REPORT AUGUST

376 2022

Lifting and hoisting

recommended practice
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by the Lifting and Hoisting Task Force, reporting to the
IOGP Safety Committee.

Front cover photography used with permission courtesy of

© curraheeshutter/iStockphoto and © rawi_earth/iStockphoto

About
This Report hopes to enable a significant reduction in lifting incidents among
IOGP Member Companies and our contractors by highlighting the essential
principles of safe lifting and encouraging their strict application to lifting and
hoisting operations.

Secondly, this report aims to assist those responsible in planning, managing, and
controlling lifting and hoisting operations by providing high level principles and
operative questions to check safety and technical compliance at working sites.

Feedback

IOGP welcomes feedback on our reports: publications@iogp.org

Disclaimer

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication, neither IOGP nor any of its Members past present
or future warrants its accuracy or will, regardless of its or their negligence, assume liability for any foreseeable or unforeseeable use made thereof, which
liability is hereby excluded. Consequently, such use is at the recipient’s own risk on the basis that any use by the recipient constitutes agreement to the terms
of this disclaimer. The recipient is obliged to inform any subsequent recipient of such terms.

Please note that this publication is provided for informational purposes and adoption of any of its recommendations is at the discretion of the user. Except
as explicitly stated otherwise, this publication must not be considered as a substitute for government policies or decisions or reference to the relevant
legislation relating to information contained in it.

Where the publication contains a statement that it is to be used as an industry standard, IOGP and its Members past, present, and future expressly disclaim all
liability in respect of all claims, losses or damages arising from the use or application of the information contained in this publication in any industrial application.

Any reference to third party names is for appropriate acknowledgement of their ownership and does not constitute a sponsorship or endorsement.

Copyright notice

The contents of these pages are © International Association of Oil & Gas Producers. Permission is given to reproduce this report in whole or in part provided
(i) that the copyright of IOGP and (ii) the sources are acknowledged. All other rights are reserved. Any other use requires the prior written permission of IOGP.

These Terms and Conditions shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales. Disputes arising here from shall be
exclusively subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales.
 REPORT AUGUST
376 2022

Lifting and hoisting

recommended practice

Revision history

VERSION DATE AMENDMENTS

2.0 August 2022 Major revision

1.0 April 2006 First release

Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Contents

Introduction 6

1. Ten principles for lifting 8

2. Lift categorization 10

3. Roles and Responsibilities 13

3.1 Lifting crew, roles, and associated competence 13
3.2 Site manager 14
3.3 Site lifting competent person 14
3.4 Approved Competent Person 15
3.5 Person in Charge (PIC) 15
3.6 Appliance Operator 16
3.7 Rigger/Slinger 16
3.8 Banksman/Signaller 17
3.9 Lifting Equipment Inspector 17
3.10 Rigging Loft Controller 17

4. Lift planning 18

5. Specific high-risk lifting considerations 20

5.1 Lifting personnel for work activities 20
5.2 Personnel transfer by lifting 21
5.3 Lifting over live plant (hydrocarbons) 21
5.4 Tandem lifts 21
5.5 Hands free lifting 22
5.6 Operating/ground conditions 22
5.7 Marine or offshore conditions 22
5.8 Effects of wind on suspended loads 23
5.9 Lifting in close proximity to hazards including overhead power lines 23
5.10 Technological innovations 23
5.11 Dropped objects 23

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

6. Equipment 24
6.1 Definition and marking 24
6.2 Design and certification 25
6.3 Maintenance 25
6.4 Inspection 26
6.5 Thorough examination 26
6.6 Colour coding 27

7. Leading lifting operations 28

Further Reading 30

Glossary 31

Appendix A: Lifting Operations Risk Management 33

Appendix B: Example roles and competence matrix 37

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Introduction

In 2006, IOGP published a Recommended Practice for lifting and hoisting operations. Fatal and
serious accidents continued to occur in lifting and hoisting operations, and it is clear that more
effort is required to eliminate accidents from this activity. The first phase of this renewed effort
was to revise the existing document to consider the required competence of people involved in all
phases of lift planning and execution, new technologies, new processes, and feedback that IOGP had
received from its Member Companies.

This recommended practice applies equally to onshore and offshore lifting and hoisting operations,
including associated transport and handling. This Report’s recommendations are relevant
throughout the entire lifecycle of an oil and gas operation, and can be applied to all offshore and
onshore mechanical lifting and hoisting activities in the exploration and production industry, with the
exception of:
• Drilling crown block, travelling block, and top drive operations
• Goods and personnel elevators
• Ship anchor handling, marine towing, and routine ship operations not directly associated with
Upstream activities (e.g., ship maintenance)
• Tree cutting and associated movement of lumber
• Mining and earth moving
• Helicopter lifting operations
• Fall protection and rope access equipment
• Manual handling
• Jacking
• Diving operations
• Vehicle maintenance lifts
• Piling machines

IOGP strongly recommends that all companies conducting lifting activities have a management
system that includes specific procedures based on a full assessment of the risks and control
measures required. Further guidance on the development and implementation of such systems can
be found in IOGP Report 510 - Operating Management System Framework.

IOGP recommends that organizations performing marine lifting operations refer to the International
Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) Guidelines for Lifting Operations as well. This IMCA
guideline provides detailed technical and health and safety information on all matters pertaining to
marine and subsea lifting and hoisting operations, much of which can equally be applied in other
situations.

The IOGP Life-Saving Rules and the supporting Start-Work Checks are consistent with the
recommendations in this report. For more on the Rules, see IOGP Report 459 – Life-Saving Rules.

6
Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Bypassing Safety Controls Confined Space Driving Energy Isolation

Safe Mechanical Lifting Obtain authorisation Obtain authorisation Follow safe driving Verify isolation and
before overriding before entering a rules zero energy before

Plan lifting
or disabling safety confined space work begins
0

• I always wear a
controls • I confirm energy seatbelt • I have identified all

operations and • I understand and use safety-

critical equipment and procedures
sources are isolated
• I confirm the atmosphere has been
• I do not exceed the speed limit,
and reduce my speed for road
energy sources
• I confirm that hazardous energy

control the area which apply to my task

• I obtain authorisation before:
tested and is monitored
• I check and use my breathing
conditions
• I do not use phones or operate
sources have been isolated,
locked, and tagged
– disabling or overriding safety apparatus when required devices while driving • I have checked there is zero
• I confirm that the equipment
– deviating from procedures
• I confirm there is an attendant • I am fit, rested and fully alert while energy and tested for residual
standing by driving or stored energy
equipment and load – crossing a barrier • I confirm a rescue plan is in place • I follow journey management
requirements 
have been inspected and
• I obtain authorisation to enter

are fit for purpose Hot Work Line of Fire Work Authorisation Working at Height
Control flammables Keep yourself and Work with a valid Protect yourself
• I only operate equipment that I am and ignition sources others out of the permit when against a fall when
line of fire required working at height
qualified to use • I identify and control
ignition sources • I position myself to • I have confirmed if • I inspect my fall
avoid: a permit is required protection equipment
• I establish and obey barriers and
• Before starting any hot work:
– I confirm flammable material – moving objects • I am authorised to perform before use
– vehicles
exclusion zones
has been removed or isolated the work • I secure tools and work materials
– I obtain authorisation – pressure releases • I understand the permit to prevent dropped objects
• Before starting hot work in a – dropped objects • I have confirmed that hazards are • I tie off 100% to approved anchor
• I never walk under a suspended hazardous area I confirm: • I establish and obey barriers and controlled and it is safe to start points while outside a protected
– a gas test has been completed exclusion zones area
load
• I stop and reassess if conditions
– gas will be monitored continually • I take action to secure loose objects change
and report potential dropped objects

Figure 1: Safe Mechanical Lifting and the other Life-Saving Rules

Start-Work Check Start-Work Check

Mechanical Lifting Mechanical Lifting

WHEN TO COMPLETE – Before the start of any MECHANICAL LIFTING activities

Confirm each control/ Guidance for confirming each control/safeguard Person(s) Start-Work
safeguard below before Performing Verifier
starting work Work

I HAVE CONFIRMED:
The lift has been planned • The lift method, equipment, and number of people required has been assessed and determined
1 • When required, an approved lift plan or procedure is in place and has been evaluated by a competent person
• The lift has been assessed for:
- load weight
- load size
- center of gravity (e.g., lifting points)
• The lifting equipment’s current capacity and condition has been assessed 1
• Equipment operator and lifting crew have discussed the written lift plan prior to lifting

