A
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
                               ACCOUNTING STANDARD -10
        Answer to Ques 1:
        The expenditure in remodelling the store will create future economic benefits
        (in the form of 15% of increase in sales) and the cost of remodelling can be
        measured reliably, therefore, it should be capitalised.
        Answer to Ques 2:
        De-recognition of the carrying amount occurs regardless of whether the cost of
        the previous part/inspection was identified in the transaction in which the item
        was acquired or constructed.
        Answer to Ques 3:
        It may use the cost of the replacement or the estimated cost of a future similar
        inspection as an indication of what the cost of the replaced part/existing
        inspection component was when the item was acquired or constructed.
        Answer to Ques 4:
        Constructing or acquiring a new asset may result in incremental costs that
        would have been avoided if the asset had not been constructed or acquired.
        These costs are not to be included in the cost of the asset if they are not
        directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition
        necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by
        management. The costs to be incurred by the company are in the nature of
        costs of relocating or reorganising operations of the company and do not meet
        the requirement of AS 10 (Revised) and therefore, cannot be capitalised.
        Answer to Ques 5:
        Management should capitalise the costs of construction and remodelling the
        supermarket, because they are necessary to bring the store to the condition
        necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by
        management. The supermarket cannot be opened without incurring the
        remodelling expenditure, and thus the expenditure should be considered part
        of the asset.
        However, if the cost of salaries, utilities and storage of goods are in the nature
        of operating expenditure that would be incurred if the supermarket was open,
        then these costs are not necessary to bring the store to the condition necessary
        for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and
        should be expensed.
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    A
                                                   ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 6:
        The net operating costs should not be capitalised, but should be recognised in
        the Statement of Profit and Loss.
        Even though it is running at less than full operating capacity (in this case 80%
        of operating capacity), there is sufficient evidence that the amusement park is
        capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Therefore, these
        costs are specific to the start-up and, therefore, should be expensed as
        incurred.
        Answer to Ques 7:
        Since the transaction has commercial substance. The plant and machinery
        would be recorded at ₹ 25,00,000, which is equivalent to the fair value of the
        land of ₹ 45,00,000 less the cash received of ₹ 20,00,000.
        Answer to Ques 8:
        The entity recognises the assets received at the book value of car X. Therefore,
        it recognises cash of ₹ 15,000 and car Y as PPE with a carrying value of ₹
        12,85,000.
        Answer to Ques 9:
        Entity A's management can apply the revaluation model only to the office
        buildings. The office buildings can be clearly distinguished from the industrial
        buildings in terms of their function, their nature and their general location.AS
        10 (Revised) permits assets to be revalued on a class by class basis.
        The different characteristics of the buildings enable them to be classified as
        different PPE classes. The different measurement models can, therefore, be
        applied to these classes for subsequent measurement.
        However, all properties within the class of office buildings must be carried at
        revalued amount.
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    A
                                                   ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 10:
        The depreciable amount of a tangible fixed asset should be allocated on a
        systematic basis over its useful life. The depreciation method should reflect the
        pattern in which the asset's future economic benefits are expected to be
        consumed by the entity.
        Useful life means the period over which the asset is expected to be available for
        use by the entity. Depreciation should commence as soon as the asset is
        acquired and is available for use. Thus, the policy of Entity A is not acceptable.
        Answer to Ques 11:
        The entity has charged depreciation using the straight-line method at ₹10,000
        per annum i.e (1,00,000/10 years).
        On 1st January 2017, the asset's net book value is [1,00,000 – (10,000 x 4)] ₹
        60,000. The remaining useful life is 4 years.
        The company should amend the annual provision for depreciation to charge the
        unamortised cost over the revised remaining life of four years.
        Consequently, it should charge depreciation for the next 4 years at ₹ 15,000
        per annum i.e. (60,000 / 4 years).
        Note: Depreciation is recognised even if the Fair value of the Asset exceeds its
        Carrying Amount. Repair and maintenance of an asset do not negate the need
        to depreciate it.
