
protec‐
tive devices like ear muff/plugs to minimize their exposure to high noise
levels.
 Maintain clearance between electric lines and work spaces / nearest se
ser‐
vice lines, ensure enough
e space for maintenance.
 Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent the accidents and from the
machineries. All machines used shall confirm to the relevant Indian sta
stan‐
dards.
 Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers employed on
mixing
xing of materials like cement, concrete etc.
 Welder’s protective eye shields shall be provided to workers who are een‐
gaged in welding works.
 Earplugs shall be provided to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers
working in crushing, compaction, or concrete
concrete mixing operation.
 The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety
goggles, helmets, safety belts, earplugs, mask etc to workers and staffs.
 For safety of people occupying the site, regulations concerning fire safety
to be followed.
ollowed. Some of the requirements include:
 Installation of fire extinguishers.
 Provision of water sprinklers for unpaved roads. o Emergency exit.
 Proper labeling of exit and place of fire protective system installation; o
Trained personal to use fire control
co systems.
 Display of phone numbers of the city/local fire services, nearest hospital,
ambulance facility, etc.
 A readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized

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dressing materials and appliances as per the Factories Rules in every

work zone.
 Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick pe
per‐
son(s) to the nearest hospital.
13.8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING OPERATION STAGE
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of Project:
Visakhapatnam has witnessed a rapid growth over the past two decades. With
an average decadal growth rate of 91% during the period 1901 1901‐2011, the city
has grown from a population of 9.81 to 18.83 lakhs in 2011.The Solid Waste
generation in the GVMC area is around 920 metric tons per day. With rapirapid ur‐
banization and growth of industry & business has led to increased waste ge gen‐
eration but the infrastructure development for MSW management has never
kept pace. Alternatives like Land Filling for waste disposal in open space leads
to the paucity of urban land. Poor MSW management is associated with iin‐
creased health problems in all sections of population. General environmental
impacts are loss of vegetation due to site clearance, odor nuisance, stray anani‐
mals and rodent problems, etc. So burning wastes to reduce
reduce their volume and
weight makes sense. Combustion reduces the volume of material by about 90 %
and its weight by 75 %. The heat generated by burning wastes has other uses,
as well, as it can be used directly for heating, to produce steam or to generate
electricity. The Project proponent wants to set up plant to convert Waste to E
En‐
ergy.
Overview of Project:
Generals of proposed project
The proposed project is the Waste to Energy‐
Energy CFB power plant of the Visakh
Visakha‐
patnam Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant.
Project Name: Visakhapatnam Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Power Plant.
Project Site: The project site allotted by GVMC is at outskirts of Visakhapatnam
city.
Construction Contents and Scale: One 920 t/d MSW Processing plant will be
constructed in terms of
of main work of the project; the facility in the plant iin‐
cludes production facilities such as comprehensive plant building, booster st sta‐
tion, ignition oil pump room, leachate disposal station, industrial pump room
and cooling tower etc and supporting production
production facilities as well as production
office buildings and guard room etc within the power plant area. See below tta‐
ble for project composition.

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14 PROJECT STRUCTURING
14.1 POSSIBLE PPP OPTIONS
Design-Build
Build (DB) or Build-Transfer
Build (BT)
Under this model, the private partner designs and builds the facility in accor
accord‐
ance with the requirements specified by the government. Once completed,
ownership and responsibility for operation and maintenance are transferred
back to the public agency.
Strengths Weaknesses
Access
ss to private sector expertise. Loss of owner control
Possibilities for financial savings and Difficulty and increased cost of
Innovation in design. changing contract or including
additional features into design
Flexible procurement procedures poten‐
pote A more complex award proc proce‐
tial for more efficient dure
construction
Reduced construction time If life‐cycle
cycle approach not taken,
there is the possibility of higher
operating and maintenance
costs, which may offset the ben
bene‐
fits of lower capital costs to tthe
public sector
Transfer of risk from public to private
sector
single point of accountability
Fewer construction claims

Design-Build-Operate
Operate (DBO) or Build-Transfer-Operate
Build Operate (BTO)
Here, ownership of the facility is transferred back to the pub
public sector upon
completion of construction. However, the public body then leases it back to the
private company for a specified period, usually a long‐term
long term lease, giving the
private organisation the opportunity to recover its investment and generate a
reasonable
sonable rate of return.