The hazards are identified • Complete a task risk assessment specific to the scope of work
2 and controlled • Discuss hazards with the work team prior to the start of work
• Identify overhead hazards and/or other obstructions (e.g., overhead power lines), making sure to check: 2
- load path

5
- swing radius
- overhead hazards
- pickup/lay-down zones
• Check for simultaneous operations that may introduce any additional hazards
• Discuss stop work considerations if work situation changes including change of weather
Note: Consider how to apply “hands-free lifting” (e.g., use of push poles and/or taglines)

Workers involved with the • Lifting equipment operator and lifting crew are qualified to perform their task
3 lift are qualified to perform Note: To be “qualified” may require certification and/or assessment to meet company or applicable legal
their task requirements 3
The lifting equipment is • Lifting appliance is level and/or placed on stable ground
4 stable and potential for • Matting has been assessed for stability and is level for the lifting equipment
unplanned movement has • Outriggers are deployed
• Loads have been assessed for stability, taking into account:
been assessed
- load securing
- workplace conditions
- travel path
- equipment capacity
• Equipment is operated per OEM requirements (e.g., weather, sea state and temperature)

The lifting and rigging • Pre-use crane inspection has been completed
5 equipment is: • Safety and monitoring devices are in place and functioning
• certified • Manufacturer’s load chart is available
• The rigging equipment has been inspected prior to lift
• inspected
• rated for the lift
• The rigging equipment is rated for the lift
Note: If load chart does not exist, assume equipment is not rated for the lift; stop work and identify
4 7
alternative lifting equipment that is rated for the load

A communication plan • Communication method(s) (e.g., hand signals, radio) have been agreed to and tested
6 and responsibilities are • Equipment operator and lifting crew have discussed the emergency response, including what emergency
agreed to by the lift crew stop signals be used
• The person in charge of the lift has been identified as per the lift plan or procedure
• The members of the lift crew have agreed to their individual roles and responsibilities for the lift
• The signaler for the lift has been identified (banksman/flagman/dogman/spotter)

7
The load has been
inspected prior to lift
• Every load has been inspected for integrity and stability (e.g., center of gravity)
- The load and its packaging can withstand the forces/motion caused by the lift
8
• Loose objects have been secured or removed prior to lift 6
• Loose and small objects are well packaged or placed in lifting basket

Barriers and exclusion • Exclusion zones have been identified and controls are in place to protect people from line of fire hazards, including:
8 zones are in place - working under suspended loads
- moving objects
- dropped objects
• Access to exclusion zones is controlled (e.g., attendant or physical barriers)
• Escape routes are unobstructed and known by the work crew

Confirm these controls/safeguards are in place and verified prior to starting work.
Stop and seek help if anything changes.

Printed Name & Role Signature Date

Start-Work Verifier

Figure 2: Mechanical Lifting Start-Work Check

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

1. Ten principles for lifting

Table 1: Ten principles for lifting

All lifting operations are categorised by the Person in

Principle Charge to reflect the risk of the lift. This then defines the
1 required controlling documents and the competence of the
people involved.

All persons involved in planning, performing, lifting and

maintaining lifting equipment are trained and assessed as
Principle
competent for their role. Competence is assured through
2 relevant experience, initial and refresher training, and
periodic assessments.

 ne person in the lift crew is designated as the Person In

O
Charge of the lifting operation. All personnel involved in the
Principle
lifting operation have their individual responsibilities clearly
3 defined and communicated prior to commencement of the
lifting operation.

A risk assessment is required for every lift, regardless of

category. A lift plan is required for every lift, with the level
of detail required defined by the category of lift. A Permit
Principle to Work may also be required subject to lift complexity and
company policy.
4
NOTE: Category 1 lifts may be addressed through a generic lift
plan, while Category 2 and 3 lifts require a specific lift plan. All
Category 3 lifts require a Permit To Work.

An approved competent person (Lifting Technical Authority,

Principle Advisor, Engineer or Subject Matter Expert) is engaged in
5 assuring that all lifting operations are correctly planned
and managed.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

 Red Zone is established. All non-authorised personnel are

A
Principle restricted from entering the Red Zone1, and all personnel are
6 kept clear of suspended/travelling loads and lifting equipment
or between the load and any heavy immovable object.

 ifting Equipment is thoroughly examined on a regular basis

L
by an inspector who is sufficiently independent2 from the
on-site lifting crew, and who may be external or an in-house
appointee. The examination refers to an acknowledged
Principle Standard for scope, methodology and acceptance/rejection
criteria. All safety and monitoring devices installed on lifting
7 equipment are operational and not by-passed or disabled.

NOTE: Periods of inspections can be influenced by the

nature and robustness of use and application as well as the
environments of use.

All lifting equipment is visually inspected by a competent

person before and after use. Equipment integrity is
Principle
maintained and faulty equipment is removed from serviced
8 and tagged as such. Inspection and maintenance activities
are recorded in an equipment register.

Principle Periodic audits and inspections are conducted by an

9 Approved Competent Person.

Any Lifting of personnel is classified to the category requiring

the highest level of controls (IOGP Category 3) and a rescue
Principle
plan is included as part of the Lift Plan. Any equipment used
10 for lifting personnel is certified for the specific activity and
used according to recognised international standards.

1 Red Zones, sometimes also known as Exclusion Zones or No-Go Zones, are areas where access is controlled and no one can enter
unless authorized to do so. They should be clearly marked, ideally with physical barriers, so that a person cannot accidently enter one.
2 A sufficiently independent inspector is someone not influenced or controlled in any way by the company or organization executing or
responsible for the task.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

2. Lift categorization

To ensure adequate planning and safe execution of lifting operations, all lifting operations
need to be categorised according to their degree of complexity and associated risks. This
section provides a lift categorization example to help organizations apply Lifting Principle 1.

All lifting operations are categorised by the Person

Principle in Charge to reflect the risk of the lift. This then
1 defines the required controlling documents and the
competence of the people involved.

Different naming conventions for categorizing are used globally. This document
categorizes lifts as a category 1, 2, or 3 lift. If your organization or partners use a different
nomenclature, ensure that the controls are appropriate for the complexity and risk of any
lift being performed. Some organizations use more or less than three categories; what is
most important is that the categorization leads to the definition of controls appropriate for
the complexity and risk of the lift being performed.

Table 2 provides an example of a simple methodology for categorizing a lift, alternatives

may include:
• Critical, non-critical
• Routine, non-routine simple, non-routine complex
• Simple, complicated, critical, complicated/critical

Table 2: Example methodology for categorizing a lift

Companies can modify the specific criteria listed to reflect their operations and equipment.

Answer the questions starting at the top and not jumping any. Your lift category matches the category of the
first question you answer ‘yes’ to.

CATEGORY 3 Y N

Is the gross load weight over 90% of the certified load radius curve of the crane?

Does the operation involve the lifting or lowering of personnel?

Will the lift involve tandem lifting using powered lifting appliances?

Could the lift be affected by any proximity hazards, i.e., restricted area, power line, confined space etc.

Will the load be lifted over or in close proximity to live plant?

Will the lift take more than one shift to complete?

Will the lift plan require technical input or calculations from a technical expert (i.e., load distribution in rigging
and appliances)?

Will the load be transferred from one powered lifting appliance to another?

Will the load be lifted from one marine vessel to another?

10
Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

During the lift, will the crane operator’s visibility of the load be restricted/limited (i.e., ‘blind lift’)?

Is the load to be rotated, up-ended/up-righted (roll-up, tailing or special lifting operations) or transferred from
one appliance to another during operation?

Will the lift be subsea?

Will the lift involve proof load testing of appliances or lifting equipment?

If you’ve answered YES to ANY of the above, the lift is CATEGORY 3.

If you’ve answered NO to ALL of the above, check the next set of questions

CATEGORY 2 Y N

Is the gross load weight over 80% of the certified load radius curve of a mobile crane?

Is the lift outside normal operating conditions for the equipment or the asset?

Is the weight distribution uneven, or does it have the potential to shift?

Will environmental conditions place restrictions on lifting operations?

Is the load of an unusual shape?

Is the weight of the load estimated (i.e., not known)?

Does the load have any hazards such as sharp edges?

Is the load subject to permanent deformation?

Absence of designed and tested lifting points?

Does the load have excessive dimension (limited clearance from crane structures, surroundings)?

Is the operation taking place during SIMOPS or interfering with other concurrent activities?

If you’ve answered YES to any of the above, the Lift is CATEGORY 2.

If you’ve answered NO to ALL of the above, the lift is likely Category 1.

CATEGORY 1 Y N

Are all these three conditions present?

