STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION ‘The second section of the TOBFL test is the Structure and Written Expression section. This section consisis of forty questions «some tests may be longer). You Ther twventy-five minutes to complete the forty questions in this section re two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression sec- tion of the TOEFL test Structure (questions 1-15) consists of filteen sentences in which part of the sentence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four Answer choices. You miist choose the answer that completes the sentence in 4 grammatically correct way Written Expression (questions 1640) consists of twenty-five sente which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You mus choose the underlined word or group of words that is ot correct. ——— GENERAL STRATEGIES Be familiar with the directions, The directions on every TOEFL test ae the same, so itis not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the test You shouldbe completely fara with the dractions Before the day ofthe tet 1. Begin with questions 1 through 15. Anticipate that questions 1 through 5 wll be the sasest. Anticipate that questions 11 through 15 wil be the most cific. 02 not spend too much time on questions 11 through 15. There will be easier {questions that come later, Continue with questions 16 through 40. anticipate that questions 16 through 20, willbe the easiest Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will be the most dificult, Oo nat epand tao much time on questions 36 through 40, Ifyou have time, return to questions 11 through 15. You should spend extra time ‘on questions 17 through 15 ony after you spend all the te that you want on the see questions. Never leave any questions blank on your answer sheet: Even if you are not sure of the correct response. you should answer the question. Thee sno penalty for uessingstaucTuRE 63 THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS Questions through 15 in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test meastre your knowledge ofthe correct structure of English sentences, The questions in this section are multiple-choice questions in which you must choose the letter of the answer that best completes the sentence, Fample ‘erected se enthusiastically at the fromt door (4) Parental wir (©) My friends (D) Them In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has a verb, greeted, and that the verb needs a subject. Answers (A), (B), and (D) are incorrect because parental, f, and them are not subjects, The correet answer is answer (C) STRATEGIES FOR THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS First study the sentence. Your purpose isto determine whats needed to complete the ventence correty, ‘Thon study each answer based on how wal it completes the sentence, Eminate ansvers that do nat complete the sentence cote ‘bo not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only a the answers, The Incomect answers are generally correct by themselves. The incortect answers are ‘generally nconect only when Used to complete the sentence Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even f you are unsure ofthe correct response ‘Do not spend too much time on the Structure questions. e sure to leave adequate time forthe Wetten Expression questions. ‘The following skills will help you to implement these strategies in the Structure section of the TOEFL tes.(64 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Ski. 1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS. You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most ‘common types of problems that you will encounter in the Stricture section of the TOEFL test are related to subjects and verbs; perhaps the sentence is missing cither the subject, or the verb, or both; pechaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb, Example was ringing continuously for hours. (A) Louely (B) In the morning (©) The phone (D) The bells In this example, you should notice immediately that there isa verb, was ringing, but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it isa singular sub- ject that agrees with the singular verb was ringing, Answer (A), oud, and answer (B), iar the monaing, are not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer (D), bulls, could be a subject, itis not correct because bells is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was rivging Example Newspapers — (W) dtivory (B) are delivered (©) on time (D) regularly every morning and every evening. In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject, newspapers, but that there is no verb, Because answer (B), are delivered, sa verb, it is the best answer Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct, xample The plane landing atthe airport i five minutes. WW) itis (B) it really fs (C) isdescending (D) will be This sentence has a subject, pla, and has part of a verb, land to be correct, some form of the verb be is needed! to make the verb complete, Answers (A) andsrmucture 65 (B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject, plane, and does not need the extra subject , Answer (C) is incorrect because descending is an extra part of a verb that is unnecessary because of landing. Answer (D) is the best answer: will be together with landing isa complete verb. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about subjects and verbs, SUBJECTS AND VERBS A sentence in English must have at leat one subject and one verb, The st thing you should do as you reed a sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL testi to find the subject and the verb EXERCISE I: Underline tho subjects once and the verbs twice in each ofthe fole lowing sentences. Then indicate ifthe sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (D Lo My best jen always help with problems 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week 5. Accidentally dropped the glass on the loon <4. The customer paving the clerk forthe clothes, 5. The professor handed the sllabus othe stadents 6, Bach day practiced the piano for hours 1. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop. 8. The new student inthe clas very talhative and friendly 9, Walking withthe children vo schoo! — 10. The whales headed south for the winter66 STRUCTURE ANO WAITFEN EXPRESSION Ski 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS {An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes alter preposition ‘such asin, at, of 10, by, bein, and on to form a prepositional phrase, Te ip (tothe island) (on Sanurdas) wil last (or three hours) ‘This sentence comtains three objects of prepositions, Islan is the object of the preposition fo; Saruday is the object of the prepesition on: hours is the abject of the preposition for An object of preposition can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because itcan be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. Example To Mike (a) eeally (8) the panty (©) funny (D) when was a big surprise In this example, vou should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb was and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that Mike is the subject; Mike is the object of the preposition ro, and one noun cannot be both a subject and an abject at the same time, Because a subject is needed in this sentence. answer (B), she pay, isthe best answer. Answers (A). (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about objects of prepositions, ‘OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS ‘A preposition is followed by a noun o pronoun that i called an objec ofthe preposition. Ia word is an object ofe preposition, i isnot the subject. NOTE Ais of prepositions and crcas vo pate reagning ‘hese prepostions can be found in Append: 8 the ack of hestaucrure 67 EXERCISE 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circe the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are corvect (C) fr incorrect (D. 1. The name Gfie FB)N The SD is Jock Ting) The eas) nee o ern in the papers. <3. The directions the exerise om page 20 unclear: 4. Because ofthe heavy rain chroughout the nigh, the walloyays are muds ‘5, During the weok eat lunch in the school cafeteria, — 6 Inthe morning alter the concert was the 7. Inthe summer the tipo the mountains is or favorite tip _—& Ina boxon the top shelf af the cabinet in the hallway of the house. 9 With her purse in her hand ran through the door 10. Ar 100 in the morning the slam slack an the table beside the ba rane EXERCISE (Skills 1-2): Undevtine tho subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle tie prepositional phrases that come before the verb, Then indicate ifthe sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). 1, During the meeting in the olfice discussed the schedule 2. Thedoctor gave the patient a pres 3. The tll evergreen tees along the roa —— 4, The watch inthe jewolry hox needs a new battery 5. Pleasantly greets everyone in ll the offices every morning. 6. In the office ofthe building across the stect from the park on the commer 7, The dishes inthe sink really need to be washed as soon as possible 8 Ina moment of worry about the problem withthe cash in the account.6s STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 9, The plane from New York circling the airport, _ 10. On a regular basis the plants in the boxes under the window in the kitehen are watered and fed ‘TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-2): Choose the leter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence Mark Tain —__ the years after the (Gsil War the “Gilded Age: (a) called (8) calling (©) he called (by hisealls Early toes instead of hooves on thet fest (a) horses (B) had horses (©) horses had (D) horses ha " grow closet the ground in the Shor Arctic summer (A) Above tundra plants (8) Tundra pla (©) Tundra plants ave found (D) For tundra plants In 1867, ____ Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million (&) purchased the United States {B) to purchase the United States (©) the United States’ purchase of (D) the United States purchased twecen 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase inthe specialization of —— (A) occupations (B) ccenpies (©) they occupied (D) ieoceupicd them The large carotid artery to the sain parts of the brain (A) carrying blood (B) blond i earied (©) carries blood (D) blond carmies radio as the frst practical ‘stem of wireless telegraphs. (A) Marconi development (B) The development by Marconi (©) Developing Marcont (D) Marcon! developed 1m 1975, the firs successful space probe to beginning to send normation back to Eavth (A) Venus 1B) Venus the (©) Vem a8 (B) Veni 698 The two biggest resort __ Arkansas are Hot Springs and Eureka Springs Win (B) townsin (©) towns are () towns aren [NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center —— contro center for the ‘Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space Alighis (A) it was at the (B) itwas the (©) was the @) the‘Skit 3: PRESENT PARTICIPLES. Present participles can cause confusion in the Strueture section of the TOEFL test because & present participle ean be either an adjective or a patt of the verb. A present participle is the ig Form of the verb, Its part of the verb when itis pre: ceded by some form of the verb be The wain i avg at the station now In this sentence, arriving is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is. ‘A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verh be The tain ariving a the station now isan hour In this sentence, arriving is an adjective and not part of the verb because itis not sgcompanied by some form of be. The verb in this sentence isi. ‘The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL tes. Example The film appearing at the local theater is my favorite (A) now 1B) is © it (D) was In this example, iF vou look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that Film is the subject and appearing is part of the verb. If you think that appearing is part of the verb, you might choose answer (B), is, ar answer (D), was, to complete he verb. However: these two answers are incorrect because appearing is not part of the verb, You should recognize that appearing is @ participial adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence, fs. In this ser there is a complete subject, ffm, and a complete verb, is, 80 this sentens not need another subject or verb’ The best answer to this question is answer (A) ‘The following chart outlines the key information you should remember about present participles. ‘PRESENT PARTICIPLES {preset participles the ng form ofthe vero The present perticple can be (1) part of the verb or (2) an adjective It's part ofthe verb when its accompanied by some form ‘ofthe verb be. iis an adjective when itis not accompanied by some form ofthe ver be70 STRUCTURE AND WITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISE 3: Each of the following sentences contains one or more present par Ueiples. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the present por “ples, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1), 0 into the washing machine —_ 3: The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waking dines —— 4 Most ofthe striking worker are walking the picket line — 5. Forhor birthday the cil is geting talking dot 6 The sting wun creating a rainbow of colors in the sk 1. Theship sailing to Mexico is eavingtonigh. —— & The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk. — 9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago. —— 10. The fastamoving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area Seu 4: PASTPARTICIPLES Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test ecaulse a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb, The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. I often ends inv o but there are also many irregular past participles in Enstish erin the mailbox ‘The mailman has eft ah The clanses sere rah by Prokessor Seach nthe fist sentence, the past participle left is part of the verb because itis accom panied by as: In the second sentence, the past participle taut is part of the verbs hhecause itis accompanied by neve.A past participle is an adjective when itis not accompanied by some form of be or have. “The letter fin the mailbox was for me, ‘The classes tangh by Professor Smith were very interesting In the first sentence, eft is an adjective rather than a verb because itis not accom- panied by a form of be or have (and there isa verb, vas, later in the sentence) In the second sentence, zaugh: is an adjective rather than a verb because it fs not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there isa verb, were, later in the sen ‘The following example shows how past participle ean be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test ‘ample The bread baked this morning smelled delicious (A) has (B) was (Ow (0) just In this example, if you look only atthe first few worls of the sentence, i appears that bread is the subject and baked is cither a complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you look further in the sentence, you will see the verb smelfed. You will then recognize that baked is a participial adjective and is therefore not patt of the ver. Answers (A) and (B) ate incorrect because kd is an adjective and does not need helping verb such as has or was, Answer (C) is Incorrect because there is no need for the subject it. Answer (D) is the best answer ‘o this question ‘The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember bout past participles PAST PARTICIPLES ‘past participle often ends in ed, but there ae also many regular past participles. For ‘many vetbs including ed verbs, the simple past andthe post participle are the same and can be easily confused The -e form of the verb can be (1) the simple past, (2) the past participle of a verb or (3) an adjective.72 STRUCTURE AN WRITEN Ex°RE5510N EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past patti ples, Underline the subjects once and the verbs tive, Circle the past participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct Cor incorrect (D —L.1. The food is Geved) inthis restaurant is delicious. s jal on the deserted) runs: The plane 3. The uneypected guests arrved jus at dinnertime 4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are requned courses, = 5. The tocher found the lst ex, 6 The small apartment very cron ded and disorganized 7. The phocosraphs developed westerday showed Samad his Friends The lcked drawer contained the unwoon jee 9 The tree was blowin over in the sotm ws cut int logs. 10, The studenis reistered inthis couse are listed on that sheet of pape EXERCISE (Skills 3-4): Each of the following sentences contains one ot more participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs tice, Circe the participles ‘and label them as adjectives or verbs, Then indicate if the sentences are correct (©) or incorrect (). —— 1. Quethos are serving drinks on the tile patio, 2. The tired woman taking a much needed nap, 3. The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesda 4, The winners deserve the bie prize. 5. The plants are growing in the garden ned alot of water: 6. The shinin stars Ht up the darkened sks 1. The driver snpidly increased the speed of the racing ea 8. The exited childnen uying to builds snowman in the falling snowstmvciure 73 8 The students are completing the course will graduate in June, 10, The dissatstcd customer i retuming the broken toaster to the tore: TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 3-4): Choose the leter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence, 1. The fast ___ appeared during the E, Lee —__ the Confederate last period ofthe dinosaurs reign army to General Grant in 1865 atthe Appomattox Courthouse. (A) flowers are plants 4B) plants have flowers @survevdered {) they obtained sland. ae Chitien cuts pie sees three or four words, (C) was stretched (0) wavered (8) ars conning 4. Pos moon Charon, ina B Snain Sigh lpia path ound te (0) Soran planet Multinational companies (A) moving Increasingle important to employ irene internationally accepable brand {D) in its movement ee (A finding 5. Tebigues of sath contol form a aretinding sential par ofany ——— programto