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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the Introduction, background of the Study, Conceptual Framework,
Theoretical framework, Statement of the Problem, Assumptions and Hypothesis, Scope and
Limitations of the Study, significance of the Study and Definition of Terms.
Introduction
Crime is a phenomenon that challenges the community’s function specifically the law
enforcement agency on how they can contain, detect and lessen this from happening or being
committed. Crime is also inevitable, a society fully free from the problems of crime and
criminals is impossible or unbelievable to exist, but we can decrease the chances of it from
happening by controlling it before it goes out of hand. For instance, criminal activities which are
uncontrollable can be dangerous that it can cause not only a particular community but also the
different countries in the world to collapse or put in peril if it spreads rampantly. In this sense, it
becomes a threat that puts the lives of innocent people at risk. Thus, it’s important to detect
crimes and put an end to the danger it might bring to every member of the community.
Crime detection can serve as the primary step in the prevention of crime. It involves the
discovery if a crime might exist or occur and verification of the crimes being reported.
Moreover, it includes the understanding of the previous crime being committed and comparing
it to the relevant crimes being committed and how it can be applicable to diminish these
dangerous acts from happening. With this, it does also help to further understand the nature of
a specific crime. In this sense, crime detection is not only expected to be done by the law
enforcement agency but the members of the community are also expected to cooperate and
report criminal offenses.
Major factor that we must also considered relation to the detection of crime is the criminal
statistic. It tells the different crimes being committed and criminal profiles. Also, in criminal
statistics, one major role of it is gives a factual information of crime rate. In connection to this,
crime rate, nowadays, keeps on increasing. Different types of criminal actions has been
committed in different locations. Mostly, criminal offenses are not being detected that is why it
is hard for the law enforcers to perform an immediate response in times these acts are being
done. It’s a cliché to instill in our minds the saying “Prevention is better than cure”, but it is a
very essential principle that should always apply not only in medical-related instances but also
in Law-related circumstances specifically in enforcing the law. It serves as a reminder that it’s
not only about taking actions when an act has been committed but it is more of what should
have done in order to avoid these actions from happening. That is why in the pillar of Law
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Enforcement, we have the so-called crime detection which is a part of a police officer’s duty in
ensuring that a certain criminal act will be prevented and will be given a quick response.
Statement of the Problem:
This study is to ascertain the effectiveness of criminal statistics as the basis of planning and
executing the right actions and approaches in crime detection. By the end of this research, it
aims to shed light to the following problems:
1. How effective knowing the criminal statistics in crime detection?
I. In planning the right actions and approaches in crime detection?
II. In executing the right actions and approaches in crime detection?
2. How can we avoid criminal acts from happening?
3. What are the effective ways or measures should the law enforcers do in order to easily
detect criminal activities?
4. What are the most common crimes being committed in the country?
5. According to criminal records, who are the persons tend to commit criminal acts?
I. In terms of gender.
II. In terms of Age.
III. In terms of Social Status.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is focuses on the Effects of Criminal Statistics as the Basis of Planning and Executing
the Right Actions and Approaches in the Crime Detection in 3rd year Criminology Students of
ICCT Colleges Inc. Cainta Campus, Academic Year 2021-2022. The data collection will be
conducted to two hundred (200) randomly 3rd year Criminology students in Academic Year
2021-2022. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This study will not cover the other problems that are
not necessarily connected to Criminology students' perspective. Each respondents is given the
same question to answer. The result of this study will be applicable only to the respondents of
this study and will be not use as measure to the Effects of Criminal Statistics as the Basis of
Planning and Executing the Right Actions and Approaches in the Crime Detection who not
belong to the population of this study. The main source of data will be the questionnaire, which
is prepared by the researchers.
Local Literature
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GP Gayon, 1990, One essential element in improving police effectiveness is reducing response
time through developing command-and-control systems for metropolitan departments,
installing police callboxes for public use, and creating single telephone numbers for each large
department. Philippine courts would become more efficient in processing criminal cases with
the establishment of a second Grand Jury. Stricter gun control laws, juvenile delinquency
prevention programs, and general police-initiated crime prevention efforts could reduce the
opportunities for crime. While the Philippine correctional system differs greatly from that in the
United States, there is a growing movement toward rehabilitation of adult and juvenile
offenders.
In the Philippines, Republic Act 6975 or the "Department of Interior and Local Government
(DILG ) Act of 1990", as amended directs the National Police Commission to recommend to the
President, through the Secretary of the DILG a national crime prevention program. The
NAPOLCOM developed the 2019 National Crime Prevention Program (NCPP) through its
Technical Committee on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, an ad-hoc interdisciplinary body
composed of acknowledged experts from government agencies and non-government agencies
involved in the criminal justice system. To ensure the success of the NCPP, the office of the
President issued Memorandum Circular Order No. 66, which directs all government agencies
and local government units to support the same.
Aquino, Pila, and Buraga (2016), in their effort to assess the crime prevention activities in
Mandaluyong City, revealed that the PNP conducts enhanced Police Integrated Patrol Systems
(PIPS), deploys Tactical Motorized Riders on perceived crime-prone areas, saturation drives
among others. The respondents from the business, education, health, and youth sectors
appraised the crime prevention efforts as moderately. The crime prevention activities of the
barangay, on the other hand, is assessed as effective. All the barangays have organized a group
of Barangay Tanod, which helps maintain the peace and order situation in their respective
places. Data also show that they received good benefits in cash and in-kind while serving their
barangay constituents. The youth, however, find the barangay officials not fully efficient
probably because they were affected by the restrictions and were deprived of their enjoyment,
especially the curfew hours where they have to observe. While the study assesses crime
prevention activities based on the perception of the endreceivers, which is rational,
comprehensive assessment of activities should be based on results and not perception alone.
According to the PNP Managing Patrol Operations Manual (2015), the PNP strategy in crime
prevention, which the institution has advocated to be complete and holistic, is composed of
three mechanisms, namely police visibility, law enforcement, and police-community
partnership. Police presence is done by deploying various activities such as area patrol,
community engagement, and other related policing activities to respond to situations that
warrant police assistance or intervention. Law enforcement, as one mechanism, is the
implementation of laws and ordinances through police operations, investigation, apprehension
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of suspects, or convicted offenders. Police community partnership applies the philosophy of
community policing, which emphasizes the collaboration between the police and the
community in settling peace and order issues towards a healthy and harmonious society. The
point of peace in order is seen as a shared responsibility. The community becomes the force
multiplier of the police.
Patrol is a way to employ presence, which is a significant crime deterrent to reduce if not
eliminate the opportunity to commit a crime. Patrol officers, daily, acquire first-hand
information and experience on the situation in the community, particularly identifying crime-
prone areas and usual suspects or recidivists. Hence, the conduct of patrol and the appropriate
deployment of patrol officers to reduce crimes is an indispensable component of policing (PNP
Managing Patrol Operations Manual, 2015).
According to Sison (2014), crimes are committed due to extreme hunger and for purely
economic reasons such as lack of education, unemployment and population growth because of
this reasons, people are forcing to do crimes such as pickpockets and snatching. Crimes are
committed in areas where the urban poor live. Additionally, the corruption of the politicians
also added in blocking the social and economic development. However, in the last years, people
actively witnessed the stealing of the politicians. As the effect, Filipinos end up paying
overpriced goods, low maintenance of the services and low quality of the infrastructure.
Moreover, the breakdown of marriage and family added in why people committing crimes; such
as lack of dedication of the parents in disciplining their children, loss of love and lack of
guidance (Hererra, 2014).

