Senior High School

NOT

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Conceptual Framework and
Review of Related Literature

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

What This Module is About
The main emphasis of this module is to illustrate and explain the
conceptual framework, discuss the definition of terms used, formulating the
research hypothesis, and review the related literature. These topics are
essential in initiating a research study. Thus, needed competencies should
be acquired.
Furthermore, in this module, you will learn how to differentiate the
conceptual and theoretical framework, how to define terms operationally,
how to write hypotheses base on your problem, and determine the methods
in selecting appropriate related literature for your study.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

Lesson 1 – Research Framework

Lesson 2 – Definition of Terms
Lesson 3 – Formulation of Hypothesis
Lesson 4 – Presenting the Review of Related Literature

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. illustratesand explains the research framework(CS_RS12-If-j-6);
2. defines terms used in the study (CS_RS12-If-j-7);
3. list research hypothesis (if appropriate)(CS_RS12-If-j-8) and
4. presents a written review of related literature and conceptual
framework(CS_RS12-If-j-9).

i 1
 Lesson

4 Review of Related Literature

.
What I Need to Know

After you have selected your research topic, you have to spend more
time for your review of related literature. As a researcher, you are
promoting knowledge. The knowledge created by other previous studies is
essential because it can be a baseline or reference for your research study
as the related literature.

Review of related literature is a compilation of studies related to a

specific area of research. It evaluates, classifies and summarizes all the
relevant previous studies conducted on a specified topic. It is also design to
justify your research by exposing the gaps of the previous studies. It is vital
that your literature review is centralized. Thus, you should choose studies
that are focused to your topic rather than collecting a broader scope of
studies which are already not relevant to your research.

Moreover, literature review is an essential component of research. It

forms a "picture" for the reader, providing a support and full
comprehension of the developments in the field. This picture tells the
reader that you have acknowledged, considered and adapted previous
related significant works in the field into your research.

Literature review plays a significant impact in the discussion of the

results and findings. The discussion of results and findings should focus on
your research rather than those of the other previous researches. Hence,
the literature review should be used only in the discussion as support,
evidence, and further explanation for your study. These are the three (3)
ways of using literature review in the discussion of your study: a) providing
context as a foundation to develop your ideas, b) comparing your findings
from other previous related studies, and c) stating what contribution your
study has made in the field.

However, there are also three (3) common errors that are usually
made when including literature reviews in the discussion of the study. First,
there are wide range of studies being included in which most of them are
not anymore relevant to your specific topic under investigation. Second,
stating the related article mentioning the original article rather than citing
the original article itself. Lastly, previous work has been cited by the
researcher based only on the abstracts and without even reading the entire
research.
2
Purpose of a literature review

The review of related literature is anchored to the following

purposes.

1. To discover the connection of your research to the existing body

of knowledge and to the real-life situations.
2. To identify more theories or concepts as the foundation of your
research study and learn from them.
3. To determine the relationship of your research with previous
research studies to prevent duplication and to acknowledge
other researchers.
4. To acquire knowledge on the accuracy and significance of your
research questions.
5. To acquaint yourself with the technical terminologies relevant to
your study.
6. To determine possible gaps, conflicts, and open questions left
from other researches which might help you in formulating and
justifying your research ideas.
7. To clarify misconceptions on previous researches and help
refocus, polish, and contribute to the development of the body of
knowledge.

Structure of Literature Review

This is how you are going to structure your review of related

literature. The main goal for doing this is to make the reader
understand easily the different studies and how they are relevant to
your study.

1. Introduction
The introduction somehow presents the fundamental idea
of the particular study of the literature review.

2. Main Body
The main body is consists of the organized discussion of
sources. This is where you summarize and synthesize your
literature review and reflect how they related to your study.

3. Conclusions/Recommendations
Conclusion and recommendation emphasized what you
have learned from reviewing the literature and where would your
study leads to.

3
Types of Literature Review

These are the different types of literature review depending on how

you organize and present your review of related studies.

1. Context review
From the name itself, context review is primarily focused on
the content or contextual aspect of research. Usually it is a type of
review in which the researcher relates his or her study to a larger
body of knowledge. It presents the current research by merging it
into a wider framework and determine its contribution and impact to
the specific field of study.