XG) they find imprene the oie (0) ther are finding eat 10, The comes is located under the eee conjunction of the eve Olgpeinine (2) the pare isexponed (B) exposed the part W@ theexposed part TB) expores the part74 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION ‘TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Sh aroup of words that best completes the se 1, first sete the Hawtin Telands between 4.0, 300 sind 750. The Polynesians (8) The Polynesians arrived (©) Because ofthe Polsnes (0) Inwas the Polsnesions 2. T1066, a right comet in the sky attracted much attention (A) was appearing (8) appears itappeared ippeaning 4 In some daguerreotype cameras, Through aoe i the back of the bo. grees the objet ar ied @ Ei om cree ofthe object (0) sewed ene 4. Inthe Stone Age, stone tools —_— swith other rock material. (9) polishing {B) they polished for polish were polished 5. Tho ist steamship to cross the Ailantic Savina in 1819 Was the 1B) ivwasthe (©) the (0) initthe Is 1-4): Choose the letter of the word or ‘The Earths plates meet each other a cracks in the Earth faults 1a) wor called am Ook ios called The first plant lke organisrns probably” in the sea, perhaps S dilion years ago. (9) ite (8) fiving (Gplives (BY it was tving 1 male pattern baldness, strongly influcnees the degree of baie loss. (A) heredy (8) inherited @ inherits (D) heredity has In Watch the Skies, Curtis Pesbles attempt 1 explain America’s « in ving saucers, ) makes a fascinating (B) making a fascinating (C) fascination with making (D) fascination made 3 The irregular coastline of a succession of bays and ines, ith the hook ofthe Cape Cod peninsula in the south (A) Massachusetts (B) Massachusetts is Massachusetts iis }) Massachusetts onstmucrue 75 ‘Skit 5: COORDINATE CONNECTORS. Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a subject and 2 verb.) When you have two clauses in an Eng: lish sentence, you must connect the two clauses carrectly. One way to connect (Wo clauses isto use and, but, or or so between the clauses, The sun as and the sky was ble The sky was blue, bu It wa very coe 1 may ran tonight, o it maybe clear: 1 as raining outside, so 1 took my ubrela In cach of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate connector—aiud, but, or, or 3o—and a comma () ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested inthe Structure section of the TOEFL test Fampl forgot my coat, 1 gt very cold (A) thea (8) so (©) lover (D) as resol {n this example, you should notice quick, pe ane 10 clauses, F forgot my coat and I got very cold. This sentence necds a connector t0 join the two clauses. Then, later and as a result are not connectors, so answers (A), (C), ancl (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect 1Wo clauses in this ‘The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the s used with them, ence pattern ‘COORDINATE CONNECTORS ond tut 0 Seva est rma) cs ft wexraining ut fi went topo7 SIRUCTURE AND WITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISE 5: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause Underline the subjects once and the verbs tvice. Circle the connectors Then nak cate ifthe sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I. 1. The fawn needs water everyday, @E)it will tm brown, 12, The book was not long, (Bad) it dificult to read 8 was ra so decided not 10 g0 camping ~~ 4 The material has boon cu, an the places have been sewn together — 5. The pation took ll the medicine, be lid not fee! much better — _& The ill must he pi immediately othe eecety wil be turned off 7. The furnace broke so the house sot quite ol — 8. The dress didnot cost 10 much, but the quality it seed exellent —_ % The leaves hep falling off the res, and the bows kept raking them up, but the yard was tll covered —— 10. The mail carver has tread detivered the mal, so the eter is no going to arrive today. it probably willarsve tomorrow: SKILL ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences He is trod hocatse he has be hing so har. ecause he has been working so hard, he i eed, neach of these examples, there are two clauses: he is sired and he has been work: jug so hard. The clause he has been working so hard is an adverb clause that to introduced with the connector because. Inthe first example, the connector because comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (.) is used. In the seccwnl example, the connector because comes at the beginning of the sentence, inthis Patter, when the connector comes atthe beginning ofthe sentence, comme () Is required in the middle of the sentence, ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL testsrmucture 77 Example nvived atthe brary, he stared to work immediately, (A) The student (B) When (C) He (D) Alter the tacent In this example, you should recognize easily that the verb arrived needs a subject. Thre is also another clause, he started to work immediately. Ifyou choose answer {A) of answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb arrived, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join ‘wo clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb arrived. Answer (D) is the best answer because there isa subject, student, for the verb, avived, and there is @ connector, ater, to join the two clauses, ‘The following chart lists common adverb conn used with them, ‘ors and the sentence patterns [ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS Te cause conomion | _ CONTRAST ‘ter unl because | although = when since whether |——_even though Before while thug since wi sv soy Matt felt good he passed Gomer) $V an Because Mott passed» he felt 900d. EXERCISE 6; Each of the following sentences contains more than ane clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice, Circle the connectors. Then indi cate if the sentences are conset (C) or incorrect (D) c pane circled nuded om the main runway the lines so long __ 3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it ean also have some bad side effets1" “STAUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 4 The waves were amazing high when