See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/346645939

AGRICULTURAL BASED SEED SOWING MACHINE FOR INTERCROP FIELDS

Thesis · November 2020

CITATIONS READS
0 1,887

5 authors, including:

Teegala Sai Teja Srinivas Pavan kumar Adivi

Vishnu Institute of Technology Vishnu Institute of Technology
1 PUBLICATION   0 CITATIONS    5 PUBLICATIONS   17 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Structural Health Monitoring View project

Development of soil moisture capacitive sensor View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Srinivas Pavan kumar Adivi on 05 December 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 AGRICULTURAL BASED SEED SOWING MACHINE
FOR INTERCROP FIELDS
Project report submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY

V. BHANU PRAKASH (16PA1A03B4)

T. SAI TEJA (16PA1A03A8)

V. CHANDU KRISHNA (16PA1A03B5)

N. ELISHA RAJU (16PA1A0371)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. A. S. Pavan Kumar
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISHNU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Accredited by NBA & NAAC)
Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534202, West Godavari Dt., A.P

2016-2020
 VISHNU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada &
Accredited by NBA & NAAC)
Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534202, West Godavari Dt., A.P

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Thesis entitled “AGRICULTURAL BASED SEED SOWING
MACHINE FOR INTERCROP FIELDS” submitted by V. Bhanu prakash
(16PA1A03B4), T. Sai Teja (16PA1A03A8), V. Chandu krishna (16PA1A03B5),
N. Elisha Raju (16PA1A0371) in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering, VISHNU INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, Bhimavaram is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under our
guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any
other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Dr. A. S. Pavan Kumar) (Dr. M. VENU)

Associate Professor Professor
Project Guide Head of the Department

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to acknowledge all those who helped us throughout in

making this project a great success.

We four students of Mechanical Engineering IV year in “VISHNU INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY” are preparing a project named “AGRICULTURAL BASED SEED
SOWING MACHINE FOR INTERCROP FIELDS”.

We express our highest regards to Dr. D. SURYA NARAYANA, Principal for providing
us with the necessary to carry out this project.

Our sincere thanks to Dr. M. VENU, HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT of

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING for his co-operation and having given me permission
to carry out this project and his valuable guidance through his advices and encouragement.

We whole heartily express our sincere gratitude to Dr. A. S. PAVAN KUMAR, who
guided us for the completion of our project. We are also thankful to all our teachers for
explaining on critical aspect of topics and problems related to the project. We are also
grateful to the assistance of workshop for permitting us to have some help from them. We
would like to thank all the faculty members of respective department for their intimate
cooperation throughout the period of project completion.

V. Bhanu Prakash (16PA1A03B4)

T. Sai Teja (16PA1A03A8)

V. Chandu Krishna (16PA1A03B5)

N. Elish Raju (16PA1A0371)

iii
 ABSTRACT

Agriculture in India is a very important occupation. The percentage of people

involved in agriculture in this country is 65% of the total population. It is the only major
occupation vital in providing food security to the entire nation. In this agricultural land of
India, seed sowing is a very important aspect in the cultivation of crops. The type of seed
is significant according to the type of soil, weather conditions and the kind of location.
Seed germination and growth are majorly dependent on the type of seed, its diameter and
planting depth of the seed. So in consideration of these aspects, seed sowing machine
plays an important role in sowing seeds with the optimum depth of plantation and type of
the crop.

Seed sowing machine reduces the time and effort in cultivation of the crops.
There may be single or multiple crops according to the type of soil and kind of location.
Hence in order to sow the seeds in agriculture field for multiple crops, a capable and
efficient seed sowing machine is a mandatory. Hence, our project is focused towards the
manufacturing of seed sowing machine for inter crop fields.

