1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Crime has always posed a significant threat to the safety and

stability of communities. As urbanization and population growth

continue, so does the complexity and variety of criminal behavior. To

address this, law enforcement agencies categorize crimes into two

types: index crimes, which include serious offenses such as murder,

rape, robbery, and theft; and non-index crimes, which are less severe

offenses such as illegal gambling, alarm and scandal, and violations of

special laws or ordinances. These classifications allow authorities to

prioritize responses and analyze trends over time. In Digos City, the

presence of both index and non-index crimes continues to impact

public safety and community trust in law enforcement.

Globally, crime classification plays a crucial role in measuring

and comparing criminal activity across different regions. According to

the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2023), the use of

standardized definitions for crime types—particularly intentional

homicide and violent crimes—enables countries to track progress and

challenges in crime prevention. These classifications are similar to the

Philippine system of index and non-index crimes. Reichel (2022)

emphasized that many justice systems around the world have adopted

dual-level classifications to distinguish between violent crimes and less

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severe infractions, which aids in resource allocation and crime

management strategies. Meanwhile, Tonry (2019) discussed how long-

term crime trends in the United States and other developed countries

show fluctuations in both violent and property crimes, stressing the

influence of socio-economic factors and community policing in

reducing overall crime rates. These studies offer valuable insights into

how crime classification, monitoring, and policy can impact public

safety on a global scale.

In the Philippine context, crime data are reported and

categorized into index and non-index crimes, allowing policymakers

and law enforcement agencies to formulate crime prevention

programs. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (2023), index

crimes such as theft and physical injury have seen fluctuating trends

over recent years, often influenced by factors such as community

involvement, drug-related operations, and economic instability. Castillo

(2020) explored the effects of community-oriented policing in Metro

Manila, finding a significant reduction in certain index crimes due to

stronger police-community relationships and improved crime reporting

systems. Similarly, Dizon (2021) analyzed crime patterns in urban

areas, identifying that theft and robbery were among the most

prevalent index crimes, while alarm and scandal topped the list of non-

index offenses. These national studies provide context for

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understanding how different crime types affect urban centers and

inform effective policing strategies.

At the local level, studies conducted in Davao del Sur and

neighboring areas offer specific insights into crime trends within

smaller communities like Digos City. Torres and Javier (2021) examined

the crime statistics in Region XI and noted that theft, physical injury,

and alarm and scandal were among the most commonly reported

cases in Digos City. Their findings also highlighted how local law

enforcement initiatives and barangay coordination impacted the

reporting and resolution of non-index crimes. Labrador (2022) focused

on the public perception of safety in Digos City, revealing that while

residents are more concerned about index crimes such as robbery and

assault, non-index crimes contribute significantly to the fear of

disorder. Another study by Manlapig and Roque (2020) on crime

prevention measures in Davao del Sur emphasized the importance of

crime mapping and barangay-based interventions in reducing both

types of crimes.

There is a significant gap in existing research when it comes to

understanding the specific dynamics of index and non-index crimes in

Digos City from 2020 to 2024. While many studies have focused on

national crime trends or analyzed certain types of crime individually,

there has been little research dedicated to comparing both index and

non-index crimes within a localized context over an extended period.

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Previous studies often rely on limited datasets or anecdotal evidence

and do not provide a comprehensive analysis of crime trends in Digos

City specifically. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative

analysis of index and non-index crimes in Digos City from 2020 to

2024. By examining trends in both categories of crime, this study aims

to identify patterns of criminal activity, including which crimes have

seen an increase or decrease in frequency.

Statement of the Problem

In general, this study will be conducted to compare the index

crime and non-index crime rate in Digos City from year 2020 to 2024.

Specifically, this seeks to answer the following research problems:

1. What type of index crimes were recorded in Digos City from

2020 to 2024?

2. What type of non-index crimes were recorded in Digos City

from 2020 to 2024?

3. What is the prevalence and rate of recorded index and non-

index crimes in Digos City from 2020 to 2024?

Theoretical Framework

This study is based on the Routine Activity Theory developed by

Cohen and Felson (1979). The theory posits that crime occurs when

three elements converge in time and space: a motivated offender, a

suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. According to

this theory, criminal incidents are not necessarily caused by social or

 5

psychological abnormalities but rather by the routine patterns of

everyday activities that create opportunities for crime to occur. The

relevance of this theory to the study lies in its ability to explain the

fluctuations and types of crimes both index and non-index reported in

Digos City. The Routine Activity Theory helps understand how changes

in community activities, economic conditions, or law enforcement

presence may influence crime rates over time. For example, increased

public movement or lack of law enforcement visibility may correlate

with higher rates of theft or alarm and scandal. This framework

provides a lens to examine not just the occurrence of crimes, but also

the situational factors that may lead to higher crime rates in certain

areas or periods, thereby supporting the comparative nature of the

study.

