LexisNexis

LexisNexis is a corporation that sells data analytics products and

various databases that are accessed through online portals,
LexisNexis
including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR),
newspaper search, and consumer information.[3][4] During the
1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents
more accessible electronically.[5] As of 2006, the company had the Type Subsidiary
world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records– Industry Publishing
related information.[6]
Founded 1970
Headquarters Helmsley Building,
New York City[1]
Contents United States

History Products Case law, articles,

Acquisitions publications, news,
court documents,
Commercial products lawyer marketing,
LexisNexis UK law practice
Other products management tools,
media monitoring
Criticism and controversies
tools, supply
Collaboration with U.S. Immigration and Customs
management tools,
Enforcement (ICE)
sales intelligence
China solutions, and
Awards and recognition market intelligence
tools
See also
Number of 10,000[2]
References employees
Further reading Parent RELX
External links Website Lexisnexis.com (htt
p://www.lexisnexis.
com)
History
LexisNexis is owned by RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier).[7]

According to Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Charles P. Bourne, LexisNexis (originally founded as LEXIS) is
historically significant because it was the first of the early information services to envision a future in which
large populations of end users would directly interact with computer databases, rather than going through
professional intermediaries like librarians.[8] Other early information services in the 1970s met with
financial, structural, and technological constraints and were forced to retreat to the professional intermediary
model until the early 1990s.[8]

The LexisNexis story begins in western Pennsylvania in 1956, when attorney John Horty began to explore
the use of CALR technology in support of his work on comparative hospital law at the University of
Pittsburgh Health Law Center.[9][10] Horty was surprised to discover the extent to which the laws
governing hospital administration varied from one state to another
across the United States and began building a computer database to
help him keep track of it all.[9][10]

In 1965, Horty's work inspired the Ohio State Bar Association

(OSBA) to independently develop its own CALR system, Ohio
Bar Automated Research (OBAR).[11] In 1967, the OSBA signed
a contract with Data Corporation, a local defense contractor, to
build OBAR based on the OSBA's written specifications.[11] Data
proceeded to implement OBAR on Data Central, an interactive
full-text search system originally developed in 1964 as Recon
Central to help U.S. Air Force intelligence analysts search text
summaries of the contents of aerial and satellite reconnaissance
photographs.[12] (Before computer vision was invented, text
summaries were manually prepared by enlisted personnel called
"photo interpreters"; analysts then used those summaries as a
catalog to retrieve photographs from which they could draw
inferences about enemy strategy.[12])
LexisNexis office in Markham, a
In 1968, paper manufacturer Mead Corporation purchased Data suburb of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Corporation for $6 million to gain control of its inkjet printing
technology.[13] Mead hired the Arthur D. Little consulting firm to
study the business possibilities for the Data Central technology.[13] Arthur D. Little dispatched a team of
consultants from New York to Ohio led by H. Donald Wilson.[14] After Mead asked for a practicing lawyer
on the team, Jerome Rubin, a Harvard-trained attorney with 20 years of experience was included.[15] The
resulting study concluded that the nonlegal market was nonexistent, the legal market had potential, and
OBAR needed to be rebuilt to profitably exploit that market.[15] At the time, OBAR searches often took up
to five hours to complete if more than one user was online, and its original terminals were noisy Teletypes
with slow transmission rates of 10 characters per second.[16] The original OBAR terminals were belatedly
replaced with CRT text terminals in 1970.[16] OBAR also had quality control issues; Rubin later recalled
that its data was “unacceptably dirty.”[17]

In February 1970, Mead reorganized Data Corporation’s Information Systems Division into a new Mead
subsidiary called Mead Data Central (MDC).[15] Wilson and Rubin, respectively, were installed as
president and vice president.[15] A year later, Mead bought out the OSBA's interests in the OBAR project,
and OBAR disappears from the historical record after that point.[15]