The proper fabrication of the seed sowing machine is completed to ensure the
sowing of right amount of seed for two types of crop in the agricultural field. This seed
sowing machine has also a provision to sow the seeds with correct inter spacing between
the lines of planting of crops. The diameters of the holes through which two types of
seeds were machined accurately to make sure the right release of seeds at a specific
location. This machine also fulfills an important function of ploughing of the soil and
covering of the seeds with the soil after sowing.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HISTORY 1
1.2 MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE 1
1.3 PROBLEMS FACED BY THE FARMERS 2
1.4 SEED SOWING/PLANTING 3
1.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEED EMERGENCE 8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND MAIN THEME OF 9
THE PROJECT
3 DESIGN OF THE MACHINE AND SELECTION 11
OF THE COMPONENTS
3.1 MODELING OF SEED SOWING MACHINE 11
3.2 MATERIALS AND DIMENSIONS OF THE 11
COMPONENTS
3.3 DETAILS OF THE COMPONENTS 12
4 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY OF THE SEED 18
SOWING MACHINE
4.1 FABRICATION OF THE MACHINE 18
4.2 ASSEMBLY OF THE FABRICATED 20
COMPONENTS
5 CONCLUSION OF THE PROJECT 22
6 REFERENCES 23

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table. No. Name of the Table Page

No.
1.1 Diameter of different seeds 6
1.2 Details for Planting seeds 7
3.1 Details of Components 11

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Name of the Figure Page

No.
1.1 Old Style Farming 1
1.2 Ploughing crops with a Tractor 2
1.3 Furrow Planting 4
1.4 Bed Planting 5
1.5 Flat Planting 5
3.1 CATIA Model of seed sowing machine 11
3.2 Base Frame 12
3.3 Seed Container 13
3.4 Hollow Disc 13
3.5 Schematic of shaft 14
3.6 Wheels 14
3.7 Pillow Block 15
3.8 Roller bearing 15
3.9 MY1016Z3 Electric motor 16
3.10 Battery 17
4.1 Marking 18
4.2 Sheet Cutting 19
4.2.1 Pipe Cutting 19
4.3 Welding 19
4.4 Seed Sowing Machine 21

vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CATIA - Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Applications
DC - Direct current
GDP - Gross domestic product
V - Voltage
W - watt
RPM - Revolutions per minute

vii
i
 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
Humans can’t live without air, water and food. The first two are easily
available in the nature. But food is not always available in the atmosphere, it has to
be cultivated. Coming to our country, India is an agricultural based country. The
agriculture is the backbone of India. For sustainable growth of our country,
development of agriculture plays vital role. In is India it not a business it is our way
of life. It is followed by us from our ancestors and their practices. The main GDP of
our country is mainly from agriculture only. By quitting the agriculture, the world
won’t get food and they lead to the starvation. That’s why in India a slogan is given
that “Annadata Sukhibhava” and for his valuable efforts he is regarded as a king of
modern era.

MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE

In early days man lives in caves and eats what the food is available. He
throw the seeds of those food nearby him. They started growing and giving gain
food. Later he observed that and started sowing the seeds in a particular manner.
This is how agriculture has started.

Fig. 1.1 Old Style Farming

As years are passing on, he started using animals like bulls and oxen by
using an equipment called plough for ploughing. Later technology has changed the
face of the agriculture i.e., modern practices and equipment are entered into this
field. They made a greater impact and started a revolution. The equipment that

1
reduced a lot of work load on farmers along with the animals are tractors, rotators,
grass cutting machines, weed removal machines etc.,

Fig. 1.2 Ploughing crops with a Tractor

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE FARMERS

During cultivation of crops, the common problems faced by the farmers
range from the phase of seed sowing to harvesting the crops with adverse effects
of weather sometimes. In the crop fields, it is important to use the right type of
seed and appropriate ways of planting the seeds according to the suitable soil and
weather conditions. It requires considerable efforts and time at the beginning of
cultivation of a new crop. Particularly,

1. During the starting of the season farmers require a mechanized equipment

to clean or remove the previous crop before starting to cultivate a new crop.
Not all farmers can afford to buy a tractor for doing this work.
2. During the time of planting a seed, they need also a suitable and affordable
equipment.

3. After planting the seeds, weed growth need to be avoided with a well-
equipped facility.
4. Like the above issues, there may be multiple times to plough the soil during
cultivation.