2. Historical review
Historical review is a specialized type of literature review in
which the researcher organizes the related researches according to
the period of time it was conducted.Historical literature review
focuses on probing research in a specified field throughout a
chronological order, which usually starts from the oldest period of
time
going to the most recent studies. The goal of this type of research is
to gain knowledge on the advancement of technology and to
identify developments on certain areas, which progress through
time. It can be integrated with a theoretical or methodological
review to illustrate how a concept, theory, or research method
developed through time.

3. Integrative review
Integrative review is a common type of literature review in
which the researcher introduces and summarizes the recent
knowledge of the study. It emphasizes the agreements and
disagreements of knowledge among various previous researches. It
also considers reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative
literature in an integrated way in order to generate new structure
and viewpoint on the topic. This is the most common form of
literature review in the social sciences.This review is usually merge
with a context review.

4. Methodological review
Methodological review24is a specialized type of literature review
in which the researcher gathers and compares and contrast other
studies to the current research. It basically summarizes and
evaluates the strengths and gaps in methodological aspects of
various studies and illustrates the effects of different methodologies
(research designs, samples, process) to different outcomes. This
approach also emphasizes ethical issues when necessary, which
you should consider and be conscious of as you go through your
current research.
4
 5. Self-study review
Self-study review is a literature review in which the researcher
demonstrates his or her understanding of a specific body of knowledge.
It contains existing proof associated to a clearly stated research
questions and uses standardized methods to determine and evaluate
relevant research. However, it can also produce problems of prejudice
especially when it is used to summarize claims or statements linking his
or her findings to a system of knowledge. Typically, it is a practice in the
educational program or course requirement.

6. Theoretical review
Theoretical review is a literature review in which the researcher
introduces several theories or concepts that are focused on a specific
topic. It is particular on the theories and concepts being highlighted on
other researches and compare them to the current study basing on its
framework, hypothesis, consistency, and justification. The theoretical
literature review aids in establishing the theories already existed, the
relationships of theories among various studies, the degree of its
investigation, and the development of new hypotheses.

Type of Sources for a Literature Review

In doing a literature review, researchers must be acquainted with

the three (3) basic types of sources which are the general references,
primary and secondary sources. General references are sources in
which a researcher refers to tract down other sources. Primary sources
are publications in which a researcher accounts the findings of his or
her investigations. Most primary sources are found in journal articles.

Secondary sources are publications in which a researcher considers the

work of others.

Where can you find review of related literature?

As a researcher, you can find information about the research studies in

numerous formats such as books, scholarly journal articles, dissertations,
government documents, policy reports, and periodicals. Most researchers are
also presenting their findings during meetings, congress, and conventions of
professional societies and organizations.
25

1. Books
Books convey many forms of information. The needed information
here is from the books containing a collection of research materials
and articles. You can find citation information on them such as the
title, author, date, and publisher in the catalog system.
5
2. Scholarly Journals
Scholarly journals may also be referred to as academic journals or
peer- reviewed journals. They are filled with peer-reviewed information
of research. Articles are written by a scholar in the field and the
researcher is always identified. List of the sources of the information
like footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography is always included. Typically,
they contain an advance terminologies since the researcher uses
technical language in their field of study. The researcher assumes that
the reader has a background and basic understanding in the field of
research.

3. Dissertations
Dissertation is a final requirement for the degree of doctor of
philosophy (Ph.D.) in which the student or researcher has to complete a
work of original research. Some dissertations are eventually published
as books or articles which take into account its findings and contribution
to the academic discipline. Since dissertations are original research,
they can be a source of valuable information.

4. Government Documents
Most of the government agencies around the world support
research undertakings and publish the findings of the study. Government
documents are usually kept at the government and some school
libraries. These documents are rarely found in the catalog system.
Assistance from the librarian is needed for you to be able to locate
these documents since it is considered as specialized publications.
5. Policy Reports and Presented Papers
Policy reports are also a source of information in literature review.
Policy papers are not like the typical research papers. Usually they are
discussed to non-academic readers. They may initiate by identifying an
issue or phenomenon that usually claim an answer and they are
focused on being persuasive. Moreover, policy papers are written
proficiently and most of the readers does not want to read a book due to
limited time. Generally, they are supplemented by policy briefs which
summarize the papers.

