AL-FALAH UNIVERSITY

University with “A” Grade NAAC-UGC Accredited institutions

Faridabad 121004 , Haryana

Industrial Report

On

CONSTRUCTION OF INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

FASHION TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE ), KASHMIR

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the B.TECH

In

Civil Engineering

FAIZAN ALTAF WANI (CV-17-401)

AL-FALAH UNIVERSITY
 DECLARATION

I , Faizan Altaf Wani student of final year (8th semester) B.Tech in civil

engineering of Al-FALAH University Faridabad Haryana , Delhi hereby

declare that the INDUSTRIAL TRAINING has been independently carried

out by myself at Jammu & Kashmir and submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the award of B.Tech in civil Engineering by Al-Falah

University Faridabad Haryana during the academic year 2020-2021 .

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the

possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude I give to Mr. Naveed Banday

( Engineer At Space Engineers Consortium Pvt. Ltd) whose contribution in

stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me to coordinate my project

especially in writing this report. Furthermore i would like to acknowledge with

much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of organisation (Er. Najam , Javeed

Sir) who gave the permission to us all the equipments and necessary materials to

complete the task on “CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

FASHION TECHNOLOGY , KASHMIR”

I EXPRESS MY DEEP LOVE AND WARM REGARDS TO MY PARENTS

AND MY BROTHER FOR ENCOURAGING AND TIMELY HELP .

FAIZAN ALTAF WANI

CV-17-401

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 SPECIFICATION
SITE SLECTION
1. LEVEL AT THE SITE : - The level at the site must be higher than that of its surrounding so as
to provide good drainage.
2. CLIMATE CONDITION: - The intensity of the rainfall and sub soil water level should be low
as to avoid dampness in the building.
3. SUB-SOIL CONDITION: - A hard strata should be available at a reasonable depth so as to
construct the foundation of the building safely and economically.
4. AVAILABILITIES OF MODERN AMENITIES: - The site must be within municipal limits
so that modern amenities like water supply, electricity, drainage, road etc. can be made available
inner future if there is no provision at present.
5. AVAILABILITIES OF OTHER FACILITIES : - The site should provide as easy access from
the nearest road and after sufficient light and air, these should be good and cheap transport
facilities available near the site, it is always better if public services like fire brigade, police
station etc.
6. SURROUNDINGS:-
The situation and surrounding of the site must as to suit the purpose for which the building it to
be constructed.

SPECIFICATIONS:-

BUILDING:-
Any structure constructed of what so ever material and used for residential, business education or
other purposes is called building. Types of the building :-
1. Based on occupancy
2. Based on type of construction

BASED ON OCCUPANCY
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Residential buildings: - The building in which sleeping accommodation is provided for normal
residential purposes are called residential buildings.
 Educational / institutional buildings: - The building used for school, college or day care purposes
are called education / institutional building.
Assembly Buildings : - The buildings which are constructed for the purposes to gathering of the
people for their respective purposes i.e. social, religious, civil, political is called assembly buildings.
Business Buildings: - The buildings used for transaction of business, for the keeping of accounts
and records and other similar purposes called business buildings. Mercantile Buildings: - The
buildings used for display of merchandise, either wholesale or retail are called Mercantile Buildings.
Industrial buildings: - The buildings in which products or materials of all kinds and properties are
fabricated, assembled or processed are called industrial buildings. Storage buildings: - The
buildings used primary for the storage, handling or shattering of goods and wares or merchandise,
vehicles and animals are called storage buildings. Hazardous buildings: -The buildings used for
storage, handling manufacturing or processing of highly combustible or explosive material are called
Hazardous buildings.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

Building with type 1 construction: - In these building the design and material used const. are such
that all structural components have about 4 hours fire resistance. Buildings with type 2
construction: - In these building the design any type of material used in their construction are such
that all structural components have 3 hours fire resistance.
Buildings with type 3 construction: - In these building the design and types of the materials used in
their construction are such that all structural components have 3 hours fire resistance.
Buildings with type 4 construction: - In these buildings the design and the type of material used in
their construction are such that all structural components have 4 hours fire resistance. PARTS OF A
BUILDING
A building can be divided into two parts: -
1. Sub structure
2. Super structure

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 1. Sub structure: - The part of a building constructed beneath the ground level is known as Sub
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structure.
2. Super structure: - The part of the building constructed above ground level is known as super
structure. It is second part of a building. All the activities of the building construction take place
 after the making of sub-structure. Flooring, wall roofing are the example of super structure of a
building.

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
1. FOUNDATION: - It is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is direct
contact with ground and transmitted all the dead, live and other loads to the soil on which the
structure rests.
2. PLINTH: - The portion of a building and the top of the floor immediately above the ground is
known as plinth. The level of the surrounding ground is known as formation level of the ground
floor of the building is known as plinth level.
3. WALLS: - Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space n desired pattern in addition
wall provided privacy security and give protection against sun, rain, cold and other undesired
effect of the weather.
4. COLUMN: - A column may be defined as an isolated load bearing member, the width of which
is neither less than its thickness. It carries the axially compressive load.
5. FLOORS: - Floors are flat supporting elements of a building. They divided a building into
different levels. There by creating more accommodation on a given plot of land. The basic
purpose of a floor is to provide a firm and other items like stores, furniture, equipment etc.

6. DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS: - A door may be defined as a barrier secured in

an opening left in a wall to provide usual means of access to a building, room or passage.
Windows and ventilators are provided for sun light, fresh air and ventilation purposes.
7. ROOF: - It is the uppermost component of a building and its function is to cover the space
below it of a room and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc.
8. BUILDING FINISHES: - A building is considered incomplete till such time the surface of its
components is given appropriate treatment.
Building finishes include items like plastering, painting, pointing, white / colour washing,
varnishes and distempering etc.

MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION

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Following are the materials used for the construction of a building.
1. Bricks.
2. Sand.
 3. Cement.
4. Stone.
5. Coarse Aggregate.
6. Fine Aggregate.
7. Timber.
8. Metal.
9. Floor Tiles.
10. Roof Tiles.
11. Reinforcement.
12. Plastic Materials.
13. Doors & Windows.
14. Asphalt Bitumen.
15. Coloring Material.
16. White Cement.
17. Paints & Varnishes.
18. Brick Ballast.
19. Sanitary Materials.
20. Water.
21. Finishing Tiles. Etc.

GENERAL SPECIFICATION

FOUNDATION AND PLINTH

Foundation and plinth should be of 1st class brick work in lime or cement mortar over a bed of
lime or cement concrete. SUPER-STRUCTURE
Super-structure shall be of 1st class brick in lime or cement mortar. DAMP PROOF COARSE
(D.P.C.)
D.P.C. shall be of minimum 40 mm (4cm) thick cement concrete (1:2:4) with two coat of
hot bitumen layer on it.
ROOFING
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Roof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an insulator layer of lime or cement 8cm thick over it. The
flooring cement pointed on the top height of the room shall not be less than 3.7 m. FLOORING
 Terrazzo floor should be provided in drawing, dining, bath and w/c conglomerate polished floor
4 cm thick 1:2:4 should be provided in bed and other rooms. DOORS AND WINDOWS
Doors and windows shall be at least of wood of teak 4.5 mm thick paneled or glazed with
additional wire gauges shutters. All fitting and fastenings should be good quality of brass or
other materials. FINISHING
The inner and outer wall shall have 1.25 cm. thick cement plaster. Drawing, dining and bed room
shall be distempered with two coats, other parts of the structure should be white washed with
three coats and outside walls should be colored with snowcem of two coats over one coat of
white washing.
PAINTING
All the windows, doors and other furniture used in building should be painted with two coats with
good quality of colored enamel paints over one coat of primer.

MISCELLANEOUS

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 Building should be provided with first class sanitary and water supply fittings and electrical
installation should be protected in the building by using good quality of electrical products.

DETAILED SPECIFICATION

The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresses the requirements. The detailed
specification of an item of work specifies the quality and quantities of materials the proportion of
mortar. Workmanship. The method of preparation of work and excavation and the method of
measurement the detailed specification of different items of work are prepared separately and
describe what the works should be and how they shall be executed. Detailed specifications are
written to express the requirement clearly in a consince from avoiding repetition and ambiguity the
detailed specification are arranged as per order as the work is carried out the detailed specification of
prepared properly are very helpful for the execution of work. The detailed specification form an
important part of contract document.
Every engg. Department prepared, the detailed specifications on various items of work and get them
printed in order book from under the name. Detailed specification when the work or a structure or
project is taken up instead of waiting detailed specification every time the printed detailed
specifications are referred. The detailed specifications of various item of work are as follows: -

EATH WORK IN EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION:

EXCAVATION : - Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of foundation concrete
and the sides shall be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides the side
should be sloped back or protected with timber sharing excavated earth shall not be placed within 1
m. of the edge of the trench.

FINISH OF TRENCH : - The bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly leveled both
longitudinally and treaverrly and sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from bottom
up to the least thickness of loose one so that concrete may be laid to the exact width as per design the
bed of the trench shall be lightly watered and well lamed. Excessive digging if done trough mistake
shall be filled with concrete or with stabilized soil. If rocks are found during excavation, these should
be removed and the bed of trenches should be leveled and made hard by consolidation the earth.
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Foundation conc. And approval of the trench by the engg. In charge.
 FINDS : - Any treasure and valuables or materials founds during the excavation shall be property of
Govt.

WATER IN FOUNDATION : - Water if any accumulated in the trenches, should be bailed or

pumped out without any extra payment and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface
water enter the trench.

TRENCH FILLING: - After the conc. Has been laid, masonry has been constructed the remaining
portion of the trenches shall be filled up with earth in layers of 15cm and watered and well rammed.
The earth filling shall be free from rubbish and refuse mater. All clouds shall be broken before filling
surplus earth not required shall be removed and disposed and site shall be leveled and dressed.

MEASUREMENT : - The measurement of excavation shall be in cum as per for rectangular trench
width of the conc., multiplied by vertical depth of foundation from ground level and multiplied by
the length of trench even though the contractor might have excavated with sloping side for his
convenience rate shall be for complete work for 3m. Lead and lift including all tools and plants
required for the completion of work. For every extra, lead 30 m and every extra left 1.5m separate
extra rate is provided.

EXCAVATION IN SATURATED SOIL : - Excavation in saturated soil or below sub soil water
level shall be taken under a pressure item and shall be carried out in same manner as above pumping
or bailing out of water and removal of slush shall be included in item. Timbering of the sides of
trenches if required shall be taken under a separate item and paid separately.

LIME CONC. IN FOUNDATION : - All the material shall be as per standard specification. Coarse
agg. Shall be hard, over brunt brick ballast of 40 mm gauge. It shall be deep cherry red or copper
color and shall be cleaned, free from dust and other foreign matters. It shall e homogeneous in
texture and cubical. In shape. Ballast which appears porous or snow sign shall not be used. Brick
ballast shall pass through square mesh of 52.5 mm and not more than 20% shall pass through a mesh
of 25 mm. Any rejected material shall be removed from site of work with in 24 hrs. Find agg. Shall
be of surkhi or sand as specified and clean and free from dust, durt and foreign matter surkhi shall be
made of well burnt bricks or brick bats and shall pass through a sieve of 2.5 meshes per sq. cm. (144
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meshes per sq. m) Surkhi is preferable for better concrete.
 Lime shall be white fat lime and shall be freshly burnt and free from ashes and other foreign matters
lime shall be sleacked at site of work and screened through a sieve of 3 meshes to a cm ( 8 meshes to
an inch)

PROPORTION : - The conc. Shall consists of 1 cum of brick ballast, 0.32 cum of surkhi and 0.16
cum of white lime in the proportion of 100:32:16 by volume. Mixing shall be done on a clean water
tight measuring platform of sufficient size. Brick ballast shall be stretched in a rectangular layer of
uniform thickness usually 30 cm (12")
high and well soaked with clean water for a well soaked with clean water for a period of at least
three hours.
Lime and surkhi shall be measured with wooden box in the proportion 1:2 and mixed thoroughly dry
to have uniform colour. The dry mix of lime and surkhi shall be spread over the stacked ballast to the
required thickness to give the specified proportions. The materials shall be than mixed dry turning at
least three times clear water shall then be added slowly and gradually by water consists the required
glading while mixing and the materials mixed thoroughly by turning at least three times so that
whole surface of earth each ballast gets coated with mortar and the mix becomes plastic of uniform
colour of workable consistency and should be such that the ballast do not separate from the mortar.
Concrete shall be used for big work the mixing shall be done by machine. In this case aggregate and
used mortar shall be powdered in the drum . While it is revolving. The water shall be added slowly to
the required quality and the mixing shall be continued for at least one minute till a mix of uniform
colour and workable consistency is obtained and should be such that the ballast do not separate from
the mortar.

LAYING AND COMPACTING : - Bed of foundation trench shall be lightly spriualed with water
before concrete is laid. Concrete shall be laid slowly and gently in layers of not more than 20 cm and
thoroughly consolidated to 15 cm with 6 kg. iron rammers. During consolidation conc should be kept
from earth , dust leaves and other foreign matters. The consolidation shall be checked by water test
by digging a rate of about 7.5 cm. dia and 7.5 cm. deep in the conc. And filling water. The water
level of should not sink more than 1.25cm. in 15 minutes is concrete has been well consolidated.