2
SEED SOWING/PLANTING
As mentioned earlier, seed sowing is one of the most significant aspect of
problems in crop cultivation. Sowing of seeds means planting the seed in a
particular point and cover it with soil. At that time, farmers have to plough the soil
before one or two weeks of the planting and also have to plough the soil during
sowing. This means that they have to plough the soil for at least two times during
cultivation. Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain
good germination and crop stands.

A perfect sowing gives

1. Correct amount of seed per unit area.

2. Correct depth of sowing.

3. Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant-to-plant.

4. Correct seed rate.

SEED RATING AND SPACING

The primary objective of any planting operation is to establish an
optimum plant population and plant spacing, the ultimate goal being to obtain
the maximum net return per unit area.

Population and spacing requirements are influenced by:

 Type of crop.

 Type of soil.

 Fertility level of soil.

 Amount of moisture available.

METHODS OF PLANTING
 BROAD CASTING: Random scattering of seeds over the surface of the field.

 DRILLING: Drilling consists of dropping the seeds in furrow lines in a

continuous stream and covering them with soil. The spacing between the
seeds is not uniform.

3
 HILL DROPPING: Placing group of seeds about equal intervals in rows.

 PRECISSION PLANTING: Accurate placing of single seeds at

about equal intervals in rows.

4
 METHODS OF PLANTING IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
In ETHIOPIA:
1. Most Ethiopian farmers normally spread seeds manually or by hand or by
broad casting.
2. But, in manual seeding, it is possible to achieve uniformly in distribution of seeds.

3. A farmer may sow at desired seed rate but inter-row and inter-row
distribution of seeds is likely to be uneven resulting in bunching and gaps in
field.
4. In addition, there will be a poor control over depth of seed placement, these
results in poor emergence of the crop. This again leads to low productivity.

In INDIA:
1. Farmers in India spread seeds by using machines like tractors.

2. They use hill dropping and precision planting for sowing based on type of
crops used.
3. Crops like cotton and chilli use hill dropping while red gram and peanuts
crops require precision planting.
4. Where as crops like paddy requires broad casting technique.

PLANTING SYSTEMS
Planting may be done on flat surfaces of the field, in furrows or on beds.

FURROW PLANTING (OR LISTER PLANTING)

This planting method is widely practiced under semiarid conditions for row
crops such as corn, cotton and grains because this system places the seed down in to
the most soil and protects young plants from wind and blowing soil.

Fig. 1.3 Furrow planting

5
BED PLANTING
It is often practiced in high rainfall areas to improve surface drainage.

Fig. 1.4 Bed planting

FLAT PLANTING
This type of planting is generally predominates where natural
moistureconditions are favorable.

Fig. 1.5 Flat planting

The seeds used in farming have different diameters. They are listed below.
Table 1.1 Diameters of different seeds

Seed name Diameter (mm)

Arugula 2.5

Beet 7.5

Broccoli 3.5

Cabbage 3.5

6
 Carrot 3.5

Cauliflower 3.5

Corn 13.5

Cucumber 9

Lettuce 6

Okra 7.5

Onion 6

Pea 10

Radish 4

Sun flower 2.5

Red gram 4

Green gram 3

Black gram 3

Peanuts 4.5

Groundnuts 4.5

Not only size of the grains are important, there should also be a specific distance
between the seed and specific plant depth. Those are given below.

7
Table 1.2 Details for planting seeds

Seed name Distance between seeds Planting depth

(cm)
(cm)

Arugula 30 2.5-4

Beet 3-5 1.5

Broccoli 45-60 0.5-1.5

Cabbage 45 0.5-1.5

Carrot 3-5 1.5

Cauliflower 45-60 0.5-1.5

Corn 15-25 2.5

Okra 30 2.5

Onion 5-8 1.5-3

Pepper 60 1.5

Radish 2.5 1.2

Potato 25-30 10

Red gram

Green gram

Black gram

Peanuts

Groundnuts

These specifications should be follow because without them the plants will
grow randomly and it gives problems to the farmer while taking the crop out.

8
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEED EMERGENCE
By following the above regulations seed can’t grow well. There are several
other factors that affect the seed germination and emergence. They are

 Its depth should be uniform with regard to placement of seed.

