WEEK 5

PRE-ASSESSMENT 4

Birth year of Photography?

Who coined the term photography?

ANSWER:

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 HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

“It could be said that photography was not “invented” … But that it evolved over time.”
The Chinese were the first people that we know of to write about the basic idea of the
pinhole camera or "camera obscura" (Latin words meaning "dark room").
About 2,500 years ago (5th Century B.C.) they wrote about how an image was formed
upside down on a wall from a pinhole on the opposite wall.
In the 1500s many artists, including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, used the
"camera obscura" to help them draw pictures.
A person or object would be outside the dark room and their image was reflected on a
piece of paper and the artist would trace it.
The camera obscura was made portable by the 1700s by putting it in a box with a pinhole
on one side and a glass screen on the other.
Light coming through this pinhole projected an image onto the glass screen, where the
artist could easily trace it by hand.
Artists soon discovered that they could obtain an even sharper image by using a small
lens in place of the pinhole.

Important Personalities in the Development of Photography

ARISTOTLE (347-322 BC)

 A famous Greek philosopher who invented the first pin hole camera that was later known
as the CAMERA OBSCURA (Italian word for darkroom chamber) which is literally
translated as Darkened fox.
 Artists or painters in order to get accurate perspective of natural scene and scale of their
subjects used the camera obscura.
 He was the one who succeeded in recording the principle that light entering through a
small hole produces an inverted image or figure.

ALHAZEN (965-1039)
 An Arabian scholar who found out that light entering a small hole on the wall or shuttered
window of a darkened room cast an upside-down picture of the scene outside onto the
opposite wall.
 He uses this in observing the solar eclipse by entering a darkroom with a pinhole opening
to avoid harming the eye.
 He was considered to be the one who invented the camera.

JEAN BAPTISTE FORTA

 An artist and scientist who in his Pseudo Science Magic had made use of the Camera
Obscura and replaced the hole with a lens which made the image brighter and sharper.
 He was the first one who introduced the lens.

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 JOHANN HENRICH SCHULZE
 A German Scientist (Anatomist) discovered the Silver Nitrate when he exposed it to light
it turns purple.
 He got interesting in his finding and that fair later, he discovered that the evening action
was not due to the heat but light.
 He finally concluded that silver nitrate is sensitive to light and capable of producing
images.

THOMAS WEDGEWOOD (1802)

 He discovered that silver chloride is more sensitive than silver nitrate and thus, more
capable of recording and producing images.

JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE 

 He was able to obtain camera images on papers sensitized with silver chloride solution in
1816.He invented a photographic process which he called "heliography" meaning "writing
of the sun"
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre 
 He invented "Daguerreotype", an early photograph produced on a silver or silver-covered
copper plate. It formed an image directly on the silver surface of a metal plate. It was a
positive process, thus, it yielded one of a kind image.
William Henry Fox Talbot 
 He invented a process called calotype, a photographic process by which a large number
of prints could be produced from a paper negative. Calotype use paper with surface
fibers impregnated with light sensitive compounds.
Calotype vs. Daguerre - fixation in calotype was only partial while images in
daguerreotype were made permanent with the use of hypo (short for hyposulfite
thiosulfate, sodium thiosulfate or a solution of thiosulfate). 
 Sodium thiosulfate or hypo is a hygroscopic (readily taken up and retaining moisture)
crystalline salt used especially as a photographic fixing agent and a reducing or
bleaching agent.
John Frederick William Herschel 
 He coined the term photography and applied the terms negative and positive to
photography.
 He made improvements in photographic processes, particularly in inventing the
cyanotype process and variations (such as the Chrysotype) the precursors of the modern
blueprint process.
 He discovered sodium thiosulfate to be a solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed
Talbot and Daguerre of his discovery that this "Hyposulfite of Soda" (Hypo) could be used
as a photographic fixer, to fix pictures and make them permanent after experimentally
applying it in 1839.

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 MATTHEW B. BRANDY
 When the American Civil War broke out, he was able to preserve the scene with the use
of a camera.
 Father of photojournalism

DANIEL BARBARO
 He introduced the use of the lens in the camera.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1666)

 An English Philosopher, Mathematician, and Physicist who discovered and proved that
the strongest light is white light.
 He defended his theory by allowing a white light (sunlight) to pass through a prism thus
refracting and diffracting the light onto its component parts.

JAMES CLARK MAXWELL (1863)

 He discovered that the different effects with this application, when colored photography
was discovered.

RICHARD LEACH MADDOX (1884)

 He successfully introduced the plate with gelatine.
 The roll film came and new brands of cameras with different lenses and mechanism were
placed in the market.

ANDRE ADULPHE EUGENE DISPERI

 He popularized the small cheap portrait. Anyone who could afford a picture of himself or
herself.

GASPARD – FELIX TOURNACHON OR NADAR

 He took the first aerial photographs of Paris from a free balloon in 1858.
 Father of aerial photography

Samuel B. Morse
 Photography arrived in the United States due to the enthusiasm of Samuel F. B. Morse,
an American artist and inventor.
 Morse visited Daguerre in Paris in March 1839 and observed a demonstration of the
daguerreotype process.
 Morse returned to the United States to spread the news.