In addition, this study is also grounded in the Social

Disorganization Theory introduced by Shaw and McKay (1942). This

theory posits that crime is more likely to occur in communities with

weakened social institutions, such as family, education, and local

governance. High crime rates are often linked to poverty, residential

mobility, and lack of community cohesion. The relevance of this theory

to the study lies in its emphasis on the community’s role in crime

prevention. By comparing crime rates and types between Digos City

and Santa Cruz, the study may reveal how social and economic

conditions in each locality influence the prevalence of both index and

 6

non-index crimes. The theory supports the notion that crime is not only

the result of individual choices but also the product of environmental

and community factors.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable

Index Crime Non-Index Crime

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Crime
Rate

Dependent Variable

Figure 1: Show the variable of the study.

Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the study. It revealed

the independent variables such as the Index and non-index crime data

and the dependent variable is the crime rate in Digos City, Davao del

Sur year 2020 to 2024.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will be conducted in Digos City, Davao del Sur.

Particularly, secondary data will be gathered from the Digos City Police

Station.

Significance of the Study

Local Government Units (LGUs). This study is significant to

local government units as it can offer an in-depth understanding of the

trends and patterns of index and non-index crimes in Digos City from
 8

2020 to 2024. The findings can assist LGUs in formulating effective

crime prevention programs, allocating resources strategically, and

implementing policies that address the root causes of criminal behavior

in the community. By being informed of these patterns, LGUs can

proactively respond to the safety needs of their constituents and

ensure a more secure environment.

Law Enforcement Agencies. For law enforcement agencies,

particularly the Philippine National Police in Digos City, the study

serves as a vital resource for evaluating the success of their current

crime control strategies. The comparative data on index and non-index

crimes can guide the PNP in optimizing their personnel deployment,

enhancing community policing programs, and creating focused

interventions that address specific types of crimes that have increased

over time. This can lead to more efficient and effective policing in the

city.

Criminology Students and Educators. Criminology students

and educators will greatly benefit from this study as it bridges the gap

between theory and practice. The analysis of real-world crime data in a

local context provides a practical learning experience that can deepen

students’ understanding of criminal behavior, law enforcement, and

crime prevention. Educators can also use the study to enrich their

teaching materials and encourage critical thinking and research-based

discussions in the classroom.

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Community Residents of Digos City. The residents of Digos

City are among the primary beneficiaries of this study. By being

informed of the types and frequency of crimes occurring in their

communities, they become more aware and vigilant. The findings of

the study can encourage citizens to actively participate in crime

prevention efforts and cooperate with local authorities. Ultimately, the

study promotes a sense of shared responsibility in maintaining peace

and order in the city.

Policy Makers. This study can also beneficial to policymakers,

both at the local and national levels, as it provides empirical data that

can inform the development of policies and legislation. Understanding

the dynamics of index and non-index crimes in Digos City allows

policymakers to craft more targeted and effective laws, ordinances,

and crime prevention initiatives. These policies can address

community-specific issues and contribute to long-term solutions in

public safety.

Future Researchers. Future researchers will find this study

useful as a reference point for their own investigations into crime

trends, public safety, or criminal justice systems. It lays the

groundwork for further studies, whether comparative or exploratory, in

nearby cities or across different time periods. The data and insights

gathered from this study can inspire deeper analysis and more

comprehensive research in the field of criminology and public safety.

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are operationally defined for accuracy and

precision:

Crime Rates. Refers to the measure of frequency or incidence of

reported criminal incidents within a specific population over a given

period. In this study, the crime rate in Digos City will be calculated as

the total number of reported index and non-index crimes per 1,000

residents, annually from the years 2019 to 2023. The crime rate will

provide an indicator of the level of criminal activity within the

community and serve as the primary outcome variable for analyzing

crime trends and patterns over time in Digos City.

Digos City. Refers to as the geographical and administrative

region under study, located in Davao del Sur, Philippines.