JOINT AND CONSECUTIVE LAYERS : - When joint in a layer of concrete are of concrete are

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Page the end shall be sloped at angle of 30 0 and junctions of different layers shall break
joints. In laying upper layer of concrete the lower surface shall be made rough and cleaned and
watered before upper layer is laid.
 CURING : - After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp
by covering with wet gunny bag or wet sand for 24 hours and then covered by flooding with water
making mud walls 7.5 cam (3") high or by covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp
continuously for 15 days.

REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE : - Steel : Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild

steel or deformed steel of standard specifications and shall be free from corrosion , loose rust scales,
oil, grease, paint etc. The steel bar shall be round, and capable of being bent accurately and placed in
position as per design and drawing and bound together tight with 20 S.W.G. anneled steel wire at
their point of intersection . bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even motion of 40
mm(11/2" ) diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allowed to cool slowly
without immersing in water or quectings. Joints in the bar should be avoided as far as possible ,
when joint's have to be made an overlap of 40 times diameters of the bar shall given with proper
hooks at ends and joints should be staggered.

CENTERING AND SHUTTERING : - Centering and shuttering shall be made with timber or steel
plate close and tight to prevent leakage or mortar with necessary props, bracing and wedges,
sufficiently strong and stable and should not yield on laying concrete and made in such a way that
they can be stacked and removed gradually without disturbing the concrete. No plastering should be
made on the concrete surface. A coat of oil washing should be applied over the shuttering or paper
should be spread to have a smooth and finished surface and to prevent adherence of concrete.

PROPORTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE : - Cement concrete shall be 1:2:4 proportion by

volume for slabs, beams and linlets and 1:1^:3 proportion for columns under otherwise specified.

LAYING OF SLAB

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 Concrete slabs are used to support everything from patio furniture, to
foot traffic, to semi-trailer vehicular traffic. A slab pour requires efficient
planning so that all of the elements that go into producing a high quality
slab are done in time (before the concrete sets) and done correctly.
It is done in three steps:-
1. Erection of platform: This involves the erection of platform for
pouring and supporting the slab. It consists of trusses, supports, and
necessary fastening etc.
2. Steel work: After erection of platform next process is the steel
provided for the strength and taking superstructures and traffic
loads. Longitudinal or main bars of 16 mm diameter @ spacing of
150mm were used as transverse steel. Spacer bars were also used for
holding the space between the reinforcement.
3. Concreting: A premixed concrete of M25 grade was laid over the
platform. The concrete was compacted by vibratos and finished for
the level of existing road surface.

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COMPACTION
 Compaction is a process of expelling the entrapped air. If we don’t expel
this air, it will result into honeycombing and reduce strength. It has been
found from the experimental studies that 1% air in the concrete
approximately reduces the strength by 6%.
There are two methods of compaction:
1. Hand compaction
2. Mechanical compaction
At our site mechanical vibration i.e, Internal vibration method was
adopted. Vibration is achieved due to eccentric weights attached to the
shaft. The needle diameter varies from 20 mm to 75 mm and its length
varies from 25 to 90 cm and the frequency range is adopted normally
3500 to 5000 rpm.

CURING

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 Curing can be described as keeping the concrete moist and warm enough
so that hydration of cement can continue. More elaborately it can be
described as the process of maintaining a satisfactory moisture content and
a favorable temperature in concrete during the period immediately
following placement so that hydration of cement may continue until the
desired properties are developed to a sufficient degree to meet the
requirement of service.
Water curing may be done in following steps:
1. Immersion
2. Ponding
3. Spraying or fogging
4. Wet covering
At our site pounding method of curing was adopted. This is the best
method of curing. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces such as floors,
roof slabs, road and air field pavements. The horizontal top surface of beam
can also be pounded. After 24 hours of placing the concrete a small ponds
of sand or clay are built across and along the surface. The surface is thus
divided into number of rectangles. The water is filled between the ponds.
The filling of water is done twice or thrice a day depend om temperature
conditions.

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 MATERIAL FOR CONCRETE : - Cement, sand and coarse aggregate shall be same as
for cement concrete. The stone aggregate shall be usually 20mm to 6mm ( %" to %")
gauge unless otherwise specified.
MIXING : - Mixing shall be done one a clean water tight, masonary plot form of sufficient size
bricks, Ballast shall be starched in a rectangular layer of uniform thickness usually 30 cm ( 12") high
and well soaked with clean water for a w ell soaked with clean water for a period of at least three
hours.

LAYING : - Before laying the concrete, the shuttering shall be clean free from dust and other
foreign matters. The concrete shall be deposited ( not dropped) in its final position. If case of
columns and usually it is desirable to place concrete in full height if practical so as to avoid
construction joints but the progress of concreting in the vertical direction shall be restricted to one
meter per hour. Care should be taken that the time between mixing and placing of concrete shall not
exceed 20 minutes so that the initial setting process is not interfered with .
Concrete shall be compacted by mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained.
The vibration shall continue during the entire period of placing concrete.

CURING : - After about two hours laying when concrete begun to harden it shall be kept dump by
covering with wet gummy bag or wet sand for 24 hours and then curved by flooding with water
making mud walls 3.5cm (3") high, or by covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp
continuously for 15 days.

FINISHING : - If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement mortar not
exceeding 6mm thickness and the plastering shall be applied immediately after removal of conc.
MEASUREMENT : - Measurement shall be taken in cu. M ( cuft.) for the finished work and no
deduction shall be made for the volume of steal. Steal reinforcement shall be measured under a
separate item in quintal . Plastering if any shall not be included in the measurement. The rate for
R.C.C. work shall be for the complete work excluding steel but including centering and shuttering
and all tools and plants.

DAMP PROOF COURSE : -

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MATERIALS : - Damp proof course shall consists of cement coarse sand and stone aggregate of
1:1% :3 proportion with 2% of impermo or cam seal or ACCO proof by weight of cement or other
 standard water proofing compound. (1Kg. per bag of cement) . The damp proof course shall be
applied at the plinth level in a horizontal layer of 2.5 cm thickness. The cement shall be fresh,
Portland cement of standard specification. The sand shall be clean, coarse of 5 mm size and down
and the stone aggregate shall be hard and tough of 20 mm size well glade and free from dust and dirt,
compo seal, puldo, cico and other standard water proofing compound may be used, and the quantity
shall be used as per instructions of the manufacturers.

MIXING : - Mixing shall be done in a masonry platform or in a short iron tray in the proportion of
1:1%:3 by measuring with messing boxes. The cement is first mixed thoroughly with the water
proofing compound to the required quantity and then mixed dry with the sand in the proportion of
1:1.5
LYING : - The level of the surface of the plinth shall be checked longitudinally and transversely.
The top of walls at damp proof cause should be lard with fears of the best downward. Aside from
shuttering of strong wooden bottom of 2.5cm thickness shall' be fixed properly and formally a both
sides to confine the concrete so that the shuttering does not get disturbed during compaction and
mortal does not leak through. Thinner edges of the shuttering shall be or led toprevout condate
abhesing.

PAINTING : - with Asphalt: - Two coats of asphalt painting may be applied on the upper surface of
damp proof cause of, specified. The first coat of hot asphalt uniformly on the surface when the
concrete is dry and the painted surface is blinded immediately with coursed and the surface is
tamped lightly the second coat of hot asphalt at/kg per sq. mt. (10kg % sq ft). Should then be applied
uniformly and the surface is ambling with cause sand and tamped lightly.
2cm damp proof ceases: - the damp proof cease maybe of (%') thick layer of 1:2 cement. Coarse
sand mortar with standard. Water proofing compound at the rate of 1kg per bag of cement.

BRICK WORK 1st CLASS

BRICKS : - All brick shall be first class of standard specification made of good brick earth through
brunt. And shall be of deep cheesy led or copper color. Brick shall be regular in a shape and their
edge. Should be Sharpe and shall emit clear. Ringing sound on being struck and shall be free from
cracks chops. Flaw and lumping of any kind bricks shall not absorb water more then one sixth by
ompreesing in water. Bricks shall have a min crushing strength of 105kg.per sum
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 MORTAR : - Mortar shall be specified and material of mortar shall be of standard specification.
Sand be shall be sharp. Clean and free from organic forge in matter for rich mortar coarse or medium
sand should be used and free from area mortar local fine sand may be used. proration of cement sand
may be lime surki mortar of specified shall be mixed in the specie field proportion by grinding in
mortar for at least three hours as same day of use. Lime shall be fresh and slaked and screened at site
of work fresh mixed mortar within 24 hours shall be used old and state mortar should not be used for
small work hand work mixing may be allowed in same manner as for cement motor described above.

SOAKING OF BRICKS : - Buck shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for a
period of 12hourns immediately before use. Soaking shall be continued till air bubbling a caused.
LAYING : - Bricks stall be well bonded and laid in England bond unless otherwise specified. Every
course shall be trendy horizontal and wall shall be tendly in plumb. Vertical joint of commiserative
course shall be not trendy in plumb. vertical joint of conservative coarse shall be not came directly
over come one another vertical joints in alternate coarse shall came directly over one another . Not
damaged or broken bricks shall be used. Closer shall be cut out bricks and shall be placed near and
the walls but not at the other edge selected best shaped bricks shall be used for face work. Mortar
joints shall not exceed 6mm in thickness and joints shall be fully filled with mortar bricks shall be
lad with finger. all the joints should be lacked and faced upward cleaned at the end of each day's
working.

CURING : - The brickwork shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after laying. At the end
of day's work. The top of walls shall e flooded with water by matter small weak mortar edging to
contain at least 2-5 deep.

PROTECTION : - The brick shall be protected from the effect of sun saint feast etc during the
construction and up to such time at is green and likely to be damaged.

SCAFFOLDING : - Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be sound and sports and member
sufficiently strong so as to withstand. All loads likely to come upon them.

MEASUREMENT : - Brickwork shall be measured in cu m (cu it) different kind of brickwork with
different mortar shall be taken under separate items. The thickness of wall shall be taken under.
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multiple of half brick as half brick 10cm , 1 brick 20cm ,1% brick 30cm and 50, the rate shall be for
the complete work molding scaffolding and all the tools and plants
 BRICK WORK 2nd CLASS AND 3rd CLASS :- For 2nd class brickwork brick shall be of sec class
and mortal be as specified may be canker lime or white lime and surki of 1:2 to 1:3 proportion.
Mortal joint shall be not exceeding 10mm % in thickness. Brick shall be soaked in water for at last
three holus immediately before use other details are some as for item above. For 3 rd class brickwork
shall be as specified and mortar joints shall not of water before use.

BRICK WORK IN MUD MORTAR : - Brick work shall be specified, may be 2 nd class of 3rd. the
mud should be made of selected earth of tenacious nature so that it stick and binds bricks the earth
should be soaked in water at least. One day before and then worked up with water by least. One day
before and then worked up with water by laborer treading it. Until at is perfect free from lumps and
from a thick plastic mix. Joints should exceed % 12mm thickness soaking of English bond note more
than 6cm 2 height of brick work shall cause shall be truly horizontal other details of laying,
protection, scaffolding and measurement.

REINFORCED BRICK WORKS : -

MATERIALS : - Brick shall be strictly of first class quality and selected first class brick shall be
used mortar shall be fresh Portland cement. Sand shall be cause and free from foreign matter. Steel
reinforcement cement shall be of standard specification as described in items.

CENTERING AND SHUTTERING :- The cantering and shuttering shall be made with planking
or sheeting of bombed pocked together at the required level supported on runner of beans and
covered with a thin layer about 2.5cm thick of earth finish off with a light sprinkle of sand. The
cantering shall be simple in const. so that it could be easily removed without disturbing the structure.
The planting shall be kept clear of the bearing of slab. And will rest on class beams only. Planks
shall not blond too closed to tender them liable to jam. Closes beam shall be carried on the walls
supported intervals by ballies or temporary dry brick piles. The top surface of centering shall be
given a camper of 2mm for every 30cm. of span, up to a max of 4cm of lintels.
MIXING OF MORTAR : - Mortar of cement and sand shall be thoroughly mixed in the proportion
of 1:3. First by fixing dye and them and added water slowly and gradually and mixing by turning at
least three to get uniform plastic mix of workable consistency so that the motor may be packed.
Sound the rein for cement. Quantity of water shall not exceed 25ltr / bag of cement motor shall be
mixed just before it is actually required. And shall within 30min. state mortar shall never be used.
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 LAYING :- All bricks shall be thoroughly soaked with water for not less than hours immediately
before use brick shall laced frogs downward over the cantering in straight line II to the direction of
the rein force meant bass leaving the required. Gap for mortar joint. No vertical joint should. Come
along the inner edge of the wall. The gap for mortar joint in which reinforcement has to be placed
shall not be less than four times the diameter of bar so as to provide a cover of 12 mm % an all sides
of the steal bass, usually mortar joint shall be 32 mm to 40 mm (1% to 1%) other joints where these
will not be any bar be 6mm to 10mm ( % to 3.8) thick.
CURING :- After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to harden it shall be kept. Damp
by covering with wet gunny by or wet sand for 24 hours and thin corned by finding with water
making mud walls 7.5cm 1/3 high or by covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp continuously
for 15 days.

MEASUREMENT :- Measurement shall be taken in cu mt (as ft) for the finished work and as
deduction shall be made for the volume of steel. Steal reinforcement shall be measured. Under a
separate item in quintal. Plastering if any shall not include in the measurement. The rate for R.C.C.
work shall be for the complete work excluding steel. But including cantering and shuttering a dell
tools and plants.