the farm hit the coastal town, 5. Werneed to get a new car whether is on sale or not 6, Justa the bread came out of the even, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen, 7. Evervone ss pent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the new house {8 Although the aren isa desert many plants bloom there inthe springtime 9. Thea ferson the freeway drove slowly and catefull- while the rain was falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident 10. Ifyou plan carefully before you take a trip. wil havea mach better time because the small dota will not cause problems, EXERCISE (Skills 5-6): Fach of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Cirele the connectors. Then indicate ifthe sentences are cnrrect (C) or incorrect (D, 1. The lawyer presented a strong case, bt the client was still found guilty 2. After the children vad some stories before they went 0 bed 3. The report needed 0 be completed, the workers stayed late every night fora week: 4. Ifyou do not turn om the lights, you wll ip in the dark, 5. A thick fog came rolling i, so planes unable to lad. I of the shoos are on sale until the curent stock i gone 7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not om bos {8 The outline mast be turned in t the teacher a week before the paper is du, and must approve i 9, Because the food was cold when it was served the diners set it back tothe kitchen 10, You should slow down while you ae deving, oF the police wil pall your earTOEFL EXERCISE (Skills $-6): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1 A spacceraft is ree from friction launched into space wit GB) itis (©) alters () afteriis swith their surroundings, oF they Fide in crevices for protection. (A) Lobsters (B) Lobsters blend (©) Lobsters blending (D) Because lobsters blend ——a ball and-scket joint, the elbow isa simple hinge joint (A) While the shoulder {B) While the shoulder is (©) The shoulder is AD) The shoulder 4, Acar has several sections with tving parts, ——o these pats (8) ood lubrication (B) Well lubricated (©) and good lubrication (D) and well lubricated 5. Bears eanpot see well __ small (A) bears have (B) because having (©) bocanse they hase (D) because of bears 6. atthe Isthmus of Panama, so ‘animals were able to migrate between Noth and South America, (A) Aland bridge existed (B) When a land bridge existed (C) Aland bridge (0) With lan! bridge mostly made of granite, it also ‘contains some human-made terials (A) ‘The Empire State Building (B) The Empire State Building (C) Althoush the Empire State Building (D) Although the Empire State Building is built Pressure differences make the ccardrum vibrate the ea (4) enters the sound waves (B) as sex waves (©) sound waves enter (D) assouind waves enter An optical microscope magnifies a= "much a 2,000 times, bt an eletrom ‘microscope —— as much asa rnilion times (A) magnifying (B) itmaznities [O) can magni (0) magnify II scientific estimates ae accurate (A) the Canon Diablo meteorite collided (B) the olision ofthe Caton Diablo (©) the Canon Diablo meteorite coliding (D) colliding the Caron Diablo180 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION ‘TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-6 group of words that hest completes the sentence. 1, of the Pueblo Indians centered fom intensive arcu The economic activity 1. Because the economic activy (©) The economy was active (D) When the economic setivity 2. In popular terminology any lone snowstorm with Is callod a (A) the amount of wind is large (gpa large amount of wind (Cr ieisvery winds (D) ven sindy 3. Nuclear power an be produced by fusion, —— produced by fission. it can also be @ & iccanaiso (pind it can alse be (D) and it can see igneous tacks may be changed into gneisses (A) The temperature is high {B) AV the temporature is high (6) High temperatares (D) IChigh temperature S. In 1905, Henry Flagler his plains to extend his Florida East Coast Railway out across the se 10 Key West 8) it was announced {B) announcement {C) theannouncement of 1D) announced 6. The sound from vibrating object willbe high or low depending fon the number of vibrations 1A) comes UB) stiscoming (©) iscoming (D) coming 1 those the letter of the word or Dusing the late 1880s, urban stretcars were electrified through Tange motors (a) they used 1B) sed (©) the use of (D} when they used almost 274 square miles, bt 96 pereent of the park is under water (A) Although Biscayne National Park ‘encompasses () Biscayne National Park encompasses (©) Biscayne National encompassing (D) Biscayne National Park we Legislation —_in 1916 and 1917 gave the Wilson administation ‘authority to intervene in the national ‘economy if i proved necessary, (A) it was passed (B) ws passed (©) passed (D) passes Because a family of birds sot up housekeeping in Joel Chandler Harriss mailbox when the birds were Jn peed ofa place to stay, the Wrens Nest (A) the home is named (B) sothe home is named (©) naming the home () the homes nameSKILL NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS ‘A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clase func tions as noun, can be used in a sentence as an object of a verb (it it follows & rb) or an objéct of a preposition (if it follows a preposition). Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences, | don't know [wiv he said such things. | am thinking about [whee Inthe first example, there are two clauses, J dom know and she said such things These to clauses are joined with the connector why: Why changes the clause fre said such rhings into-4 noun classe which funetions asthe object of the verb don? row In the second example, the two clauses F ant thinking and he said such dhings are also joined by the connector wy: Why changes the clause he said sich things Into a noun clause which functions as the object of the preposition abou. ‘The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL. test. ‘The citizens wor about is doing, (A) what the genernment (B) the gorernment (©) what {D) wha th In this example, the sentence contains the main subject and verb, the cit ‘worry, and it also contains an additional verb, is domg. The sentence noods a sub: ject for the verb is doing and a connector to join the two clauses. The best answer is answer (A) because it has the connector whar and the subject governnent Answer (B) is incorrect because it does not have a connector, Answer (C) is ineor- eet because it does not have a subject for is doing, Answer (D) is incorrect because it has two subjects for is dong2 STRUCTURE AND WHITTEN EXPRESSION ‘The following chart lists the noun clause connectors and the sentence patterns used with the NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS, + what wher where, why, bow + ether if hae ed Comeau) = S Selly. explained v why she did it EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains more than one claus Undetline the subjects once and the verbs twice, Circle the connectors, Then indi cate ifthe sentences are correct (C) oF incorreet (I). 1. Ir igunfortunate Gat 2. She told me Ge should pick up the children —— 3. Thefnstractor explained where ws the computer lab located, 4, We could not belive what he did ts. 5. Do you want to know i it going to ran tomorro? 6, Wenever know whether we will gt patel oF no 7. This evening vou can decide what do you want todo, 8, The manager explained hows wanted the work done, 9, The map showed where the party would be hel 10 Gan you tell me why was the mail not delivered todas? ‘Suit 8: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS. In Skill 7 we saw that noun clause connectors ean be used to introduce noun clauses. In Skill 8 we will sce that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector: a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences.sravcrune 83 thinking about wha? happen In the first example, there are twa clauses: / now and whar happened yesterday These two clauses are joined by the connector war. It is important to understand that in this sentence the word what serves two functions. Its both the subject of the verb happened and the connector that joins the two clauses, In the second example, there are two clauses, In the first clause we isthe sub- ject of ave thinking. In the second clause whar is the subject of happened. What also serves as the connector that joins the (wo clauses. The noun elause shar hap: pened yesterday functions asthe object of the preposition about ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. Example ‘The company was prepared for happened with the wit (B) the problem (© what (D) when In this example, the sentence contains the main clause the company was prepared and another verb, happened. The sentence needs a subject for the verb happened and a connector to join the two clauses. Answer (C) Is the best answer because what is both a connector and a subject. Answer (A) is Incorrect because itis 2 sub- ject, but there is no connector. Answer (B) is incorrect because the problem is a subject, but there is no connector. Answer (D) is incorrect because why is a con- rector, but its not a subject. ‘The following chart lists the noun clause connector/subjects and the sentence pattern used with them. NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS who what which aay (Foor are) 7 Al told me what happened.88 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indi cate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (). 1. The teacher heard (Wha) answered the question. (ha) ie wont rome de 2. Lo not 4. Of the three movies cant decide which isthe bes 4 She die not remember who in er cass. 5. None is sure what di it happen infront of the building nd 6, We foun! out which was her favorite type of ea _ 7. Do you know what caused the plants to de? —§ Lam not sure which ts the mast important course in the program, 9, We thought about who sould be the best vice president. 10, She ss what in the bos in the closet EXERCISE (Skills 7-8): Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice, Circle the connectors. ‘Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect () 1. Tedoubsfu whether e wil poss the tes oF no 2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize 3. tis not certain why the class was cancelled, 4. 1.ill do what does it need ta be done. 5. We forgot when did the mosie tart. 6 would ike to ask if you eould come over for dinner this weekend 7. The children knew which the best game to pay 8. The advisor informed her that needed to add another cass. 9. He saw who took the money 10, It is unckar how the sindows got broken,srmucture 85 TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 7-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. Today; the true story of __at Lite Bighorn remains 1 mster (A) happened (B) ithappened FO) what happened [D) what happening Fr mare than a decade, shat certain species are becoming seaee (A) the warnings of bine-wateers (8) warn the biedwstchers (C) bisdeatcers have warned (D) a warning for bitd-watchers Early in the eighteenth century Halley accurately predicted when ‘ol 1682 would return, (A) the comet (8) was the comet (©) the comer was (Dy hed the comet No single factor explains vary so greatly among individuals (A) sing affects (B) the effects of aging (©) aging has an cfieet (D) the aging elect Lack of catty about the party Inthe coming year will be removed at the parts convention, (A) will ead (B) lead (©) they will lead (D) ‘sho wil lead We do not ___the bow dill was first developed for woodworking oF Fire making. (A) whether i [B) know whether it (©) know whether (D) sure whether 1 Minute Man National Historical Park sa manument to where (A) the beginning of the Revolutionary Wat |B) in the bosinnine ofthe Revolutionary War {C) the Revolutionary War to begin {D) the Revolntionsy War began Tests on the colors of ears were conducted at the University of California so determine safest colors for cats (A) which (B) which were (cif (D) how were the The National Lastitute of Dental Research estimates ———— in Nuoridated areas have about 25 percent less tooth decay than children Chevwhere (A) for school children (B) school children’s (©) that schoolchildren (B) that