Hispanization of the Philippines
The goal of the Europeans for their
expansions can be summarized into
3G’s (God, gold, glory)
Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines
A. Ferdinand Magellan
>Spain to Moluccas by sailing west.
>Accompanying him were;
F-Fr. Pedro D. Valderrama (fleet chaplain)
A-ntonio Pigafetta (chronicler)
D-uarte de Barbosa (brother-in-law)
E-nrique of Malacca – Malay slave (acting as
interpreter)
Five ships of Magellan:
Trinidad (Gisakyan ni Magellan)
Conception
Santiago
San Antonio
Victoria (Nakauli sa Spain)
>March 16, 1521 – they saw the island of
Samar
>Rajah Kolambu – blood compact with
Magellan.
>Named Philippines (After King Philip II of
Spain) as an Archipelago of St. Lazaruz
>They anchored in Homonhon
>March 31, 1521 – first mass in “Mazaua”
Limasawa Leyte.
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>Juan Sebastian Del Cano – 1 one to
circumnavigate the world.
B. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
>arrived in 1565 to established a permanent
settlement in the Philippine Island.
Sikatuna (Chief of Bohol) – Blood compact
with Legaspi.
>Rajah Tupas of Cebu – treaty of friendship
with Legaspi.
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>1 Spanish Governor-General
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>Cebu, San Miguel – 1 Spanish settlement
was established. Later renamed Santissismo
Nombre de Jesus (City of the Most Holy Name of
Jesus)
>1571 – Legaspi established Manila as the
capital of the Philippines.
1. Political changes
>250 years – the government was
centralized.
>reduccion plan of Fr. Juan de Plascencia –
required the natives to live in the area near
the church.
Governador-General
>King’s official representative to the colony.
>Issues superior decrees.
>President of the Audiencia
>Vice royal patron in the Philippines w/c
means he can appoint minor officials
>Commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
>CUMPLASE – the right of the governor to
suspend the operation of a Royal Decree
coming from the King. I obey but do not
comply.
Checks to Gubernatorial Powers:
1. Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia
>established in 1583 to act as the
Supreme Court of the colony.
2. Residencia – judicial institution headed by
incoming governor general and other
Spanish officials for the purpose of
punishing those guilty of corruption
3. Visitador general – investigator sent by the
King or an official dispatched by the council
of Indies in Spain to check the behavior of
the high officials in the colony.
4. Encomiendas – which were rewards given
by the Spaniards who helped in the
pacification of the country.
Encomienderos – were empowered to
collect taxes, protect and convert native to
Catholicism. Due to abuses perpetrated by
encomienderos, encomiendas were
abolished and replaced by a system of
provincial governments.
Alcaldia - Pacified provinces headed
by Alcalde Mayor
Corregimentos – unpacified areas
headed by Corregidors.
Ayuntamiento – Cities headed by two
alcaldes.
Pueblos – towns headed by
Gobernadorcillo
Barangays – headed by cabeza de
barangay
2. Economic Policies
>mostly characterized by monopoly that
favored/benefited the Spaniards.
a. Taxation – started as tribute of 8 reales
(about one peso). This was abolished in
1884 and personal cedula poll tax
(community tax) based on income was
instituted for residents 18 years of age
above
>Bandala System – direct taxation
b. Forced labor/Polo y Servicio
>male from 16 to 60 years were required to
render service to government for 40 days.
>Paying the Falla – way to be exempted
in forced labor
c. Encomienda – became the source of
corruption of officials.
d. Galleon Trade of Manila – Acapulco
Trade – products coming from Manila to
Acapulco, Mexico on trade vessels called
galleons w/ regular performance of forced
labor.
3. Tobacco Monopoly – started by Jose
Basco E. Vargas
>lasted for 100 years.
4. Religious Influence
>considered as the greatest legacy of
Spain to Philippines was Catholicism.
>This was made possible by the work of
the early missionaries
>All - Augustinians
>Foreigners - Franciscans
>Jump – Jesuits – trained maeztros and
maeztras (2 years)
>Down the - Dominicans
>River - Recollects
>Banks – Benedictines
5. Education – is a status symbol, a
>privilege and not a right.
>Education was controlled by friars.
>training was formally done through the:
a. Parochial schools established such as
the colegios, beatenios, and seminaries.