PLASTERING CEMENT MORTAR OR LIME MORTAR: - The joint of the brick work shall
be raked out to depth of 18mm. (3/4) and the surface of the wall shall be washed. And kept wet for
two days plastering. The materials of mortar, cement and sand as lime and surki or sand, or kanker
lime as specified should be of standard specification. The materials or mortar shall be first dry mixed
by measuring with boxes to have the required proportion and then water added slowly and gradually
and mixed thoroughly. The thickness of plasters shall be as specified. Usually 12mm ( % ) applied in
two or three Coats. To ensure uniform thickness of plaster patches of 15 X 15 (6") strip 1m (3) apart
or 10 cm 4 uncle plasters shall be applied first at about 2m (6) apart. To act as a guide first mortar
shall be dashed and pressed over the surface and then brought to a true smooth and uniform surface
by means of float and trader. External plastering shall be started from top and worked down.
Towards floors. Internal plastering shall be started wherever the building frame is ready and cauering
of the roof slabs have been removed. Cooling plastering shall be edges shall be sounded. The
plastered surface shall be kept wet for 10 days. The surface should be protected from rain sun, frost
25 |etc.
PageCuring shall be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently not to be damaged when
watered. The plaster shall be kept wet for at least 10 days. Any defective plaster shall be cut in
rectangular shape and replace. Note:- Different proportion of mortar which may be used for
 plastering Cement sand mortar:- 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 cement, lime, sand mortar 1:1:6 C:L:S. lime
surkhi or sand mortar:- 1:1, 1:2, kankar lime mortar kankar lime stone for ceiling plastering 1:3
cement mortar coarse sand & generally used cement, lime sand mortar is slow setting and has better
workability than cement sand mortar.

PAINTING (CEMENT OR LIME MORTAR) : - The joint of the brick shall be raked out to depth
of 20cm % and surface of the wall washed and cleaned and kept for two days before painting , the
material of motor shall be first dymiored by measuring with bares to have the request proportion of
the specified the material of motor shall be first dry mix by measuring with boxes to have the
required proportion of specified the kanker lime and soda for the matter of adding water slowly and
gradually thoroughly mix. Mortar shall than be applied in the joined slightly in the excess and
pressed by the proper tool of the required shape hectometer of any is removed and the surface
finished. Br8icks shall b e cleanly defined to give a neat appurtenance after painting the surface shall
be for seven days.
FLUSH PAINTING : - The mortar shall be pressed into the trea6 into the sacked cleaned and wet
joints and level with the edges of the bricks to give a smooth appearance the edge shall be neatly
teemed with a trawl and straight edge.

RULLED PAINTING : - The mortar shall be pressed into the sacked cleaned be formed the wet
joints and a groove of the shape and size of 5 o 6 mm deep shall be formed ramming a forming tool
of steel along the center line of the joints . the vertical joints also be finished in a similar way at the
right angle to the horizontal lines . the finished work shall be give a neat and clean appearance with
straight edge.

WEATHER OF TRUCK PAINTING : - The mortar shall be applied another sacked clean and wet
joints and the horizontal joints and the horizontal jobs shall be slapped so that the jobs is sloping
framing to bottom . the vertical shall be finished as rule foaming

RAISED OF TRUCKED PAINTING : - The mortar shall be applied in racked cleaned and wet
joints in the excess to foam raised . the mortar shall be pressed and run with the wiper tool raised to
the bands of 6 mm out of 10mm with directed

26 | Page
MEASUREMENTS : - Measurement shall be taken in a cu mm be fished and no deduction shall be
made for volume of steel informant shall be measured under a separate atom in quite plastering of
 shall be measured of all may be shall not be included in the measurements . The rate for the
rockwork shall be before excluding steel but including tool and plants

LIME PAINTING :- While all lime and shell be slacked of rile of work and mixed in the proportion
of 3 of lime and shell lime and they have thought mixed with the frequently mixed with sufficient
quantity under the drum . The mixture shell them be screened thoroughly a course cloth into another
and allowed to settle down for few days which are in clear water shall be dictated and the cream like
a paste of lime shall be taken from leaving reduce of the bottom for the places application. those
should be cleaned in the applied coarse soda send lime and prepped lime paste of the proper triply
the viewed in the uniform to 3 mm (1/8") thickness by wood this should be handle with the help of
cement and rubbing with the steel trawl to ahead the surface of thru smoothness of the kept mist for
seven days after ruining shall be applied plastered surface when the plaster are hardened.

2.5 cm (1") CEMENT

CONCRETE FLOOR : - The cement concrete floor shall be proportion 1:2:4 or 1: 2 j- : 3 ^as the
specified . Cement shall be fresh port cement of standard specification. The coarse aqgg. shall be
hard and tought of 20 mm ( -") and free from dust etc. The sand shall be coarse of shall be 5 mm max
size and down well gladded, clean free from dust, dirt and organic mattar.
The floor shall be leveled and driver into panel of size not exceeding 1 mater in is smaller dimension
and 2meter in large dimension. Glass or AL ads 3mm thick and depth equal to the thickness of floor
shall be fixed on the base given in the floor for drawing wash water.

COLORED FLOOR: - For colored finish the surface shall be finished with colored cement floor
the thickness of the two layer shall be 19mm and 6mm for polished floor thaw thickness of the two
layer shall be 2.5mm to allow for getting and polishing. BASE :- In ground floor the cement
concrete floor is shall be7.5 base of lime came or weak cement concrete as per standard
specification. If the bases consist of cement concrete it shall be allowed o set for about 7day in case
the base in of weak cement concrete the flooring shall commenter within 48 hours of laying the base.
The thickness of c.c. floor for office building, school, in upper floor should be 4cm 11/2. MOSAIC
OR TERRAZZO FLOOR : - The mosaic floor consists of two layers the bottom layer 2 cm to 2.5
cm cement concrete 1:2:4 or 1: 2 j : 3 ^ as specified and the upper layer 6mm thick consisting of a
mix of marble clops and cement in the of one plat vow cement and pelt of cement and part of marble
27 | Page
chips. The top layer is laid on the following day. It shall be laid more than the specified thickness in
order to get the specified thickness after cutting and finishing cement shall be of standard
 specification the sand shall be cause well graded, clean and free from don't and .the stone gilt shall
be hard and tough of 12 mm gauge well graded clean and free from dust and dist. The marble chip be
of 3mm gauge having max size max size 3mm and min size 5mm large of marble chip limited 6mm
in use of floor and big room cement concerti shall be prepared for mixing the interred dry by
measuring with box and shall be mixed dry and .this dry mixed but shall be mixed with stone chip
dry and then mixed by adding water slowly and then start uniformly mixed with water and cement
washed then they came in the led by glass A strips and leveled with wooden floods
The marble chip cement are measuring with require proportion 1 st dry mixed and than throuthtly
vaguely to have uniform plastic mix. Within 2hours of laying bottom layer cement concerti in the
upper layer of chips and they shall be lead and the surface temped slightly and finished perfectly in
the level of strife edge and they shall be covered with wet bag and covered desirable for 2 days. the
surface shall be cut or ground by rubbing with sand stone blocks and all the cement in the surface
remove a need cement wash shall than big be given in the surface and left undesirably for 6 days
with cop. Stone of different grade starting with coarse and finer ones by rubbing cont. with a uniform
ground paper the surface should be kept after final rubbing with clean water
Mosaic or terrazzo file floor: - precast manufactured mosaic or tear file are used. brick on
edge or brick flooring over 7.5cm lime

CONCRETE : - Surface removes a need cement wash shall than big be given in the surface and left
undesirably for 6 days with cop. Stone of different grade starting. The surface of base lime mixed
and than throuthtly is mixed dry and. plastic mix. Within 2hours of laying bottom layer cement
concerti in the upper layer of chips and they shall be lead and the surface temped slightly and
finished perfectly in the level of strife edges specified with the water plastic mix. within 2hours of
laying bottom layer cement concerti in the upper layer of chips and they shall be lead and the surface
temped slightly and finished perfectly in the level of strife edge the e surface should the bricks
cement motor as specified.

WHITE WASHING : - Fresh white lime slacked as the site of work should be act as the marking of
the quality required with the help of clean water screened through a coarse clothes cloth and gun in
the proportion are in the dry type of the work and they shall applied of flushing the four few days
which are in clear water shall be dictated and the cream like a paste of lime shall be taken from
28 |leaving
Page reduce of the bottom for the places application. those should be cleaned in the applied coarse
soda send lime and prepped lime paste of the proper triply the viewed in the uniform to 30mm
thickness by wood this should be handle with the help of cement and rubbing with the steel trawl to
 ahead the surface of thru smoothness of the kept mist for seven days Cloud washing: - cloud are shall
be propped with fresh started in the cloud pigment with the required quantity with day of wash shall
be applied for one or specified the method of the applications are for white washing The materials or
mortar shall be first dry mixed by measuring with boxes to have the required proportion and then
water added slowly and gradually and mixed thoroughly.

DISTEMPERING :- The distempering shall be of best quantity and closured the distemper should
be mixed and wat6er added as laid power and shirred through and the part past is allowed to sand for
a new minute . The past is then turn with water too have a thin cream if the surface is rough it should
be smooth with sand paper. The surface must be perfectly dry before distempering is command. In
the new cement plaster the surface shall be washed over with the selection of zinc sulphate one 1kg
in 10 ltr of water and then closed today in old surface shall be prepared with water. Plaster of Paris
where required & then whole surface sand prepared & washed &allowed to dry. The number of coats
shall be two or as specified. The distemper shall be kept well surred in containers & shall be applied
with broad brushes. First horizontally &immediately crossed vertically. Brushing should not be
continued too long to avoid brush marks .The second shall be applied after the first coats is dried up.
After each
day's work the brushes will be washed kept dry distempering should be done during dry weather but
not during the hot weather Nor wet weather.

OIL DISTEMPER :- Oils distemper is similar to ordinary dry distemper in powder form in oil
distemper compound oil is mixed by manufacturer while manufacture for application of oil
distemper is mixed with the required quantity of water & then applied on surface. This method of
preparation & application are similar as described above.

SNOWCEM WASHING:-

GENERAL: - Snowcem consists of a base of white cement mixed with finely powdered coloring
pigment to have the desired color and with addition of small quantities of ingredients. It gives a
water proof surface snowcem is solid by manufacturer in 50kg drums. 25 kg drums & 5kg of various
colors. The snowcem of desired color may be chosen.

29 | Page
MIXING : - Only fresh snowcem should be used .Hard or set snowcem should not be used .The
content should be made loose by rolling and shaking the container before opening the container. First
 a paste shall be prepared by mixing 2 parts of snowcem powder with one part of water by volume
&immediately this should be thinned by adding one another part of water to have a uniform solution
of consistency of paint

APLLICATION : - The surface should be cleaned to remove the dust by use of soft wire brush. The
surface shall than be wetted by sprinkling the water &water should allow running off. The fresh
mixed snowcem should be applied with good quality brush .The first coat shall be well brushed into
the surface to form a good bond. Snowcem should be used within the hour of mixing & should be
kept stirred during the application. At the end of day each application of snowcem the surface should
be wetted with fine water spray for curing.
After a day second coat of snowcem of similar preparation should be applied on wetted surface &
second coat should be applied carefully to give uniform &good finished appearance. Covering
capacity of 50kg of snowcem for two coats of on plastered surface is 100sq.m

DECORATIVE CEMENT COLOUR WASHING> For decorative as well as water

repellent washing on the external surface of building white cement mixed with color(pigment) other
ingredient may be used the quantity(proportion) of the different ingredient in percentage basis as
well as per bag of cement are give below:-

INGREDIANTS 75% PER BAG OF CEMENT

White cement Slaked 10% 50 kg 6.5
lime Powered glue Alum 10% kg 6.5 kg
Aluminum Stearate 2% 1.3 kg 0.33
Plaster of Paris 1.5% kg 1.63 kg
PERCENTAGE 2.5%

To get the desired color and shade powdered metallic color should be mixed with white cement to
extent of 5% to 10% of white cement by weight (2.5kg to 5kg per bag of cement).

MIXING AND PREPRATION : - Slaked lime should be dissolved in cold water &powered alum
should be dissolved in hot water in separate container the solution should be thin

30 | Page
31 | Page
32 | Page
 & should be screamed through a piece of cloth and prepared & kept ready in advance of application
At the time of application white cement plaster of Paris, aluminum sterate and color should be mixed
intimately in the above mentioned proportion &the mixer added to slaked lime solution & stirred
continuously .The alum &glue solution should be added & stirred continued .Fresh water should be
added to bring the solution to consistency of cream similar to oil paint. The final mixed solution
should consist of all ingredients in

33 | Page
proportion mentioned above .The mixing should by batches of about one fourth bag cement at a time
with other ingredients in same proportion. A uniform consistency should be maintained for all
batches of mix .Only so much quantity as can be used within half an hour should be prepared
&mixed at a time.

APPLICATION OF WASH : - Before the wash is applied, the surface should be lubbed & cleaned
off all loose dust &dirt and wash with water .The mixed cement should be applied event with bead
distemper brushes second should be applied after 4 hours &during this period the surface should be
kept most.

CURING: - After application of cement the surface should be kept moist for at least 2days by
frequent light sprinkling of water .Surface should be protected from Hudson& drying winds by
hanging hersiancloth on the scaff of day & periodically wetting with water.