Index crimes. Refers as Part I crimes, are serious criminal

offenses that are commonly used as indicators of overall crime rates

and trends within a community. In this study, index crimes include the

following categories as defined by law enforcement agencies: Murder,

rape, robbery, aggravated Assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor

vehicle theft and arson. Index crimes will be identified based on official

crime reports and statistics provided by law enforcement agencies in

Digos City.

Non-index crimes. Refers as Part II crimes, encompass a

broader range of criminal offenses that are typically less serious in

 11

nature compared to index crimes. In this study, non-index crimes

include various categories of criminal activities beyond those classified

as index crimes, such as: Simple Assault, Vandalism, drug offenses,

fraud, disorderly Conduct and other miscellaneous offenses. Non-index

crimes will also be identified based on official crime reports and

statistics provided by law enforcement agencies in Digos City.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter offers an examination of prior literature and

research outcomes from global, national, and local perspectives that

pertain to the current study.

Foreign Literature and Studies

 12

A study in the United States revealed that while property crimes

dropped significantly during early pandemic months, incidents of

domestic violence increased. The researchers concluded that changes

in daily routines and increased time spent at home altered the

landscape of crime, both in terms of frequency and type (Mohler et al.,

2020). Similarly, Campedelli et al. (2021) found that in Italy, the

COVID-19 lockdowns were associated with a temporary reduction in

most crimes, particularly violent and property-related offenses. Yet,

they also pointed out that these reductions may not reflect long-term

trends, suggesting the need for multi-year analysis—just like the one

being conducted in this study.

Moreover, the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program continues to

serve as a valuable model for distinguishing between index (Part I) and

non-index (Part II) crimes. In its 2022 report, the FBI noted an ongoing

decline in index crimes such as burglary and larceny, although some

categories like aggravated assault and motor vehicle theft showed

minor increases. This evolving trend demonstrates the importance of

evaluating both types of crimes over time and in relation to external

factors such as economic conditions and public health crises (FBI,

2022).

In a study conducted in Canada, a study analyzed crime trends in

Vancouver and noted that pandemic-related restrictions led to spatial

and temporal shifts in criminal activity. Crime decreased in commercial

 13

areas but increased in residential zones, reinforcing the argument that

environmental factors significantly influence crime rates (Hodgkinson

& Andresen, 2020).

Furthermore, study reviewed global crime data and concluded

that while many countries reported drops in traditional crimes during

2020, non-contact crimes such as cyber fraud and domestic abuse rose

sharply. This finding highlighted how different crime categories respond

to major societal changes—a central point in comparative crime

studies (Payne et al., 2020).

Crimes are classified into index and non-index crimes for a

statistical basis and to create a standardized definition of crime

classification. Index crime includes crimes against persons such as

homicide, murder, physical injury and rape, and crimes against

property such as robbery, theft, carnapping/carjacking. On the other

hand, non-index crimes are violations of special laws like illegal

activities and local ordinances (Tadjoeddin, 2021).

Crime destroys life in many ways. It restricts movement, thereby

impeding access to possible employment and educational

opportunities. It also discourages the accumulation of assets. As crime

makes individuals risk-averse it retards entrepreneurial and other

economic activity. Different types of crime have their own causes.

Some of the key criminological theories seek to explain the causes of

 14

crime which are classified into two main approaches: Biological

theories and sociological theories (Xue, 2020).

Furthermore, sociological approaches assume that crime is

shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within

the neighborhood, the peer group, and the family. Contemporary

theories of crime, place, and space include defensible space theory,

which studies how the design of physical space is associated with

crime; broken windows theory, which looks at the relationship between

low-level disorder and crime; and routine activities theory, which

deliberates how opportunities to commit crime are shaped by between

people’s everyday movements through space and time (Madni, 2019).

The crime pattern and prediction literature examine the

relationship between crime and a variety of characteristics, resulting in

the development of methodologies for crime forecasting. Most works

are devoted to predicting hotspots, and locations of different

geographic areas with a high chance of crime. Within crime prevention

studies, researchers have used similar approaches to empower

communities to develop practical solutions to address crime in their

communities. Studies demonstrating that community engagement led

to decreased violence in their cities are promising but scarce (Rupp et

al., 2020).

A study provides insights into the global prevalence and patterns

of drug use, including drug possession for personal use. The study
 15

analyzes data from surveys and epidemiological studies to identify

trends in the prevalence of drug use across different regions,

populations, and substances. Findings highlighted the widespread

nature of drug possession for personal use and variations in patterns of

use over time (Degenhardt et al., 2019).