for school eildren The prucess of photosynthesis explain how —— able to use the ‘energy in sunlight to manutactare Fonds from the simple chemicals in sirand water (A) green plants (B) green plants are (©) planting greens (D) With green plants are186 STRUCTURE AND WAITTEN EXPRESSION ‘TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-8): Choose the letier of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence, 1 Air near the equator faster ‘westo-east motion than ai Farther from the equator, @ ®) © @) tohwve ‘thas bas having About 4000 ne, humans discovered that obtained Irom special rocks called ores, a B © ) w @) ©) ) metals could be the ability of metallic possibly metalic ould metals be quickly after an animal dies. In the degradation of DNA, Degrading DNA DNA degrades For DNA to degrade ie design has ‘contributed greatly to reducing a B) © m Improsed improves Improvement They improve “The southern part of Florida is much, warmer tn the winter than the rorthern prt, sa more ——— to the south (A) Mocking tourists B) © © touring locks Aocks of tourists tourists flock 6 ‘The Moon's gravity pulls water on the near side of the Barth toward the Moon, and this is what tides to (A) the cause (B) causes (C) causing (D) the cause of they pick up fragments of rock (8) Glaciers move (B) Glacters moving (©) They were glaciers (D) Asplaciers move ‘The tape measure first evolted from used by the Egyptians (A) the chains measure (B) the chains are measured (C) tho chains are measuring (D) the measuring chains Atypical Adantic hurricane starts as 2 Tow pressure system near (A) Aliica coasts (B) coast to Arica (©) the African coast () Arica has a coast 11s not clear whether the subdivisions of the neocortex (A) individual (B) are individual (©) thoy are individual () indwvidostlysvaucrune 97 Ski 9: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS An adjective clause describes a noun. Because the clause i an adjective, itis posi- tioned directly ater the noun that it describes ‘ _ ‘This i the tise [7a T want 10 bu “The hone tha? Tan Wo Bas quite expense In the first example, there are two clauses: this isthe subject ofthe verb is, and J is the subject of the verb wai, That is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause thar J want to buy describes the nown house. In the second example, there are also wo clauses: house is the subject of the verb is, and Fis the subject of the verb wen. In this sentence also, at isthe adjec- tive clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that [ want to buey describes the noun house. ‘The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. Taample The job started yesterday was rater dfficul (a) when (B) was (C) alter (D) that he In this example, you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: job is the subject of the verb was, and the verb staried needs a subject. Because there are two clauses, a connector is also needed. Answers (A) and (C) have connectors, but there are no subjects, so these answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes started into a passive verb; in this ease the sentence woul have one subject and two verbs, so answer (B) is not correct. The best answer to this question is answer (D), ‘The correct sentence should sav: The job that he started yesterday was rasher diff cult In this sentence job is the subject of the verb was, he is the subject of the verb starsed, and the connector shat joins these two clauses.“STRUCTURE AND WITTEN EXPRESSION ‘The following chart ists the adjective clause connectors and the sentence pat terns used with them, "ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS wom which thot (for people) for things) {for people or things) sv s v 1 tke the dress that you arewearing. s CEE) ss voy Thedress that you _ereweoring is beautiful NOTE: The adjective connectors can be omitted. This omission ie very commen in Spoken English or in casual writen English I's not as common informal English o¢ in the Structure section of the TOEFL test EXERCISE 9: Fach of the following sentences contains more than one clause Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indi cate ifthe sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (D. C1. Laid not believe the story (hat) he told me. (Gham) aid you recor lor the job, will start work tomorrow, 3. The lecture notes which lent me were not ear written 4. Sally hasan appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended 5. Thephone number that you gave me. 6 She i sble to solve all the problems which did she ease 7. The day tha se spent on the beach let her sunburned 8. Next week Fam going to visit my cousins, whom have not seen in several Did you forget the promise whom you made? ‘The teacher whom the students ike the most i their history teacher:stmucture 69 ‘Skit 10: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS__ In Skill 9 we saw that adjective clause connectors can be used to introduce clauses that describe nouns. In Skill 10 we will sce that in some cases an adjective clause connector is not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can also be the subject of the clause atthe same time, We are looking at a house [ia quit expensive Paces snes “The holise [that fy quite expensive] scoms like a great house In the first example, there are two clauses: we is the subject of the verb are looking, and thar is the subject of the verb is, These two clauses are joined with the con: rector thar. Notice that in this example the word dar serves two functions at the same time: itis the subject of the verb is, and i is the connector that joins the tivo clauses. The adjective clause har is quite expensive describes the noun licase Tin the second example, there are also tivo clauses: house isthe subject of the verb seems, and that is the subject of the verb is. In this example, thar also serves to functions: itis the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the wo clauses. Because shar is quite expensive is an adjective clause describing the noun hous, it directly Follows house ‘The following example shows how these