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STRUCTURE AND
WRITTEN EXPRESSION

The second section of the TOEFL test is the Structure and Written Expression section. This
section consists of forty questions (some tests may be longer). You have twenty-five
minutes to complete the forty questions in this section.
There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression section of
the TOEFL test:
1. Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of the
sen-tence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four
answer choices. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in a
grammatically correct way.
2. Written Expression (questions 16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which
four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the
underlined word or group of words that is not correct.

GENERAL STRATEGIES

1. Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every TOEFL test are the
same, so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when
you take the test You should be completely familiar with the directions before the
day of the test.

2. Begin with questions I through 15. Anticipate that questions I through 5 will
be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 11 through 15 will be the most difficult
Do not spend too much time on questions 11 through 15.There will be easier
questions that come later.

3. Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through

20 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will be the most
difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 36 through 40.

4. If you have time, return to questions 11 through 15. You should spend
extra time on questions 11 through 15 only after you spend all the time that you
want on the easier questions.

5. Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are not
sure of the correct response, you should answer each question.There is no penalty
for guessing.

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 THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

In the TOEFL test, questions 1 through 15 of the Structure and Written Expression section
test your knowledge of the correct structure of English sentences. The questions in this
section are multiple-choice questions in which you must choose the letter of the answer
that best completes the sentence.

Example

is taking a trip to New York.

(A) They
(B) When
(C) The woman
(D) Her

In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has a verb (is taking),
and that the verb needs a subject. Answers (B) and (D) are incorrect because when and
her are not subjects. In answer (A), they is a subject, but they is plural and the verb is
taking is singular. The correct answer is answer (C); the woman is a singular subject. You
should therefore choose answer (C).

STRATEGIES FORTHE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

1. First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to

complete the sentence correctly.
2. Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence.
Eliminate answers that do not complete the sentence correctly.
3. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers.
The incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves.The incorrect answers
are generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
4. Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you
are unsure of the correct response.
5. Do not spend too much time on the Structure questions. Be sure to leave
adequate time for the Written Expression questions.

The following skills will help you to implement these strategies in the Structure section of
the TOEFL test.

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SENTENCES WITH ONE CLAUSE

Some sentences in English have just one subject and verb, and it is very important for you
to find the subject and verb in these sentences. In some sentences it is easy to find the
subject and verb. However, certain structures, such as objects of prepositions, appositives,
and participles, can cause confusion in locating the subject and verb because each of
these structures can look like a subject or verb. The object of the preposition can be
mistaken for a subject.
Therefore, you should be able to do the following in sentences with one subject and
verb: (1) be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb, (2) be careful of objects of
prepositions and appositives when you are looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of
present participles and past participles when you are looking for the verb.

Skill 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB

You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common
types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test have
to do with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the
verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.

Example I

_was backed up for miles on the freeway.

(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) Cars

In this example you should notice immediately that there is a verb (was), but there is no
subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it is a singular subject that agrees with the
singular verb was. Answer (A), yesterday, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subjects,
so they are not correct. Although answer (D), cars, could be a subject, it is not correct
because cars is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was.

Example II

Engineers_for work on the new space program.

(A) necessary
(B) are needed
(C) hopefully
(D) next month

In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject (engineers),
and that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer.
Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.

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 Example III

The boy_going to the movies with a friend.

(A) he is
(B) he always was
(C) is relaxing
(D) will be

This sentence has a subject (boy) and has part of a verb (going)-, to be correct, some form
of the verb be is needed to make the sentence complete. Answers (A) and (B) are incor-rect
because the sentence already has a subject (boy) and does not need the extra subject he.
Answer (C) is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb part that is unnecessary be-cause
of going. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with going is a complete verb.
The following chart oudines what you should remember about subjects and verbs:

SUBJECT AND VERBS

A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb.

Skill 2: BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as
in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase.
(After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat).
This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exams is the object of the preposition
after and boat is the object of the preposition by.

An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test
because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.

Example

With his friend found the movie theater.

(A) has
(B) he
(C) later
(D) when

In this example you should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the
verb found and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that friend is the
subject; friend is the object of the preposition with, and one noun cannot be both a subject
and an object at the same time. Because a subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B),
he, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be
subjects.
The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about
objects of prepositions:

OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object of the preposition.

If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.

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Skill 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES
Appositives can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because an
appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that
comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning.