1. You have you answered “No” to all questions in Category 3 and Category 2

AND

2. The personnel involved in the lift are trained, assessed as competent and authorised to perform their
specific role

AND

3. The lifting equipment and the load are simple to use and lift

Only if ALL the 3 conditions for Category 1 are present, is the lift classified as CATEGORY 1.

Tables 3 and 4 provide examples of the different control measures and the personnel
required depending on the category of lift. For example a lifting operation during
‘SIMOPS’(Simultaneous Operations) would be categorized as a Category 2 at minimum (see
Table 1 categorization questions), and therefore have a specific lift plan approved by the Site
Lifting Competent Person, a permit to work for the entire SIMOPS scope, a specific risk
assessment, and so on.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Table 3: Example of documentation and control measures for each category of lift

Type of measure Category 3 Category 2 Category 1

Lift Plan Specific Specific Generic for the type of lift

Permit to Work Required Might be required by Might be required by

procedures or operating procedures or operating
instructions instructions
(e.g., required where
SIMOPS involved)

Risk Assessment Specific Specific Generic for the type of lift

Toolbox Talk1 Required pre-lift Required pre-lift Recommended pre-shift

Start Work Checks2 Mechanical Lifting Mechanical Lifting Mechanical Lifting

Work around mobile Work around mobile Work around mobile
equipment (if relevant) equipment (if relevant) equipment (if relevant)
Man-riding (if relevant) Work at height (if relevant) Work at height (if relevant)
Work at height
(if relevant)

Note 1 – a second talk may be conducted post operation to collect lessons learned – e.g. ‘After action review’
Note 2 – more Start Work Checks may apply depending on activity/operation

Table 4: Example of personnel involved for lifts of different category

(See next section for more details on personnel)

Type of role Category 3 Category 2 Category 1

Person In Charge+ ü ü ü

Appliance operator #
ü ü ü

As required by operating
Slinger/Rigger ü ü
instructions

As required by operating
Banksman ü ü
instructions

Site lifting competent ü ü ü

person (Site approval of lift plan) (Site approval of lift plan) (Site approval of lift plan)

ü ü*
Approved Competent If required by operating
(Technical approval of (Periodic review approval of
Person* instructions
specific lift plan) generic lift plans)
+P
 lease note that most organizations have different names and different categorizations for who is considered the Person
in Charge of a lifting and hoisting operation.
#
 n appliance operator can also be the Person in Charge in some Category 1 operations, for example a forklift truck
A
operator or winch operator.
*A
 n Approved Competent Person (e.g., lifting technical authority, advisor, engineer or subject matter expert) is usually
involved in the review process of Category 2 and 3 Lift Plans in line with their tasks as described in section 3.3. For
Category 1 lifts, an Approved Competent Person vets the generic lift plans and/or operating procedures, usually this is a
one-off exercise with a scheduled review frequency.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

3. Roles and Responsibilities

This section describes the roles and responsibilities of personnel involved in lifting and
hoisting operations, reflecting Lifting Principles 2, 3, and 6.

All persons involved in planning, performing, lifting

and maintaining lifting equipment are trained and
Principle
assessed as competent for their role. Competence
2 is assured through relevant experience, initial and
refresher training, and periodic assessments.

 ne person in the lift crew is designated as the Person

O
In Charge of the lifting operation. All personnel
Principle
involved in the lifting operation have their individual
3 responsibilities clearly defined and communicated
prior to commencement of the lifting operation.

 Red Zone is established. All non-authorised

A
personnel are restricted from entering the Red
Principle
Zone, and all personnel are kept clear of suspended/
6 travelling loads and lifting equipment or between the
load and any heavy immovable object.

3.1 Lifting crew, roles, and associated competence

A lifting crew typically comprises a minimum of three individuals: a Person in Charge (PIC),
a banksman/signaller/rigger/slinger, and an appliance operator. However, the number of
people required in a lifting crew will vary with the complexity and scale of lifting operations
performed. For example, a routine lift involving a mobile or pedestal crane would normally
involve a three-person lifting crew, a routine lifting operation in a factory or warehouse
environment using an overhead gantry crane may be safe to conduct with a lifting crew of 2
people. The size of the crew must be determined as a result of a detailed risk assessment.
IOGP Category 3 lifts would normally require a larger crew to conduct operations safely.

Job titles change frequently around the world and depending on the type of site or
operation. Table 5 shows examples of this to help illustrate who performs these roles.
It is the competence of any individual that matters when deciding if they can perform a
certain role, not their job title. IOGP recommends that companies develop a lifting roles and
associated competence matrix, an example is given in Appendix C.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Table 5: Lifting crew roles and example of job titles associated with the role

Role Example of job titles

Person In Charge Crane supervisor, site supervisor, lifting supervisor

Appliance operator Equipment operator, powered lift appliance operator, crane operator

Slinger/Rigger Roustabout, roughneck

Banksman Signaller, roustabout, roughneck

Site lifting competent person Deck foreman, deck pusher

Approved Competent Person Lifting engineer, lifting authority, lifting SME

3.2 Site manager

The Site Manager has accountability for the site and for applying the Lifting Management
System requirements including the execution of safe lifting and hoisting operations at the
site. Their responsibilities include:
• Appointing a Person in Charge of the lift and lifting crew
• Ensuring personnel are trained and competent for the task
• Ensuring lifts are properly studied, assessed, planned, and conducted safely, ensuring
that only suitable, certified, and sound equipment and machinery are provided

3.3 Site lifting competent person

The Site Lifting Competent Person (SLCP) is generally the person who approves lift plans.

SLCP (e.g., deck foreman, site lifting or rigging supervisor) has knowledge and experience
to verify that lifting operations are planned and executed safely in conformance with
legislation, standards, codes, and company requirements and that the lifting equipment
used is in a safe to operate condition and suitable for the task.

The SLCP’s responsibilities include the following:

• providing lift plan(s) and risk assessment(s) that meet, legal or regulatory
requirements and company requirements
• confirming that the lifting equipment is only operated within its safe operating limits
and OEM operating instructions
• advising others on preparation of the lift plan
• confirming that the categorization and technical content of the lift plan is correct
• approving the lift plan prior to submission for authorisation
• confirming that the lifting operations are untaken safely and in conformance the
approved lift plan
• participating in and deliver toolbox talks
• confirming that all personnel involved in a lifting operation are protected at work
from the risk to their health or safety by having sufficient training, experience, and
appropriate supervision to perform the task competently relative to the categorization
of the lift

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

3.4 Approved Competent Person

An Approved Competent Person (Lifting Technical Authority, Advisor, Engineer or Subject
Matter Expert) assists and supports all the stakeholders in the definition of any aspect
related to the lifting process. The Approved Competent Person provides technical advice
and guidance for the following:
• Internal auditing services required for the correct lifting management system
implementation
• Design and selection of lifting appliances
• Developing and/or approving the generic lift plan for Category 1 lifting operations
• Developing and/or approving the specific lift plan for Category 2 and 3 lifting operations
• Developing and reviewing documented thorough examination schemes for lifting
appliances
• Developing and reviewing guidelines for the engineering and planning of the operations
• Investigating lifting related HSE events and sharing of the lifting operations lessons
learnt
• Reviewing lifting processes
• Conducting capability assessments of contractors and subcontractors for lifting
operations
• Determining requirements for management of change and deviations in lifting operations
• Competence assessment, assurance, and training of lifting personnel

3.5 Person in Charge (PIC)

The PIC is the only person who has operational
control of the lift and has the authorization
to give instructions to the lifting crew during
the operations. The PIC has the required level
of competence to plan and supervise the RED ZONES SAVES LIVES
specific lifting and hoisting operation. Their
responsibilities include:
1 Is your red zone defined?
• Categorizing, risk assessing, and planning
2 Are physical barriers deployed?
Category 1 lifting operations
3 Is access controlled?
• Creating and approving Category 1 lift plans
4 Are escape routes identified?
and ensuring that the required controls
are in place. As the PIC is the individual
who ensures the lift plan is suitable for the
task, they must be competent to make that
assessment. For Category 2 and 3 lifts, an
approved competent person is required
to approve the lift plan, and may also be
involved in its development.