COVERING CAPACITY: - One bag of white cement (50 kg) mixed with other gradients will
cover an area of 80sq m to 100sq m for two coats over plastered surface. One expert washer (white
washer))& one by can coolie can wash 30sq m to 40sq m per day for first coat and 40sq m to 50 sq
m per day for second .
 PAINTING: - The brand of paint shall be specified & readymade paint of required color should be
used .if thinner is required, pure turpentine may be added to required extent. The surface should
make perfectly smooth by rubbing with sandpaper of different grades first with coarse one and
successively with fine sand papers. All holes & open joints should be filled with strong putty or with
a mixture of glue & plaster of Paris and smoothened by rubbing with sand paper.
The number of coats shall be as specified in new work one priming coat & then two coat of paint
shall be applied with brushes evently & smoothly by closing & laying off in the direction of grains
of wood work and no brush mark should be visible . Each coat shall be perfectly by before the next
is applied. Before the next coat is applied the surface shall be rubbed with sand paper to give smooth
& glazed surface .the paint should be stirred in container immediately before use. Brush should be
cleaned and washed with turpentine at the end of days work and kept dry. If stiff paint is used it
should be first prepared by mixing with double boiled with linseed oil &turpentine to thin cream.
For measurement of painting a different work .we done above if old paint is to be removed it may be
removed with washing with soda water or with caustic soda. The surface should be dried and rubbed
with sand paper before the paint is applied .In old painted surface of paint is not required to be
removed .but required repainting the surface should be washed with soap water and then paint shall
be applied .In steel work exposed to weather the painting should be done either with red oxide paint
or with aluminum paint.

35 | Page
 VARNISHING : - Knots, holes, cracks etc. shall be filled and covered with putty made of
whitening and linseed oil. The wood work shall be rubbed down with sand sufficiently smooth to
remove any grains marks and shall be cleaned beforehand. Two coat of boiled linseed oil or two thin
coat of glue as specified shall be applied and each such coat shall be allowed to dry up and rubbed
down smooth with a fine sand paper .The varnish shall be applied
To dry up and rubbed down smooth with a fine sand paper. The varnish shall be applied with brush
using strong firm of brushes and spread evenly...the brush should be of good quality and perfectly
cleaned. In the case sand paper shall be rubbed across the gain which may cause the finest marks on
the finished surface. Specified quality of copal varnish shall be laid on the prepared surface in thin
coats unless any other is mentioned. For new wood work a second coat shall be applied after the first
coat of varnish has thoroughly dried up. Varnishing shall be done during dry weather and should not
to allow to be undertaken in rainy days.

PAINTING STEEL AND IRON WORK : - All rust scales, dirt, supplier delivery marks, oil,
grease, etc shall be removed by rubbing with sand paper before painting .Special care shall be taken
for cleaning of corners .All structural steel work shall be painted with red lead before erecting
except the surface which will be in contact with conc. Where corrosive effects is likelihood from sea
,atmosphere ,a coat of raw linseed oil shall be applied on surface immediately after cleaning and

36 | Page
 before the first coat of red lead is applied .Two to three coats of approved ready manufactured paint
or ready mixed paint shall be applied at right angles to each other after erection
Of the structural member .Each coat shall be allowed to dry up perfectly before the final caot is
applied .Painting shall be done in dry weather.

FRENCH SPIRIT POLISHING

POLISH : - Pure shellac. varying from pale orange to lemon yellow color free from resin,dirt,etc
shall be dissolved in methylate spirit at the rate of 0.15kg of shellac to 1 liter of spirit .Suitable
pigment shall be added to get the required shade.

PREPARATION OF SURFACE: - The surface of timber shall be cleaned and rubbed down
smooth with sand paper Knots if visible shall be covered with a preparation of lead and glue laid on.
While hot holes and indentation on surface shall be filled with putty & smoothened .The surface
shall be then be given a coat of filler made by mixing whiting in methyl ate spirit at the rate of 1.5kg
of whitening per liter of spirit .The surface shall be rubbed down perfectly smooth with glass paper
and wiped clean APPLICATION : - A pad of woolen cloth covered by a fine cloth shall be used
apply the polish. The pad shall be moistened with the polish & rubbed hard on the wood in series of
over lapping circles applying the polish sparingly but uniformly over the entire surface to give

37 | Page
 uniform surface.No. of coats shall be as specified .The second coat shall be applied after the first is
dried, in the same way for first coat...
WOOD WORKS : - All wood work of which the scantling exceeds 20sqm section & which is not
specially molded or curved .This include all timber work in check hates of doors and windows in
roof work as beams, struts, ties , etc. Timber shall as specified may be teak , sheesham , Sal ,
deodar , etc .The timber should be of best quality well seasoned angle free from shap ,knot , works ,
cracks or any other defect .The scantling shall be sawn in direction of grains .All wood work shall
be planed and neatly and truly finished to exact dimension .All joints shall be neat &strong , truly
&accurately fitted and coat with white lead , before fitting together all portion of timber of built into
or containing masonry or conc. shall be given two coats of solignum or tar or other approved
preservation 7exposed surface of timber shall be painted with two coats of approved paint over a
coat priming .
All beams shall be bedded on plates with a minimum bearing of 25cm and 6cm clear air space shall
be left on each side .No wood work shall be fixed within 60cm of any fire work place.
Measurement of wood work shall be taken in cum for the finished work fixed in position including
sawing; planning, jointing, etc. painting of wood work shall be measured under separate item.

DOORS AND WINDOW : - Timber shall be of kind as specified may be of teak, shisham, Sal
deodar. Timber shall be of best quality well seasoned The timber should be of best quality well
38 | Page
 seasoned angle free from shap, knot, works, cracks or any other defect .The scantling shall be sawn
in direction of grains .All wood work shall be planed and neatly and truly finished to exact
dimension .All joints shall be neat &strong, truly &accurately fitted and coat with white lead, before
fitting together.

CHOUKHATS : - The choukhats shall be properly framed and joined by mortise and tension joint
with hard wooden pins and the joints shall be coated with white lead before being fitted together.
The choukhats shall be of section as per drawing may be 7.5*10cm or similar shall be painted with
two coats of soligum and the other faces shall be painted with a prime coat before fixing in position.

SHUTTERS OR LEAVES : - The shutters may be paneled, glazed and palt glazed, battened, or
ventilation As specified .The thickness of shutter shall be 3 to 5cm. The styles rails and panels shall
be planned and neatly and truly finished to exact dimension .The styles and rails shall be framed
properly and accurately with mortise and tonon joint fixed with wooden pins Panels shall be one
piece without any joint and shall be fixed with 12m insertion into the rails and styles provided with
moldings as per design. The thickness of panel shall be 12 to 25mm .All rail over 15cm in width
shall have double tenon. No tenon shall exceed one fourth of thickness of plank for glazed windows
sash bars shall not be less than 40*40 mm and glass shall be fixed with nays and putty or with
wooden beddings over felt as specified .All joint shall be glued before being fitted.
39 | Page
 FITTINGS: - All doors shall be provided with handle on both sides and all windows with handle on
inner side .One of doors of each room shall be provided with sliding bolts on outer side for locking,
lower bolts, hook bolts, stops for keeping the leaves open and also wooden block to prevent leaves
striking the jambs of wall etc. shall be provided. The fittings may be of iron , brass or oxidizing as
specified of approved quality of screws shall be of suitable length and correct dia and shall be fixed
with screw driver and not hammering.

PAINTING : - The surface of shutters and choukhats shall be painted with two coats of approved
paint over a coat of priming. Faces of choukhatin contact with masonry shall be painted with two
coats of soligum preservative before fixing. A prime coat of painting with primer paint shall be
applied on remaining surface before fixing in position.

MEASURMENT : - The rate shall be for complete work including hanging &fixing in
position .The choukhat shall be measured in cum under wood work for the finished work &the
length of tenons shall be added to right length .The measurement of shutters shall be taken in sq m
for finished work in closed position of overlap of two shutters shall not be measured .The painting
shall be measured separately under a separate item in sq m. The cost of fitting may be excluded if
specified &fitting supplied by department or owner but the fixing of fitting or hanging in position
shall be included in late.
40 | Page
 GLAZING : - Glass shall be of the best quality and free from the bubbles, scratches, and other
defects. The thickness of glass may be 3mm or specified. The glass panels shall be fixed in 15mm
rebate the wooden frame leaving 1.5mm clear gap all around for allowing the expansion. The rebate
shall be painted before glass is fixed. Putty shall be of best quality made of fine
Powdered whitening and linseed oil, kneaded into a thick paste. First a thin layer of putty shall be
applied on the rebate then glass shall be fixed in position by a few small nails &then putty shall be
applied and pressed in position and finished of neatly and in such a manner that no putty project
beyond the rebate . The putty then shall be applied with a coat of paint. In case of large glass panels
these should be fixed in rivets by molded. Wooden fillets all rounds with brass or nickel screws
inserting a strip of felt or rubber in rebates under the glass to act as a cushion .The wooden fillets
should be fixed with painting.

CENTERING AND SHUTTERING / - Shuttering shall be either of hard wooden planking 30mm
thick .The shuttering shall be supported on battens , beams , props , and wedges and properly across
placed together so as to make the form work sufficiently rigid strong and actable to support the wet
conc. Work and should not yield on working and laying conc. .Beams for centering shall be carried
and supported on the walls with double wedges under neath and supported at intervals with props.
Props shall consist of ballies or brick pillars in mud mortar. Ballie props shall rest on double wedge
placed over wooden planks of 40mm thickness so as to facilitate tightening and causing of centering
41 | Page
 and shuttering. In case of brick pillars &double wedges inserted in between the sole plank and the
beam of the centering and shuttering.
The shuttering shall be kept clear of wall bearing and made to rest on cross beams or battens. The
shuttering shall have smooth and even surface and its joint shall be closed tight and shall not permit
leakage of cement mortar if required the joints shall be lined with craft paper or other approved
material . Inner face of shuttering shall be applied with a wash of molded oil raw linseed oil or other
approved material to prevent adherence of conc. For slabs &beams small chamber shall be given in
shuttering. Camber of 1cm per 2.50m or .5" per 10feet with a max 4cm.
Centering and shuttering shall not be removed before 14 days in general.Centering and shuttering
shall be removed slowly and Carefully without any shock or vibration by slackening and removing
the wedges gradually in such a manner that no. part of conc. And shuttering shall be measured in
sqm and the surface area in contact with conc. shall be measured.

42 | Page
43 | Page
 DESIGN OF SLAB ( ONE- WAY SLAB)

Room = 2.8. x 4.8.m

Assume 1 m width of slab.

acbc = 7 N/mm2
ast = 230 N/mm2

M = 13.33 K =
0.23 J = 0.90 Q =
0.91 N/mm2

Assuming 2800 =25 d

d =112.00 mm D = 112+20+10

=137, Say 140 mm 2

Assuming bearing of slab = 300 mm

Eff. span = 2.8+0.3 = 3.1 m

LOADING :-

self wt. of slab =0.140x 0.1x 25000 = 3500 N/m

Live load = 2000x1 = 2000 N/m wt. of sand

filling = 0.06x 1x 15.5x103 wt. of tile tlooring =

0.04x1x11000= 440 N/m Total wt. = 6870 N/m

Max. B.M = WL2 8
= 6870X 3.12 = 82525
N-m 8

44 | Page
 = 8252580 N-mm.

Eff.depth of slab

required. d = M
Qb

= 8252580 = 95mm
0.91x1000

= 95 < 162 - 0.k.

Area of steel per meter witdh of slab

A
s
t

a
s
t
.
j
.
d

= 8252580_________= 35509
230x .90x 112

Area of one 10 mm / bar = II x102 78.54 mm 2

45 | Page
 4

C/c spacing of to mm / bar =

= area of one bar x 1000/

total area of steel =78.54 x

1000/ 355.9= 220.7 mm2 say

220 mm2
which is less than 3d
= 3 x 112 =336 or 300 mm

Hence OK.

Actual Ast , = 1000 x 78.54 =357 mm2

( provided) ---------------------------------------

CHECK FOR EFF. DEPTH OF SLAB FROM

DEFLECTION
CONSIDEATION

Pt = 100 Ast
bd

= 100 x 357 =0031 100x112

Fs = 0.58 fy (Ast ( req. ) Ast ( prov.)

= 0.58 x 415 x 355.9

= 23909 N/mm2

46 | Page
 For Pt = 0.31 % an Fs = 240 N/mm2

Kt. = 1.46. (l/d) = 20 Kt.

max.

( 3100 ) = 20 x 1.46
112 max.

27.7 = 29.2 ................................... Hence

O.K.
DISTRIBUTION STEEL :-

Area of distribution st. = 0.12 % of Total cross - section

area.
=0.12x bd/100 = (0.12 x 1000 x 1400)/
100=168 mm2 = 168 mm2

using 8 mm ^ bar as distribution to

Area of one 8 mm ^ bar =K x 82 = 50.26 mm2

4

: spacing of 8 mm ^ bar = 50.26 x 1000

168
= 299 say 300 C/c

which is less than 5 d or 450, Hence O.K.

CHECK FOR SHEAR :-

Max S.F.V = W L = 6870 x 208 /2 2

= 9618N

47 | Page
 Nominal shear stress xv = V/ bd

=9618/1

000x112

= 0.09

N/ mm2
for M 20 conc. & p =0.31 %

Tc = 0.22 + {0.30-0.22} x( 0.31-0.25) (0.50-0.25)

xc = 0.24 n/mm2

from table, for solid slab k = 1.30

.'. permissible shear stress for slabs,

xc = 0.24 x 1.30 = 0.31 N/mm2

.'. xv < xc

Hence no shear reinforcement is required.

CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH :-

set alternate 10 mm Q bar bend up at a distance l/7

= 3.11 x 1000 = 443 mm 7

48 | Page
 from centre of sopports

or 445 - 300 = 295mm from support 2

Ast avavible at support = 1/2 x 356

= 178 mm2

Ml = ( ast. Ast. j.d)

= 230 x 178 x 0.90 x 112

= 4126752 N- mm
Suppose the bar are given 90 . bend at cetnre of support,
its anchorage value.

Lo = 8^ = 8 x 10 =

80 mm M1 /V + Lo =

4126752 + 80
9618

= 509 mm

Ld =4>ast = 100 x 230 = 449.2 mm 4 xbd 4 x1.28

Since M1 + Lo > Ld
v

Hence code requirement is satisfied. ok

SLAB DESIGN OF ALL ROOM SIZE = 3.2 m x 4.8
m

Assume 1 m width of slab.

49 | Page
 a cbc = 7
N/mm2 ast =
230 N/mm2
m = 280 = 13.33 36cbc

k = 0.29 j =
0.90
Q = o.91 N/mm2

Assuring span = 25 D

3.2 = 25 D

d = 3200 = 128 say 130 mm

25

D = 130 + 20 + 10/2 = 155 mm = 130+ 20 + 10 = 155 mm.

Assuming bearing of slab = 300 mm.

Eff. span = 3.2 + 0.3 = 3.5 m

LOADING :-
Self wt. = 0.155 x 1x 25000 = 3875 N/m.

live load = 2000 x 1 = 2000 N/m

Wt. of sand filling = 0.06 x 1 x 1505 x 103

= 930 N/m

Wt. of tile flooring = 0.04 x 1 x 11000

50 | Page
 = 440 N/m

Total load = 724 N/m

Max. B.M = wl2 = 72 45 x 3 082 = 11094 N-m 8

8

= 11094000 N-

mm Eff. Depth, d = M
Qb

= 11094000 = 110< 130 = Hence Ok O.91 x

1000

Adopt eff. depth of slab = d = 130 mm

Area of stoper m width of slab

Ast. = M = 11094000
ast.j.d 230 x 0.9 x 130

= 412 mm2
Area of one 14 mm ^ bar = K x 102 = 153.5 mm2
4
c/c spacing of 10 mm ^ bar = Area of one bar x 1000.
412

51 | Page
 =

190 mm c/c Which is

less than 3 d or 300 mm

Hence ok

Actval asc provided = 1000 x 78.54 = 413mm2

CHECK EFF. DEPTH OF SLAB FROM DEFLECTION
CONSIDER ATION :-

Pt.
=
100
Ast
bd

= 100 x 413
=
0.32%
1000x1
30

Fs = 0.58 fy [ Ast (required) ] Ast (provided)

= 0.58 x 415 [ 412] =

240N/m
m2 413

Pt. = 0.32 & fs = 240 N/mm2

52 | Page
 kt = 1.46

(L
)=
20
kt d
= 20 X 1.46 = 29.1

( l/d )max. = 3800 = 26.9 < 29.1 130

................Hence Ok

DISTRUBUTION STEEL :-

Area of distribution steel = 0.12 % of total cross sectional

area

= 0.12 x bd = 0.12 x 1000 x 155 100 100

= 186 mm2

using 8mm ^ bar as distribution steel

Area of one bar 8mm o = _II x 82 = 50.26 mm2

4

= 270 mm clc

which is less than 5 d or 450

.Hence ok

CHEAR FOR SHEAR :-

53 | Page
 Max Shear force, V = wl = 7248 x 302
2 2 =11592N
Nauinal shear stress=Tv =V/ bd

= 11592 =0.09 N/mm2

1000x130

p = 0.32 %

Tc = 0.22+ {0.30-0.22} x {.32-025} 0.50-0.25

= 0.25 N/mm2

vc

hence no shear reinforcement is required.

CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AT SUPPORT

let alternate gent up bar at distance l/7

= 3.5 x 1000 = 500 mm from centre of supports
7
.'. Ast avavilable att support = 1/2 x 413 = 206.5mm 2

M1 = ast. j.d
= 230 x 206.5 x 0.9 x 130 = 5556915 N-
mm

V = 11592N
suppot the bar are given 90' bend at the centre of
support, its encharege
value

54 | Page
 for 8mm ^ Lo = 8 x 10 = 80mm M1/V + Lo =

556915

= 559.38 mm.

Ld_=4> ast = 100 x 230

4I 4 x 1.28
bd

Since
M1+Lo < Ld, Hence the code
required is satisfied. V
SLAB DESIGN (ONE- WAY):-
Lobby size 1.8m x 51.1m

acbc = 7 N/mm2, ast = 230 N/mm2

m =13.33
k =0.29
j =0.90
Q =0.91 N/ mm2

Asuming span =25 d

=1800 =25 d

d= 72 mm

D= 72 + 20 + 8/2 = 96 mm

Effective span:-
c/c bearing = 1.8 + 0.3 = 2.1 m.

55 | Page
 LOADING :-

Self wt. of slab = 0.1x 0.1x 25000 = 2500

N/m live load = 2000x 1 =2000 N/m wt of sand filling =

0.06x 1x 15.5x1000 = 930 N/mm wt of tile flooring =

0.04x 1x 11000 = 440 N/m Total load =5870 N/m

CHECK FOR EFF.DEPTH OF SLAB FROM
DEFLECTION CONSIDERATION :-

Pt =100 Ast

= 100 x 218 =0.30 % bd

= (100 x 218) /1000 x 72 = 0.30 %

Fs =0.58 fy { Ast
( re
q.)
}
Ast
( pr
o)

= 0.58 x 415

56 | Page
 2

7.

57 | Page
 = 240 N

/mm2 for pt = 0.30 % & fs

= 240 N/mm2

Kt. = 1.47

(l/d)max. = 20 Kt

1500/ 72 = 20 x 1.47

25 > 29.4 Hence O.k.

Check for shear :-

Max S.F., V = WL =5870 x 1.8
22

= 5283 N
Nominal shear stress, xv = V/bd

=5283=6.073 n/mm2 1000x 72

for m 20 conc. and p = 0.31 %

Tc =0.22+ {0.30-0.22 } x {.30 -0.25 }

0.50- 0.25 = 0.24 %

.'. xv-xc, hence no shear

reinforcement is required.

CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH AT

SUPPORTS :-

58 | Page
 let alternate 10 mmf bar be bent-up at a distance
l/7

= 2.1 x 1000 7
=300mm from centre of support

Ast avavilable at support = 1/2 x 218 =109 mm 2

M1 =ast. Ast. j.d

= 230 x 109 x 0.9 x 72 = 1624536 N-
mm V =5283 N

suppose the bar are given at 90' bend at

the centre of support,
its enchroge value

59 | Page
 Lo = 8^ = 8x 10 = 80 mm.

M1 + Lo =
1624536 +
80 v
5283

=
38
8
m
m

L
d

60 | Page
 ^

a
s
t

x
b
d

= 18 x
2
3
0

61 | Page
 =

3
5
9
.
3

m
m

1
0

62 | Page
 2
8

M1 + Lo >
hence code
required. is
satisfied.
v

63 | Page
 BEAM DESIGN at corner having L= 4.8m :-

acbc. = 7 N/mm2

ast. = 230 N/mm2

m = 13.33
k = 0.29 j
= 0.90
Q = 0.91 N/mm2 (use M20 conc.& Fe 415 steel)

Clear span of beam = 4.8 m

let eff. depth of beam of = 1 of span

10

.-. D = 480 + 40 = 520 mm ( assuming eff.

cover 40 mm )

let wodth of beam = b = 300 mm

.'. Size of assuming scetion of beam = 300 x 520 mm

eff. span of bean will be least of following :- Distance

64 | Page
 b/w centre of support = 4.8 +0 0.3 = 5.1m .'. Eff. Span

of beam, l = 5.1m
Self wt. of beam = 0.30 x 0.52 x 25000 = 3900 N/m

Slab load =
6870 =
6870 N/m 2

Total load an beam = 7335 N/m

Max. B.M = wl2 = 7335 x 6.32 =

36390.7N-m 8 8

=36390000N-mm

Assume section is balanced

Qbd2 = M
D=m=
36390000
Qb 0.91 x
300

65 | Page
 = 365 mm

Which is less than that assumed in working out load for

calculation B.M. . Adopt overall depth of beam D = 520

Avavilable eff. depth assuming 14 mm ^ main bar,

d = 520- 20- 8- 14_ = 486 mm

2
Ast. of steel req. Ast. = .M
6st. j.d

= 36390000 =
363.2mm2 230 x 0.90 x
486

Area of one bar of 14 mm ^ = %/4 x 142 = 153.5 mm2

No. of bar req. = 363.2/ 153.5 = 2.55 say

3 bar

( Ast provided = 3 x 153.5 = 460.5 mm2)

66 | Page
 CHECK FOR MINIMUM RAINFORCEMENT :-
As = 0.85 bd = 0.85 x 300 x 8484 fy
415

= 297.4 mm2

provide steel is more than min. required. Hence sefe.

CHECK FOR DEPTH OF BEAM FOR

DEFLECTION CONSIDERATION

p = 100 Ast = 100 x 460 = 0.32% bd

300 x 484

fs = 0.58 fy [ Ast. ( req.) ]

Ast. (prov.)

= 0.58 x 415 x [ 363] = 190 N/m 460

Kt = 1.81

(l/d)max. = 20 kt
= 20 x 1.8 = 36

5100/ 484 = 10.6

= 10.6 < 36............ Hence ok

67 | Page
 CHEK FOR SHEAR :-

Nominal shear stress xv = _v_ = 17604 = 0.12 N/mm2

bd 300x 484

Max permissible share stress for M20 = 1.8 N/mm 2

Since xv < xc max. Hence ok.

Assuming one bar to be bent up at 45'

p = 100 As = 100x 2x 153.5 = 0.21%

bd 300x 484

for p = 0.21% & M20

xc = 0.20 N/mm
xv > TC, shear raintorcemeant is required.

Shear force for shear reinforcement Vs =

V- xcbd

= 17604-0.20 x 300 x 484 = 5410n

68 | Page
 shear taken by bent-up bar = asv x Asv x sind

where Asc = 1 x ii x 142 = 153.9 mm2

4
.'. shear taken by bent up bar = 230 x 1539 x sin 45

= 24777.9 N

shear taken by bent up bar to Vs

2
=540/2 =2705<24777.9 n

.'. Net shear to be resited by vertical stirrups,

Vs = 5410-2705 =2705 N

using 8mm ^ 2 legged stirrups

Asv =2 x ILx 82 =100.53 mm2 4

spacing , Sv = asv x Asv x d

= (140 x 100.53 x 484)/ 2704

69 | Page
 = 2519 mm
max. spacing as per min. shear
reinforcement.

Sv = 0.87 Asv fy/0.4b

= 0.87x 100.53 x 250/ 0.4 x300

= 182 or 180 mm c/c spacing

should not exceed the least of
following :

i) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 484 = 363 mm

ii) 300 mm

provide 8 mm ^ 2 legged strrups @ 180 c/c throughout the

length the of beam

CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH (end

enchorage) :-

= ast. Ast.j.d Ast = 2 x

153.5 ( 2 bar are at supports)

= 307.8 mm2

70 | Page
 M1 = 230 x 307 x 0.90 x 484

= 30837866.4 N-mm V =17604N

Suppose the bar given 90' bend at the centre of support, its

inchorage
value
Lo = 84> = 8 x 16 = 128 mm

.'. M1/ V + Lo = 30837866.4/ 17604 + 128

=
1879.9 mm
Ld = ast/ 4
xbd

= 16 x 230/ 4x 1.28 = 719 mm

Since M1/ V+ Lo > Ld, Hence code is safe.

SUMMARY :-

Size of beam = 300 x 520 mm

Main steel. = 3 bar of 16 mmf ( one bar bent-up)
Stirrups = 8mm ^ 2 legged @ 180mm c/c.

71 | Page
 BEAM DESIGN :-

acbc = 7 N/mm2 ast. = 230 N/mm2

m= 13.33
k = 0.29
j = 0.90
Q = 0.91 N/mm2
(use M20 grade conc.& Fe 415 steel)

clear span of beam = L= 4.8 m

let eff. depth of beam =d = 1/10 of span

= 1/10 x 4800 =480 mm

D = 480 + 40=520mm let width of

beam =b= 300 mm .'. size of assumed

scetion of beam = 300 x 520 mm i) Distance

b/w centre of support = 4.8+0.3= 5.1m .'.

eff. span =5.1 m

LOADING :-

72 | Page
 self wt. of beam = 0.3 x 0.52 x 25000 =3900
N/m
Slab load =6870 N/m

Total Load = 10770 N/m

Max. B.N =wl2 =10770 x 5.12 8 8

=35615.9 N-m

=35015900 N-mm.

Assume scetion is balanced

Q bd 2 = M

d =___=358 mm

d = M/ Qb = 35015900/ 0.91 x 300 = 358 mm

358 < 480 mm

.'. Adopt overall depth of beam. D = 520

Avavilable eff. depth assuming 14 mm 0 bar

73 | Page
 d = 520 - 20 - 8 - 14/2 = 484 mm

Ast of steel required = Ast = M

ast. j.d
Area of one bar of 14 mm 0 = rc/4 x 142 = 153.9mm2

.'. No. of bar required = 345 = 2.5 say 3 bar.