> Teaching was done through
a. Dictation and memorization
b. moro-moro and cenakulo
> The medium of instruction used were
a. Indigenous language
b. Doctrina Christiana
>Educational Decree of 1863 – introduced a
system of public education that opened
opportunities to Filipinos for higher learning.
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>Fr. Manuel Blanco – 1 scientist in the
Philippines. The Prince of Botanist.
>Flora De Filipinas – which was published in
1837. This book identified 1200 kinds of plants
in the country.
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>University of Santo Tomas – 1 university
founded in 1611.
University of Santo Tomas – oldest school
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College of San Ignacio – 1 college of boys
in 1589.
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College of Santa Potenciana – 1 college
for girls in 1594.
6.Racial Hierarchy
Peninsulares – full-blooded Spaniards born
in Spain.
Insulares – full-blooded Spaniards born in
the Philippines.
Tornatras – person of mixed Spanish,
Chinese and Austronesian Descent
Mestizo de Español – person of mixed
Spanish and Austronesian Descent
Mestizo de Sangley – person of mixed
Chinese and Austronesian ancestry.
Sangley – full-blooded Chinese
Indio – full-blooded Austronesian
Illustrados – middle class, the enlighten one
Like Dr. Jose Rizal.
The Birth of Filipino Nationalism
A. Early Resistance to Spanish Rule
1. Lakandula and Sulayman – Kings of Tondo
2. Magalat’s Revolt – people of Cagayan
3. Sumoroy’s Rebellion – people of Palapag,
Samar.
4. Maniago’s Revolt – recruitment of
Pampanganos.
5. Dieog Silang’s Revolt – hatred tribute in
Vigan.
6. Gabriela Silang’s Revolt – Assassination of
her husband, Diego Silang.
Gabriela Silang – Ilocanda Joan of Arc.
7. Palaris Revolt – abusive officials from
Binalatongan.
8. Basi Revolt – home-made wine in Pidding,
Ilocos Norte.
9. Tamblot’s Revolt – People of Bohol
10. Bankaw’a Revolt – people of Limasawa
11. Tapar’s Revolt – friar of Oton, Panay
12. Dagohoy’s Revolt – Christian burial to
Francisco Dagohoy’s brother.
Longest revolt – for 85 years.
13. Revolt of Hermano Pule – Apolinario dela
Cruz.
B. Growth of Filipino Nationalism
Nationalism – aim of gaining and maintaining
sovereignty (self-governance) over the
homeland.
>developed due to the following factors:
1. Spread of Liberalism – when Spain
gradually exposed the Philippines to the
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international commerce in the late 18 and early
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19 centuries, liberal ideas from Europe filtered in.
2. Racial Prejudice – the Spaniards commonly
regarded the Filipino natives as belonging to the
“inferior race” (weaker race) and called them
indios.
3. Secularization Controversy
>Regular Friars – Spanish Priest
>Secular Priest – Filipino priest
4. Cavite Mutiny of 1872 – a rebellion against
Gov. Gen Rafael Izquierdo under the leadership of
Sergeant Lamadrid.
>February 17, 1872 – execution of GomBurZa,
by order of Gov. Izquierdo
Propaganda movement was formed by the
middle class (illustrados) calling for Assimilation
of the Philippines to Spain.
C. Propaganda Movement
A peaceful campaign
Aims of Propaganda
>Province of Spain
>Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards
>Representation in the Spanish Cortes
(Spanish government)
La Solidaridad – the organ of Propaganda edited
by Marcel H. del Pilar.
Diariong Tagalog – nationalistic newspaper
edited by Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
D. Colonial Period: Propagandist
Graciano Lopez Jaena – publisher of La
Solidaridad. Pen name “Fray Botod and Diego
Laura”
Marcelo H. Del Pilar – editor and publisher of
La Solidaridad and wrote under the pen name
“Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat and
Pupdoh”
Antonio Luna – wrote for La Solidaridad under
the name of “taga-ilog”
Jose Marie Panganiban – wrote for La
Solidaridad under the name “Jomapa”
La Solidaridad – was established on Febuary
15 1889
Jose Rizal – Dimasalang at Laun-Laan
Apolinario Mabini - Paralitiko
Andres Bonifacio – AgapitoBagumbayan
Mariano Ponce – tikbalang, Naning, at
Kalipulako
Juan Luna - Potacio
Jose Dela Cruz - Husengsisiw
Pio Valuenzeula – Madlang-awa
Melchora Aquino – Tandang Sora
Emilio Jacinto – Dimas-ilaw
E. La Liga Filipina
>support for Filipinos
>A civic society of Filipino patriots organized by
Dr. Jose Rizal when he arrived in Manila from
Europe.