Local Studies

Rachel Boba Santos (effectiveness of crime analysis in crime reduction), 2014The evidence presented is
not based on research of effectiveness of crime analysis, since there is none, but on the effectiveness
research of police approaches, such as the standard model of policing, community policing, disorder
policing, problem-oriented policing, hot spots policing, and the "pulling levers" focused deterrence
approach, as well as popular and new approaches, such as Compstat, intelligence-led policing (ILP), and
predictive policing, and the level at which crime analysis plays a role in each. Through a qualitative
assessment, the author concludes that there is a clear pattern that crime analysis plays a significant role
in police approaches that are effective, and just as apparent, crime analysis plays a very limited role in
policing approaches that are ineffective. In addition, assessment of the policing approaches that have
not been systematically evaluated, but have been widely adopted (i.e., Compstat) or are relatively new
(i.e., ILP and predictive policing), reveals that crime analysis plays a central and visible role. This article
shows that crime analysis is a key component in successful crime reduction efforts. Because this is a
qualitative assessment from a fairly broad perspective, several recommendations are made for future
research that will more fully understand the relationship between crime analysis and police
effectiveness.
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https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/effectiveness-crime-analysis-crime-reduction-cure-
or-diagnosis

In a study in the Municipality of Bontoc in Mountain Province, Vicente (2019) focused on the domestic
crime prevention programs, the implementation of police and public officials' crime prevention efforts,
and the extent of participation of the residents of the same place. It revealed that indigenous crime
prevention practices in Bontoc include "pechen” system, “ator” system, “maipaila” system, and
“fagfaga" system. These practices were used as a means of crime prevention and indigenous
prosecution that is primarily grounded in their culture.