6. Periodicals
Periodicals are findings of the study which can be seen in
newspapers, in popular magazines,
26 on television or radio broadcasts,
and in Internet news summaries. They are the chosen edited summaries
done by journalists for the general readers. They are deficient in
numerous vital details that are require to critically evaluate the study.
Therefore, it is essential to supplement these information with other
sources.

6
Steps in Writing Literature Review

1. Find/Search for the Relevant Literature

There are many ways on how to find relevant research studies.
You may use the following:
a. Search engines to facilitate your information inquiry. Make
sure that they are reliable.
b. University online library
c. Snowballing
d. Related dissertations

2. Log, Catalogue and Synthesize

After searching and gathering the different relevant studies,
you need to arrange them in order for you to organize them
easily.
a. Log the reference information. You may use reference
management software.
b. Catalogue all relevant articles. You may use excel so that
it will be organize and systematic. You can make your own
template so that you will be efficient.
c. Digest and synthesize. Organize the different ideas from
different sources. Arrange them according to the criteria
that you made in your excel template. This would make the
connections of the different studies easier to identify.

3. Outlining and Writing Up

In-depth planning and enough time should be given
importance during this period since you will need to concentrate
and have focus in writing up your paper.
a. Draw up your outline. You need to make an outline first
for the structuring of your literature review. Thorough
reading and understanding should be done for you to be
able to plan and structure the ideas from your different
sources. You can use the different approaches like
chronological, thematic, theoretical, etc.
b. Write it up. After formulating the outline, you can now
begin writing your first draft. It is expected that your first
draft is still rough. Your second draft involves tightening up
and improving the flow. There would be several drafts
needed for your paper 27 to be polished.
c. Recap. When you are finish with your paper, have it read
by others who are qualified (expert in the field) for further
improvements. Comprehend and incorporate their
corrections and suggestions for the betterment of your
study. It is so much better if there will be more qualified
people that can proof-read your paper.

7
In-text Citation and Referencing Styles
Citation is a reference to a literature being used in your study. It
is a way of giving acknowledgement to the authors whom you have
referred their intellectual works and creativity as a support or
foundation of your research. Typically, citations include author’s name,
date, publisher information, journal information and/or DOI (Digital
Objective Identifier) if present.

From the name itself, an in-text citation is a reference made

within the body of text in the paper. It leads the reader to a source
where a particular information has been taken of. An in-text citation
should be reflected when you refer, paraphrase, summarize, or quote
from another author. A corresponding reference list must be provided
at the end of the study as references or bibliography.

A references typically includes only the sources that you have

mentioned or cited in- text in your paper, while a bibliography, is
generally a list of all the sources you used to generate your ideas
about your research even if you have not mentioned or cited them in
your paper.
There are different citing and referencing styles that are being
used depending on the specific requirements of different filed of
disciplines. Please refer to your Practical Research 1 (PR1).

What’s New

Activity 1: Own Words

Direction: In your own words, briefly define the following terms

according to how you understood the lesson. Write your answers on
the space provided.

1. Peer-review.

2. General references.

3. In-text citation.

4. Periodicals.

5. Snowballing.

6. Body of knowledge.

8
 7. Search engines.

8. Reference management software.

9. Main body.

10. Government documents.

What Is It

Activity 1: Take a View

Refer to the following sites/links for further discussions on review

of related literature. Give your comprehensive summary and personal
reflection on what you have learn from the videos. Write your answer
on the space provided.
https://bit.ly/3eyzoRI
https://bit.ly/2VfLd7W

29
9
 What’s More

Activity 1: Com-Con

Compare and contrast the following terms. Write your answers in the table.
You may use a separate paper.
Terms Compare Contrast
Reference Bibliography

Reference and
Bibliography

Thesis Dissertation

Thesis and
Dissertation

Chronological Methodological
review review

Chronological
review and
Methodological
review
Primary sources Secondary sources

Primary sources
and Secondary
sources

Theoretical review Context review

Theoretical
review and
Context review

30 10
Activity 2: Cite Seeing

Direction: Refer to the types of literature review. Choose at least

three (3) from the list and give example of each. Search them using
the internet. Cite the source and make sure that you have taken your
information from a reliable one. Write your answer on the space
provided or you may use a separate/additional paper.
Type Example from the internet Source

31

11
 What I Have Learned

Activity 1: Write Me Up

In five (5) to ten (10) sentences, briefly discuss the following:

1. The importance of the review of related literature in your research
study.

2. As a student, which among the different types of literature

is/are applicable to your research study? Support your answer.