Sally; the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.

In this example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can
easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of
the commas. The sentence says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same
person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense
(Sally got an A on the exam).
The following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of
a sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example I

_, George, is attending the lecture.

(A) Right now

(B) Happily
(C) Because of the time
(D) My friend

In this example you should recognize from the commas that George is not the subject of the
sentence. George is an appositive. Because this sentence still needs a subject, the best answer is
(D), my friend. Answers (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because they are not subjects.
The next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject;
an appositive can also come at the beginning of the sentence.

Example II

_, Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.

(A) An excellent basketball player

(B) An excellent basketball player is
(C) Sarah is an excellent basketball player
(D) Her excellent basketball play

In this example you can tell that Sarah is the subject and misses is the verb because there is no
comma separating them. In the space you should put an appositive for Sarah, and Sarah is an
excellent basketball player, so answer (A) is the best answer. Answers (B) and (C) are not correct
because they each contain the verb is, and an appositive does not need a verb. Answer (D) contains
a noun, play, that could possibly be an appositive, but play is not the same as Sarah, so this answer
is not correct.
The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about appositives:
APPOSITIVES
An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas.
If a word is an appositive, it is not the subject. The following appositive structures are both possible in English.

S APP, V
Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.
APP, S V
A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car.

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Skill 4: BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A present participle is the -ing form of the verb (talking, playing). In the Structure section
of the TOEFL test a present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part
of the verb or an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the
verb be.
The man is talking to his friend.
VERB

In this sentence talking is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is.

A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the
verb be.
The man talking to his friend has a beard.
ADJECTIVE

In this sentence talking is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompa-nied
by some form of be. The verb in this sentence is has.
The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with the verb
in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example

The child playing in the yard is my son.

(A) now
(B) is
(C) he
(D) was

In this example, if you look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that child is
the subject and playing is part of the verb. If you think that playing is part of the verb, you
might choose answer (B), is, or answer (D), was, to complete the verb. However, these
two answers are incorrect because playing is not part of the verb. You should recognize
that playing is a participial adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in
the sentence (is). In this sentence there is a complete subject (child) and a complete verb
(is), so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The best answer here is (A).
The following chart outlines what you should remember about present participles:

PRESENT PARTICIPLE
A present is the -ing form of the verb. The present participle can be (1) part of the verb or (2)
an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be. It is an
adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.
1. The hoy is standing in the comer.
2, The boy is standing in the corner was naughty.

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Skill 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES

Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because a
past participle can be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The past participle is the form
of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in -ed, but there are also many
irregular past participles in English. (See Appendix F for a list of irregular past participles.)

The family has purchased a television.

VERB

The poem was written by Paul.

VERB

In the first sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because it is
accompanied by has. In the second sentence the past participle written is part of the verb
because it is accompanied by was.
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have.
The television purchased yesterday was expensive.
ADJECTIVE

The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine.

ADJECTIVE

In the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not
accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In
the second sentence written is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied
by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, appeared, later in the sentence).
The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in
the structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example

The packages mailed at the post office will arrive Monday.

(A) have
(B) were
(C) them
(D) just

In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears that
packages is the subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs
a helping verb. But if you look further in the sentence, you will see that the verb is will
arrive. You will then recognize that mailed is a participial adjective and is therefore not
part of the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because mailed is an adjective and
does not need a helping verb such as have or were. Answer (C) is incorrect because there
is no need for the object them. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question.
The following chart outlines what you should remember about past participles:

PAST PARTI Cl PLE

A past participle often ends in -ed but there are also many irregular past participle. For many
verbs, including -ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the same and can be easily
confused. The -ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past, (2) the past participle of a verb, or
(3) an adjective.
1. She painted this picture,
2. She has painted this picture.
3. The picture painted by Karen in now in a museum.

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EXERCISE (Skills 1-5): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the
following sentences. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

_ 1. For three weeks at the beginning of the semester students with fewer than the
maximum number of units can add additional courses.
_ 2. On her lunch hour went to a nearby department store to purchase a wedding
gift.
_ 3. The fir trees were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November.
_ 4. In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground.
_ 5. The papers being delivered at 4:00 will contain the announcement of the
president's resignation.
_ 6. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping
mall.
_ 7. The portraits exhibited in the Houston Museum last month are now on display
in Dallas.
_ 8. With a sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball across the field to one of the
other players.
_ 9. Construction of the housing development it will be underway by the first of the
month.
_ 10. Those applicants returning their completed forms at the earliest date have the
highest priority.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-5): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best
completes the sentence.