F. KKK (Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)
>separation
>a secret society founded on July 7, 1892
by Andres Bonifacio.
Aims of KKK:
>Political
>Economic
>Civic
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Deodato Arellano – 1 president of KKK
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Roman Basa – 2 president of KKK
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Andres Bonifacio – 3 president of KKK.
>Supremo ng Katipunan, Great Plebeian.
>Wrote a Decalogue (guidelines for good
citizenship)
Emilio Jacinto – Brain of Katipunan
>Wrote the famous Kartilya (guide book of the
members of Katipunan)
Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini of the Katipunan,
Wife’s of Bonifacio.
Apolinario Mabini – Brain of the Revolution
Katipunan Membership
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1 grade
>Katipun, Password – Anak ng Bayan
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2 grade
>Kawal, Password - GomBurZa
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3 grade – highest membership
>Bayani, Password – Rizal
TAKE NOTE: Important Events on Phil. History
July 3, 1892 – La Liga Filipina (founded by Rizal)
>Unus Instar Omnium (one like all).
July 7, 1892 – foundation of KKK
August 19, 1896 – Spanish authorities discovered
the Katipunan by Teodoro Patiño to Fr.Mariano
Gil.
August 23, 1896 – the Cry of Pugad Lawin
August 30, 1896 – Governor-General Ramon Blanco
declared Martial Law
December 30, 1896 – execution of Dr. Jose Rizal
7:03 AM (Consummatum Est.)
March 22, 1897 – The Tejeros Convention
May 10, 1897 – Execution of Bonifacio brothers
(Andres and Procopio) treason and sedition.
November 1 1897 – Establishment of Biak-na-Bato
December 14, 1897 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato
American Colonization
Coming of the Americans
April 25,1898 – The US declared war on Spain.
February 15, 1898 – Sinking of the Battleship Maine
in Havana Harbor.
May 19, 1898 – Apolinario arrived from Hongkong
May 24, 1989 – Apolinario declared dictatorial
government
June 12, 1898 – Apolinario proclaimed the
Independence of the Philippines in Kawit,
Cavite.
>Melchora Agoncillo – made the Philippine flag
in Hongkong.
>Marcha Nacional Filipina was played and
composed by Julian Felipe and played by San
Francisco de Malabon Band
June 23, 1898 – Aguinaldo change from dictatorial
to revolutionary government
August 13, 1898 – Mock Battle in Manila
August 14, 1898 – Americans established Military
government
December 10, 1898 – The Spanish-American war
ended w/ the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
>purchased the Philippine Islands from Spain for
$20 million.
>Felipe Agoncillo – was given the task of
persuading the US government to recognize the
Malolos Republic in the Paris peace talks.
December 21, 1898 – US President Wiliam McKinley
proclaimed the policy – Benevolent Assimilation
(full control of the Phil.)
The First Phil. Republic (Malolos Republic)
September 15, 1898 – The Malolos Congress
Pedro Paterno – elected as its president.
January 21, 1899 – proclamation of the Malolos
Constitution
January 23, 1899 – the Inauguration of the First
Philippine Republic at the Barasoain Church,
Malolos, Bulacan with Aguinaldo as its
president
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>Malolos Republic – 1 republic in Asia
>El Heraldo de la Revolucion – official
newspaper of the Republic.
The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902
February 4, 1899 - Private Willian Grayson (Says
Halt)– shot Filipino soldier at the bridge of Calle
Sociego San Juan, Manila.
>beginning of Phil.-American war for 3 years.
>resulted in the death of over 4,200 American
and over 20,000 Filipino combatants.
The Capture of Aguinaldo
March 23, 1901 – the captured of Aguinaldo in
Palanan, Isabela
>Macabebe Scouts – Filipinos helped Americans
captured Aguinaldo.
April 1, 1901 – Aguinaldo swore an oath at the
Malacañang Palace accepting the authority of
the United States.
April 19, 1901 – Aguinaldo issued a Proclamation of
Formal Surrender to the United States, telling
his followers to lay down their weapons and
give up the fight.
Diego de los Rios – the last Spanish Governor-
General.
Triumvirate of Propaganda Movement
1. Jose Rizal
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