Strengths Weaknesses
Access to private sector expertise. In the event of default of peper‐
formance
mance or bankruptcy, it is p
po‐
Potential cost savings.
savin
tentially
tially extremely di
difficult to
Ownership of the asset remains in the
terminate
nate the contract or rre‐
public sector.

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Contracting out of operations may move the private company.

potentially limit any provincial or
Central taxes.
Authority over levels of service and
fees charged are retained by the
public agency.
It avoids legal, regulatory
reg and tort
liability issues (in contrast to the BOT
model below).
Government retains control over
service standards, operational
performance and asset maintenance.
maint
There is the possibility to terminate
term
the relationship if agreed upon levels of
service
ervice or performance standards are not
met.
Potential savings in the areas of
design, construction and architecture,
archite as
well as operation.
eration.
Build-Operate-Transfer
Transfer (BOT) or Build-Own-Operate-Transfer
Build Transfer (BOOT)
Under this model, a private partner is awarded
awarded a franchise by the government
to finance, design, build, operate, maintain and charge fees on the service for a
specified time period. Once the franchise relationship is concluded, ownership
of the asset returns to the public sector.
Strengths Weaknesses
Private sector financial resources are Transfer of operations and ffi‐
maximized. nancial
responsibility back to the public
sector may occur at a time when
operating costs are increasing.
It ensures that the facility constructed
co is Loss of public sector control
icient and effective possible, over
the most efficient
based on life‐cycle
cycle costs. capital, construction, and initial
operations.
It enables the private sector body to If the initial
tial contract is not well
assume responsibility for operations
oper for a drawn up, the arrangement may
predetermined
termined duration.
dur be unable to address future diff
diffi‐
culties.

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The community can benefit from the Unless the public

blic sector subs
subsi‐
development of the project without
wit dises the costs of service use, fee
incurring sizeable debts, or having to levels can be set by the private
make a large, upfront expenditure
expend entity.

The private sector entity assumes Compared to the BTO model,

responsibility for all start‐up
start problems there is
less public control over the se
ser‐
vice

Possible cost savings arise from In the event of default of pe per‐

access to private sector experience,
exper formance
mance or bankruptcy, it is ppo‐
management, labour, equipment and tentially
tially extremely didifficult to
innovation terminate
nate the contract or
remove the private company.
Risk to the public sector is reduced,
r as
this is shared with the private company

Design-Build-Finance
Finance-Operate/Maintain
Operate/Maintain (DBFO, DBFM, or DBFO/M) or
Build-Own-Operate
Operate (BOO)
Under this structure, the private organization finances, designs, builds, oper
operates
and maintains the project. It is paid by the government throughout the dur dura‐
tion of the contract, according to the services delivered and whether these meet
specified standards of performance. There is no requirement
equirement that the private
company will transfer
nsfer ownership of the facility back to the public body.
Strengths Weaknesses
The public sector plays no role in either There is no guarantee that the
provision or operation of the facility. private
vate company will operate
the service in the ‘public good’.
It allows public sector regulation of the Unless the service is specifically
private sector’s
tor’s delivery of a ‘regulated’ or regulated, the public sector ca
can‐
‘monopolistic’ serrvice area. not set or adjust its price.

The service can be operated by the All federal, provincial and m mu‐
public
blic sector in the most efficient nicipal
pal tax regulations apply.
manner, both in the short and long term.
The public sector does not have to put up Due to the lack of competition, it
capital to finance the project.
pr is
necessary
ary to develop rules and
regulations concerning oper
opera‐

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tions and pricing.