sentence the Structure section of the TOEFL test rerns could be tested in ‘Example just dropped olla package for you is mys (A) The woman (B) The woman who (©) Bocause the woman (D) With the woman In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has two verbs, dropped and is, and each of them needs a subject. The only answer that has ¢wo subjects is answer (B), so answer (B) is the correct answer. The correct sentence Should say: The woman who just dropped off « package for vou is my sister In this sentence woman is the subject of the verb is, and who is the subject of the verb dropped. Who is also the connector that joins the two clauses.90 STRUCTURE ANO WRITTEN EXPRESSION The following chan ists te adjective clase connectorsubjects and the sen- tence pattems used with them, "ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS ho nin ‘hoe or peopl) eo tings for pope or tingd) (amine) oy Sea chewiea) 1 bought the des that wes onsale (ie oa) s coimeovamer) i The ess thet wet onsale wat bao NOTE: though adjective cae connectors (Sil 9) canbe omitted in infomalEngleh, Dejecte cate conectovsbjce il 0) can never be ome EXERCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause, Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Cirele the connectors. Then indi- ceale if the sentences are correct (C) oF incorrect (1). £1 the hldhon Gad were vacinaed didnot get sick c just won the election. 5. The dog that barking belongs to mv neighbor 4. Fook two of the bine pills, which wore very effective 5, We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he oven the builings on Maple Steet. 6, She forgot to attend the meeting which it begar at 11:00, —— 7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday’ will al the las. _ 8 The people which came in ate had to sit at the back 9, The courses thot satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult 10, After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the set,srmucture 91 EXERCISE (Skills 9-10): Each of the lollowing sentences contains more than fone clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connec (ors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incarvect (I. 1. My sisters prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves 2. The boat that hit the underwater rack sank 3. The carwh tn he was driving could not possibly be his 4 The children built a house in the tree that in the hackvare 5. The cost of the tip which we wanted to take 6. The children are playing with the ovs which their mother told them to put 7. The guests who were seated around the dinner table 1. The students have to read all the chapters which are on the test. 9. really donot ike the artists which you Tike The stones that they were sot i the ring were quite valuable, TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 9-10): Choose the letter of the word or group of \wonds that best completes the sentence, 1. Modern humans, who fst appeared 3. __ drought resistant plants which bout 600,000 sears ago, Homo Store water in fleshy tissue sapiens. (A) Sucenlents are (A) calling (8) Succulents (B) were called (©) They are succulents (©) they called (D) Succulents which are (D) they were called 4. Benjamin Kahelsky, whom —— as 2. The first writing evidence of is Jock Benny, was a famous comedian fon Mesopotamian day tablets in vaudeville and on radio and pene television. (B) thar we A) most people’ knowledge (©) has (B) most people know (D) that we have (©) Knoweing most people (D) the knowledge of mast people92 STRUCTURE AND WHITTEN ExPRESSON 5. that hunted other animals 8, ___ that accompany recurring bouts tended to have very narrow; sharp, ‘of severe depression reduce bone curved clas ‘ena A) For dinosaurs (A) Ti changes hormones (B) Dinosurs are known, (8) Hormonal changes (©) Dinosaurs (©) The hormones change {D) Like dinosaurs (D) The change in hormones 1. The fist eveglasses had conser lenses 9. Willa Cather isan author —_— for forthe aged wh —— farsighted her evocative and memorable vision tee of frontier prairie ie {B) they had become: (4) whom readers (©) becoming GB) the praise of readers {D) itbecame (C) whom praisings (D) whom readers praise 7. Chimney Rock, 500 feet above the Nort Platte River, has eroded 10, Mars’ tiny moon Phobos isa small considerably inthe last wo centuries, mountain of rock that rom the ear Aso ty Marv ain 1B) isstanding bes (©) itstands (A) as probably captured (B) it probably AC) the probable capture (D) probably the capture TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-10): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence, 1, ts famous asthe home ofthe 3. With of sophisticated oil lamps claborate tools were made to cut the (A) Annapolis vis, (8) Because of Annapolis (A) appeared (©) Why Annapolis (B) the appearance {D) Because Annapolis {C) the appearance was (D) it appeared 2, Some scientists think be a planet but a moon of Neptane 4, Fort Union as the site of what prineipal furirading post on the Upper Missouri River (A) that Phato does aot seem (B) not Plato (©) Pluto that might not 18) the {(D) that Plato might not {B) being the (©) wasthe ID) itveas the5. Since commercial isk, i has to appeal toa large audience to justify isco. (A) the face of the movie (B) moving faces (©) amorie faces (D) terface a movie 6. Acurtent of water known asthe Gulf Stream comes up trom the Gulf of Mexico, and then the North Atlantic towatd Europe. (A) fterosses (B) crossing (©) with ts erossos (D) crosses i 17. Systems ___ the two symbols O and Tare called binary number systems, (&) use (B) they use (©) uses (0) using 8 10. stmuctune 93 Genes, the blueprints for cell, construction, exist in tightly frganized packages called chromosomes, (&) ave (B) they are (©) which (D) which are ‘The Earths atmosphere consists of ‘gases in place around the Earth by the gravitational pull ofthe planet. ( hata (B) hold (© itholas (©) the hold Oscar Hammerstein Il collaborated ‘with a numberof composers including Tevome Kern, whom —— Invwrting the museal Show Boat (A) joined (B) as joined (©) hie joined (D) joining