        Answer to Ques 12:
        The entity should begin charging depreciation from the date the machine is
        ready for use – that is, 1st
        November 2016.The fact that the machine was not used for a period after it
        was ready to be used is not relevant in considering when to begin charging
        depreciation.
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                                                   ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 13:
        Case (a)
        The company considers that the residual value, based on prices prevailing at
        the balance sheet date, will equal the cost.
        There is, therefore, no depreciable amount and depreciation is correctly zero.
        Case (b)
        The company considers that the residual value, based on prices prevailing at
        the balance sheet date, will be ₹ 9,00,000 and the depreciable amount is,
        therefore, ₹ 1,00,000. Annual depreciation (on a straight line basis) will be ₹
        5,000 [{10,00,000 – 9,00,000} ÷ 20].
        Answer to Ques 14:
        The straight-line depreciation method should be adopted, because the
        production output is consistent from year to year.
        Factors such as maintenance costs or technical obsolescence should be
        considered in determining the blending machines’ useful life.
        Answer to Ques 15:
        Entity A should account for a loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss on de-
        recognition of the carrying value of plant and machinery in accordance with AS
        10 (Revised).
        Entity A should separately recognise a receivable and a gain in the income
        statement resulting from the insurance proceeds under AS 29 (Revised) once
        receipt is virtually certain. The receivable should be measured at the fair value
        of assets that will be provided by the insurer.
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    A
                                                        ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 16:
        According to AS 10 (Revised), these costs can be capitalized:
                Cost of the plant                                     ₹ 25,00,000
                Initial delivery and handling costs                    ₹ 2,00,000
                Cost of site preparation                               ₹ 6,00,000
                Consultants’ fees                                      ₹ 7,00,000
                                                                       ₹ 3,00,000
                Estimated dismantling costs to be incurred after 7 years
                                                                     ₹ 43,00,000
        Note: Interest charges paid on “Deferred credit terms” to the supplier of the
        plant (not a qualifying asset) of ₹ 2,00,000 and operating losses before
        commercial production amounting to ₹ 4,00,000 are not regarded as directly
        attributable costs and thus cannot be capitalised. They should be written off to
        the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period they are incurred.
        Answer to Ques 17:
        Statement showing amount of depreciation as per Componentization Method
                Component                                 Depreciation (Per annum)
                                                                                (₹)
              Land                                                              Nil
              Roof                                                          40,000
              Lifts                                                         25,000
              Fixtures                                                      50,000
              Remainder of Building                                       1,00,000
                                                                          2,15,000
        Note: When the roof requires replacement at the end of its useful life the
        carrying amount will be nil. The cost of replacing the roof should be recognised
        as a new component.
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    A
                                                   ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 18:
        As per provisions of AS 10, any cost directly attributable to bring the assets to
        the location and conditions necessary for it to be capable of operating in the
        manner indicated by the management are called directly attributable costs and
        would be included in the costs of an item of PPE.
        Management of Neon Enterprise should capitalize the costs of construction and
        remodelling the restaurant, because they are necessary to bring the restaurant
        to the condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner
        intended by management. The restaurant cannot be opened without incurring
        the construction and remodelling expenditure amounting ₹ 30,00,000 and thus
        the expenditure should be considered part of the asset.
        However, the cost of salaries of staff engaged in preparation of restaurant ₹
        7,50,000 before its opening are in the nature of operating expenditure that
        would be incurred if the restaurant was open and these costs are not necessary
        to bring the restaurant to the conditions necessary for it to be capable of
        operating in the manner intended by management. Hence, ₹ 7,50,000 should
        be expensed.
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    A
                                                    ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 19:
                      Computation of amount of depreciation as per AS 10
                                                                                                  ₹
         (i) Machinery purchased on 1/4/15 for ₹ 10                               Nil
               lakhs (having residual value of ₹ 10 lakhs)
               Reason: The company considers that the residual value,
               based on prices prevailing at the balance sheet date, will
               equal the cost. Therefore, there is no depreciable amount and
               depreciation is correctly zero.