1. The North Platte River_from 4. tea plant are small and white.
Wyoming into Nebraska.
(A) The
(A) it flowed (B) On the
(B) flows (C) Having flowers the
(C) flowing (D) The flowers of the
(D) with flowing water
5. The tetracyclines,_antibiotics, are
2. _Biloxi received its name from a used to treat infections.
Sioux word meaning "first people."
(A) are a family of
(A) The city of (B) being a family
(B) Located in (C) a family of
(C) It is in (D) their family is
(D) The tour included
6. Any possible academic assistance from
3. A pride of lions_up to forty lions, taking stimulants_marginal at best.
including one to three males, several
females, and cubs. (A) it is
(B) there is
(A) can contain (C) is
(B) it contains (D) as
(C) contain
(D) containing

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7. Henry Adams, born in Boston, famous 9. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth
as a historian and novelist. century,_limited to the rich.

(A) became (A) was

(B) and became (B) was photography
(C) he was (C) it was photography
(D) and he became (D) photography was

8. The major cause_the pull of the Moon 10. A computerized map of the freeways
on the Earth. using information gathered by sensors
embedded in the pavement_on a
(A) the ocean tides are local cable channel during rush hours.
(B) of ocean tides is
(C) of the tides in the ocean (A) airs
(D) the oceans' tides (B) airing
(C) air
(D) to air

SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES_

Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words
containing a subject and a verb.) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with
more than one clause, you need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every
verb has a subject. Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are
correctly joined. There are various ways to join clauses in English. Certain patterns appear
frequently in English and on the TOEFL test. You should be very familiar with these patterns.

Skill 6: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses
correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, of yet between the
clauses.
Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.
Tom is tall, but Paul is short.
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate
conjunction and, but, or, so, or yet, and a comma (,).

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The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure
section of the TOEFL test.

Example

A power failure occurred, the lamps went out.

(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next

In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, a power failure
occurred and the lamps went out. This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses.
Then, later, and next are not connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The
best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses.
The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used
with them:

COORDINATE CONNECTORS

and but or so yet

S 1/ (coordinate connector) S V

She laughed but the wanted to cry

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Skill 7: USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and
connectors in the following sentences:

I will sign the check before you leave.

Before you leave, I will sign the check.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and I will sign the check, and
the clause you leave is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector
before. In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and
no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning
of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence,
a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence.
The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure
section of the TOEFL test.

Example

_was late, I missed the appointment.

(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The train
(D) Since he

In this example you should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject.
There is also another clause, I missed the appointment. If you choose answer (A) or
answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb was, but you will not have a connector to
join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and
(C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb was.
Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there
is a connector, since, to join the two clauses.
The following chart lists adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns used
with them:

ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS

TIME CAUSE

after as soon as once when as now that

as before since whenever because since
as long as by the time until while inasmuch as

S V ( adverb connector ) S V

Teresa went inside because It was raining

( adverb connector > S V S V

Because It was raining Teresa went inside

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In this example you should quickly notice the adverb condition connector provided. This
connector comes in the middle of the sentence; because it is a connector, it must be
followed by a subject and a verb. The best answer to this question is answer (D), which
contains the subject and verb you study.
The following chart lists the adverb contrast, condition, manner, and place connectors
and the sentence patterns used with them:

OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS

CONDITION CONTRAST MANNER PLACE

•f although as where
in cose even though in that wherever
provided though
providing while
unless whereas
whatever
S V S V
Adverb connector ^

Bob went to school even though he felt sick

^ Adverb connector J s V S V

Even though Bob felt sick, he went to school

NOTE : A comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector.
The Smith family arrived at 2:00, while the Jones family arrived an hour later.

Skill 8: USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb
clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner,
and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the
time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following examples:
I will leave at 7:00 if I am ready.
Although I was late, I managed to catch the train.
In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb
connectors. In the first sentence the adverb condition connector if comes in the middle of
the sentence. In the second sentence the adverb contrast connector although comes at
the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,) is used in the middle of the sentence.
The following example shows a way that this sentence pattern can be tested in the
structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example

You will get a good grade on the exam provided

(A) studying
(B) study
(C) to study
(D) you study

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