Figure 3: Red Zones Save Lives poster

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

• Defining the lifting appliance set-up/configuration, ensuring the correct equipment is

available and safety devices are installed and operational
• Ensuring a Red Zone is established.
• Ensuring the travel route of the lifting operation is clear and free from hazards and
obstructions (e.g., overhead obstacles such as powerlines) to enable the lifting
equipment and load to safely travel from the lifting to landing point without being
impeded by any obstacles
• Ensuring there are good access and egress routes for the lifting team, including
putting in place safe alternative routes if walkways are obstructed

3.6 Appliance Operator

The appliance operator is a person trained and competent to operate the lifting appliance
to be used, and the only one allowed to manoeuvre it during the activity, unless a change of
planning and control documentation is made. Their responsibilities include:
• Carrying out pre- and post-use inspections
• Ensuring cranes are properly secured on firm and level foundation on outriggers and
set up in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
• Checking the suitability of the routes for the forklift or mobile appliance to be used
(e.g., ground conditions, slope, space)
• Not leaving a load unattended or suspended above people
• Not leaving a lifting appliance with ignition key in place
• Operating the appliance properly, verifying weight of load does not exceed the safe
working load (SWL) or Working Load Limit (WLL) of lifting appliances
• Communicating with banksman before operation start to establish common
understanding, signs, and instructions that will be used
• Contributing and participating in Toolbox Talks
• Not starting the operation if barriers are not in place

3.7 Rigger/Slinger
The rigger/slinger is a person trained and competent in attaching slings, lifting appliances,
accessories, and shackles onto the load to ensure that it can be lifted and moved safely.
Responsibilities include:
• Inspecting and selecting lifting equipment correctly, ensuring certification is in place
• Inspecting the load and ensuring that any required certification is in place e.g.,
integral lifting points
• Securely connecting and disconnecting lifting accessories to loads and accessories to
lifting appliances
• Establishing a Red Zone, ensuring task areas are kept clear of non-essential
Personnel, and including the deployment of physical barriers where required
• Maintaining a safe position during lifting
• Contributing and participating in Toolbox Talks

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

3.8 Banksman/Signaller
The banksman is the only one authorised to give signals to the lifting operator and their
responsibilities includes:
• Control of the lift area, ensuring all personnel are positioned safely and using physical
barriers to prevent access to Red Zones
– Members
­ of the team may have their attention focused elsewhere and may
react instinctively by moving into a hazardous area when something goes wrong.
It is the responsibility of the Banksman to watch for anyone moving towards the
‘line of fire’ during the lift, but all team members can help each other by calling
a halt if anything unexpected happens, or if anybody begins to move towards the
‘line of fire’.
• Checking for potential dropped objects
• Maintaining direct sight of the load and clear communications with the appliance
operator and making use of 2-way radios with designated channels
• Maintaining an awareness of other ongoing operations that may affect lifting activities
• Directing the movement and placing of loads
• Not performing any other job while the lift is in progress
• Contributing and participating in Toolbox Talks

3.9 Lifting Equipment Inspector

• Person can be either in-house or external, but must be independent3
• Competent to assess the condition and compliance of lifting equipment

3.10 Rigging Loft Controller

A designated individual who is responsible for managing all lifting accessories and loose
lifting gear at a given site. They are responsible for managing the Rigging Loft where
these accessories are stored, and in particular, they keep a record, track and verify the
accessories in order to determine the correct flow, disposal, certification availability and
proper condition of all the accessories.

3
A sufficiently independent inspector is someone not influenced or controlled in any way by the company or organization executing or
responsible for the task.

17
Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

4. Lift planning

This section describes how to plan a lift and provides guidance to complement the lifting
principles related to Lift Plan (Principles 4 and 5).

A risk assessment is required for every lift, regardless

of category. A lift plan is required for every lift, with
the level of detail required defined by the category of
Principle lift. A Permit to Work may also be required subject to
lift complexity and company policy.
4
NOTE: Category 1 lifts may be addressed through a generic
lift plan, while Category 2 and 3 lifts require a specific
lift plan. All Category 3 lifts require a Permit To Work.

An approved competent person (Lifting Technical

Principle Authority, Advisor, Engineer or Subject Matter
5 Expert) is engaged in assuring that all lifting
operations are correctly planned and managed.

When planning the lift, perform a hazard identification and a risk assessment to determine
the lift method, equipment to use, and the number and competence of personnel required.

As per Principle 4, the detail required in the Lift Plan is related to the complexity of the lift
and associated risk:
• Category 1 lifts may only require a generic Lift Plan supported by an onsite risk
assessment and team briefing. Generic lift plans may be appropriate for multiple
occurrences of similar routine lifts within specified limits but must be formally
reviewed and re-issued periodically.
• Category 2 lift plans are specific to the lift and include technical details and drawings
• Category 3 lift plans are specific to the lift, include technical details and drawings, and
may also require additional engineering input (e.g., Site Factors and Load Factors) to
define load integrity and stability

The technical competence of the reviewer of a Lift Plan is determined by the complexity
of the lift. Plans for IOGP Category 2 and 3 lifts are reviewed by an Approved Competent
Person (Lifting Technical Authority or Subject Matter Expert).

Any change to a prepared lift plan is considered and adequately reassessed through a
Management of Change/deviation process and modifications approved by a person with the
same, or higher, competence level as for the original lift plan.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

All lift plans includes the following:

• Lift category
• The type and number of personnel required, their specific roles and competences,
and how they will be briefed
• The nature, the weight, and the Centre of Gravity (CoG) position of the load and lifting
points specifications
• Pick up and set down points, and constraints such as space and stacking
• Application of the correct rigging methods and lifting appliance positioning
• Equipment required and certification checks
• Requirements to erect/dismantle the Lifting equipment
• Step-by-step instructions
• Communication methods to be used
• Responsibility for pre-lift visual inspection of the lifting equipment and load, including
checks for dropped objects
• Emergency and rescue plans
• Restrictions on the lift such as weather, light, sea state, ground bearing pressure.
• Access and egress for slinging and unslinging the load
• Simultaneous, conflicting, or nearby operations or work
• Whether Permit to Work procedures are applicable
• Load integrity check
• Load charts for generic lift plans and for heavy or complex lifts
• Establishing a Red Zone and identified line of fire hazards

In addition, Category 2 and 3 lift plans may also include:

• A drawing or sketch with lateral view and top view. Category 3 lifts may also require
additional supporting detailed drawings (e.g., 2D or 3D computed aided drawings for
complex lifting operations) including crane(s) and load position, operational steps
(phases).
• Rigging arrangement including a rigging table detailing all lifting accessories (ID,
description, type, quantities, expected loads, unity checks and safety factor based on
rigging calculation for the worst-case scenario).
• IOGP recommends that organizations performing mechanical handling operations
carry out risk-based analysis to highlight the type and level of required/additional
engineering analysis, technical evaluation or control measures that would be
required. The output of such an exercise could, for example, include the need for
determining ground bearing capacity, soil analysis, geotechnical study, engineering
design, load stability calculations, swept path analysis, sea and weather state or
dynamic amplification factors.

19
Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

5. Specific high-risk lifting considerations

This section describes particular considerations for different types of operations, including
the lifting of personnel which is also addressed by Lifting Principle 10.

A risk assessment is required for every lift, regardless

of category. A lift plan is required for every lift, with
the level of detail required defined by the category of
Principle lift. A Permit to Work may also be required subject to
lift complexity and company policy.
4
NOTE: Category 1 lifts may be addressed through a generic
lift plan, while Category 2 and 3 lifts require a specific
lift plan. All Category 3 lifts require a Permit To Work.

Any Lifting of personnel is classified to the category

requiring the highest level of controls (IOGP Category
Principle 3) and a rescue plan is included as part of the Lift
10 Plan. Any equipment used for lifting personnel is
certified for the specific activity and used according
to recognised international standards.

5.1 Lifting personnel for work activities

Lifting personnel in a suspended basket or elevated forklift basket is avoided in preference
to dedicated lifting devices such as Mobile Elevated Work Platforms, cherry pickers, and
scissor lifts.

When personnel lifts, including Start-Work Check Start-Work Check

Man-Riding, are unavoidable, Man-riding Man-riding

these lifts are subject to WHEN TO COMPLETE – Before the start of any MAN-RIDING activities

stringent planning and controls

Confirm each control/ Guidance for confirming each control/safeguard Person(s) Start-Work
safeguard below before Performing Verifier
starting work Work

I HAVE CONFIRMED:

including regular inspection

Personnel involved • Rider, Winch operator, and Spotter have all been trained and can describe their
1 with the man-riding responsibilities
operations are qualified
to perform their task

requirements, risk assessment,

The man-riding • Winches are certified as suitable for man-riding
2 equipment is: • Rigging equipment, including cable, inspected for wear/defects
• certified • Harness inspected per work-at-height requirements
• inspected
• rated for the task
• Fall arrest gear, if using, inspected 3
5

and an approved Permit to Work.