Studies explored the social determinants and risk factors

associated with drug possession for personal use. These studies

investigate demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, peer

influences, and mental health factors that contribute to drug use and

possession among individuals (ElSohly & Salamone, 2018).

Understanding these risk factors is crucial for developing targeted

interventions and prevention strategies. Additionally, a study examined

the consequences of drug possession for personal use on individuals,

families, and communities. The study investigates the health

outcomes, legal consequences, and social ramifications of drug use

and possession, including stigma, discrimination, and barriers to

treatment and recovery. Findings underscore the need for

comprehensive approaches to address the multifaceted impacts of

drug possession for personal use (Lee, 2020).

Local Literature and Studies

Recent Philippine studies and reports show significant trends and

shifts in both index and non-index crimes in response to social,

political, and health-related events. According to the Philippine

 16

National Police (PNP, 2024), there was a 61.87% decrease in index

crimes nationwide between July 2022 and July 2024. This drop was

attributed to strengthened community policing, enhanced surveillance,

and the revitalized internal cleansing program. Crimes such as theft,

physical injuries, and robbery showed notable reductions. Meanwhile,

non-index crimes like violations of special laws (e.g., RA 9165 or the

Dangerous Drugs Act) remained prevalent but showed some decline

due to sustained anti-crime campaigns.

In the Davao Region, the Davao City Police Office (DCPO)

reported a 28.47% decrease in index crimes from January to May 2024

compared to the same months in 2023. This trend reflected effective

implementation of localized crime prevention strategies, community

mobilization, and continuous police visibility (SunStar Davao, 2024).

Although index crimes declined, the DCPO also noted challenges in

addressing non-index crimes such as illegal gambling, cybercrime, and

traffic violations, which require different intervention strategies.

Moreover, a study conducted by Requiestas (2022) investigated

crime trends during the pandemic and found that while physical crimes

decreased due to lockdowns, there was an increase in non-index

crimes, particularly in online scams and domestic-related complaints.

This aligns with the PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group’s observations on the

rising cases of cyber fraud and identity theft during the height of the

pandemic. Another local study by Lopez (2021) emphasized the

 17

importance of community-based crime prevention programs in

minimizing index crimes, particularly in urban areas like Davao and

nearby cities.

As of 2020, the country’s order and security index score in terms

of the absence of crime was almost 0.7, where a result of one (1)

meant it was effectively controlled or organized. In the past year, the

Philippine National Police fortified its crime solution initiatives, which

significantly helped the nation in its crime solution efficiency.

Numerous joint talks about peace and security between the agencies

of the Philippine National Police and Armed Forces of the Philippines

could help in making a safer country (Sanchez, 2020).

Increasing crime solution efficiency in any nation requires

understanding of the crime trends and their associations to specific

locations, which will enhance the crime prevention and management of

the police and other enforcement agencies. Crime prevention and

management are at the forefront of the agenda of the Philippine

government under the Duterte administration. One of the

administration's goals is to improve the lives of Filipinos by

aggressively reducing corruption and crimes. To cite a few of its

strategies, the government has implemented the anti-narcotics

campaign or most known as the 'War-on-Drugs,' and the continuous

fight against criminality, resulting in thousands of drug-peddlers all

over the country (Gita-Carlos, 2019).

 18

According to Martinez (2019), the Philippines has the highest rate

of murder cases, among other countries in Southeast Asia as of 2013.

Most major cities are plagued with a high occurrence of crimes,

especially those living in larger urban cities in the country. Crime in the

Philippines is one of the concerns that every local is facing. Due to the

increase in the rate of crime in 2009, Police found challenges in

Maintaining security and order. In a recent discovery, the most

prevalent crime in the country was theft and physical injury. Crime

against property reckoned for more than 30 percent of the country’s

entire crime list. Physical injury, on the other hand, accounted for

around 28 percent. Compared to 2017’s findings, crimes from this

selection declined, recording a fourfold drop. There were around 715

crime incidents per 100,000 individuals in the Philippines as of 2014.

The crime rate occurrences across the country have significantly

increased over the last six years, the Cordillera Administrative Region

(CAR) had around 1.2 thousand crime incidents per 100,000 individuals

(Sanchez, 2020).