After Wilson was put in charge, he became reluctant to implement his own study's recommendation to
abandon the OBAR/Data Central work to date and start over.[18] In September 1971, Mead's management
relegated Wilson to vice chairman of the board (i.e., a nonoperational role) and elevated Rubin to president
of MDC.[15] Rubin pushed the legacy Data Central technology back to Mead Corporation.[15] Under a
newly organized division, Mead Technical Laboratories, Data Central continued to operate as a service
bureau for nonlegal applications until 1980.[19]

Rubin then hired a new team to build an entirely new information service dedicated exclusively to legal
research.[17] He coined a new name, LEXIS, from “lex,” the Latin word for law, and “IS” for “information
service.”[18] After several iterations, the original functional and performance specifications were finalized
by Rubin and executive vice president Bob Bennett in late summer 1972.[17] System designer Edward
Gottsman supervised the implementation of the specifications as working computer code.[17] At the same
time, Rubin and Bennett orchestrated the necessary keyboarding of the legal materials to be provided
through LEXIS,[20] and designed a business plan, marketing
strategy, and training program.[17] MDC's corporate headquarters
were moved to New York City, while the data center stayed in
Dayton, Ohio.[20]

Lexis was the first information service to directly serve end users.
Rubin later explained that they were trying “to crack the librarian
barrier. Our goal was to get a LEXIS terminal on every lawyer’s The old LexisNexis logo
desk.”[8] To persuade American lawyers to use LEXIS (at a time
when computer literacy was rare), MDC used aggressive
marketing, sales, and training campaigns.[8]

On April 2, 1973, MDC publicly launched LEXIS at a press conference in New York City, with libraries
of New York and Ohio case law as well as a separate library of federal tax materials.[21] By the end of that
year, the LEXIS database had reached two billion characters in size and added the entire United States
Code, as well as the United States Reports from 1938 through 1973.[20]

By 1974, LEXIS was running on an IBM 370/155 computer in Ohio supported by a set of IBM 3330 disk
storage units which could store up to about 4 billion characters.[22] Its communications processor could
handle 62 terminals simultaneously with transmission speed at 120 characters per second per user.[22] On
this platform, LEXIS was able to execute over 90% of searches within fewer than five seconds.[22] Over
100 text terminals were deployed to various legal offices (i.e., law firms and government agencies) and
over 4,000 users trained.[22]

By 1975, the LEXIS database had grown to 5 billion characters and could handle up to 200 terminals
simultaneously.[22] By 1976, the LEXIS database included case law from six states, plus various federal
materials.[22] MDC turned a profit for the first time in 1977.[22]

In 1980, LEXIS completed its hand-keyed electronic database of all extant U.S. federal and state cases.
The NEXIS service, added that same year, provided journalists with a searchable database of news articles.

In September 1981, Rubin and several of his allies (including Bennett and Gottsman) left Mead Data
Central to pursue other opportunities.[22]

When Toyota launched the Lexus line of luxury vehicles in 1987, Mead Data Central sued for trademark
infringement on the grounds that consumers of upscale products (like lawyers) might confuse "Lexus" with
"Lexis". A market research survey asked consumers to identify the spoken word "Lexis". Survey results
showed that a nominal number of people thought of the computerized legal search system; a similarly small
number thought of Toyota's luxury car division.[23] A judge ruled against Toyota, and the company
appealed the decision.[24][25] Mead lost on appeal in 1989 when the Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit
held that there was little chance of consumer confusion.[26] Today, the two companies have an amicable
business relationship, and in 2002 implemented a joint promotion called "Win a Lexus on Lexis!"