Richard Leach Maddox 

 He was an English photographer and physician who invented light weight gelatin
negative plates for photography in 1871.
Frederick Scott Archer 
 He invented the photographic collodion process which preceded the modern gelatin
emulsion.

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 Collodion - is a wound dressing material made of nitrated cotton dissolved in ether and
alcohol and other chemicals on sheet of glass.
George Eastman 
 He founded the Eastman Kodak company and invented roll film, helping bring
photography to the mainstream.
 Mr. Eastman developed in 1900 the Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera
SIR WILLIAM ABNEY
 He discovered the use of HYDROQUINONE as a developing agent in 1880, England.

WILHELM RONTGEN (1895)

 He discovered x-ray photography which later become the basis of RADIOGRAPH used
by the doctors in measuring the heartbeat and see the other structure of the body.

David Octavius HILL and ROBERT ADAMSON

 Both used photographic portraits in painting.

IMPORTANT DATES

16th Century
 Italian scholars used the camera as a drawing apparatus.
 Instead of using darkroom, they used a box with a lens and place a mirror.
17th Century
 Camera Obscura was built in with a convex lens.
1800
 Thomas Wedgewood and Humphey Davy produced photograms

1839
 The birth year of modern photography, the year when the science of photography
became a public knowledge.
1848
 Abel Niepce de saint Victor introduced a process of negatives on glass using albumen as
binding medium.
1850
 The year when photography was already well developed.
 It was used an art concerned with landscape, portraiture and architectural presentation.
 Louis Desirie Blanquart-Evard introduced printing paper coated with albumen to achieve
a glossy surface.
1935
 The year when colored films. Sensitized materials and different brands of cameras
came in different types and model sold in the market,.
1859
In the United States, one of the earliest applied Forensic Science was photography. It
was used to demonstrate evidence in a California case. Enlarged photographs of
signatures were presented in court case involving forgery.

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 1861
 James Clerk Maxwell research on colors.
1864
 Odelbrecht first advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and
the documentation of evidence and crime scenes.
 Early photographs of accused and arrested persons were beautifully posed as example
of the Victorian photographers at 20-30 years.
 Later, every major police force in England and the United States has “Rogues Gallery”.
 In Europe and United States had “Rogues Gallery” (photographs of criminals) became an
integral part of almost all police department.
1882
 Alphonse Bertillon who initiated anthropometric measurements for personal identification
was also involved in various means documentation by photography which developed into
a fine science for Criminalistics when he photographed crime scenes and formulated a
technique of contact photography to demonstrate erasures on documents.
1885
 Gelatine emulsion printing paper was commercially introduced based films in 1889
1890
 Full corrected lenses were introduced
1902
 Dr. R.A. Reis, a German Scientist contributed heavily to the use of photography in
forensic science and established the world’s earliest crime laboratory that serviced the
academic community and the Swiss police.
1906
 A plate was placed in the market that could reproduce all colors in equivalent shades of
gray.
1907
 Lummiere color process was introduced, a panchromatic film was used but with blue,
green and red filter.
1910
 Victor Baltazard developed a method of photographic comparison of bullets and cartridge
cases which acts as an early foundation of the field of ballistics.
1935
 Color process came out together with electronic flash.
1947
 Edwin H. Land introduced “Polaroid”, the one-step photography.
1960
 LASER was invented making possible Holograms (three-dimensional pictures)
1970
 Colored photography has matured as an artistic medium especially in the work of Helen
Levit and William Eggleston.
1988
 Arrival of true digital cameras.

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 QUIZ 4

NAME: _________________________________ DATE:

SUBJECT: ______________________________ SECTION:

INSTRUCTIONS: Write the correct answer on the space provided before each
number.

______________1. He invented a process by which a large number of prints could

be produced from a paper negative.

______________2. The person who introduced one-step photography.

______________3. He developed a photographic procedure in which the sunlight is

used to acquire camera images on sensitized material with silver chloride solution.
______________4. Also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical
phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen is
projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image on a
surface opposite to the opening.
______________5. The first person who advocated the use of photography for the
identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence and crime scenes.

______________6. The year when the science of photography became a public

knowledge.

______________7. A light tight box equipped with a lens, a shutter, diaphragm, and
mechanism which controls the film.

______________8 Calotype is otherwise known as ___________.

______________9. Refers to the process of taking pictures with the use of

microscope.

_____________10. He coined the term photography and made improvements

particularly in inventing the cyanotype process.

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 Prepared by: Reviewed by: Recommended by: Approve by:

GIESEL P. PALOMO LYLANI S. CLARO, Ph.D. KEN GIE ANTHONY CRUEL ALMARIO B. GARCIA, Ph. D.
Chair, Curriculum and
Subject Professor Associate Dean Dean, College Department
Instruction
Date: Date: Date: Date:

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