Private facilities generate public
revenues in the forms of income tax
and property tax .
The long‐term
term nature of the
arrangement gives the private
developer an incentive to invest large
amounts of capital.
Wrap Around Addition (WAA)
Here the private partner is contracted to construct an addition to an already
existing public asset or facility. It may then operate that addition for a specified
period of time or until there has been a reasonable return on the investment
investment.
Strengths Weaknesses
The public sector does not have to find It may be difficult to incorporate
the capital to finance the upgraded
u ser‐ at a
vice. later date any future upgrades of
the
facility not included in the origi‐
nal
contract.
The private partner assumes the Altering existing contracts with
financial risks. the
private partner can be expeexpen‐
sive.
The public sector gains the construction
co Perceived loss of control.
expertise of the private entity.
There is the potential for fast‐tracked
fast Contract awarding procedures
construction,
struction, using techniques
tec such as become
come more complex.
design‐build.
Procurement processes can be more
flexible.
Construction can be made more
Efficient.
The time period needed for
Implementation can be reduced.
Lease-Develop-Operate
Operate (LDO) or Buy-Develop-Operate
Buy Operate (BDO)
Under this model, a private sector organization purchases a facility from the
public sector, modernizes or improves it, and then assumes operational respo
respon‐
sibility
ty under a contract with the local government. It is expected that the pr
pri‐
vate partner will invest in modernization and then be

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Given a specified period of time in which to realize a return on the investment.

Strengths Weaknesses
The local government
governmen benefits from a Loss of control of the service or
significant
nificant cash infusion when the Infrastructure,, either perceived or
Private company buys the facility. actual.
Capital for financing the upgrade is There is potential difficulty in val‐
provided by the private rather than uing assets for sale or lease.
Public sector.
Both parties gain opportunities for Issues may arise if selling or lea
leas‐
Increased revenue. ing
Public assets that have received
grant funding.
Users benefit from improved services
se In cases of private company fai fail‐
and facilities. ure, the local government may
need to revert to providing the
service or facility.
The public sector has access to the It may be difficult to incorporate
construction expertise of the private
pr at a
Organization. later date any future upgrades of
the
facility not included in the original
Contract.
There is the potential for fast‐tracked
fast
construction,
struction, using techniques
tec such as
design‐build.
Procurement processes can be more
Flexible.
The time period needed for
Implementation can be reduced.
Among these different approaches to structuring PPPs, there are variations in
regard to the extent of participation by the private sector in public service pr
pro‐
vision, the different amounts of risk transferred to the private partner, varying
natures of assets and facilities, and in the different arrangements for ownership
of these. The degree of private involvement required by a particular project is
determined by the public agency. Factors influencing this decision include the
project’s goals and objectives,
the level of control the government requires, and the PPP consortium’s ability
to provide the service needed. Such decisions will also be constrained by the
existence of regulation and legislation affecting the arrangem
arrangement, and the need
to attract private resources and generate future revenue.

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14.2 PROJECT FINANCING OPTIONS

Scheme for financial support to Public Private Partnerships in Infrastruc-
ture (Viability
Viability Gap Funding):
The Government of India recognizes that that there is significant deficit in the avai
avail‐
ability
bility of physical infrastructure across different sectors and that this is hinde
hinder‐
ing economic development; whereas the development of infrastructure rre‐
quires large investments that cannot be undertaken out of p public financing
alone, and that in order to attract private capital as well as the techno techno‐
managerial efficien ncies
cies associated with it, the Government is committed to
promoting Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure development;
and the Government ent of India recognizes that infrastructure projects may not
always be financially viable because
b cause of long gestation periods and limited fina finan‐
cial returns, and that financial viability of such projects can be improved
through Government support. Now, therefore,
therefore, the Government of India has d de‐
cided to put into effect the following scheme for providing financial support to
bridge the viability gap of infrastructure
infrastru ture projects undertaken through Public
Private Partnerships.
This scheme will be called the Scheme forfor Financial Support to Public Pr
Private
Partnerships (PPPs) in Infrastructure. It will be a Plan Scheme to be aadminis‐
tered by the Ministry of Finance. Suitable budgetary provisions will be made in
the Annual Plans on a year‐to‐
year year basis.
In this scheme, unless
nless the context otherwise requires:
Eligibility
In order to be eligible for funding under this Scheme, a PPP project shall meet
the following criteria:
o The project shall be implemented i.e. developed, financed, constructed,
maintained and operated for the
the Project Term by a Private Sector Comp
Compa‐
ny to be selected by the Government or a statutory entity through a pr pro‐
cess of open competitive bidding; provided that in case of railway projects
that are not amenable to operation by a Private Sector Company, the E Em‐
powered Committee may relax this eligibility criterion.
o The PPP Project should be from one of the following sectors:
a. Roads and bridges, railways, seaports, airports, inland wate
water‐
ways;
b. Power;
c. Urban transport, water supply, sewerage,
d. solid waste management and other physical infrastructure in
urban areas;
e. Infrastructure projects in Special Economic Zones; and