32
12
 What I Can Do

Task 1: Presenting Written Review and Framework

Direction: Get ready for the presentation of your written review of related
literature and conceptual framework. The rubrics below will served as
a guide on how you will be rated by your teacher. The 4C (content,
coherence, creativity, communication) technique will be used so that
you can easily remember.

Rubrics for Written Review of Literature and Conceptual

Framework
5 4 3 2 1
Content (35%)
▪ Purpose of the literature review was stated.
▪ Studies reviewed are appropriately
arranged according to format chosen.
▪ Literature review presents extensive
discussion of disagreements and
agreements.
▪ Literature review is related to the current
study.
▪ Conceptual Framework is well explained.
▪ Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
matched the research problem.
▪ Overall content is comprehensive.
Coherence (25%)
▪ Cohesive of devices are effectively used.
▪ Organization of ideas is smoothly
presented.
Creativity (25%)
▪ Writer’s voice is showcased.
▪ Paper uses variety of sentence structures.
▪ Uses appropriate language.
Communication (15%)
▪ Sentences are well structured
▪ Grammatical conventions are observed.
▪ Correct spelling and proper research format is
followed.
▪ Standard in-text citation was followed
diligently.
Legend: 5 – to a very great extent, 4 – to a great extent,
3 – to some extent, 2 – to a little extent, 2 – not at all

Additional Activity

Direction: After you submit and present your literature review of your research
33
study, once it is corrected in accordance with the guidelines given,
you may start incorporating it into your research manuscript.

13
Summary
Research Framework is the structure or blueprint of the research plan and
helps the researcher formulate relevant research questions.
Theoretical framework is used for studies which anchor on time-tested theories
that
relate the findings of the investigation to the underpinning relevant theory of
knowledge.
Conceptual framework is the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that
specifically support the study.
Concept map is a visual representation of information that helps show the
relationship between ideas.
Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) is a conceptual paradigm which indicates
the inputs, required process, and the output.
Conceptual definition is the meaning of the term that is based on how it is
define in the dictionary or encyclopedia.
Operational definition is the meaning of the term based on how it was used in
the study.
Hypothesis is an assumption about the relationship between two or more
variables. There are seven basic types of hypothesis; these are Simple,
Complex, Empirical, Logical, Statistical, Null, and Alternative.
Directional hypothesis relates relationship between the variables and can also
predict
its nature. It illustrates the direct association of the impact of the independent
variable to the dependent variable whether it is positively or negatively affected.
The direction of the statement should be clear and justified according to the
findings of the study.
Non-directional hypothesis is used when there is no principle involved. It is a
premise
that the direction of the effect is not specifically determined. It is a statement that
reflects the association of the independent variable to the dependent variable
without predicting the exact nature of direction of the relationship.
Review of related literature is a compilation of studies related to a specific area
of
research. It evaluates, classifies and summarizes all the relevant previous
studies conducted on a specified topic.
Context review is primarily focused on the content or contextual aspect of
research.
Usually it is a type of review in which the researcher relates his or her study to a
larger body of knowledge.
Historical reviews a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher
organizes the related researches according to the period of time it was
conducted. It focuses on probing research in a specified field throughout a
chronological order, which usually starts from the farthest period of time going
to the most recent studies.
Integrative review is a common type of literature review in which the researcher
34
introduces and summarizes the recent knowledge of the study. It emphasizes
the agreements and disagreements of knowledge among various previous
researches.
Methodological review is a specialized type of literature review in which the
researcher
gathers and compares and contrast other studies to the current research. It
basically summarizes and evaluates the strengths and gaps in methodological
aspects of various studies.
14
Self-study review is a literature review in which the researcher demonstrates
his or her understanding of a specific body of knowledge. It contains existing
proof associated to a clearly stated research questions and uses standardized
methods to determine and evaluate relevant research.
Theoretical review is a literature review in which the researcher introduces
several
theories or concepts that are focused on a specific topic. It is particular on the
theories and concepts being highlighted on other researches and compare
them to the current study.
General references are sources in which a researcher refers to tract down
other
sources.
Primary sources are publications in which a researcher accounts the findings
of his or her investigations. Most primary sources are found in journal articles.