In 1988, Mead acquired the Michie Company, a legal publisher, from Macmillan.[27]

In December 1994, Mead sold the LexisNexis system to Reed Elsevier for $1.5 billion. The U.S. state of
Illinois subsequently audited Mead's income tax returns and charged Mead an additional $4 million in
income tax and penalties for the sale of LexisNexis; Mead paid the tax under protest, then sued for a refund
in an Illinois state court. On April 15, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Mead that the Illinois
courts had incorrectly applied the Court's precedents on whether Illinois could constitutionally apply its
income tax to Mead, an out-of-state, Ohio-based corporation.[28] The Court reversed and remanded so the
lower courts could apply the correct test and determine whether Mead and Lexis were a "unitary" business.
In 1997, LexisNexis acquired 52 legal titles (including the Lawyers' Edition) owned by the Thomson
Corporation. Thomson was required to sell the titles as a condition of acquiring competing publisher
West.[29]

In 1998, Reed Elsevier acquired Shepard's Citations and made it part of LexisNexis.[30] Before electronic
citators like Westlaw's KeyCite appeared, Shepard's was the only legal citation service which attempted to
provide comprehensive coverage of American law.[31]

In February 2020, LexisNexis transitioned its database services to the Amazon Web Services cloud
architecture, and shut down its legacy mainframes and servers.[32]

Acquisitions

In 2000, LexisNexis purchased RiskWise, a St. Cloud, Minnesota company.[33] Also in 2000, the company
acquired the American legal publisher Matthew Bender from Times Mirror.[34] In 2002, it acquired a
Canadian research database company, Quicklaw. In 2002, LexisNexis acquired the Ohio legal publisher
Anderson Publishing.[35] In 2004, Reed Elsevier Group, parent company of LexisNexis, purchased Seisint,
Inc, from founder Michael Brauser[36] of Boca Raton, Florida.[37] Seisint housed and operated the
Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange (MATRIX).

On March 9, 2005, LexisNexis announced the possible theft of personal information of some Seisint users.
It was originally estimated that 32,000 users were affected,[38] but that number greatly increased to over
310,000.[39] Affected persons were provided with free fraud insurance and credit bureau reports for a year.
However, no reports of identity theft or fraud were discovered to have stemmed from the security
breach.[40]

In February 2008, Reed Elsevier purchased data aggregator ChoicePoint (previous NYSE ticker symbol
CPS) in a cash deal for US$3.6 billion. The company was rebranded as LexisNexis Risk Solutions.[41]

In 2013, LexisNexis, together with Reed Elsevier Properties SA, acquired publishing brands and
businesses of Sheshunoff and A.S. Pratt from Thompson Media Group.[42]

Sheshunoff Information Services, A.S. Pratt,[43] & Alex Information (collectively, SIS), founded in
1972,[44] is a print and electronic publishing company that provides information to financial and legal
professionals in the banking industry, as well as online training and tools[45] for financial institutions. SIS
was founded in 1971 by Alex and Gabrielle Sheshunoff. The company became recognized for providing
guidance and analysis to the banking industry. In 1988 Thompson Media, a division of Thompson Reuters,
acquired the company. Separately, the Sheshunoffs began publishing Alex Information products.

In 1995, SIS acquired A.S. Pratt & Sons. Established in 1933, Pratt's Letter is believed to be the second
oldest continuously published newsletter in the country behind Kiplinger's Washington Letter, which began
publication in 1923. A.S. Pratt is a provider of regulatory law and compliance work tools for the financial
services industry.[46]

Gabrielle Sheshunoff returned in 2004 to unite the AlexInformation, Sheshunoff, and A.S. Pratt brands
before it was sold to Thompson in 2008.[47]

In November 2014, LexisNexis Risk Solutions bought Health Market Science (HMS), a supplier of data
about US healthcare professionals.[48]

In May 2022, LexisNexis acquired the behavioural biometrics technology provider, BehavioSec for an
undisclosed sum.[49]
Commercial products
LexisNexis services are delivered via two websites that require separate paid subscriptions.[50]

In 2000, Lexis began building a library of briefs and motions.[51] In addition to this, Lexis also has libraries
of statutes, case judgments and opinions for jurisdictions such as France, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong,
South Africa and the United Kingdom as well as databases of law review and legal journal articles for
countries for which materials are available.