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f. International convention centers and other tourism infrastru

infrastruc‐
ture projects;
o The Empowered Committee may, with approval of the Finance Minister,
add or delete sectors/sub‐sectors
sectors/sub sectors from the aforesaid list.
o The project should provide a service against payment of a pre
pre‐determined
tariff or user charge.
o The concerned Government/statutory entity should certify, with reasons:
a. That the tariff/user charge cannot be increased to eliminate or
reduce the viability gap of the PPP;
b. That the Project Term cannot be increased for reducing the vvi‐
ability gap; and
c. That the capital costs are reasonable and based on the stan
stand‐
ards and specifications normally applicable to such projects
and that the capital costs cannot be further restricted for rre‐
duccing the viability gap.
Government Support
The total Viability Gap Funding under this scheme shall not exceed twenty pe per‐
cent of the Total Project Cost; provided that the Government or statutory entity
that owns the project may, if it so decides, provide additional grants out of its
budget, but not exceeding a further twenty percent of the Total PrProject Cost.
Viability Gap Funding under this scheme will normally be in the form of a capcapi‐
tal grant at the stage of project construction. Proposals for any other form of aas‐
sistance may be considered by the Empowered Committee and sanctioned with
the approval of Finance Minister on a case by‐case
by basis.
Viability Gap Funding up to Rs. 100 Crore (Rs. One hundred Crore
Crore) for each pro‐
ject may be sanctioned by the Empowered Institution subject to the bud
budgetary
ceilings indicated by the Finance Ministry. Proposals up to Rs. 200 Crore (Rs.
Two hundred Crore)
Crore may be sanctioned by the Empowered ered Commi
Committee, and
amounts exceeding Rs. 200 Crore may be sanctioned by the Empo
Empowered Com‐
mittee with the approval of Finance Minister.
Unless otherwise directed by the Ministry of Finance, the Empowered IInstitu‐
tions may approve project proposals with a cumulative capita
capital outlay equiva‐
lent to ten times the budget provisions in the respective Annual Plan.
In the first two years of operation of the Scheme, projects meeting the el eligibility
criteria will be funded on a first‐come,
first come, first served basis. In later years, if need
arises,
rises, funding may be provided based on an appropriate formula, to be dete deter‐
mined by the Empowered Committee, that balances needs across sectors in a
manner that would broad base the sectoral coverage
co erage and avoid pre
pre‐empting of
funds by a few large projects.

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Approval of project proposals

Project proposals may be posed by a Government or statutory entity which
owns the underlying assets. The proposals shall include the requisite info
infor‐
mation necessary for satisfying the eligibility criteria.
Projects based on standardized/model
standardized/model documents duly approved by the rre‐
spective Government would be preferred. Stand‐alone
Stand alone documents may be su
sub‐
jected to detailed scrutiny by the Empowered Institution.
The Empowered Institution will consider the project proposals for Viability Gap
Funding and may seek the required details for satisfying the eligibility criteria.
Within 30 days of receipt of a project proposal, duly completed as aforesaid, the
Empowered Institution shall inform the sponsoring Government/ stat statutory en‐
tity whether the project is eligible for financial assistance under this Scheme. In
case the project is based on stand‐
stand alone documents (not being duly approved
model/standard documents), the approval process may require r quire an additional
60 (sixty) days.
In the event that the Empowered Institution needs any clarifications or iinstruc‐
tions relating to the eligibility of a project, it may refer the case to the Empo
Empow‐
ered Committee for appropriate directions.
Notwithstanding the approvals granted under this scheme, projects propromoted
by the Central Government or its statutory entities shall be approved and iim‐
plemented in accordance with the procedures specified from time to time.
In cases where viability gap funding is budgeted under any on on‐going Plan
scheme of the Central Government,
Govern the inter‐se
se allocation between such on
on‐
going scheme and this scheme shall be determined by the Empowered CoCommit‐
tee.
Procurement process for PPP Projects
The Private Sector Company shall be selected through a transparent and open
competitive bidding process. The criterion for bidding shall be the amount of
Viability Gap Funding required by a Private Sector Company for implementing
the project where all other parameters are comparable.
The Government or statutory entity proposing the project shall cert
certify that the
bidding process conforms to the provisions of this Scheme and convey the same
to the Empowered Institution prior to disbursement of the Grant.
Appraisal and monitoring by Lead Financial Institution
Within four months from the date on which eligibility
eligibility of the project is co
conveyed
by the Empowered Institution to the concerned Government/statutory entity,
the PPP project shall be awarded in accordance ; provided that upon applic
applica‐
tion made to it by the concerned Government/statutory entity, the Empo
Empowered