 It should be distributed uniformly along the rows.

 Its transverse displacement with regard to row also considered.

 Loose soil getting is also prevented.

 Soil is covered uniformly over the seed.

 Fertilizer is mixed with seed during placement in the furrow.

By fulfilling above factors we get best performance of the seed drill or planter. To
improve the performance, we need to optimize the above factors also so that we get
desired efficacy from the system in economical way. Its design is simplified and
components are selected to suit the need of the corps. In the working of the robot seed
drill or planter also plays vital role in manipulating the physical environment. The
metering system allows the metered or required quantity the seed in the farm. This
system also serves the seed so that seed should not be damaged while working.

The subsequent chapter describes about the literature review done and main
theme of the project work.

9
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND MAIN THEME OF THE PROJECT

Ramesh and Girish Kumar et al. [1] in 2014, reviewed different

agricultural seed sowing equipment to reduce difficulties during planting and
fertilizing to reduce costs and increase the production rate and avoid the difficulties
by manual seed sowing. The seed sowing equipment machines mentioned above
required only one person to operate. Hence it reduces laborer cost.

Thorat Swapnil et al. [2] in 2017, designed and manufactured sowing

machine which is operated manually but reduces the efforts of farmers thus
increasing the efficiency of planting. The machine was made from raw materials
thus it was so cheap and very usable for small scale farmers. The article represented
the advanced system for improving the agricultural processes such as cultivation on
plough land based on robotic assistance. In this work, a vehicle having four wheels
and operated by DC motor. Hence by using this machine, flexibility of distance and
control depth variation were achieved for different seeds.

Nagesh B. Adalinge et al. [3] in 2017, designed and manufactured seed

sowing machine. It has given lot of support for small scale farmers. This seed
sowing equipment is designed to plant the seed in specific depths and distance.
Spacing and depth is varied from crop to crop and condition to condition. It is
concluded that this machine reduces efforts and total costs of sowing.

Swapnil Umale et al. [4] in 2018, reduced the cost of fertilizing and sowing
by developing multiple seed sowing machine. This machine can work in any type of
soil with accuracy and precision. It is used for all types of crops and provides basic
necessities of seed sowing. Different types and sizes of seeds can be planted by
using this machine. It reduces 50% of the costs and efforts during the seeding. It can
also be used to distribute the fertilizers.

In 2018, Saravanan et al. [5] developed automated robot seed sowing machine for
planting and fertilizing which does not affect the soil texture, but increases the food
production. It is eco-friendly such that it does not produce carbon emissions and
sounds. By using sensors it reduces the labor costs and accuracy. By comparing the
results with the traditional ones, output is increased to 150% in terms of efficiency,
productivity and time/duration.

10
 Annapurna et al. [6] in 2019, manufactured automated agricultural seed
sowing machine to sow seeds and to remove the weeds during cropping seasons.
This method of implementation of seed sowing manually or automatically exists but
this is the simpler version that untrained framers can work with it. Finally they
concluded that this machine is malleable and this device can perform the same
function for various seeds.

In view of various problems faced by the farmers mentioned in chapter 1 and

subsequent literature review, this project is aimed at developing seed sowing
machine for inter crop fields. This machine can be utilized to sow seeds with the
accurate amount of seeds with correct inter spacing between the lines of location of
planting. It can be utilized to incorporate different diameters of seeds according to
the types of soils, different locations of the fields and different climatic conditions.
Fertilizers can be evenly distributed over the crop fields along with seed sowing by
using the machine manufactured in this project.

11
 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN OF THE MACHINE AND SELECTION OF THE COMPONENTS

MODELING OF SEED SOWING MACHINE

Fig. 3.1 CATIA Model of Seed Sowing Machine

Fig. 3.1 shows the complete CATIA model of the seed sowing machine.
While designing the mechanism physical conditions as well as the requirements both
are considered.