         (ii) Land (50 lakhs) (considered freehold)                               Nil
               Reason: Land has an unlimited useful life and therefore,
               it is not depreciated.
         (iii) Machinery constructed for own use (₹ 5,00,000/10)              50,000
               Reason: The entity should begin charging depreciation from
               the date the machine is ready for use i.e. 1st April,2019. The
               fact that the machine was not used for a period after it was
               ready to be used is not relevant in considering when to begin
               charging depreciation.
         (iv) Machinery having revised useful life                            15,000
               Reason: The entity has charged depreciation using the
               straight-line method at ₹ 10,000 per annum i.e (50,000/5
               years). On 1st April,2019 the asset's net book value is
               [50,000 – (10,000 x 2)] i.e. ₹ 30,000.
              The remaining useful life is 2 years as per revised estimate.
              The company should amend the annual provision for
              depreciation to charge the unamortized cost over the revised
              remaining life of 2 years. Consequently, it should charge
              depreciation for the next 2 years at
               ₹ 15,000 per annum i.e. (30,000 / 2 years).
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                                                   ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 20:
        Statement showing amount of depreciation as per Componentization
        Method
                      Component                             Depreciation (Per
                                                                       annum)
                                                                            (₹)
                    Land                                                    Nil
                    Roof                                                40,000
                    Lifts                                               25,000
                    Fixtures                                            50,000
                    Remainder of Building                             1,00,000
                                                                      2,15,000
        Note: When the roof requires replacement at the end of its useful life the
        carrying amount will be nil. The cost of replacing the roof should be recognized
        as a new component.
        Answer to Ques 21:
        According to AS 10 on Property, Plant and Equipment, the costs which will be
        capitalized by ABC Ltd.:
                                                                                         ₹
                      Cost of the plant                                          31,25,000
                      Initial delivery and handling costs                         1,85,000
                      Cost of site preparation                                    4,50,000
                      Consultants’ fees                                           6,50,000
                      Estimated dismantling costs to be incurred                  2,50,000
                      after 5 years
                      Total cost of Plant                             46,60,000
        Note: Operating losses before commercial production amounting to ₹ 3,75,000
        will not be capitalized as per AS 10. They should be written off to the Statement
        of Profit and Loss in the period they are incurred.
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                                                     ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 22:
        According to AS 10 (Revised), these costs can be capitalised:
                      1. Cost of the plant                                     ₹
                                                                      50,00,000
                     2. Initial delivery and handling costs           ₹ 4,00,000
                     3. Cost of site preparation                               ₹
                                                                      12,00,000
                     4. Consultants’ fees                            ₹14,00,000
                     5. Estimated dismantling costs to be                      ₹
                        incurred after 7 years                          6,00,000
                                                                               ₹
                                                                      86,00,000
        Note: Interest charges paid on “Deferred credit terms” to the supplier of the
        plant (not a qualifying asset) of ₹ 4,00,000 and operating losses before
        commercial production amounting to ₹ 8,00,000 are not regarded as directly
        attributable costs and thus cannot be capitalised. They should be written off
        to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period they are incurred.
        Answer to Ques 23:
                      Calculation of Cost of Fixed Asset (i.e. Machinery)
                        Particulars                                                          ₹
                      Purchase Price               Given (₹ 158,34,000 x           1,41,37,500
                                                   100/112)
                      Add Site                     Given                               1,41,870
                      :   Preparation
                          Cost
                          Technician’s             Specific/Attributable               1,35,000
                          Salary                   overheads for 3 months
                                                   (See Note) (45,000 x3)
                            Initial Delivery       Transportation                          55,770
                            Cost
                            Professional           Architect’s Fees                        30,000
                            Fees for
                            Installation
                      Total Cost of Asset                                          1,45,00,140
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                                                   ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 24:
                         Calculation of Cost of Machinery
               Particulars                                                                 ₹
          Purchase Price                        Given                            1,58,00,000
          Add:         Site Preparation         Given                               1,40,000
                       Cost
                       Technician’s             Specific/Attributable                1,35,000
                       Salary                   overheads for 3 months
                                                (45,000 x3)
                        Initial Delivery        Transportation                           50,000
                        Cost
                        Professional Fees Architect’s Fees                               30,000
                        for Installation
          Total Cost of Asset                                                    1,61,55,000
        Answer to Ques 25:
        Constructing or acquiring a new asset may result in incremental costs that
        would have been avoided if the asset had not been constructed or acquired.
