U. P.
HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICES COMMISSION, PRAYAGRAJ
Syllabus
GEOGRAPHY
(Subject Code-36)
1. Geomorphology : Fundamental concepts; Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces; Denudation
and weathering; Geosynclines, Isostasy, Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Theories;
Mountain Building, Concept of geomorphic cycle; Landforms associated with fluvial,
glacial, arid, coastal and karst cycles, Modern Geomorphologists, Applied Geomorphology.
2. Climatology : Composition and structure of the atmosphere; Heat budget of the earth,
Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Temperature; Atmospheric pressure and general
circulation of winds; Monsoon, jet stream and local winds; Tropical and temperate cyclones;
Classification of world climates; Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s schemes and features of
World Climatic Regions.
3. A- Oceanography : Ocean Bottom Topography, Ocean deposits; Coral reefs; Temperature
and salinity of the oceans; Density of sea water; Tides and ocean currents.
B- Bio and Environmental Geography : World distribution of plants and animals; Forms
and functions, Conservation and management of ecosystems;. Principle of ecology; Human
ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global and regional
ecological changes and imbalances; Environmental degradation, hazards Problems of
pollution, ozone depletion and climate change, and their remedial measures, management
and conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policies;
Environmental education and legislation
4. Geographic Thought : General character of Geographic knowledge in India and world
during the ancient and medieval period; Geographical Knowledge in Vedas, Epic Periods,
Puranas and Samritis. Foundations of Modern Geography and contributions of different
scholars; Dichotomy and dualism; Determinism, possibilism; Man and Environment, Areal
differentiation and spatial organization, Quantitative revolution. Locational analysis; radical,
behavioural, human and welfare approaches.
5. A- Population Geography : Factors and Patterns of world population distribution; Growth
and density of population; Patterns and processes of migration; Demographic transition,
Population –resources region.
B- Settlement Geography : Site, situation, types, size, spacing and internal morphology of
rural and urban settlements; Process and pattern of urbanization; City–region; Primate city;
Rank–size rule; Settlement hierarchy; Christaller’s Central Place theory; August Losch’s
theory of market Centres; Concept of Smart City and Development of Urban Centres.
6. Economic Geography : Sectors of Economy : primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary;
Natural resources: renewable and non-renewable, conservation of resources.
Measurement of agricultural productivity and efficiency, agricultural revolution, agricultural
types and typology; Crop combination and diversification; Theories of Agricultural
Location; Von Thunen’s Model. Agricultural systems and regions of the world.
Classification of industries: Weber’s and Losch’s approaches; Resource based and footloose
industries. Models of transportation and transport cost : Accessibility and connectivity.
7. A- Political Geography : Heartland and Rimland theories; Boundaries and frontiers; Nature
of administrative areas and Geography of public policy and finance.
U.P. Higher Education Services Commission, Prayagraj/md.raj/Syllabus/GEOGRAPHY 1
B- Social Geography : Ethnicity; tribe; dialect; language, caste and religion; Concept of
social well-being. Social Groups and Organisation.
C- Cultural Geography : Culture – Realms, Areas and Cultural Regions of the World;
Human races; Habitat; Economy and Society of tribal groups; Diffusion of Cultural
innovations; Human Development and their Index; Impact of Globalization on Indian
Society and Culture.
8. Regional Planning : Regional concept in Geography; Concept of planning regions; Types
of regions; Methods of regional delineation; Regional planning in India; Indicators of
development; Regional imbalances; Evolution, nature and scope of town planning with
special reference to India, and Fundamentals of Town and Country planning.
9. Geography of India : Physiography and Physiographic divisions; Climate : Its regional
variations; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical cyclones and
western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Vegetation types and vegetation regions, Forest
and wild life resources, deforestation and their conservation, Major soil types; Irrigation and
multipurpose projects. Agriculture and its regionalisation; agro-climatic zones; agro-
ecological regions.; Population distribution and growth, Demographic attributes: sex-ratio,
age structure, literacy rate, work-force Urbanization; Indian Society- Racial, linguistic and
ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; Land,
surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources and their
conservation, Energy crisis; major industries and industrial regions, New industrial policies;
Special Economic Zones; Tourism including eco -tourism. Transport and Communication;
national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Five Year
Plans; Integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralised
planning;
10. A- Cartography : Types of maps : Techniques for the study of spatial patterns of
distribution; Choropleth; Isopleth and Chorochromatic maps and pie diagrams; Mapping of
location – specific data; Accessibility and flow maps. Topographical Maps-types and
features; Map Projection- graticules, types, construction and salient features of map
projections,
B- Statistical Methods : Data sources and types of data; Frequency distribution and
cumulative frequency ; Measures of central, tendency; Selection of class intervals for
mapping; Measures of dispersion and concentration; Standard deviation; Lorenz Curve;
Methods of measuring association among different attributes; Simple and Multiple
correlation; Regression. Nearest– neighbour analysis; Scaling techniques; Rank score;
Weighted score; Sampling.
C- Remote sensing and GIS- Its principles, development and application; Development of
Remote Sensing of India; Features of Indian Satellite; Computer application in mapping;
Digital mapping; Geographic Information System (GIS).
U.P. Higher Education Services Commission, Prayagraj/md.raj/Syllabus/GEOGRAPHY 2