MATERIALS AND DIMENSIONS OF THE COMPONENTS

Table 3.1 Details of Components

Parts Dimensions (mm)

Total length of the machine 780

Total width of the machine 720

Total height of the machine 500

12
 Only frame length 740

Only frame width 650

Frame thickness 40

Distance between the centre of two containers 230

Container length, width, height and thickness resp. 420,95,230,2.5

Disc diameter, thickness resp. 200,25

Disc groove length, width, height resp. 40,25,25

Major shaft length, diameter 720,24

Minor shaft length, diameter 170,24

Wheel diameter, thickness 200,25

DETAILS OF THE COMPONENTS

The parts contained in our machine are

BASE FRAME
It is the most essential part our assembly family, without this machine cant
balance its weight. The total parts of the machine are mounted on it. It is made up of
mild steel material. It has hollow cross section.

Fig. 3.2 Base Frame

13
SEED CONTAINER
It is a box shaped hollow case, in which seeds are placed along with the disc
according to the requirements. It is mounted on frame. It contains disc at a required
level in order to carry seeds. It is made up of aluminium material.

Figure 3.3 Seed Container

HOLLOW DISC
It is hollow shaped circular disc which contains grooves on it at regular
intervals to carry seeds. The grooves has a volume of 16,000 mm^3. It is placed
inside the container. It is made up of aluminium and has a radius of 100 mm.

Fig. 3.4 Hollow Disc

14
MAJOR AND MINOR SHAFTS
The major shaft transmits the energy to minor shaft. Its purpose is to pull
the entire machine by using battery power and wheels. The number of major
shafts are two. One at the starting position and other at last.

Fig. 3.5 Schematic of shaft

The minor shaft takes power from the major shaft. It is used to rotate the
disc. It is placed in the container. The number of minor shafts are only one. The
visible difference between them is their dimension. They have same diameter but
different length i.e., major shaft has more length than minor shaft. These two are
hollow and made up of aluminium material.

WHEELS
The wheels used in this machine are made of cast iron. The total machine
weight is carried by these wheels only. The total no of wheels used in this are four.
They have 200 mm diameter each. They are fixed to the two major shafts two at the
front and two at the back.

Fig. 3.6 Wheels

15
BEARINGS
There are two types of bearings used in this machine. They are pillow block
and roller bearing. These are used for the free rotation of the shaft and eliminates
sounds and friction. These two bearing have 25 mm inner diameter each.

Fig. 3.7 Pillow block

Fig. 3.8 Roller bearing

DC MOTOR
The total machine runs by power produced by this motor. It converts the
electrical energy to mechanical energy. It gives power to the major shaft. It is
mounted on lest side of the frame. The specifications of this motor are:

Input voltage :
Power source :
Weight :
Material :

16
 Rpm :
Power delivered :
12 V DC
2 kg Iron 500
350 W

Fig. 3.9 MY1016Z3 DC Electric motor

BATTERY
It is used to produce the electrical energy to supply for the motor. It is
placed nearer to the motor. The number of batteries used are two.

Power output : 12 V

Weight : 0.5 kg

Fig. 3.10 Battery

17
 CHAPTER 4

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY OF THE SEED SOWING MACHINE

FABRICATION OF THE MACHINE

Collect all the required material according to dimensions based on requirement.
First take frame and make markings to place required parts on it. Place the 2
containers of correct dimensions according to markings and fix these containers with
frame by using screw joint. Make holes to the frame in order to join pillow block for
major shafts. After fixing pillow blocks, connect the major shafts to them. Now these
2 shafts are provided with the wheels. Insert the minor shaft with a gear in container
which is provided with the hole. Minor shaft passes through the two containers. This
shaft is also provided with two discs each in a container. The gap between the disc
and the container is covered by strips so that seeds cannot pass the container. A dc
motor is mounted on the frame which is provided with the gear. The first major shaft
is provided with two gears each one on each side. Connect the motor gear to the
major shaft first gear and second gear to the minor shaft gear. The dc motor is
provided by battery which is placed behind the motor.

The fabrication of the machine includes different types of process like marking of
components, cutting, and welding.

Marking of Components: In order to make the machine up to required dimensions,

we have to mark it properly. Based on this marking only cutting and welding
process undergoes. In one word the total working of the machine is based on it.