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Institution may extend this period by not more than two months at a time.
The Lead Financial Institution shall, within three months from the date of bid
award, present its appraisal of the project for the consideration and approval of
the Empowered Institution;
nstitution; provided that upon application made to it by the
concerned Government/statutory entity, the Empowered Institution may eex‐
tend this period by not more than one month at a time.
The Lead Financial Institution shall be responsible for regular monit
monitoring and
periodic evaluation of project compliance with agreed milestones and perfo
perfor‐
mance levels, particularly for the purpose of disbursement of Viability Gap
Funding. It shall send quarterly progress reports to the Empowered IInstitution
which will make a consolidated progress report once every quarter for review
by the Empowered Committee.
Disbursement of Grant
A Grant under this scheme shall be disbursed only after the Private Sector
Company has subscribed and expended the equity contribution required ffor the
project and will be released in proportion to debt disbursements remai
remaining to
be disbursed thereafter.
The Empowered Institution will release the Grant to the Lead Financial Inst
Institu‐
tion as and when due, and obtain reimbursement thereof from the Fina
Finance Min‐
istry.
The Empowered Institution, the Lead Financial Institution and the Private Se
Sec‐
tor Company shall enter into a Tripartite Agreement for the purposes of this
scheme. The format of such Tripartite Agreement shall be prescribed by the
Empowered Committee
mittee from time to time.
India Infrastructure Project Development Fund (IIPDF)
To support the development of credible and bankable PPP projects, a revolving
fund with an initial corpus of Rs. 100 Crores has been set up in the Department
of Economic Affairs,
Affairs Ministry of Finance, GoI during 2007‐08,
08, to be offered to
the private sector. The India Infrastructure Project Development Fund (IIPDF)
provides
vides financial support for quality project development activities. The
Sponsoring
ing Authority will thus be able to source funding to cover a portion of
the PPP transaction costs, thereby reducing the impact of costs related to pr
pro‐
curement on their budgets.
Eligibility:
o The proposals for assistance under the Scheme would be sponsored by
Central
tral Government Ministries/Departments,
Ministries/Departments, State Governments, Muni
Munic‐
ipal or Local Bodies or any other statutory authority.
o To seek financial assistance from the IIPDF it would be necessary for the

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Sponsoring Authority to create and empower a PPP cell to not only unde
under‐
take PPP project development
development activities but also address larger policy and
regulatory
tory issues to enlarge the number of PPP projects in Sponsoring AAu‐
thorities’ shelf.
o The PPP project should be from the sectors that are eligible for viability
gap funding under the Government of of India’s scheme for Financial Su
Sup‐
port to PPPs in infrastructure or any other sectors with the approval of
the Finance Minister.
o The IIPDF is available to the Sponsoring Authorities for PPP projects for
the purpose of meeting the project development costs which may include
the expenses
penses incurred by the Sponsoring Authority in respect of feasibility
studies, environmental impact studies, financial structuring, legal reviews
and development
opment of project documentation, including concession agre agree‐
ment, commerrcial assessment studies (including traffic studies, demand
assessment, capacity
capac ty to pay assessment), etc required for achieving TecTech‐
nical Close of such projects,
pr jects, on individual or turnkey basis, but will not iin‐
clude expenses incurred by the Sponsoring Authority on on its own staff.
o The IIPDF will be available to finance an appropriate portion of the cost of
consultants and Transaction Advisors on a PPP project where such co con‐
sultants
ants and Transaction Advisors are appointed by the Sponsoring A Au‐
thority either
ther from amongst
amongst the Transaction Advisors empanelled by D De‐
partment of Economic Affairs or through a transparent system of pr pro‐
curement under a contract for services.
The IIPDF will fund up to 75 percent of the project development expenses to
the Sponsoring Authority as an interest free loan. 25 percent will be coco‐funded
by the Sponsoring Authority. On the successful completion of the bidding pr pro‐
cess, the project development expenditure would be recovered from the su suc‐
cessful bidder. However, in the case of failure of the
the bid, the loan would be co
con‐
verted into
to grant. In case the Sponsoring Authority does not conclude the bi bid‐
ding process for some reason, the entire amount contributed would be refun refund‐
ed to the IIPDF.
To seek project development funding from the IIPDF, the Sponsoring
Sponsoring Authority
will apply to the PPP cell in DEA through the Memorandum for Consideration
accompanied
companied with the Preliminary Report of the project (in six copies). The
MFC would provide justification for understanding detailed feasibility studies
to be taken up for financing out of the corpus of the Fund in the prescribed
Proforma.. The proposals that do not envisage VGF can also be submitted for
funding. Proposals
posals for funding under these Guidelines would cover the entire
gamut of PPP projects.