3
All rotating or moving • Hoisting and rotating equipment in the immediate area and at different levels
are not moving (e.g., set the brake for the traveling block, lock out tag out)
3
equipment close to
man-riding activities
are secured to prevent
unplanned movement 6
7

For Man-Riding, IOGP

Communication • Communication methods (e.g., hand signals and radios) agreed to and tested
4 methods have been for movement of rider
agreed to by the - If using hand signals, confirm common understanding of hand signals to be
workers used by the work crew

has produced a Start-Work

The tools/materials • Tools used at heights have securing wire/lanyards/tethers
5 being used at height • Materials used at height are secured in storage boxes, pouches, bags etc.
are secured • Cover openings to lower levels (e.g., gratings, gaps, etc.) or use debris nets
Note: Follow the site/company dropped object prevention program 2
(e.g., work at height tool register)
2

Check (see IOGP Report 459-1 –

Barriers and drop/ • Establish drop/exclusion zones 1
6 exclusion zones are in • Control access to drop/exclusion zones during work at height
place (e.g., attendant or physical barriers)

Start-Work Checks).
Rescue plan is in place • Confirm the work crew has discussed the rescue plan, including:
7 and is ready to be used - How to start the rescue response
- Location of rescue equipment and responders
• Confirm the rescue crew:
- is available
- is aware of specific hazards related to this task
- can execute the rescue plan

Confirm these controls/safeguards are in place and verified prior to starting work.
Stop and seek help if anything changes.

Printed Name & Role Signature Date

Start-Work Verifier

Figure 4: Man-Riding Start-Work Check

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

5.2 Personnel transfer by lifting

Transfer of personnel by lifting is avoided where possible and is subject to strict risk
assessment criteria.

Lifting of personnel is done according to a specific personnel lift plan, or a dedicated lift
plan with a rescue plan incorporated.

Lifted personnel are secured.

Planned personnel transfer by lifting should not be performed in darkness.

5.3 Lifting over live plant (hydrocarbons)

Live plant is defined as equipment containing a hazardous, pressurised, energised or
strategic resource. Lifting over or in close proximity to live plant is defined as any lifting
operation where there is a process safety risk of the load, lifting appliances and/or lifting
accessories impacting, damaging, and/or rupturing a live plant.

Lifting over or in close proximity to live plant is not undertaken unless:

• No other feasible alternative exists
• An operational contingency plan and risk assessment are in place

Operational contingency plans define the potential worst-case consequences in the

event of a dropped object or catastrophic failure of the lifting equipment, documenting
the mitigation measures to be taken prior to the lift and the emergency response actions
required. The Red Zone used during the lift is extended to match the requirements of the
operational contingency plan.

5.4 Tandem lifts

Lifts involving two or more cranes (including top and tail, load transfer, multiple hooks)
are complex operations requiring considerable planning. The Approved Competent Person
must be engaged in the process of developing a detailed lift plan. See Appendix B.1 for
further information on this.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

5.5 Hands free lifting

Hands free lifting is preferred though subject to thorough risk assessment and planning.

Push/Pull sticks

Injuries to hands and fingers are a leading cause of injuries during lifting activities.

Therefore, in order to avoid and/or reduce direct contact of workers with lifted loads while
executing lifting operations, push pull sticks can be used to guide loads (creating a buffer
zone of safety) and retrieve slings.

Tag lines

Tag lines are only used in normal operating conditions to adjust the position of a load that
is stable and under full control of the crane or powered equipment operator. Please consult
Appendix B for more information.

5.6 Operating/ground conditions

A system should be in place that allows the PIC (or approved competent person, such as a
lifting engineer) to effectively manage:
• Site maximum ground bearing capacity/permissible ground loading factor
• Identification of underground services
• Identification of underground voids
• Effects of environmental/weather conditions where applicable ice, permafrost, rain,
lightning
• Proximity to excavations
• Proximity to other operational equipment including other crane operations with
overlapping boom radius
• Restricted visibility due to environmental conditions (fog, snow)
• Blind lifts, where it is not possible to ensure line of sight communication

5.7 Marine or offshore conditions

A system should be in place that allows the PIC (or approved competent person, such as a
lifting engineer) to effectively manage:
• Cane operations within allowable sea state and associated load chart capacities.
• Crane operations with simultaneous operations such as vessel operations, diving
activities or helicopter movements.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

5.8 Effects of wind on suspended loads

Strong winds may swing suspended loads (panels, formworks/shutters, etc.) out of balance
and radius, making the lifting appliance unstable. If the appliance operator considers that
full control of the load cannot be maintained, it should not be lifted or made safe during
a lifting operation. The appliance operator has the primary responsibility for making the
decision, in conjunction with the PIC. This should not be overridden by site management
under any circumstances. Please see Appendix B for more information on this topic.

5.9 Lifting in close proximity to hazards including overhead power

lines
During the planning of any lift, it is important to determine if any part of the equipment,
load line, or load (including rigging and lifting accessories) could get close to a power line.
Appendix B describes options to consider, starting with de-energising and grounding. A
table (Appendix B.4) has been provided to help determine safe clearance distances based
on voltage.

Note that other overhead hazards, fixed or mobile (e.g., drones), should also be considered
in the risk assessment and associated controls included within lift plans.

Lifting over trafficable areas (e.g., railways/roads/canals) should be considered in a similar

way to the above.

5.10 Technological innovations

Lifting operations represent a critical activity that needs to be constantly and effectively
controlled and supervised, both from the safety and technical point of view. There are several
new technologies and new devices that can be provide effective support. Current examples
include the use of motion detectors, smart helmets and glasses, and radio frequency
identification (RFID) tags in lifting accessories to aid with certification/inspection checks.

IOGP will continue to search for and share innovative and technical solutions to assist in the
safe management of lifting and hoisting operations, and encourages its Members to do the
same.

5.11 Dropped objects

Dropped objects represent a high hazard during lifting operations. Dropped objects
can include; the load, part of the load, objects falling from the lifting appliance, lifting
accessories, loose objects left on loads and occasionally items hidden in loads (for
example, rocks / debris left in the fork pockets on a container lift.

The organization DROPS has provided a library of information available through their
website (https://www.dropsonline.org) on how to prevent dropped objects and is a
recommend resource, even if not specific to lifting and hoisting operations.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

6. Equipment

This section provides guidance to complement the lifting principles related to equipment
(Principles 7, 8, and 9).

 ifting Equipment is thoroughly examined on a

L
regular basis by an inspector who is sufficiently
independent2 from the on-site lifting crew, and who
may be external or an in-house appointee. The
examination refers to an acknowledged Standard
Principle for scope, methodology and acceptance/rejection
criteria. All safety and monitoring devices installed
7 on lifting equipment are operational and not by-
passed or disabled.

NOTE: Periods of inspections can be influenced by the

nature and robustness of use and application as well as
the environments of use.

All lifting equipment is visually inspected by a

competent person before and after use. Equipment
Principle integrity is maintained and faulty equipment
8 is removed from serviced and tagged as such.
Inspection and maintenance activities are recorded
in an equipment register.

Principle Periodic audits and inspections are conducted by an

9 Approved Competent Person.

6.1 Definition and marking

Lifting equipment comprises lifting appliances (equipment performing the lifting), lifting
accessories (devices that connect the load to the lifting appliance) and lifted items (load
including items such as containers, baskets or drums).

Lifting appliances should be marked with:

• Safe Working Load (SWL) or Working Load Limit (WLL)
• Unique ID, mark, or serial number
• Certification Mark, CE mark, or equivalent
• Date of last certification/inspection

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Lifting accessories should be marked with:

• Safe Working Load (SWL) or Working Load Limit (WLL)
• Unique ID, mark, or serial number
• Certification Mark, CE mark, or equivalent
• Tare weight (for lifting beams and/or spreaders and lifted item, as applicable)
• Diameter and/or length as deemed necessary (for lifting accessories, as applicable)
• Colour Coding
• Date of last certification

An equipment register and evidence of certification should be available onsite. An example

is provided with this Report.

6.2 Design and certification

Equipment is fit for its intended purpose and operating conditions and designed and
certified to a recognised standard.

Equipment is fitted with appropriate safety devices. Any safety device installed on lifting
equipment is operational and not overridden. Retrofit safety devices need to be assessed
and managed to avoid introducing additional hazards.