Fig. 4.1 Marking

18
Cutting: Based on markings drawn on the components the cutting operation is
performed. While this operation is going on, we have to be very careful i.e; measures
has to be taken while performing like covering the face with glass, wearing gloves
and shoes. Cutting should be done properly. In this machine cutting operation is
performed for frame pipes, discs, containers.

Fig. 4.2 Sheet Cutting Fig. 4.2.1 Pipe Cutting

Welding: It is an operation or process used to join the parts or components.

There are many welding process. In this we used arc welding, it is a permanent
joint. While doing this operation some serious steps has to be taken. Glasses, gloves
and shoes are very important. After the operation welding machine must be shut
down in order to avoid accidents.

Fig. 4.3 Welding

19
ASSEMBLY OF THE FABRICATED COMPONENTS
As the distance between the two ploughs of a tractor is 9 inches, we also
given the same distance between two paths. Hence the machine is exactly fixed into
the paths of the field.

Dc motor is placed on one end of frame. When the power is given to the dc
motor by means of battery, it starts giving rotational energy to the gear which is
mounted to it. The major shaft is provided with 2 gears with same dimensions. The
first gear of major shaft will be in the same line of the gear fixed to the dc motor.
Then through the chain mechanism, the energy produced by the dc motor is
transmitted to the major shaft. Now at the second end of frame at a required level of
height based on the container another gear is mounted on minor shaft. This gear and
the second gear of major shaft are aligned in a same line so that the power will
easily transmitted. Then by using chain, energy produced by the first gear of major
shaft is given to the minor shaft through second gear on major shaft. The minor
shaft is provided with two disc each in each container. A strip is provided between
the gaps of container and disc so that seeds cannot come inside of container.

Now, when battery is started dc motor gives energy to the shafts and the
discs starts rotating in the containers. When seeds are poured at in front of disc in
container, the grooves of disc starts carrying the seeds to the other end of container
and drops into the funnel placed down to the disc. The funnel is provided with a
whole of seed’s diameter. So that seeds will easily drops through funnel in a
specified path at regular intervals. A plate from the back end of the frame covers or
place the soil on the seeds in order to not expose to the outer atmosphere. Later
plant come out of those seeds.

After the assembly of total component the structure of the Agriculture Based
Seed Sowing Machine For Intercrop Fields is given below:

20
Fig. 4.4 Seed Sowing Machine

21
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION OF THE PROJECT

This project of fabricating seed sowing machine for inter crop fields has an
excellent capability of sowing seeds with the right amount at a particular location
line of planting. This machine is able to sow the seeds by maintaining the inter-
spacing distance between the lines of location of planting. The diameter of the holes
through which the seeds are released are manufactured perfectly. The machine
fabricated in this project also plough the soil before sowing and covers the seed with
soil after sowing. It also reduces considerable amount of time and effort of farmers.
Fertilizers can also be distributed evenly in the crop fields by utilizing the outcome
of the project. Seeds of different diameters can be sowed by incorporating adjustable
funnels in this machine.

22
 CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES
1 D. Ramesh, H.P, Girish Kumar, “Agriculture Seed Sowing Equipments – A
Review”, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research,
vol. 3, pp. 1987-1992, 2014.

2 Swapnil, Thorat & Kasturi, Madhu & Girish, Patil & Rajkumar, Patil.” Design and
Fabrication of Seed Sowing Machine”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology, vol. 04, pp. 704-707, 2017. doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.12391.75684.

3 Nagesh B. Adalinge, Ganesh P.Ghune, “Design and Manufacturing of Seed

Sowing Machine”, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and
Innovations in Technology, vol. 3, pp. 705-708, 2017.

4 Prof. Swapnil Umale, Mr. Ashish Tayade, “Multi Seed Sowing Machine”,
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, vol. 5,
pp. 1-8, 2018.

5 K. Saravanan, S.P. Sundar Singh Sivam, “Design and Fabrication of Automatic

Seed sowing Robot for Agricultural Field”, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, vol. 120, pp. 11749-11765, 2018.

6 B. Annapurna, B. Anusha, “Automated Seed Sowing Machine Using

Atmega2560”, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring
Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 300-302, 2019

23

View publication stats