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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies that are very

relevant to the study.

Foreign Literature

Corona virus is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. People

over the age of 60 years are at a significantly greater risk of the coronavirus. The

infected individual can experience mild to moderate respiratory illness. But

anyone can get sick, become seriously ill, or die regardless.

According to Kumar (2021) The COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant

threat to governments and civilizations around the world. To minimize illness

transmission by contact, non-medical techniques such as social distancing,

quarantine, and lockdown have been implemented. Therefore, Police have been

deployed to enforce public health legislation in several countries. This study

examines data from two districts in the Indian state of Kerala to see if police

initiatives had any effect on the outcome of minimizing disease transmission by

touch. This study concludes that police efforts at non-medical interventions

minimize the spread of the disease by analyzing the varied strategies utilized by

the officers in the two areas. The study also suggests that, rather than just

enforcing public health laws and regulations, smart resource allocation is a key

determinant in getting better results.

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Foreign Studies

Based on the study of Brandon Yau, MD et. al (2020) stated that social

distancing policies was implement to ensure physical distance between people

have become a crucial strategy in the battle against the spread of the coronavirus.

However, the study aims to analyze and compare social distancing policies

implemented in Denmark and Sweden in 2020 with the presence of their

implementing personnel. Despite many similarities between the two countries,

their response to the coronavirus pandemic differed markedly. Whereas

authorities in Denmark initiated mandatory regulations and many severe

restrictions, Swedish authorities predominantly promoted voluntary

recommendations.

In lined to the study of Bakkalbasi et. al (2021) mentioned that

respondents were happy or extremely satisfied with the services offered in

relation to COVID-19, and that their participation in decision-making procedures

was significant Satisfaction with the behavior of TRCS employees and volunteers

was good. Although, this cited study subject different from Covid Marshal Group

being assessed by the community in relation to their duties, but they have shown

commonality in terms of their duties performed during Covid-19.

According to Hutahayan (2021) this research aims to determine the effects of

Covid-19 on law enforcement in the application of large-scale social restrictions

policy in Jakarta. This research used a quantitative approach in the form of a

survey. People with too much confidence tend to violate the application of LSSR

policy. Besides, people who are too confident in obeying LSSR regulations will

tend not to realize the importance of applying LSSR policies. The new findings
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are the use of models involving quadratic relationships, where the higher one’s

trust, is not necessarily always increase obedience and awareness. With a level

above 76%, public obedience and awareness will tend to decrease.

Based on the study of Perry et. al (2021) mentioned that within a short

period of time, the police were assigned new responsibilities and were required to

change their priorities and focus on enforcing unusual emergency orders. These

new tasks, as well as the emergency atmosphere and its socio-psychological

implications, raise a series of questions about public expectations from and trust

in the police during the pandemic period. We find that this population supports

Police enforcement of the new orders and trusts them to do so with integrity,

believes the police have been successful in this arena, and is willing to report

violations of emergency regulations. Overall, responses indicate more favorable

attitudes towards the police, echoing previous findings on policing emergencies.

Local Studies

According to Mayo et. al (2021) stated that the Community Quarantine

(ECQ) was strictly implemented in the Philippines. However, the government

applied the "Prevent, Detect, Isolate, Treat, reintegrate (PDITR)" strategy. PDITR

is designed to decrease the cases of COVID – 19 or to slowdown the spreading.

Therefore, the City Government of Puerto Princesa has launched their Covid-19

marshals, these men in uniform are the additional forces that will help the

government lessen the cases. On the other, hand the negligence of the community

is one of the reasons why the positive cases in the city increase. Moreover, the

government has increased the community awareness and added additional task

forces that will lessen the spreading of the said virus. Study conducted to
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understand the point of view of a certain community as well as their satisfaction

towards the said additional forces and activities of the Government towards

Covid – 19 pandemic fights.

According to Guiroy et. al (2019). Police Lt. Gen. Guillermo Lorenzo

Eleazar, commander of the JTF COVID Shield, said the police supervisor would

serve as team leader of the barangay security officers, or barangay tanod, in the

enforcement of the minimum health safety protocols, explaining community level

implementation of quarantine rules as necessary in containing the spread of the

coronavirus.

Local Literature

Based on the objectives of IATF Section 3 Guidelines for areas under alert

level 4. The following protocols shall be observed in areas placed under Alert

Level 4, except for portions thereof under granular lockdown. Interzonal and

interzonal travel shall be allowed subject to the reasonable regulations of the

LGU of destination. Fully vaccinated individuals belonging to the vulnerable

population and those below eighteen (18) years of age may participate in outdoor

activities such as Point-to-Point Travel and Staycations.

According to DILG the local government code mentioned in chapter 6

Barangay assembly SECTION 397. Composition; Meetings. (a) There shall be a

Barangay assembly composed of all persons who are actual residents of the

Barangay for at least six (6) months, fifteen (15) years of age or over, citizens of

the Philippines, and duly registered in the list of Barangay assembly members.
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Conceptual Framework

This study designed to determine the resident satisfaction towards the

performance of duties of non-medical implementing personnel against Covid-19

in selected barangay of Puerto Princesa City Palawan. It is important to know the

satisfaction of the resident in order to distinguish if the rules and regulations

made by the government are effectively put into effect by the different non-

medical implementer’s against Covid-19 and also to know the level of awareness

of the non-medical implementing personnel if they really discern their duties

about health and safety guidelines protocols. It has a big factor that can affect to

the satisfaction of the community if the authority is really aware to their

responsibilities as implementing personnel. Therefore, there is a problem that the

researchers wished to solve, as shown in the conceptual framework. To

specifically illustrates the flow or process how this study done, below is the

illustration of the input, process and output of the study.