        These costs are not be included in the cost of the asset if they are not directly
        attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it
        to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
        The costs to be incurred by the company are in the nature of costs of reducing
        or reorganizing the operations of the accompany. These costs do not meet that
        requirement of AS 10 “Property, Plant and Equipment” and cannot, therefore,
        be capitalized.
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                                                    ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 26:
        As per AS 10 Property, Plant and Equipment Bearer plant is a plant that
        (a) is used in the production or supply of agricultural produce;
        (b) is expected to bear produce for more than a period of twelve months; and
        (c) has a remote likelihood of being sold as agricultural produce, except for
        incidental scrap sales.
        (d) The following are not bearer plants:
        (i) plants cultivated to be harvested as agricultural produce (for example, trees
        grown for use as lumber);
        (ii) plants cultivated to produce agricultural produce when there is more than a
        remote likelihood that the entity will also harvest and sell the plant as
        agricultural produce, other than as incidental scrap sales (for example, trees
        that are cultivated both for their fruit and their lumber); and
        (iii) annual crops (for example, maize and wheat).
        When bearer plants are no longer used to bear produce they might be cut down
        and sold as scrap, for example, for use as firewood. Such incidental scrap sales
        would not prevent the plant from satisfying the definition of a bearer plant.
        Biological Asset is a living animal or plant.
        Answer to Ques 27:
        As per Para 30 of AS 10 “Accounting for Fixed Assets”, an increase in net book
        value arising on revaluation of fixed assets should be credited to owner‟s
        interests under the head of „revaluation reserve, except that, to the extent that
        such increase is related to and not greater than a decrease arising on
        revaluation previously recorded as a charge to the profit and loss statement, it
        may be credited to the profit and loss statement. A decrease in net book value
        arising on revaluation of fixed assets is charged directly to profit and loss
        statement except that to the extent such a decrease is related to an increase
        which was previously recorded as a credit to revaluation reserve and which has
        not been subsequently reversed or utilized , it may be charged directly to that
        account.
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                                                   ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 28:
        As per para 39 of AS 10 “Accounting for Fixed Assets”, following information
        should be disclosed in the financial statements:
        1. Gross and net book values of fixed assets at the beginning and at the end of
        an accounting period showing additions, disposals, acquisitions and other
        movements.
        2. Expenditure incurred on account of fixed assets in the course of
        construction or acquisition; and
        3. Revalued amounts substituted for historical costs of fixed assets, the
        method adopted to compute the revalued amounts, the nature of indices used,
        the year of any appraisal made, and whether an external valuer was involved,
        in case where fixed assets are stated at revalued amounts.
        Answer to Ques 29:
        As per para 12.1 of AS 10 „Accounting for Fixed Assets‟, expenditure that
        increases the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously
        assessed standard of performance is included in the gross book value, e.g., an
        increase in capacity. Hence, in the given case, Repairs amounting ₹ 5 lakhs
        and Partial replacement of roof tiles should be charged to profit and loss
        statement. ₹ 10 lakhs incurred for substantial improvement to the electrical
        writing system which will increase efficiency should be capitalized.
        Answer to Ques 30:
        As per para 12.1 of AS 10 “Accounting for Fixed Assets”, only those
        expenditures that increase the future benefits from the existing assets, is to be
        included in the gross book value. Example: Increase in capacity.