Interestingly, crime prevention policies have been incorporated

in national economic development plans of the Philippines. The

Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan embodies as one of its

policy frameworks for the improvement of law and order, and law

enforcement administration of justice. It emphasizes the government’s

role to guarantee public safety and national security, while ensuring

 19

that the rule of law prevails. Thus, ensuring peace and order rests

primarily on the ability of the government to curb criminal activities. In

this regard, it is vital to strengthen the criminal justice system. Hence

research on the trends of the index crimes and their locations is an

important data that will support the criminal justice system in the

Philippines especially in the regional and local contexts. Further

investigated the relationship between economic indicators, such as

unemployment rates and poverty levels, and index crime rates. The

study explored how economic downturns and fluctuations affected the

commission of serious offenses within communities (Martinez, 2019).

A study concluded that while overall crime rates fluctuated

throughout the year, murder emerged as a persistent index crime,

contributing significantly to the city's crime index. The findings

underscored the importance of addressing homicide as a priority

concern for local law enforcement and policymakers to enhance public

safety and community well-being (Garcia et al., 2023).

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the research design, sampling

methodology, participants, study locale, research instruments, data

gathering procedures, and statistical analysis techniques applied to the

data collected in the study.

Research Design

This study adopts a quantitative, comparative research design to

analyze crime trends in Digos City from 2020 to 2024. It aims to

examine both index and non-index crimes within this period. The
 21

research will use secondary data sourced from official crime reports

and police records provided by the Digos City Police Station. Data will

be analyzed to identify and compare crime rates across the years,

distinguishing between index crimes and non-index crimes. To ensure

the accuracy and reliability of the findings, the data collection will

follow a consistent method. Bar graphs will be used to visually

compare the frequency of crimes across different years and categories.

Subjects/Respondents of the Study

The subjects of this study are police personnel from the Digos

City Police Station, who will provide the secondary data on crime rates.

These respondents will assist in gathering the data related to crime

trends and will also provide valuable insights into the interventions

implemented by the police to address the rise or fall in crime rates in

Digos City.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at the Digos City Police Station,

located in Digos City, Davao del Sur. The Digos City Police Station will

serve as the primary source of secondary data, including police records

and crime reports covering the years 2020 to 2024. This location is

chosen due to its accessibility to comprehensive and reliable crime

data.

Research Instrument
 22

The main instrument for this study will be the secondary data

collected from official crime reports and police records from the Digos

City Police Station. These records detail reported criminal incidents in

Digos City and cover a wide range of offenses documented by law

enforcement authorities. The dataset will serve as the foundation for

analyzing crime patterns, trends, and the distribution of both index and

non-index crimes during the study period.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure will follow these steps:

1. The researchers will submit a formal letter to the Dean of the

College to request approval to conduct the study on crime rates

in Digos City from 2020 to 2024. The letter will outline the

purpose of the study and its significance in understanding crime

dynamics in the city.

2. Upon approval, a formal request letter will be sent to the Digos

City Police Station to request access to the relevant crime data

for the period under study. The researchers will clarify the data

required, including crime rates, types of crimes, and any relevant

demographic information.

3. Once the data is obtained, the researchers will organize and

categorize the data based on the type of crime (index or non-

 23

index), year, and frequency of incidents. The researchers will

then analyze the data using appropriate statistical tools.

4. The results from the statistical analysis will be interpreted and

used to draw conclusions regarding crime trends in Digos City

and to develop recommendations for law enforcement and

policymakers.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools and methods will be used to

analyze the data:

Frequency Analysis: This analysis will be used to count and

categorize the occurrences of different index and non-index crimes

over the study period. The analysis will help identify patterns and

trends, such as which types of crimes are most prevalent and how their

frequency changes over time or across different years.

Bar Graphs: Bar graphs will be used to visually compare the

frequency of index and non-index crimes across different years (2020

to 2024). Each crime category (index or non-index) will be represented

by a separate bar, with the height of the bar reflecting the number of

reported incidents for each category.

Pie Charts: Pie charts will be used to show the proportion of

index crimes and non-index crimes relative to the total number of

 24

crimes. Each slice of the pie will represent a crime category, and the

size of the slice will correspond to the proportion of total crimes that

each category represents.

Percentages: Percentages will be calculated to evaluate the

relative distribution of index and non-index crimes in Digos City. This

will involve categorizing the reported incidents into index and non-

index crimes and calculating the percentage contribution of each

category to the total number of crimes.

By employing these statistical tools, the researchers aim to provide a

clear and comprehensive analysis of the trends in crime in Digos City,

offering valuable insights into the nature and dynamics of criminal

activity during the 2020-2024 period.

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