The study used three parts of variables. Firstly, the Demographic profile of

the respondents in terms of: age, sex, monthly income, occupation and number of

years/months reside in the barangay during the period of Covid-19. Secondly, the

level of the awareness towards their duties as non-medical implementing

personnel against Covid19 in Barangay San Jose Puerto Princesa City such as

Barangay Tanod, PNP Personnel, and Covid-19 Marshal. Lastly, the Communities

satisfaction towards the performance of non- medical implementing personnel in

barangay San Jose Puerto Princesa City. In order to get the output or results of

the study, the following process the researchers were done structural survey

questionnaire as the primary instrument for Data gathering following the

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procedures, tallying of the data assessment of information, using statistical

treatment and last, analyzing of the results and interpretation of data.

Finally, the output or the outcome of the study are the result of the

respondent’s level of satisfaction towards the duties of implementing personnel

against Covid-19 as in Barangay San Jose Puerto Princesa City, level of awareness

of the non-medical implementing personnel such as Barangay Tanod, PNP, and

Covid-Marshal.
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Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Demographic Profile of Structural Survey Data result on

the respondents in terms of: Questionnaire and the Level of
a. age; focus the: awareness
b. sex; a. Data gathering towards the
c. monthly income; procedure performance
d. occupation; and b. Tallying of the of duties of
f. Years of residence in data assessment non-medical
barangay San Jose Puerto information implementing
Princesa City. c. Using Statistical personnel
2.Level of the community treatment by the Barangay San
satisfaction towards the researchers Jose against
performance of duties of d. analyzing of the Covid 19.
non-medical results and
implementing personnel interpretation of Data result on
against Covid-19 in the data. the Level of
Barangay San Jose Puerto respondent’s
Princesa City in terms of: satisfaction
towards the
a. Barangay Tanod duties of non-
b. PNP Personnel medical
c. Covid Sheriff/Marshal implementing
3. Level of awareness of personnel
three groups non-medical against Covid-
implementing personnel 19 within the
against Covid19 in Barangay San
Barangay San Jose Puerto Jose Puerto
Princesa City in terms of Princesa City.
their duties.
Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study
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Definition of terms

For a better understanding of this study the following terms are defined

contextually and operationally.

Age. It refers to the number of year’s respondent live from birth.

Checkpoints. A point at which a check is performed.

Communities. It refers to the selected respondents of the study.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). An infectious disease that can kill

everyone who has seriously infected.

Curfew. It refers to the regulation requiring people to remain indoors between

specified hours, typically at night.

Demographic Profile. It refers to the demographic profile and as the

statistical data about the characteristics of a population, such as the age, civil

status’ occupation, religion and ethnic affiliation.

Department of Health (DOH) - It refers to the principal health agency in the

Philippines. It is responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to

all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care and regulation of

providers of health goods and services.

Front liners. The group of people who are most advanced, responsible, or

visible position in a field or activity against the COVID- 19.

Likert scale- Assumes that the strength / intensity of an attitude is linear.

Merriam Webster dictionary

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Lockdown. Is an emergency measure or condition in which people are

temporarily prevented from entering or leaving a restricted area or building (such

as a school) during a threat or danger of COVID-19.

Medical Front liners - Frontline health workers are comprised of all types of

health workers—including nurses, midwives, community health workers, doctors,

pharmacists, and more—who provide care directly to their communities. They

provide immunizations and treat common infections.

MGCQ (Modified General Community Quarantine). Are allowed subject

to local government guidelines starting September 16 to 30 after the region was

placed under Alert Level 4 in the pilot Covid-19 alert levels system.

Occupation. It refers to the work of the respondents for their daily life. Merriam

Webster dictionary

Pandemic. An outbreak of disease that occurs a wide geographic area. Merriam

Webster dictionary

Patrol. Refers to unit of persons or vehicles employed for reconnaissance,

security, or combat. Merriam Webster dictionary

Percentage - A rate, number or any proportion or share in relation to a whole.

Merriam Webster dictionary

Protocol. A system of rules that explain the correct conduct and procedures to

be followed in formal situations. Merriam Webster dictionary.

Quarantine. The situation of being kept away from others to prevent a disease

from spreading.
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Respondents. It refers to a person who replies to something, especially one

supplying information for a survey or questionnaire or responding to an

advertisement.

Satisfaction. It refers to the contentment of the selected respondents towards

the duties of implementing personnel.

Sex. It refers to the individual’s reproductive function either male or female.

Merriam Webster dictionary

Surveillance - It refers to the action of supervising someone or something. It is

also referring to the ability to see something or to be seen from a particular place.

Merriam Webster dictionary

Vaccination - Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune

system develop protection from s disease

Weighted Mean - Involves multiplying each data point in a set by a value which

is determined by some characteristic of whatever contributed to the data point.

Merriam Webster dictionary