        Hence, in the given case, amount of ₹ 3.25 lacs spent on repairs and partial
        replacement of a part of the machinery should be charged to Profit and Loss
        Account as they will help in maintaining the capacity but will not improve the
        efficiency of the machine. However, ₹ 7 lacs incurred on replacement of a part
        of the machinery, which will increase the efficiency, should be capitalized by
        inclusion in the gross book value of assets.
12 | P a g e                                                                 CA CS CMA Niraj Agarwal
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                                                       ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 31:
        AS 10, „Accounting for Fixed Assets‟, clearly states that the gross book value of
        the self constructed fixed asset includes the cost of construction that relate
        directly to the specific asset and the costs that are attributable to the
        construction activity in general can be allocated to the specific asset. If any
        internal profit is there it should be eliminated. Thus, only ₹ 4,50,000 should be
        debited to the factory building account and not ₹ 6,00,000. Hence, the
        contention of the directors of the company to capitalize ₹ 6,00,000 as cost of
        factory building, on the ground that the company is fully entitled to employ an
        outside contractor is not justifiable.
        Answer to Ques 32:
        As per para 11 of AS 10 “Accounting for Fixed Assets”, fixed asset acquired in
        exchange for shares or other securities in the enterprise should be recorded at
        its fair market value, or the fair market value of the securities issued,
        whichever is more clearly evident. Since, in the given situation, the market
        value of the shares exchanged for the asset is more clearly evident, the
        company should record the value of machinery at ₹ 7,12,500 (i.e., 7,500 shares
        x ₹ 95 per share) being the market price of the shares issued in exchange.
        Answer to Ques 33:
        Calculation of cost of fixed asset
                                                                                             ₹
                Materials                                                            16,00,000
                Direct expenses                                                       3,00,000
                Direct labour (1/15th of ₹ 6,00,000)                                    40,000
                Office and administrative expenses (4% ₹ 9,00,000)                      36,000
                Depreciation on assets                                                  15,000
                Cost of fixed asset                                                  19,91,000
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                                                              ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 34:
        Calculation of Cost of Fixed Asset (i.e. Machine)
                           Particulars                                                                ₹
                     Purchase Price                           Given                           52,78,000
                     Add: Sales Tax at 4%                     ₹ 52,78,000 x 4%                 2,11,120
                           Site Preparation Cost              Given                              47,290
                           Technician‟s Salary                Specific/Attributable              30,000
                                                              overheads for 2 months (See
                                                              Note)
                    Initial Delivery Cost                     Transportation                        18,590
                    Professional Fees for                     Architect‟s Fees                      10,000
                    Installation
             Total Cost of Asset                                                              55,95,000
        Note:
               (i)          Interest on Bank Overdraft for earlier payment of invoice is not
                            relevant under AS 10.
               (ii)         Internally booked profits should be eliminated in arriving at the cost
                            of Fixed Assets.
               (iii)        It has been assumed that the purchase price of ₹ 52,78,000 excludes
                            amount of sales tax.
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                                                        ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 35:
        Statement showing treatment and value of various items of Fixed Assets
                Item of Fixed Assets                  Amount Amount Narration            Book Value as
                                                          (₹) Debited                    on 31.3.2014
                                                              to P& L                    to be shown in
                                                              in                         the Financial
                                                              2013-                      Statements
                                                              14
         (i) Goodwill
               Book value as on 1.4.2013                0
               Balance as on 31.3.2014                                                                     0
               (See Note 1)
         (ii) Office Equipment
               Balance as on 1.4.2013            1,20,000
               Less: Retired from use (Book value 20,000
                     on 1.4.2013)
                                                 1,00,000
               Less: Depreciation for 2013-14
                     @ 15% WDV                     15,000 15,000 Depreciation
               Balance as on 31.3.2014             85,000                                          85,000
               Office Equipment (Retired from
               use)
               Book Value as on 1.4.2013           20,000
               Less: Book Value as on 31.3.2014     2,000                                            2,000
                     (at NRV)(See Note 2)
               Loss on retirement charged to P&L 18,000 18,000 Loss on
         (iii) Plant and Machinery                               retirement of
               Book Value as on 1.4.2013         7,20,000        asset
               Add: Machine purchased on           60,000
                    01.08.2013 (See Note 3)
                                                     7,80,000
                Less: Depreciation
                     Original machine for
                     whole year      72,000
                New machine for 8 months 4,000         76,000 76,000 Depreciation
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                                                        ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
                Balance as on 31.3.2014               7,04,000                                      7,04,000
                                                                  1,09,000                          7,91,000
        Note:
        1. As per para 16 of AS 10 „Accounting for Fixed Assets‟ goodwill is to be
        recorded only when some consideration in money or money‟s worth has been
        paid for it. Since the goodwill is self generated and no money or money‟s worth
        has been paid for the same, therefore, it is not to be recorded in the books.