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14.3 Project
roject cost & revenue model
Break‐up
up of MSW Processing plant Capital Cost is divided in to two parts:
Part –I:
MSW Processing plant cost break up is given as below.

S. No. Item Amount in Crores (INR)

1 Common Infrastructure 1.7
2 Processing Plants – Civil(including land) 5.5
3 Processing Plants ‐ Plant and Machinery 29
4 Scientific Landfill 2.25
5 Vehicles and Equipment 1.35
6 IDC 1.2
Total 41

Part‐ II:
RDF Based Power Plant cost break up is given as below.

S. No. Item Amount in Crores (INR)

1 Civil Cost 4.3
2 Plant and Machinery 30.96
3 Pre ops & Contingency
2.66
4 IDC 3.95
5 Margin Money for Working Capital 1.13
Total 43

* Land cost included in the capex was informed by the GVMC during the kick off
meeting initially
ally but the price may vary during the purchase of land.
* The above costs are considered taking into consideration that the plant would
be Integrated solid waste management consisting of Composting, Recycling,
waste to energy and SLF of 15%‐20%.
15%
* In case if technology used is Incineration/ Gasification/ Plasma then capex
would be hiked by 80%‐125%
80% approximately.
*Tentative Project cost for Gasification Technology would be approximately

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INR 150 Crores.

* Tentative Project cost for Plasma Technology would be
be approximately INR
195 Crores.
Based on assumptions made for GVMC, Tipping Fee Model is the viable
one.
Tipping Fee:
The Tipping Fee Model, in which municipalities pay private MSW companies a
tipping fee for every ton of waste collected, processed and du
dumped. This is the
most prevalent model in India. The drawback of the model is that the private
companies enrolled have low incentives to reduce waste going into landfill
sites, increasing the financial and environmental burden on municipalities. Gi
Giv‐
en that baseline information on waste quantity and quality tend to be sketchy, it
is critical for ULBs to take this risk by assuring a committed Min
Minimum assured
Quantity or have a two part tipping fee with a fixed portion and a variable po
por‐
tion, where the fixed portion
portion (paid irrespective of quantity of waste handled)
insulates the Operator from Waste Availability risk.
If GVMC can structure an assured compost buy‐backbuy back either for its own urban
forestry or through other Government owned institutions or agricultural coop‐
eratives in the adjoining areas, this can help the GVMC bring down the tipping
fee levels. Initiatives like this can potentially improve project viability and help
get in efficient price discovery.
 The Tipping Fee in India typically varies in a wide range between Rs. 150
– 2000.
 For GVMC the tipping fee proposed is Rs. 150/ MT

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15 References:

i Paper on “Urbanization and solid waste management in India: Present practices and ffu‐
ture challenges”,
”, Dimpal Vij, International Conference on Emerging Economies – Pros‐
pects and Challenges.

ii Paper on “Urbanization and solid waste management in India: Present practices and ffu‐
ture challenges”, Dimpal Vij, International Conference on Emerging Economies – Pros‐
pects and Challenges.

iii Action Plan on Management of Municipal Solid Waste by CPCB on 5th Feb 2015.

iv International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences ISSN: 2277

2277‐2081.

v Manual on SWM, NEERI 1996.

vi J Holmes – Managing Solid Waste in Developing Countries.

vii
Primary survey conducted by Feedback Infra Field team

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