153

Ast provided = 3 x 153.9 = 460 mm2

CHECK FOR MIN. REINFORCEMENT :-

As = 0.85 bd = 0.85 x 300x 484 fy 415

= 297.4 mm

min. Ast < Ast provided

Provide st. is more than min required. ................... Hence

safe.
CHECK FOR DEPTH OF BEAM FROM DEFLECTION
CONSIDERATION :-

p = 100 Ast = 100 x 460 = 0.32% bd

300 x 484

74 | Page
 Fs = 0.58 fy [ Ast
(req.) ] Ast (pro.)

= 0.58 x 415 x( 345/ 460)

= 180 N/mm

for pt = 0.32% & fs = 180 N/mm

kt = 1.8
( l) = 20 kt d max.

= 20 x 1.48 = 29.6

5100 = 10 < 29.6 ......................Hence ok.

484

CHECK FOR SHEAR :-

v = wl = 10770 x 4.8 = 25848 N 2 2

Nominal shear stress , xv = v

bd

= 25848 = 0.17 N/mm2 300x484

max. ( xv) = 1.8 N/mm2

75 | Page
 Since xv < xc max....................Hence ok.

Assuming one bar to be bent up at 45'near the support.

p = 100As = 100 x 2 x 153.5/ 300x 484 =

0.25 N/mm2 For p = 0.21% (M20 grade

concrete)

76 | Page
 xc = 0.18 + [ 0.22 - 0.18 ] x ( 0.21 - 0.15) 0.25
- 0.15 = 0.204 N/mm2

xv < xc Hence no Shear reinforcement in required.

Provide 8 mmf legged stirrups @ 300 mm clc . thought the

provide 2-12 mm0 anchor bar for holding stirrops.

length
CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH ( end enchroge)
at support :-

M1 = ast Ast j.d

Ast = 2 x 153.5 = 307 mm2

M1 = 230 x 307 x 0.9 x 484 = 30757716 N-mm

suppose the bar are given 90' at the centre of support Lo = 80 =

8 x10 = 80 mm

M1 + Lo = 30757716 + 80 = 1269.9mm v
25848

ld = _0st = 16 x 230 = 719 47 bd 4x 1.28

M1+ Lo > Lo ............. Hence code is safisty.

v

77 | Page
 BEAM DESIGN :-

acbc = 7 N/mm2, ast = 230

N/mm2

m = 13.33 ( from steel table..)

k= 0.29 j = 0.90 Q =
0.91 N/mm2
( use M20grade conc. & Fe 415 steel)

Clear span of beam L = 3.2 m

let eff. depth of beam = d= J_ of span

10

= 3200 = 320mm 10
D = 320 +20 = 360

let eff. width of beam = 300 mm

. Size of assumed section of bean = 300 x 360 mm

. Distance b/w centre of support 3.2 + 0.3 = 3.5 m

.'. eff. span = 3.5 m

LODING :-

Self wl.of beam = 0.3x 0.35 x 25000 = 2625

N/mm
Slab load = 7245 = 3623 N/m 2

+2935 = 6558

N/m Total load = 9183 N/m.

78 | Page
 Max. B.M .= wl2 = 9183 x 3.52 = 14061.5 N-
m88

= 14061500 N-mm

Assume section us balanced

Qbd2 = B.M
d = _M__ =
14061500 Qb 0.91
x 300

= 227 mm < 320 mm

.'. Adopt overal depth of beam, D = 360mm

Avavilable eff. depth assuming 12mm 0 main bars.

d = 360 - 20- 08 - 12 = 326 2

( For mild exposure conditions nominal cover) of using 8 mm

0
Ast req. Ast. = M = 14061500
ast.j.d 230 x 0.9 x 320

= 212.3 mm2

Area of one bar of 12 mm 0 = II_x 122 113.09 mm2

4

.-. No of bar req. = 212.3 = 1.9 Say 2 bar

113.09

Ast provided = 2 x 11.3.09 = 226 mm2

79 | Page
 CHECK FOR MIN RAINGORCEMENT: -
As = 0.85bd = 0.85 x 300 x 320 fy 415

= 196.6 mm2

Provided steel is more than min req...........Hence safe.

CHECK FOR DEPTH OF BEAM FROM DEFLECTION

CONSIDERATION :-

pt = 100ast = 100 x 226 bd 300 x 320

= 0.26 %

fs = 0.58 fy [ Ast (req.) ] = 216 N/mm2 Ast(Provi)

For Pt = 0.27% of fs = 216 N/mm2 Kt= 1.5

(L) max = 20 Kt d
20x 1.5 = 30

30500 = 10.9 < 30 Hence ok. 320

CHECK FOR SHEAR :-

V = wL = 9183 x 302 = 14892.8 N 2 2

Shear stress xv = V = 14692 = 0.15N/mm2 bd 300x320

xc max > xv Hence ok .

No shear reinforcement req .

using 8 mm 0 2 legged stirrups

Asv = 2 x n x 82 = 100.53 mm3 4

80 | Page
 Max spacing as per min shear rainforce us .

Sv = 0.87 Asv fy = 0.87 x 100.53 x 250 = 180 mm 0.4b 0.4 x30

.'. Provide 8mm 0 mm 2 legged stirrups @ 180 mm c/c

throughout length Provide 2-12mm 0 anchor bar for holding

stirrups . CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH :- M1 =

st Ast jd

Ast = 2 x 113.09 =

226 mm2 M1 = 230x 226 x 0.9x 320

= 14970240 N-mm
V = 14692 N

Suppose the bars are given a 900 bend at center of support ,Its
anchorage
value

L =8 0 = 8x12=96mm
o

M+L =14970240 + 96 = 1115mm

-----1 o -----------------------
V 14692

L = 0 st = 12 x 230 = 539mm d
4 xM 4 x 1.28
bd

Since M+ L > L.
-----1 o d
V .............Hence Safe.
acbc = 7 N/mm2 ast = 230
N/mm2

81 | Page
 m = 13.83 k = 0.29 j = 0.90 Q =
0.91N/mm2

Clear span of beam l = 2.8 m

let eff. depth of beam d = 1 x span

10

= 1/10 x 2.8 m = 280 mm D = 280 + 40 =

320 mm Let eff width of beam = 300 mm .'. Size of assumed

section of beam = 300 x 320 mm .'. Distance b/w centre of support

= 2.8 + .3 = 3.1 m .'. Eff span = 3.1 m LOADING :-

Self wt. of beam = 0.3 x 0.31 x 25000 = 2325 N/mm2 Slab load =

7245/2 = 3623 + 2935 = 6558 N/m Total load = 8883 N/m2

Max. B.m. = wl2/8 = 88 83 x 2.82/8 = 87 05.34N-m =8705340

N-mm Assume section is balanced Qbd2 = m d = M/Qb = 178.6mm

178.6 < 280 mm Adopt overall depth of beam, D = 320mm .'.

Avavilable eff. depth assuming 12 0 bar main bars d= 320 - 20 -

08 -12/2 = 286 mm

Ast. req. = m/ ast.j.d = 8705340/ 230 x 0.9 x 280 = 150 mm 2 Area

of one bar of 12 mm = rc/4 x 122 = 113.5 mm2 No. of bar req =

150/113 = 1.33 say 2 bars Ast provided = 2 x 113.5 = 226 mm 2

82 | Page
 CHECK FOR MIN RAINFORCEMENT :- Ast. = 0.58bd/ fy =

0.58 x 300 x 280/ 415 = 117.4 mm2

pro

Provided Ast. is more than the req. Ast.....................Hence safe

CHECK FOR DEPTH OF BEAM FROM DEFLECTION

CONSIDERATION

pt = 100 Ast./ bd = 100 x 226/ 300x 230 = 0.27

fs = 0.58 fy ( Ast. seq.

Ast. pro.

= 160 N/mm2 for pt. = 0.27 & fs = 160 N/mm2 kt. = 2.0

(l/ d) = 20 kt. = 20 x 20 = 40
v7
max.

3100 = 11 < 40 ..................HENCE OK

280

CHECK FOR SHEAR :-

V = WL = 8883 X 2.8 2 2
= 12436.2 N

Shear srtess = xv = V/ bd = 0.15

xc max. = xv . .................. Hence ok

No shear reinforcement is required.

Using 8 mm ^ 2 legged stirrups...

Asv. = 2x n x 82 = 100.50 mm2 2

83 | Page
 max. spacing as per min. shear reinforcement

Sv = 0.87 Asv fy = 0.87 x 100.53 x 250 = 180 mm 0.4 b0.4 x 300

.'. Provide 8 mm ^ 2 legged stirrups @ 180 c/c throught

the length. Provide 2- 12 mm ^ anchor bar for holding

stirrups.
CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH ( END ANCHOR
BAR AT SUP PORT) :-

M1 = ast. Ast.j.d

Ast. = 230 x 113.09 = 226 mm2 M1 = 230 X 226 X 0.90 X 280 =

13098960 N-mm

V = 12436.2 N

Suppose the bar are given a 90' bend at the centre of support , its
enchorage value
Lo = 8 x 4> = 12 x 8 = 96 mm

M1+ Lo = 13098960 + 96 = 1149 mm

V 12436.2

Ld = 4> ast = 12 x 230 = 539 mm

4 xM 4 x 1.28
bd

M + Lo > L .....................Hence OK
1d

V
COLUMN DESIGN at corner :-

Load on coloum=3667.5+4442+(self load )

84 | Page
 = 3667.5+4442+7650+550 K-N =565759 N/m acc = 5
N/mm 2

asc = 190 N/mm2

Actual length of column l = 3.4 m

Eff. length of column l = 3.4 mm = 3400 mm

Longitudnal steel in column varies from 0.8 - 6 %

Assume 2% of steel
Asc=2/100 xAg =0.02Ag Ac = Ag -Asc = Ag -0.02Ag = 0.98
Ag P = ccAc = scAsc 566Kn =5 x .98Ag +190 x 0.02Ag 566000
= 8.7Ag Ag=65057.47 mm2

Assuming the coloum to be square

Side of square coloum req. = 66057 =255

Hence Adopt sige of column =260 x 260 mm

.-. Ag (Provided) =260 x 260 = 67600 mm2

Check whether the coloum is long or short.

leff./b = 3400 /260 = 13.1 >12

. It is a long coloum.
Reducation co- efficient, C =1.25 -l eff.
' r ------------
4

= 1.25 -3400/48 x 260 = 0.98

Safe load, P = Cr ( acc Ac + ascAsc)

85 | Page
 = Cr ( acc (Ag - Asc) + accAsc)
566 x 103 = 0.98 x(5(67600 -Asc) +190Asc ) 234760
= .98 x(338000 -5Asc +190Asc

234760 = 181.3 Asc .'. Asc

=1295mm2

Min. St. req. = 0.8% of Ag

=0.8 x 67600 =540.8 . Provide Asc = 1285 mm2

Assuming 20 mm 0 bar to be used as longitudinal steel Area of one

8 mm 0 = II/4 x202 =314.5mm2 •. no. of bar req. = 1295/314.5

=4.12 Say 4 bar

Provide 4 bar of 20 0 mm

(Actual area of st. Provided ) =4 x 314 = 1256 mm 2

DESIGN OF LINKS :-
a) Dia. of lateral ties should be greater than :- 6 mm :-
1/4 x 2 = 5mm
COLUMN DESIGN :-

Load on column = 5885 + 4442 + 4442 + 550000 + 7650 = 572419N/m

acc = 5 N/mm2 asc = 190 N/mm2

Actual length column = 3.4m

eff. length of column = eff. = L = 3.4 m = 3400 mm

Longitudinal steel in column varies from 0.6% - 6%

Assume 1% of steel

86 | Page
 Asc = 1/100 of Ag = 0.01 Ag

Ac = Ag - Asc = Ag - 0.0 1 Ag = 0.99 Ag

p = acc Ac + asc Asc

573 x 103 = 5x 0.99Ag + 190 x 0.01Ag

573 x 103 = 6.85 Ag

Ag = 83043.5

Assume the column to be square

side of column square = 83044 = 288 say = 290 mm

Hence Adopt size of column = 290 x 290mm

.'. Ag (Provided) = 290 x 290 = 84100mm2

Check whether the column is long or short

l eff./b = 3400/290 = 11.72 < 12

safe load an column = P = acc ac + asc Asc

= 5 x ( Ag - Asc ) = sc Asc

573 x 103 = 5(84 1 00 - Asc ) + 190 Asc

573 x103 = 420500 - 5 Asc + 190 Asc

152500 = 185 Asc

Asc = 821.6 mm2

87 | Page
 Min. steel req. of column = 0.8% of Ag
= 0.8/100 x 84100 = 673mm2 .'. Provide Asc
= 821.6mm2

Assuming 18 mm0 bars to be used as longitudinal steel Area of one

180 number = II/4x 182 = 254.5 mm2 .-. No. of bar req. = 820/ 254.5 =

3.25 say = 4 bar .'. Provide 4 bass of 18 mm 0

(Actual area of steel provided = 4 x 254.5 = 1018mm 2

DESIGN OF LINKS :-

a) Dia of lateral ties should be greater than

1) 6mm
2) 1/4 x 18 = 4.5mm
. Privide 6mm0 lateral ties

b) Spaving or pitch of lateral ties should be the least of tououring :-

1) Least lateral diminision of column = 290 mm
2) 16 x18 = 288 mm
.'. Provide 6 mm0 lateral ties @ 290 mm C/c