Equipment is designed in a way that does not give the operator any health or fatigue
problems, and considers:
• Ergonomics (operators’ comfort, view, joy sticks, etc.)
• Noise and vibration protection
• Weather protection (wind, temperature, rain, snow, etc.)
• Easy access and egress

The potential for an operator to accidently create a dangerous situation or unintended

movement of the equipment or load is reduced through the design of the equipment, for
example, emergency stop buttons are protected against unintended activation.

6.3 Maintenance
In order to ensure safe operation of the lifting equipment, the proper working and
operational conditions must be maintained. Maintenance encompasses activities such
as monitoring, inspection, testing, and repair, ensuring that a good housekeeping regime
is being practised. The maintenance schedule should be based on manufacturer’s
recommendations, business operating experience, international applicable standards
and failure modes analysis. The maintenance schedule should integrate preventative and
predictive activities. Maintenance schedules take into consideration the effects of age and
usage history of the equipment.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

6.4 Inspection
All lifting equipment should be inspected in accordance with a written scheme of
examination detailing the frequency and types of inspections for lifting equipment4:
• A visual inspection of the lifting appliance – including functional tests - is performed
by its operator before use and before and after each work shift.
• A visual inspection of the accessories is performed by a member of the lifting crew
(e.g., slinger/rigger) before use and before and after each work shift.
• Frequency: Service routine inspections are carried out following the manufacturer’s
instructions at the manufacturer’s or regulator’s recommended frequency.

6.5 Thorough examination

Lifting equipment should be subject to a thorough examination by a competent person who
has sufficient detailed knowledge of its design, operation, and failure modes to recognise
significant defects (this is beyond the inspections outlined in section 6.4).

The scope, methodology, and standards of the examination, and acceptance/rejection

criteria for the equipment, should be specified for all lifting equipment and may include
periodic load-testing.

All lifting equipment should be thoroughly examined:

• Before using a lifting appliance for the first time
• If an installed lifting appliances has been assembled on site, it must be examined by
an external technical authority (or equivalent – e.g., a certifying authority) to establish
the assembly was correct and it is safe to operate.
• After events that may have resulted in damage to the appliance or change of
significant components
• At regular intervals and in accordance with a written scheme of examination that has
been drawn up by a competent person:
– No
­ longer than 12 months for lifting appliances and equipment (including
certified lifting points integral to loads), or more often if required by legislation
or actual use
– No
­ longer than 12 months for lifting accessories, or more often if required by
legislation or actual use
• No longer than 6 months for equipment used in personnel lifting

4 Implementing organizations can define level of use and associated inspection time intervals, for example:
• Normal service – 6 months
• Severe service – Monthly to quarterly
• Special service – as recommended by a qualified person.

26
Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

• Equipment with serious and significant notified defects must be immediately taken
out of service until the defect has been put right.
– If a lifting appliance is de-rated by a certifying authority, it must then only be
operated within its new rated capacity.
• Equipment with defects that need to be rectified within a certain timescale is not to be
used until repaired and recertified, or replaced. This must happen within the specified
timescale.

For the purposes of a thorough examination, the competent person:

• should have enough appropriate practical and theoretical knowledge and experience
of the lifting equipment so that they can detect defects or weaknesses, and assess
how important they are in relation to the safety and continued use of the equipment
• should not be the same person who performs routine maintenance as they would be
responsible for assessing their own work
• should be sufficiently independent and impartial to make objective decisions
• May be employed by a separate company, or selected by an employer from members
of their own staff
• See also Example Competence Matrix in Appendix C

6.6 Colour coding

Lifting accessories (and lifted items, where applicable) may be colour coded to enable
lifting crew and rigging loft controller to easily identify equipment that is within test date.
At each thorough examination, the competent person should be instructed to remove the
existing colour code and replace it with a new colour. The colour must be applied close to
the SWL and cover the old colour code.

IOGP encourages organizations (operators and contractors) working in the same

operational area to agree and standardize on the colour coding to be used.

27
Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

7. Leading lifting operations

Understanding human factors and improving the working environment, behaviour, and
culture are fundamental to achieving safe and efficient lifting operations. This section
provides basic guidance on key human factors aspects to consider for those who plan and
lead lifting operations.

When scheduling and resourcing a job:

• Ensure there are enough people to manage the lifting operation safely
• Ensure the team members are competent to fulfil their specific roles and
responsibilities
• Ensure all required equipment is available and certified as safe for use
• Schedule the work to maximise operating in daylight hours, avoid working in the
hours of darkness when possible
• Schedule the work to take account of any adverse weather and visibility issues
• Conduct a pre-start safety meeting (toolbox talk), take the time to review both the risk
assessment for the tasks and the lift plan.
• Highlight any differences observed between the risk assessment and the lift plan and
the current status observed pre-start and where required update the risk assessment
and the lift plan accordingly.
• Review each of the differences in turn and identify actions to reduce risk
• If it is not possible to reduce the risk, then the PIC should escalate to senior
management and consider postponing the job
• Run through the sequence of work and make sure everyone involved fully understands
how the job will be conducted

Reinforce, practice and thank people for stopping the job:

• During the pre-start safety meeting:
– Provide
­ them with the Start-Work Check for Mechanical Lifting – the Check is
a tool the lifting crew can use to confirm the controls/safeguards designed to
prevent fatalities and serious injuries during lifting operations , the crew should
go through the Check not during the meeting, but only once they are at the work
site and ready to start the operation.
– repeat
­ clearly the need for everyone involved to remain alert at all times and to
stop the job if they consider that there may be an unsafe act or condition
– remind
­ the team of the Life-Saving Rule for Safe Mechanical Lifting and Work
Authorization
• Lead by example and use opportunities to stop the job, so that other team members
can witness first-hand the importance and positive message/environment
• Regardless of the outcome of a ‘stop the job’ intervention, publicly thank the individual
and back it up later in a safety meeting

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Fatigue and monotony

• Schedule complex lifting operations during the first half of a shift, as the team will be
less tired and more focused
• For lifting operations that are conducted over a longer duration, monitor the condition
and attitude of the team, look for signs of fatigue and, if necessary, call a time out to
give everyone a rest and time to refocus
• People are more likely to be fatigued:
– Towards the end, or after, a long shift
– If working in extreme heat/cold, especially for after long periods
– If starting work after a long journey
– If they have recently changed shifts – from day to night and vice versa
– On first days back on shift after days off
– When performing repetitive and monotonous tasks
• Where work has become repetitive or monotonous, look for signs and symptoms of
boredom or a lack of concentration. Build in breaks, rotate job tasks if safe to do so,
and take time to reset and refocus the team.
• Conduct regular worksite visits with a team comprising of the Approved Competent
Person, HSE Representatives from operator and contractor(s) focused solely on
lifting and hoisting and mobile heavy equipment operations, with the intent to give
recognition for implementation of good practices and adherence to procedures,
record and communicate observations regarding improvement opportunities.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Further Reading

These organizations produce standards and other lifting guidance:

• American Petroleum Institute (API): https://www.apiwebstore.org/

• ASME B30 (Cranes and Related Equipment-Cableways, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks,
and Slings)
• Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA):
https://www.appea.com.au/news-media/?publications
• British Standards: https://shop.bsigroup.com/
• Bridon-Bekaert, The Ropes Group: https://www.bridon-bekaert.com/en-gb
• DNV GL: https://www.dnvgl.com/rules-standards
• Energy Institute: https://publishing.energyinst.org/
• E
nergy Safety Canada: http://www.energysafetycanada.com/resources/resourceslist/
resources-list.cfm
• International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC): https://store.iadc.org/
• I nternational Marine Contractors Association (IMCA):
https://www.imca-int.com/core/lifting-rigging/publications
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO): https://www.iso.org/store.html
• Lifting Equipment Engineers Association: https://leeaint.com/leea-library
• United States National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators (NCCCO)
• Norwegian Oil & Gas: https://www.norskoljeoggass.no/en
• North Sea Lifting (NSL): https://nsl.ascoworld.com/reports-and-publications
• U
nited States Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Home | Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (osha.gov) guidance such as: US OSHA 29 CFR 1926.753 (Construction
Standard) and US OSHA 29 CFR 1910.178 (Powered Industrial Trucks)
• O
ffshore Mechanical Handling Equipment Committee -
https://www.omhec.com/guidance-documents
• OEUK: https://oilandgasuk.co.uk/publications/
• Standards Norway (NORSOK): https://www.standard.no/en/webshop/
• Step Change in Safety - https://www.stepchangeinsafety.net/
• U
nited Kingdom Maritime and Coastguard Agency:
https://www.gov.uk/government/organizations/maritime-and-coastguard-agency
• United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive: https://www.hse.gov.uk/guidance/index.htm
• United Kingdom Chamber of Shipping: https://www.ukchamberofshipping.com/library/

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Glossary

Term Definition

Banksman Title or role used to describe a person who directs crane operations.