        2. Office equipment having book value of ₹ 20,000 as on 1.4.2013 has been
        retired from use. It has been recorded at Net Realisable Value (NRV) as the NRV
        is lower than the book value and shown separately in the financial statements.
        This is in consonance with the provisions stated in para 14 of AS 10.
        3. As per para 11 of the standard, the new machine has been recorded at the
        Fair Market Value of the securities issued as it is more clearly evident.
        Answer to Ques 36:
        Calculation of Cost of Fixed Asset (i.e. Machine)
                               Particulars                                                     ₹
                  Purchase Price                                      Given             4,80,000
                  Add:
                        Site Preparation Cost                         Given               21,000
                        Labour charges                                (66,000/600x2       22,000
                                                                      00)
                        Spare parts                                   Given                 6,000
                        Supervisor‟s Salary                           25% of ₹ 24,000       6,000
                        Administrative costs                          1/10 of ₹             3,200
                                                                      32,000
                         Test run and experimental production         Given               23,000
                         charges
                         Architect Fees for set up                    Given                9,000
                         Depreciation on assets used for              Given               12,000
                         installation
                  Total Cost of Asset                                 5,82,200
                  Less: Cenvat credit receivable       50% of ₹ 40,000 20,000
                                                                      5,62,200
        Note: Expenses of ₹ 19,000 from 15.1.2015 to 1.2.2015 to be charged to profit
        and loss A/c as plant were ready for production on 15.1.2015.
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    A
                                                    ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
        Answer to Ques 37:
        Treatment of given items
        • As per AS 10 “Accounting for Fixed Assets”, goodwill, in general, is recorded
        in the books only when some consideration in money or money‟s worth has
        been paid for it.
        In the given situation, the company has valued its goodwill which will be
        considered as earned over the years i.e. it is self-generated goodwill. Therefore,
        the same shall not be recorded in the books, as consideration in money or
        money‟s worth has not been paid for it. Thus raising goodwill by giving
        corresponding credit to Reserve is incorrect.
        • Only expenditure that increases the future benefits from the existing asset
        beyond its previously assessed standard of performance is included in the
        gross book value, e.g., an increase in capacity. The cost of an addition or
        extension to an existing asset which is of a capital nature and which becomes
        an integral part of the existing asset is usually added to its gross book value.
        Any other expenses incurred, though substantial, on machine towards its
        repairs and maintenance should not be capitalized but charged to profit and
        loss account since it does not increase capacity.
        • If the interval between the date a project is ready to commence commercial
        production and the date at which commercial production actually begins is
        prolonged, all expenses incurred during this period are charged to the profit
        and loss statement. However, the expenditure incurred during this period is
        also sometimes treated as deferred revenue expenditure, to be amortized over a
        period not exceeding 3 to 5 years, after the commencement of commercial
        production. Thus the amount of ₹ 10 lakh should either be charged to profit
        and loss statement in the year ended
        31st March, 2015 or may be amortized for a future period not exceeding 3 to 5
        years after the commencement of commercial production i.e. 1.6.2014.
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