SUMMARY OF DESIGN :-

Size of column = 290mm x 290 mm Main steel = 4 bars of 18 mm ^

Links = 6mm0 @ 290 mm c/c
Bearing capacity of soil = po = 200 KN/m 2 = 200 x 103 N/m2

b= 260mm = 0.26m acbc = 7N/mm2, fck = 20 N/mm2 ast = 230

N/mm2

Design constant :- m= 13.13 k=0.29 j= 0.90

88 | Page
 Q=0.91 N/mm2 SIZE OF FOOTING :- Load of column =

566 KN + 56.6 (10% of column) = 622.6KN wt .of footing of back

fill, W1 = 622.6 x 10/100 = 62.3KN

(Assume w1 as 10% of w)

Area of footing = W + w1
Bearing capacity of soil

= 622.6 x 103 +62.3 x 103 = 3.4 m2 200 x 103

let B = one side of square footing

B x B = 3.4 m2
B = 3.4 = 1.85 say 1.9 m

Adopt size of fotting = 1.9m x 1.9m Net up ward soil Pressure

( p) Net upward soil pr. p) = W
B xB
= 622.6 x 103 = 172465.4 N/m2 1.9
x 1.9

DEPTH OF FOOTING :- xv < K x

c
where k = 0.5 + pc ( pc = 260/260 = 1)

= 0.5 + 1 = 1.5
>1 K = 1

xv =xc = 0.72 N/mm2 = 720000

N/mm2 CASE - 1 ( one - way action

89 | Page
 of fotting ) Shear force at critical

section = p x B x [ 1/2(B-b)-d]

= 172465.4 x 1.9 x [ 1/2 x ( 1.9 -.26) -d] ..............i)

Shear force resisted by conc. = xc x B x d

= 720000 x 1.9 x d ...............................ii)

Eqvating i) of ii)

172465.4 x 1.9 x [ 1/2 x ( 1.9 - .26 ) -d ] = 720000 x 1.9 x d

141421.6 = 1509421.6 d d = 0.1 m

CASE -II

The criticar scetion of two- way action of footing ( punching

shear )
us
considered at a distance of d/2 from the periphery of the face
of

column.

shear force at the crical scetion = P { B 2 - ( b+d)2 )}

= 172465.4 { 1.92 - ( o.26+d )2 } ............................iii)

shear force resisted by conc.= Ic x 4 ( b+d ) x d

= 720000 x 4 ( 0.26+d ) x d ..................................iv)

Equating equation iii) & iv) and we get..

90 | Page
 172465.4 {1.92 - (0.76 +d )2 }=720000 x 4

( 0.26+d ) xd

3.6- ( 0.26+d )2 = 16.7 (0.26+ d) xd

3.6- (0.07 +d2+0.52d) =4.3 d + 16.7 d2

3.43-d2 - 0.52d = 4.3d + 16.7d2

17.7d2 + 4.82d - 3.43 = 0

d2+0.27d-0.2=0
d = -0.27+ [(.27)2-4 x ( 0.2 ) 2 x 1

= -0.27+0.9= 0.33m

(neglect - sign)

Depth of footing shall be greater of case I & II

d=0.33 m= 330mm.

CHECK OF BENDING MOMENT for depth of footing

Critical scetion for B.M. is considered at the face of column.

B.M. = p x B/8 x (B-b)2
=172445 x 17_x ( 1.9- 0.26)2 8

=110167 N-m = 110167000 N-mm .....................v)

Moment of resistance = Qbd2

=0.91 x 1.9 x 1000 xd2..................vi)

91 | Page
 Equating equation. v) & vi) we get.. 110167 x 103 = 0.91x

1.9 x 1000x d2

d = 252.4 mm < 330mm (provided value)

.'. This is all right STEEL REQUIRED :-

Ast. in each direction = B.M./ ast. j.d

= 110167 x 1000/ 230x 0.90x 330

= 1612 mm
Hence provide 11 bar of 14 mm ^ bar ( HYSD) uniformly spaced in
the width of 1.9 m in each direction at right angle to each other.

CHECK FOR DEVELOPE MENT LENGTH :-

Developement length = Ld = ^ ast./ 4 xbd

= 539 mm

providing side cover of 50 mm

Avavilable length = 1/2 ( 1900 - 260) -50

= 770 mm

Which is more than Ld, ... Hence safe.

SUMMARY OF DESIGN :-
D = d +^/2 + clear cover

= 330 + 14/2 + 50 = 386 mm

say 390 mm

92 | Page
 steel 11bar of 14 ^ both- way.
COLUMN FOOTING DESIGN: -

Let bearing capacity of soil po = 200 KN/m 2

= 200x 103 N/m2
b = 290 mm acbc = 7 N/mm2&
fck = 20 N/m2 a st = 280 N/mm2
1) DESIGN CONSTANT :- m= 13.13
k=
0.29 j
= 0.90
Q=
0.91
N/mm2

2) SIZE OF FOOTING :-

Load on column = 572 KN + 85.8 (15% of column) = 658 KN

Wt. of footing of back fill w1 = 658 x 10/100 = 65.8 KN

Area of footing = w + w1
bearing capacity of soil

= 658 x103 + 65.8 x 103 = 3.6

200 x 103 Let B one side of square footing

.-. B x B = 3.6 m2
B = 1.9024 say 1.9 m

.'. Adopt size of footing = 1.9 m x 1.9 mm

Net upward soil pressure (p)

93 | Page
 P = w/BxB = 65 8 x103/1.9 x
1.9 = 182271.5
N/m2
3) DEPTH OF FOOTING = xv < k xc

where k = 0.5 + pc ( p = 290 = 1 )

290
= 0.5 +1 + 1.5 = 1

k=1

xc = 0.16 fck = 0.16 x 20 = 0.72

N/mm2 xv = xc = 0.72 N/mm2 =

720000N/m2 CASE :- I

Shear force at critical section = p x B x [ 1/2(B-b) -d]

=182271.5 x 2.9 x[ 1/2x [ 11-0.29) -d ] .......................i)

94 | Page
 Shear force resisted by conc. =0 x B x d

= 720000 x 1.9.x d

......................................................................

(ii)

Equating (i) & (ii) we get 182271.5 x R.9 x { ^

x ( 1.9-0.29 ) -d = 720000 x 1.0 x d

0.805

-d =

3.9d d

0.164

m
CASE - II

Shear force aty critical section = [ b2- ( (b+d )]

= 182271.5 ( 1.92 - (.29+d2) - (iii)

Shear force sestid by conc.= 0 x4 ( b+d ) xd

95 | Page
 = 720000 x 4 (0.29+d ) xd - (iv)

Eequating equ. ( iii) & iv )

182271.5 [1.92 - ( .29+d)2] = 720000 x4x ( 0.29 +d ) xd

3.6- ( 0.29+d)2 ] = 15.8 ( 0.29+d ) xd

3.6 (0.084+d2+58d ) 4.7d+ 15.8d2

3.5 -d2- 0.58d = 4.7 d + 15.8d2

16.8d2 + 4.12 - 3.5 = 0

d2 + 0.25- 0.21 = 0

d= 0.25 + 252 -4 x ( 0.25 )

d = 0.7 m = 0.35 2

Depth of footing shell be greeter of

CASE :- I & II d= 0.35= 350 mm

CHECK FOR BENDING MOMENT FOR DEPTH FOOTING :-

B.M.= P x B_( B-b)2 8
=182271.5 xj.9 ( 0.9-0.29 )2 8

12210.7 N-m. =1122 1 0.7x 103 N/ mm2

Mommet of resistance , A Bd2 - v

= 0.91 x 1.9 x 1000 xd2...............- vi)

Equatry v & vi

96 | Page
 112210.7 x 103 = 0.91 x 1.9 x1000xd2

d= 254. < 350 mm (Provided value) :-

This is all right

Steel req. =

Area of st. req. in each direction,

Ast = B.M./ 4> 6st.j.d

= 112210.7x103

=1548.8mm2

230x0.9x350

Providing 14 mm 0 bars Area of one

bar of 14 mm 0 = 153.5mm2 No of bar reg. =

1538.8=10.08

153.5
say 10 bars

Hence provided 10 bars of 14 mm 0 bar HYSD Fe 415 ( assumed

the width 1.9 m in each direction at right engle to each other

.'. CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH :-

Development ength, Ld = 0st

97 | Page
 _____________________ 4 i

= 539 mm

98 | Page
 Providing side coner of 50 mm

Avavilable ength = 1/2 ( 1900-1290)-50

=755 mm

Hence, which us more than Ld,

.Hence safe.

SUMMARY DESIGN :-

D = d+ 0/2 + clear cover

= say 410mm
steel 10 bar of 14 mm 0 both ways

99 | Page
 DESIGN OF LINTEL OVER DOOR :-

Clear span = L = 1200 mm Bearing =

200 both side eff. l = 1200 + 200 =

1400mm Assume D= l/ 10 = 1400/ 10

= 140 mm D= 140 mm LOAD :-

self wt. of lintel

w1 = 0.14 x 0.3 x 25000 = 1050 N/ m

Load of masonary
w2 = 0.30 x 0.7 x 19200 = 4032 N/ m

Total load :
W = w1 + w2

=1050 +4032 = 5082 N/m

B.M. = wl /8 = 1245 N-m

= 1245 x 10 N-m

M = Qbd

d = m/ Qb = 1245 x 1000/ 0.91 x 300

= 67.5 mm < 140.............Hence safe.

D = 140mm

d = 140 - 20 - 8 - 10/2 = 109 mm

100 | Page
 or say d = 110mm

Assumed d > calculated d

.......Hence safe.

Ast. = M/ ast = 1245 x 1000/ 230 x 0.9 x 110

= 54.68 mm

Assume 8 mm ^ bar = n /4 x (8x 8) = 50.24 mm

No. of bar = 54.68/ 50.24 = 1.2

= say 2 bar 8 mm ^

Ast. = 2x 50.74 = 102 mm CHECK

MIN. REINFORCEMENT :-

Min. Ast. = 0.85 x b x d/ fy = 0.85 x 300 x

110/ 415

= 67.6 mm < 102 mm ..............

Hence safe

CHECK FOR DEPTH :-

pt = 100 Ast/ b x d

= 100 x 102/ 300 x 110 = 0.31

pt = 0.31 %

101 | Page
 fs = 0.58 fy
( Ast req./
Ast pro.) =
0.58 x 415 (
54.6/ 102) =
128.8
from table
kt = 1.2

(l/ d)max. > (l/d) provided

20 kt > 1400/ 110

20 x 1.2 >

12

24 > 12 .............Hence safe.

CHECK FOR SHEAR :-

V = wl/2 = 5080 x 1.2/2= 3048

N iv = V/ bd = 3048/ 300 x 110 = 0.1

cmax. = 1.8 N/mm pt. = 1.47 % & M-

20 ic = 0.28

iv > ic < icmax. ...........Design

safe.

102 | Page
 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
Bar Bending Schedule is a list of reinforcement bars,
vis-a-visa, a given RCC work item , and is presented
in a tabular form for easy visual reference
Bar Bending Schedule provides details of
reinforcement cutting and bending
length.Advantages of BBS when used along with
reinforcement detailed drawing improves the quality
of construction , cost and time saving for concrete
construction works.
General guidelines to be followed in preparing BBS:

 The bars should be grouped together for each

structuralunit, e.g. beam, column, etc.
 In a building structure, the bars should be listed floor
by floor
 For cutting and bendingpurposes schedules should be
provided as separate A4 sheets and not as part of the
detailed reinforcement drawings.
 The form of bar and fabric schedule and the shapes of
bar used should be in accordance with BS 8666.
 It is preferable that bars should be listed in the
schedule in numerical order. 
 It is essential that the barmark reference on the label
attached to a bundle of bars refers uniquely to a
particular group or set of bars of defined length, size,
shape and type used on the job.
 This is imperative as a bar mark reference can then
point to a class of bar characteristics. Also, this helps
steel fixers and laborers keep track of the type and
number of bars needed to complete a certain work.