Patalinghug (2017) cited that the crime detection strategies of four (4) municipalities in Salug Valley,
Zamboanga del Sur were “much effective” to include Integrated Patrol System, Barangay Peace Keeping
Operations, Anti- Criminality Operations, Integrated Area Community Public Safety Services, Bantay
Turista and School Safety Project in connection to the responses of 158 participants.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CRIME PREVENTION APPROACHES IN MANDALUYONG CITY Edna Aquino,

Enhance PIPS/ Strategic Plans Operation. This Station implement the Police Integrated Patrol Systems
(PIPS), enhance crime prevention and solution, conduct high police visibility (foot and mobile patrols),
anti-criminality and police security operations, chokepoints/checkpoints, Oplan Bakal/Sita, Saturation
drives and other police interventions to address motorcycle riding criminals, street crime incidents
perpetrated with the use of firearms. Scoreboard, This Station together with Sector 1 – 7 displayed their
scoreboard in their respective Offices. Said scoreboard had a baseline average monthly crime statistics,
outlook per week and objective to reduce robbery incident perpetrated by Motorcycle Riding Criminals
and/or Akyat Bahay, from the average monthly incident at the end of 2013.

https://www.ijrssh.com/admin/upload/1501655976_Rowena_A_Pila__8

There are index crimes in the NCR which display an increasing trend: slowly increasing in number since
the start of 2014. The historical plots in Figures 5.1 to 5.5 show how the incidence of index crimes has
changed over time. The incidence of theft has increased quite rapidly in NPD, while in the EPD its
increase is even sharper. Robbery incidence has also increased gradually in these two districts.
Moreover, the incidence of motornapping has steadily increased in SPD. One of the efforts exerted by
the PNP in improving the crime situation in the country is by enacting different interventions which this
paper has described. Some of these interventions are effective in reducing certain crimes, while some
are not. Moreover, the relationship between the crimes and interventions differs across the police
districts. This paper has identified the interventions which bring down the level of crime in the different
police districts in NCR.

Foreign Studies

Azfar and gurgur 2005 We use data on crime incidence and crime reporting from the International Crime
Victimization Survey to analyze how governance influences crime incidence and crime reporting by
households.We find that governance has a significant effect on the incidence and reporting rates of
some crime categories, especially theft, even after controlling for a potential reverse causality problem.
We also find that governance and income inequality does not have the same effect in every household;
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on the contrary it is conditional on personal, social and economic characteristics. Urban, female, or poor
households are more likely to experience a crime incidence and less likely to report these crimes if they
live in countries with high income inequality and poor governance.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=723681

We analyzed that crimes vary with criminal's age and health or political power also. So, we need to
analyze these things deeply. For the further algorithm or system we can use this paper as a base of
data mining of crime detection and can enrich our overall goal of setting up a data society. The data
ming system will also help people to make a direct connection with police and the law of justice officials.
So that people can easily say their problems and we can easily predict crime Babu and Syed

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351090625_AN_OVERVIEW_OF_A_CRIME_DETECTION_SYST
EM_USING_THE_ART_OF_DATA_MINING

The Importance of Data in Crime Prevention: Diagnosis and Evaluation

(Bradley and Waller, 2017)It is essential to evaluate crime prevention outcomes in order for changes to
be made to strategies and to move towards best results through logic and planning. Outcome
evaluations test hypothesis on variables to see if certain interventions (i.e. programs and practices) had
an impact. Evaluation can be preceded by the identi cation of revised goals for the continued e ort to
reduce crime. In 2015, the federal government mandate letters mentioned that they would be¨
informed by performance measurement, evidence, and feedback from Canadians (by) directing our
resources to have the greatest, positive impact on the lives of Canadians¨. In order to meet this
mandate, investments in evaluation research is needed to identify what is effective.