Blind Lift A lift where, at any point during the lift, the appliance operator cannot directly see the load.

CE CE marking is a mandatory conformity marking for certain products sold within the
European Economic Area (EEA) since 1985. The CE marking is also found on products sold
outside the EEA that are manufactured in, or designed to be sold in, the EEA.

Certified Signifies that the equipment has valid certification.

Certification Written confirmation that an item of equipment is compliant with defined criteria.

Colour Code A method of marking equipment (tagged or painted), to give a visual indication of its
certification status. This colour should be changed at each thorough examination. Paint
should not cover any structural welds or load bearing locations that will be subject to
visual inspection.

Competent Person Authorised individual, who has sufficient training and experience or by defined assessment
is capable of carrying out a task safely.

Defect Fault or weakness in equipment, or any of its components, which could arise during the
manufacture, construction, installation, or use.

Lifting equipment A person competent to assess the condition and compliance of lifting equipment.
inspector See also competence Matrix in appendix C.

Ground Bearing Capacity The grounds ability to withstand an applied force.

Hands Free Lifting Method of keeping personnel away from lifting hazards when the load is lifted and being
landed.

Inspection Visual and functionality check by the user.

Lifting Accessory Item of lifting equipment that is used or designed to be used directly or indirectly to
connect a load to a lifting appliance and which does not form part of the load.

Lifting Appliance Item of lifting equipment that is used or designed to be used for lifting or lowering a load
and includes any attachments used for anchoring, fixing or supporting it.

Lifting Equipment Collective term for lifting appliances and lifting accessories. Lifting equipment comprises
lifting appliances (equipment performing the lifting), lifting accessories (devices that
connect the load to the lifting appliance) and lifted items (load).

Lifting Operation An operation concerned with the Moving, lifting or lowering of a load.

Live Plant Equipment, protected or unprotected, having any single or combination of the following
characteristics: plant containing hazardous, pressurised, energised, or strategic “fluid”. It
also includes primary power generation units and their exhaust systems.

Load Anything that is lifted or lowered by lifting equipment, including people and other living
organisms, and what they are supported by/contained in (e.g pallets or drums).

Load Chart Diagram or table showing the rated capacity relative to the radius, environmental
conditions, out of plane influences and type of operation.

Load Integrity The loads ability to safely withstand the forces applied during lifting, including under its
own weight.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Term Definition

Mechanical Lifting Risk based activity that uses lifting equipment to lift or lower a load. If the lifting
Operation equipment parted the load would move.

Permit to Work A permit to work system is a formal written system used to control certain types of work
that are potentially hazardous. A permit to work is a document which specifies the work to
be done and the precautions to be taken. A formal approval process must be defined and
implemented before work may commence.

Person in Charge Person with the applicable competency level, who is required to take responsibility for a
lifting operation.

Pre-use Inspection A visual check and, where necessary, a function check of the lifting equipment by a
competent person before each use.

Red Zone Red Zones, sometimes also known as Exclusion Zones or No-Go Zones, are areas where
access is controlled and no one can enter unless authorized to do so. They should be
clearly marked, ideally with physical barriers, so that a person cannot accidently enter one.

Rescue Plan Documented process that describes the process of retrieving personnel safely in the event
of an accident or incident.

Rigger Title or role used to describe a person who uses portable lifting equipment to lift, lower
and position loads, usually where cranes cannot, and in areas where space and access are
limited.

Rigging Common term for lifting accessories.

Rigging Loft A designated area for the storage of portable mechanical lifting equipment and associated
documentation.

Signaller Same as Banksman.

Slinger Title or role used to describe the person who slings/ rigs loads, working under the
Banksman’s direction.

Tag Lines Rope attached to loads to aid in their orientation during lifting.

Tare Weight of empty/unladen container.

Test Procedure to establish the quality, performance or reliability of an item of equipment.

Thorough Examination Systematic detailed visual and functionality check, which may be supplemented with non-
destructive testing techniques, for the purpose of confirming that the equipment is safe to
use at the time of the thorough examination.

Uncertified Refers to an item of equipment that does not have valid certification or supporting
calculations.

Utilization Percentage of capacity used against the maximum capacity.

Working Load Limit (WLL) Interchangeable terms used to describe the maximum capacity that an item of lifting
and Safe Working Load equipment is designed to raise, lower or suspend under particular service conditions.
(SWL)

Written Scheme of Documented process, produced by a Competent Person that defines the periodic thorough
Examination examinations and testing requirements of lifting equipment.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Appendix A: Lifting Operations Risk

Management

A.1 Tandem Lifts

Lifts involving two or more cranes (including top and tail, load transfer/multiple hooks)
are complex operations requiring considerable planning. The Approved Competent Person
must be engaged in the process of developing a detailed lift plan that contains:
• Crane positioning
• Rigging arrangement for each crane
• Lift sequence and applicable steps including load distribution
• Load movement (the longest radius of each crane for the complete operation must be
measured exactly)
• Weight and clearance of obstructions
• Load distribution and variation between appliances, as applicable
• Clearance between load and crane boom environmental considerations, particularly
with regards to large windscreen surface
• For tandem lifts where the unity check (ratio between weight of the load – including
accessories – and SWL at a given radius) of one (1) of more appliances exceed 75%,
a calculation justification is to be provided, including additional extra allowances as
required (an example is given in Figure 6).

Figure 5: Example schematic for a tandem lift

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Figure 6: Calculating tandem lifts

A. 2 Tag lines
Tag lines are only used in normal operating conditions to adjust the position of a load that
is stable and under full control of the crane or powered equipment operator. Tag lines must
be free of knots and fraying.

Tag lines can introduce risk and are only to be used after risk assessment. Consider the
following before executing the lift:
• Personnel being struck by a dropped object when retrieving a tag line that is in close
proximity to the load
• Tag line becoming tangled around the body, limb, and/or hand of personnel
• Tag line becoming snagged on an adjacent fixed structure
• Length of tag Line
• How tag lines will be recovered without going under suspended load
• The proximity of personnel to the load

A.3 Wind conditions

The Construction Plant-hire Association, together with the UK Health and Safety Executive,
has produced Technical Information Note 020, The Effect of Wind on Tower Cranes in Service.
Readers are recommended to consult this document in full, available here:
https://www.cpa.uk.net/tower-crane-interest-group-tcig-publications/.

Summary of key points from TIN 0205:

• Strong winds may swing suspended loads out of balance and radius, making a mobile
crane unstable:
– For large light loads, such as formwork panels/shutters, a mobile crane may
become unstable at wind speeds some way below the crane’s design limiting
wind speed

5
Construction Plant-hire Association and UK Health and Safety Executive. “Tower Crane Technical Information Note 020: The Effect of
Wind on Tower Cranes In Service”. 2014.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

– Where low density loads with a large area in relation to their mass are being
lifted the maximum in-service wind speed must be reduced in accordance with
the crane manufacturer’s instructions.
• Operators should not lift a load if they do not feel that they can maintain full control of it.
– An operator’s decision to take a crane out of service should not be overridden by
management under any circumstances
• Operators should monitor the wind speed constantly, using the anemometer display
in the cab, if fitted.
– Operators should take the mobile crane out of service before the limiting wind
speed is reached.
– Putting the crane in the out of service condition should be carried out by
following the procedure set out in the manufacturer’s instructions manual.
– Note: For offshore cranes, lifting operations should strictly follow the offshore
Manual of Permitted Operating (MOPO) wind speed limit for the respective
facility/platform.
• During the planning of all lifts, take into consideration the anticipated wind speeds
from site-specific weather forecasts.
• Lifts should not be started in rising winds.
– Most weather forecast wind speeds are for a height of 10m above ground and
should be corrected for greater heights.
– In open countryside, wind speed increases with height as shown in the table
below:

Height
above
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
ground
(meters)

Wind
speed 1.00 1.10 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.35 1.37 1.39 1.41 1.43 1.44 1.46 1.47
multiplier

– In city centre locations, nearby buildings can have a very significant influence on
wind forces, often providing shelter if at the same height as the crane, however
local wind loads can be increased in some situations. Where surrounding
buildings are significantly taller they will often generate increased wind loading
on nearby lower cranes.