104 | Page
 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF BEAM (5.1 x 0.3):-

Main steel bar 16 mm ^

Main bent up bar 16 mm ^
Anchor bar 12 mm ^
Stirrups 8 mm ^

1. Length of main steel bar 16mm ^ No. of bar = 2

Length of bar , L = Clear span + bearing
= 4.8 + 0.3 = 5.1 m
Total length of bar = L + 2 hooks (2x9 D) =
5.1 + (18 x 0.016) =
5.088 m

2. Main bent up bar 16 mm ^

No. of bar = 1

Length of bar = L = Clear span + bearing = 5.1 m

Total length of bar = L + 2 hooks + 0.84 for two- bent up = 5.1

+ (18x 0.016) + (0.84x 0.10) = 5.472 m

3. Anchor bar 12 mm ^

No. of bar = 2 Length of bar = L =

5.1m Total length of bar = L + 2

hooks

= 5.1+ (2(9) x 0.012)

= 5.316 m
4. Stirrups 8 mm ^ @ 180 c/c

L = 5.1 m

No. of stirrups at 5 cm c/c at end = 2 No. No. of stirrups

at 18 cm c/c in b/w = 510-10/18 = 28 9 9 | P a g e

Total No. of stirrups = 2 + 28= 30

Length of one stirrups = 2(44+ 22) + 30 = 162 cm

= 1.62 m
 Schedule of Bars (R.C.C. Beam).
Sr. no. Description Shape Length No. Total length Wt./m length Total wt.
(m) (kg)

1. Main steel bar 5.39 2 10.78 1.58 17.0

16mm ^

2. Main bent up bar 5.5 1 5.50 1.58 8.7

16mm ^

3 Anchor bar 12mm ^ 5.32 2 10.64 0.89 9.4

4. Stirrups 8 mm^ * 1.6 30 48 0.4 19.2

Total 54.30 kg

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR BEAM (3.1 x 0.30):-

Main steel bar 12 mm

^ Anchor bar 12 mm ^
Stirrups 8 mm ^

1. Length of main steel bar 12mm ^

No. of bar = 2
Length of bar , L = Clear span + bearing
= 2.8 + 0.3 = 3.1 m Total length of bar =
L + 2 hooks (2x9 D) = 3.1 + (18 x 0.012)
= 3.32 m

2. Anchor bar 12 mm ^

No. of bar = 2 Length of bar = L =

3.1m Total length of bar = L + 2

hooks

= 3.1+ (2(9) x 0.012)

= 3.32 m

3. Stirrups 8 mm ^ @ 180 c/c L = 3.1 m

106 | Page
 No. of stirrups at 5 cm c/c at end = 2 No. No. of

stirrups at 18 cm c/c in b/w = 300-10/18 = 16 Total No. of stirrups

= 2 + 16 = 18 Length of stirrups = 2 (27 cm + 25 cm) + 30 extra

101 | Page

134

cm =

1.34

m So

total

lengt

h of

16

nos.

stirru

ps

each.

Sr. no. Description Shape Length No. Total length Wt./m length
(m) Total wt. (kg)

1. Main steel 3.32 2 6.64 0.89 5.91

bar12 mm
l
2. Anchor bar 3.32 2 6.64 0.89 5.91
12mm |

3. Stirrups 8 * 1.34 16 21.44 0.4 8.6

mm|

Total 20.4 kg

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR COLUMN (0.3x 0.3)

1. 14 mm | bar in base footing

2. 18 mm | bar vertical
3. 6 mm | ties @ 290 mm c/c

1. 11 bar 14 mm |
C/c spacing = 1900/11 = 172 mm
Total
No.
of bar
= 11+
11 =
22
no.
Total
lengt
h of
bar =
1.6 +
2
hooks
=

1
108 | Page
 .
6

1
8

0
.
0
1
4
)

1
.
8
5

m
Total bar length = 22x 1.85 = 40.7 m

2. 16 mm 18 ^
vertical bar No. of
bar = 4 no. Total
length of bar = 3+
0.4 + 0.20 + 12d
+0.20 = 4 m

3. 6 mm ^ tie bar @ 290 C/c

No. of
tie =
(300+
 40)/2
+1=
12.7
4(250
) + 24
x 0.08
==
say
13 no.

Length =
4

2
4

1
0
0
1
.
9

m
m

1
.
0
1

m
110 | Page
 Schedule of Bars (R.C.C. square column)
Sr. no. Description Shape Length No. Total length Wt./m length
(m) Total wt.

(kg)
1. 14 mm ^ bar 1.85 22 40.7 1.2 49

2. 18 mm ^ 4 4 16 1.58 25.3
vertical bar

3. 6 mm ^ tie @ > 1.01 13 13.13 0.22 2.9

29 cm c/c

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR SLAB (51.1x 12.6)

1. Main bar of 10 mm ^ @ 190 mm c/c L = Length - 2 cover = 12.6 - 2x 0.04 =

12.52 m Total length of main bar = 12.52 + 2 hooks = 12.52 + ( 18x

0.010) = 12.7 m

No. of bar = (51.1/.38) + 1 = (51100/ 380) + 1 =

135.4 no. say 136 no.

2. Bent -up bar of 10 mm ^ @ 190 mm c/c

= 12.6 + bearing - 2 cover + 2 bent-up + 2 hooks

= 12.6 + 0.20 - (2x 0.04) + ( 2

x.0.42 x 0.06) + (2 x 0.010) =

12.8 m

No. of bent-up bar = 51.1/ .38 = 134.4 say 135 no.

3. Distribution bar 8 mm ^ @ 270 mm c/c

Length of straight bar = 51.1

-2
 end

cove

r+2

hoo

ks =

51.1

0.08

( 18

0.00

8) =

51.2

No. of bars = 12.6/ .27 = 1260 / 270

= 46.6 say 47 no.

Sr. Description Shape Length No. Total length Wt./m

no. (m) length Total wt.

(kg)
1. Main bar 10 mm 12.7 136 1727.2 0.62 1107.1
4> @ 190
mm c/c

112 | Page
2. Main bent- up 12.8 135 1728 0.62 1072.1
bar10 mm
4> @ 190 c/c

3. Distribution bars 51.2 47 358.4 0.39 139.8

8 mm 4> @ 270
mm c/c

Total 2318 kg = 23.18 quintal

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR LINTEL

Main straight bar 8 mm | Anchor bar 8 mm | Stirrups 6 mm | @ 150 mm

c/c

1. Main straight bar of 8 mm |

No. of bars = 2
Length of bar = L + bearing - end cover
= 1.2 + 0.20 - 0.08 = 0.92 m

= 92 cm

Total length of bar = L + 2 hooks

= 0.92 + (18 x 0.082) = 1.06 m = 106 cm So

total length of main bar 8 mm | = 1.14 m each

2. Anchor bar 8 mm |

No. of bars = 2

Length of bar L= 0.92 m

Total length of bar = 106 cm

3. Stirrups 6 mm | @ 150 c/c

No. of stirrups at 5 cm c/c at the end = 2 no.

No. of stirrups at 8 cm in b/w = 92 - 10 ^ 8 = 8.25 say 9

Total no. of stirrups = 2+9 = 11 no.

 Length of one stirrups = 2(22+90) + 30 extra

72 cm = 0.72 m Total

length of 11 no. stirrups 6

mm ^ = 0.72 each

Sr. no. Description Shape Length No. Total length Wt./m

(m) length Total wt.

(kg)
1. Main st. bar 8 1.06 2 2.12 0.4 0.85
mm ^

2. Anchor bar 8 1.06 2 2.12 0.4 0.85

mm ^

3. Stirrups 6 mm 0.72 11 7.92 0.4 3.2

^

Total 4.9 kg

114 | Page
 ABSTRACT OF QUANTITY

C. CONC. in foundation

Total = 54.1 m3

Ratio = 1:6:18

Sum = 1+6+18

= 23

Total dry mortar for 34.1 m3 c.conc. = 1.54 x 54.1 =83.3 m3

Cement = 1/ 23 x 83.3 = 3.62 m3

= 3.62/ 0.03472 = 104.4 bags =

say 105 bags

Sand = 6/23 x 83.3 = 21.7 m3 Aggregates = 18/ 23 x 83.3 = 65.2

m3

116 | Page
D. P.C.
Total = 80.7 m2 = 80.7 x 0.04 = 3.2 m3

Total dry mortar for 3.2 m3 c.conc = 3.2 X 1.54 = 5.0m3

Cemant = 1/ 7 x 5.0 = 0.71 m3 = 20.4 bags,

Say 21 bags

Sand = 2/ 7 x 5.0 = 1.43 m3 Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 5.0 = 4.3 m3

Lintel

Total = 4.8 m3

Total dry mortar for 4.8 m3 c.conc = 4.8 X 1.54 = 7.4m3

Cemant = 1/ 7 x 7.4 = 1.1 m3 = 30.4 bags,

Say 31 bags

117 | Page
Sand = 2/ 7 x 7.4 = 2.1m3

Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 7.4 = 6.3 m3

COLUMN

Total = 136.6 m3 c.conc.

Ratio = 1:2:4 Sum = 1+2+4 = 7

Total dry mortar for 136.6 m3 c.conc. = 1.54 x 136.6 = 210.4 m3

Cement = 1/ 7 x 210.4 = 30.2 m 3 =

866.7 bags

Say 867 bags

Sand = 2/ 7 x 210.4 = 60.1 m3

Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 210.4 = 180.3 m3

 BEAM

Total = 124.2 m3
Ratio = 1:2:4 Sum

= 1+2+4 = 7

Total dry mortar for 124.2 m3 c. conc. = 1.54 x 124.2 = 191.3 m3

Cement = 1/ 7 x 191.2 = 27.3 m 3 =

786.7bags =

787 bags

Sand = 2/ 7 x 191.3 = 54.7 m3

Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 191.3 = 163.9 m3

SLAB

Total = 172.3 m3

Ratio = 1:2:4 Sum

= 1+2+4 = 7

Total dry mortar for 172.3 m3 c. conc. = 1.54 x 172.3 = 265.3 m3

119 | Page
 Cement = 1/ 7 x 265.3 = 37.9 m3

= 1092.3bags = 1093 bags

Sand = 2/ 7 x 265.3 = 75.8 m3

Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 265.3 = 227.3 m3

BRICK WORK

Total B.W. in foundation = 96.5 m3

Bricks for 1 m3 = 500 nos.

Bricks for 96.5 m3 = 96.5 x 500 = 48250 nos.

Total B.W. in super structure = 439 m3

Bricks for 1 m3 = 500 nos.

Bricks for 439 m3 = 439 x 500 = 219500 nos.

120 | Page
 FINISHING

Total finishing inside (1:6) = 1897.5 m2

Quantity of wet mortar = surface area x thickness = 1897.5 x 0.12 =

21.9 say 22 m3

Quantity of dry mortar = 22 x 1.2 = 26.4 m3

Ratio = 1:6 Sum = 1+6= 7

Cement = 1/ 7 x 26.4 = 3.8 m3

Say 109 bags Sand = 6/ 7 x

26.4 = 22.6 m3

Total finishing otside (1:5) = 781.5 m2

Quantity of wet mortar = surface area x thickness = 781.5 x 0.012

121 | Page
 = 9.4 say 10 m3

Quantity of dry mortar = 10 x 1.2 = 12.0 m3

Ratio = 1:5 Sum = 1+ 5 = 6

Cement = 1/ 6 x 12.0 = 2.0 m3 Say 58 bags Sand = 5/ 6

x 12.0 = 10 m3

Lime for White Washing

Total quantity = 3034 m2 Th. = 2.5 mm

Volume = 3034 x 0.0025 = 7.5 m3

Waste = 25 % = 7.5 + 7.5/ 100 = 7.8 m3

Total dry volume = 7.8 x 20/100 + 7.8 = 9.36 m 3

Paint

Total quantity = 334 m2 Paint 1.5 lit. for 10 m2 @

 Steel bar

Total Steel in Beam (5.1 x 0.3):- Steel in one beam =

54.30 kg No. of beam = 68

Total steel in beam = 54.30 x 68 = 3692.4 kg = 36.92

quintal

Total steel in beam (3.1 x 0.3):- Steel in one beam =

20.4 kg No. of beam = 128

Total steel in beam = 20.4 x 128 = 2611.2 kg = 26.11

quintal

Total steel in slab (51.1 x 12.6):- = 2320 kg = 23.20

quintal

Total steel in column (0.3 x 0.3):-

Steel in one column = 72.5 kg

123 | Page
No. of column = 136

Total steel in column = 72.5 x 136 = 9860 kg = 98.60

quintal
125 | Page
 ABSTRACT OF COST:-

S. No. Particulars Quantity

Rates Rs. P. Amount Rs. P.

1. Cement bags 3071 no. 250.0/ bag 7,67,750/-

2. Sand 205 m3 500.0/ m3 1,02,500/-

3. Aggregate 635 m3 650.0/ m3 4,12,750/-

4. Bricks 2,67,750 no. 3.2/ brick 8,56,800/-

5. Lime for washing 3034 m2 100 m2 / 50 kg @ 34,132/-

2250/ quintal

6. White washing 3034 m2 10.0/ ft.2 3,26,600/-

7. Tiles 14294 no. 3.5/ Tile 50,028/-

8. 36 no. 3000.00/ piece 1,08,000/-

Wood works Door

Window 56 no. 2500.00/ piece 1,40,000/-

126 | Page
 Ventilator 07 no. 1000.00/ piece 7,000/-

9. Steel bars

Bar 18 mm 0 34.40 quintal 3400.0/ quintal 1,16,960/-

Bar 16 mm 0 17.50 quintal 3450.0/ quintal 60,375/-

Bar 14 mm 0 33.32 quintal 3500.0/ quintal 1,17,320/-

Bar 12 mm 0 21.50 quintal 3550.0/ quintal 76,325/-

Bar 10 mm 0 21.80 quintal 3600.0/ quintal 78,480/-

Bar 08 mm 0 27.02 quintal 3900.0/ quintal 1,05,378/-

Bar 06 mm 0 07.86 quintal 4000.0/ quintal 31,440/-

Total 33,91,838/-

Architectural Design & Drawing @ 15% of total cost 5,08,780/-

Water Supply & Sanitary installation & 10 % of total cost 3,39,184/-

Electricity installation @ 12 % of total cost 4,07,020/-

Other services @ 6 % of total cost 2,03,510/-

Total 48,50,332/-

Add contingencies 5 % overall 2,42,520/-

Supervision charge3 % overall 1,45,510/-

127 | Page
128 | Page
 CONCLUSION
Major project work or the practical training is the important part of
the curriculum and the aim of its is to place the student for project
oriented practical training in cultural work situations so that
students get the exposure of practical field and working in it .
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