Secondary sources are publications in which a researcher considers the

work of others.
Books convey many forms of information containing a collection of research
materials and articles.Citation information can be found in them such as the title,
author, date, and publisher in the catalog system.
Scholarly journals are also be referred to as academic journals or peer-
reviewed journals. Articles are written by a scholar in the field and the researcher
is always identified.
Dissertation is a final requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy
(Ph.D.) in which the student or researcher has to complete a work of original
research.
Government documents are usually kept at the government and some school
libraries. These documents are rarely found in the catalog system.
Policy reports are also a source of information in literature review. Policy papers
are not like the typical research papers. Usually they are discussed to non-
academic readers.
Periodicals are findings of the study which can be seen in newspapers, in
popular magazines, on television or radio broadcasts, and in Internet news
summaries. They are the chosen edited summaries done by journalists for the
general readers.
In-text citation is a reference made within the body of text in the paper. It leads
the reader to a source where particular information has been taken of.
References typically include only the sources that you have mentioned or cited
in-text in your paper.
Bibliography is generally a list of all the sources you used to generate your
ideas about your research even if you have not mentioned or cited them in your
paper.

15

35
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Which among the following is a guideline/characteristic of a good

definition of terms?
A. the term should be in parenthesis C. direct to the point
B. underlined the entire meaning D. not indented
2. A hypothesis which shows no relation between variables.
A. alternative hypothesis C. complex hypothesis
B. logical hypothesis D. null hypothesis
3. It refers to the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that specifically
support the study.
A. methodological framework C. conceptual framework
B. chronological framework D. theoretical framework
4. One of the two types of defining the terms in research wherein you need
to define according to how the term is being used in the study is:
A. methodological C. operational
B. theoretical D. conceptual
5. Mediating variable is also called as:
A. independent variable C. moderating variable
B. intervening variable D. dependent variable
6. The conceptual framework to be used in a research study wherein there is
an intervention being made by the researcher is:
A. IV-DV C. ODV
B. IPO D. PPE
7. The word is define according to its meaning from the dictionary.
A. operational C. historical
B. conceptual D. technical
8. A research variable that is considered as the presumed effect of the study.
A. independent variable C. dependent variable
B. moderating variable D. control variable
9. This is a part of literature review which summarizes and synthesizes the
different ideas from the different sources.
A. recommendation C. introduction
B. main body D. conclusion
10. It is a reference done within the text/paragraph in the paper.
36
A. list of references C. bibliography
B. in-text citation D. source

16
11. “There is no difference in height between boys and girls who are taking
vitamins every day.” This is an example of:
A. non-directional hypothesis C. directional hypothesis
B. empirical hypothesis D. simple hypothesis

12. A literature review which introduces several theories or concepts that focus
on specific topic.
A. methodological review C. theoretical review
B. integrative review D. context review

13. Itexpresses the connection among two or more independent

variables and two or more dependent variables.
A. alternative hypothesis C. complex hypothesis
B. logical hypothesis D. null hypothesis

14. It refers to the assumption about the relationship of the variables.

A. guide questions C. framework
B. hypothesis D. literature

15. The chosen edited summaries by journalist for the general readers.
A. scholarly journal C. dissertation
B. periodicals D. books

17

37
Key to Answers
Pretest

1. C 6. C 11. B
2. C 7. B 12. C
3. B 8. D 13. B
4. B 9. C 14. B
5. C 10. A 15. B

Posttest
1. C 6. B 11. A
2. D 7. B 12. C
3. C 8. C 13. C
4. C 9. B 14. B
5. B 10. B 15. B

References
Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E
Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Center for Research Quality. 2015. “Literature Reviews: Common Errors Made When Conducting
a Literature Review.” YouTube. Accessed June 6, 2020.https://bit.ly/2VfLd7W

Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. 2020. How to Design and Evaluate Research in
Education. 6thed., McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed June 3, 2020.
https://bit.ly/3eBIVrs

Libncsu. 2009. “Literature Reviews: An Overview for Graduate Students.” YouTube. Accessed
June 6, 2020. https://bit.ly/3eyzoRI

Nueman, W. Lawrence.Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th

e., Pearson Education. 2011. https://bit.ly/2XBSwat

Padama, Ed. 2019. “How to Write Definition of Terms.” YouTube. Accessed June 6, 2020.
https://bit.ly/3gtw7o2

18