These points, together with site-specific factors, should be considered when carrying out
a risk assessment as part of the lift planning process. There are formulas to calculate
the allowable wind speed for a specific lift as per standard practice and manufacturer’s
instructions. An engineer should be contacted for this calculation.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

A.4 Overhead powerlines

During the planning of any lift, it is important to determine if any part of the equipment,
load line, or load (including rigging and lifting accessories) could get close to a power line.
If so, consider the following options:
• Option 1: De-energize and ground. Confirm from the utility owner/operator that the
power line has been deenergised and visibly grounded at the worksite.
• Option 2: Ensure sufficient clearance in consultation with the utility owner/operator
and in compliance with regional regulations
• Option 3: Use Table B4 to determine if any part of the equipment, load line or load
(including rigging and lifting accessories), while operating up to the equipment’s
maximum working radius in the work zone, could get closer than the minimum
approach distance of the power line. If tag lines are used, they must be non-
conductive.

This table is provided for guidance only; please confirm clearance distances with local
legislation to ensure compliance.

Table A1: Minimum clearance distances6

Voltage (nominal, kV, alternating current) Minimum clearance distance (meters)

up to 50 3

over 50 to 200 4.5

over 200 to 350 6

over 350 to 500 7.5

over 500 to 750 10.5

over 750 to 1,000 13.5

(As established by the utility owner/operator or registered

over 1,000 professional engineer who is a qualified person with
respect to electrical power transmission and distribution).

Note: The value that follows “to” is up to and includes that value. For example, over 50 to 200 means up to and
including 200kV.

This section has been adapted from Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Cranes and Derricks in Construction; Final Rule - Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 152/Monday,
August 9, 2010, which is available from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2010-08-
09/pdf/2010-17818.pdf.

6
United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR Part 1926 Cranes and Derricks in
Construction; Final Rule. 75 CFR § 1926.1408 2010, page 48144.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Appendix B: Example roles and

competence matrix
Notes about the competence matrix:
1) Proven experience supplemented with associated certification should be understood as the
main factor of competence assurance.
2) Other international standards, certification, and/or experience equivalent to that listed in the
table, can be acceptable if approved in writing by the relevant Approved Competent Person.

Generic Legislation
Main Purpose Level of Competency – Offshore Level of Competency – Onshore
Job Title [most relevant]

SLCP Approval of lift LOLER7 CPCS Appointed Person CPCS Appointed Person
plans & controls applicable or or
the execution ECITB Level 4 Appointed Person ECITB Level 4 Appointed Person
of site lifting Moving Load Moving Load
operations
or or
EAL Certificate of Competency EAL Certificate of Competency
Level 2 A+B+C Level 2 A+B+C
or or
OPITO LOLER Competent Person OPITO LOLER Competent Person
or
NPORS Appointed Person

US applicable API Qualified Offshore Rigger NCCCO – Certified Lift Director

(Advanced API RP 2D 2-day or
Course) NCCCO Mobile Crane &
NCCCO Rigger Level II

Rigger Uses portable LOLER SVQ/NVQ Level 3 Moving Loads/ SVQ/NVQ Level 3 Moving Loads/
lifting equipment applicable Technical Services Technical Services
to perform lifting or or
operations (e.g. ECITB Level 3 Moving Loads / ECITB Level 3 Moving Loads /
chain block, Technical Services Technical Services
hoists, Tirfors)
or or
EAL Certificate of Competency EAL Certificate of Competency
Level 2 A+B Level 2 A+B
or or
OPITO Stage 3 Rigger OPITO Stage 3 Rigger
or or
NPORS Rigging and Fleeting NPORS Rigging and Fleeting
Loads Loads

US applicable API Qualified Offshore Rigger NCCCO – Certified Rigger Level II

(Advanced API RP 2D 2-day
Course)

7
UK HSE Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER)

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Generic Legislation
Main Purpose Level of Competency – Offshore Level of Competency – Onshore
Job Title [most relevant]

Banksman Gives LOLER ECITB Level 2 Lifting and Slinging ECITB Level 2 Lifting and Slinging
instructions applicable Engineering Engineering
to equipment or or
operators EAL Certificate of Competency EAL Certificate of Competency
Level 2 A+C Level 2 A+C
or or
OPITO Stage 3 Banksman OPITO Stage 3 Banksman
or
NPORS

US applicable API Qualified Offshore Rigger NCCO Certified Signal Person

(Advanced API RP 2D, 2-day
Course)

Slinger & Load Connects the LOLER Completed EAL Certificate of Completed EAL Certificate of
Handler load to the lifting applicable Competency Level 1 A+C Competency Level 1
equipment or A+C
OPITO Stage1 Banksman Slinger, or
working towards Stage 2. OPITO Stage1 Banksman Slinger,
or working towards Stage 2.
ECITB Level 2 Lifting and Slinging or
Engineering ECITB Level 2 Lifting and Slinging
or Engineering
NPORS Slinger Signaller or
NPORS Slinger Signaller

US applicable API Qualified Offshore Rigger NCCCO Certified Rigger Level I

(API RP 2D, 2-day course)

Powered Lifting Operator of LOLER Equipment familiarisation Equipment familiarisation

Equipment powered lifting applicable and and
Operator (e.g. equipment ECITB Level 2 Lifting and Slinging ECITB Level 2 Lifting and Slinging
winces, air Engineering Engineering
hoists)
or or
EAL Certificate of Competency EAL Certificate of Competency
level 2+ B level 2+ B
or or
NPORS Operators Training NPORS Operators Training
(Note Courses are specific to (Note Courses are specific to
equipment type) equipment type)

US applicable Equipment familiarisation Equipment familiarisation

and and
API Qualified Offshore Rigger NCCCO Certified OHC Operator
(Advanced API RP 2D 2-day
Course)

Offshore Crane Operator of an LOLER Equipment Familiarisation Not Applicable

Operator offshore crane applicable and
[Dynamic lifts] in dynamic & Stage 3 Operator (e.g. Sparrow,
non-dynamic Enermech)
conditions
or
Norwegian G5 Operator)

US applicable Seatrax 3-day advanced crane Not Applicable

operator course completed every
4 years (stage 2 crane operator)
1-day crane simulator
assessment conducted at HOLC
and completed every 4 years.

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Lifting and hoisting recommended practice

Generic Legislation
Main Purpose Level of Competency – Offshore Level of Competency – Onshore
Job Title [most relevant]

Onshore Crane Operator of an LOLER Not Applicable Equipment Familiarisation

Operator onshore crane applicable and
Licenced by local authority
(Government or regulatory board

US applicable Not Applicable Equipment Familiarisation

and
Licenced by local authority
(Government or regulatory board
and
NCCCO Certified Crane Operator

Technician Engineering LOLER Completed EAL Certificate of Completed EAL Certificate of

[Can only work trade Technician applicable Competency Level 1 A+C Competency Level 1
under adequate that uses lifting or A+C
supervision equipment to OPITO Stage1 Banksman Slinger, or
or held to install, repair
working towards Stage 2. OPITO Stage1 Banksman Slinger,
appropriate level or maintain
or working towards Stage 2.
of competency mechanical
or process ECITB Level 2 Lifting and Slinging or
detailed for
equipment Engineering ECITB Level 2 Lifting and Slinging
the role being
undertaken] Engineering

US applicable API Qualified Offshore Rigger NCCCO

(API RP 2D 2-day course) Certified Rigger Level I

Forklift Operator Operator of a LOLER CITB Forklift Operator CITB Forklift Operator
forklift [onshore applicable CPCS Forklift Operator CPCS Forklift Operator
or offshore] RITITB Forklift Operator RITITB Forklift Operator
NPORS Forklift Operator NPORS Forklift Operator

US applicable OSHA 29 CFR 1910.178 OSHA 29 CFR 1910.178

Forklift Gives All areas See Banksman above See Banksman above
Banksman instructions to
forklift operators

Lifting Equipment Person LOLER LEEA Qualified for the class of LEEA Qualified for the class of
Inspector responsible applicable equipment being inspected. equipment being inspected.
to thoroughly
examine and test US applicable Qualified API lifting equipment NCCCO Crane Inspector
lifting equipment inspection & maintenance course.

All areas Classification society certification

Rigging Loft Person All areas Trained in either

Controller responsible to Rigging Loft Management Course
manage and or
issue equipment
Equipment Inspection Course
from the rigging
loft

39
 This Report hopes to enable a
significant reduction in lifting incidents
among IOGP Member Companies and
our contractors by highlighting the
essential principles of safe lifting and
encouraging their strict application to
lifting and hoisting operations.
Secondly, this report aims to assist
those responsible in planning,
managing, and controlling lifting
and hoisting operations by providing
high level principles and operative
questions to check safety and technical
compliance at working sites.

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