Previously, LexisNexis had a stripped-down free version (known as LexisOne) but this has been
discontinued
and replaced by Lexis Communities,[52] which provides news and blogs across a variety of
legal areas.

Time Matters is a LexisNexis-branded software offering. Lexis for Microsoft Office[53] is a LexisNexis-
branded software offering.

In France, the UK and Australia, LexisNexis publishes books, magazines and journals, both in hard copy
and online. Titles include Taxation Magazine, Lawyers Weekly and La Semaine Juridique.

LexisNexis UK

The organization that eventually became LexisNexis UK was founded in 1818 by Henry Butterworth
(1786–1860).[54] He was a pupil at King Henry VIII School, Coventry. After leaving Coventry he was
apprenticed to and, for some time, worked for his uncle Joseph Butterworth, the great law bookseller of
Fleet Street. In 1818, however, disagreement between them as to the terms of partnership made Henry set
up on his own account at the corner of Middle Temple Gate (7 Fleet Street), where he became the well-
known Queen's Law Bookseller.

Butterworths was acquired by International Publishing Corporation in 1965; IPC was acquired by the Reed
Group in 1970.[55] Heinemann Professional Publishing was merged with Butterworths Scientific in 1990 to
form Butterworth-Heinemann.[56] The Butterworths publishing business is now owned and operated in the
UK by Reed Elsevier (UK) Ltd, a company in the Reed Elsevier Group. Publications continue to be
produced by RELX (UK) Ltd using the "LexisNexis", "Butterworths" and "Tolley" trade marks. Such
publications include Halsbury's Laws of England and the All England Law Reports, amongst others.

The Butterworths name is also used to publish works in many countries such as Canada, South Africa,
Australia and New Zealand.

LexisNexis also produces a range of software, services and products which are designed to support the
practice of the legal profession. For example, case management systems, customer relationship management
systems ("CRMs") and proofreading tools for Microsoft Office.[54]

Other products

InterAction is a customer relationship management system designed specifically for professional services
firms such as accountancy and legal firms.[57][58]

Business Insight Solutions offers news and business content and market intelligence tools.[59][60] It is a
global provider of news and business information and market intelligence tools for professionals in risk
management, corporate, political, media, and academic markets.[61]
Criticism and controversies

Collaboration with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

In November 2019, legal scholars and human rights activists called on LexisNexis to cease work with U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement because their work directly contributes to the deportation of
undocumented migrants.[62]

China

In 2017, after being asked to remove some content, LexisNexis withdrew Nexis and LexisNexis Academic
from China.[63]

Awards and recognition

In 2010 and 2011, the Human Rights Campaign recognized LexisNexis as a company that
treats its lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees well.[64]
Training magazine inducted LexisNexis into its "Training Top 125" list between 2007 and
2010. In 2008 the company was 26th on the list, rising 6 places from the previous year, but in
2009 it was 71st place and by 2010 was 105th.[65]
In 2012, Nexis won the SIIA CODIE Award for Best Political Information Resource.[66]
In 2013, LexisNexis SmartMeeting won the Stevie Award for sales and customer service.[67]
In 2014, LexisDraft won the SIIA CODIE Award for Best Business Information Solution.[68]
LexisNexis made the 2014 Spend Matters Almanac List for 50 Providers to watch for in the
procurement sector.[69]

See also
AustLII
CanLII
CaseMap
HeinOnline
LexisNexis Martindale-Hubbell
Time Matters
Westlaw
Wexis

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Further reading
Graham, Gordon (2006-07-31). From Trust to Takeover: Butterworths 1938–1967: A
Publishing House in Transition. London: Wildy, Simmonds and Hill Publishing. ISBN 978-1-
898029-81-6.

External links
Official website (http://www.lexisnexis.com)

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